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Callebaut A, Guyer P, Baker RL, Gallegos JB, Hohenstein AC, Gottlieb PA, Mathieu C, Overbergh L, Haskins K, James EA. An Insulin-Chromogranin A Hybrid Peptide Activates DR11-Restricted T Cells in Human Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2024; 73:743-750. [PMID: 38295386 PMCID: PMC11043060 DOI: 10.2337/db23-0622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Hybrid insulin peptides (HIPs) formed through covalent cross-linking of proinsulin fragments to secretory granule peptides are detectable within murine and human islets. The 2.5HIP (C-peptide-chromogranin A [CgA] HIP), recognized by the diabetogenic BDC-2.5 clone, is a major autoantigen in the nonobese diabetic mouse. However, the relevance of this epitope in human disease is currently unclear. A recent study probed T-cell reactivity toward HIPs in patients with type 1 diabetes, documenting responses in one-third of the patients and isolating several HIP-reactive T-cell clones. In this study, we isolated a novel T-cell clone and showed that it responds vigorously to the human equivalent of the 2.5HIP (designated HIP9). Although the responding patient carried the risk-associated DRB1*04:01/DQ8 haplotype, the response was restricted by DRB1*11:03 (DR11). HLA class II tetramer staining revealed higher frequencies of HIP9-reactive T cells in individuals with diabetes than in control participants. Furthermore, in DR11+ participants carrying the DRB4 allele, HIP9-reactive T-cell frequencies were higher than observed frequencies for the immunodominant proinsulin 9-28 epitope. Finally, there was a negative correlation between HIP9-reactive T-cell frequency and age at diagnosis. These results provide direct evidence that this C-peptide-CgA HIP is relevant in human type 1 diabetes and suggest a mechanism by which nonrisk HLA haplotypes may contribute to the development of β-cell autoimmunity. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Aïsha Callebaut
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Perrin Guyer
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Rocky L. Baker
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Joylynn B. Gallegos
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Anita C. Hohenstein
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Peter A. Gottlieb
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Chantal Mathieu
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lut Overbergh
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kathryn Haskins
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Eddie A. James
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
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2
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Vecchio F, Carré A, Korenkov D, Zhou Z, Apaolaza P, Tuomela S, Burgos-Morales O, Snowhite I, Perez-Hernandez J, Brandao B, Afonso G, Halliez C, Kaddis J, Kent SC, Nakayama M, Richardson SJ, Vinh J, Verdier Y, Laiho J, Scharfmann R, Solimena M, Marinicova Z, Bismuth E, Lucidarme N, Sanchez J, Bustamante C, Gomez P, Buus S, You S, Pugliese A, Hyoty H, Rodriguez-Calvo T, Flodstrom-Tullberg M, Mallone R. Coxsackievirus infection induces direct pancreatic β cell killing but poor antiviral CD8 + T cell responses. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadl1122. [PMID: 38446892 PMCID: PMC10917340 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adl1122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B (CVB) infection of pancreatic β cells is associated with β cell autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes. We investigated how CVB affects human β cells and anti-CVB T cell responses. β cells were efficiently infected by CVB in vitro, down-regulated human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I, and presented few, selected HLA-bound viral peptides. Circulating CD8+ T cells from CVB-seropositive individuals recognized a fraction of these peptides; only another subfraction was targeted by effector/memory T cells that expressed exhaustion marker PD-1. T cells recognizing a CVB epitope cross-reacted with β cell antigen GAD. Infected β cells, which formed filopodia to propagate infection, were more efficiently killed by CVB than by CVB-reactive T cells. Our in vitro and ex vivo data highlight limited CD8+ T cell responses to CVB, supporting the rationale for CVB vaccination trials for type 1 diabetes prevention. CD8+ T cells recognizing structural and nonstructural CVB epitopes provide biomarkers to differentially follow response to infection and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Vecchio
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Alexia Carré
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Daniil Korenkov
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Zhicheng Zhou
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Paola Apaolaza
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Soile Tuomela
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Isaac Snowhite
- Diabetes Research Institute, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Diabetes Immunology, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | | | - Barbara Brandao
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Georgia Afonso
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Clémentine Halliez
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | - John Kaddis
- Department of Diabetes Immunology, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
- Department of Diabetes and Cancer Discovery Science, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Sally C. Kent
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical Chan School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Maki Nakayama
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sarah J. Richardson
- Islet Biology Exeter (IBEx), Exeter Centre of Excellence for Diabetes Research (EXCEED), Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Joelle Vinh
- ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Spectrométrie de Masse Biologique et Protéomique, CNRS UMR8249, Paris, France
| | - Yann Verdier
- ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Spectrométrie de Masse Biologique et Protéomique, CNRS UMR8249, Paris, France
| | - Jutta Laiho
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Michele Solimena
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID), Helmholtz Munich, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Zuzana Marinicova
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID), Helmholtz Munich, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Elise Bismuth
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service d’Endocrinologie Pédiatrique, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Nadine Lucidarme
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pédiatrie, Jean Verdier Hospital, Bondy, France
| | - Janine Sanchez
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Carmen Bustamante
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Patricia Gomez
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Soren Buus
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - the nPOD-Virus Working Group
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Diabetes Research Institute, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Diabetes Immunology, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
- Department of Diabetes and Cancer Discovery Science, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical Chan School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Islet Biology Exeter (IBEx), Exeter Centre of Excellence for Diabetes Research (EXCEED), Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
- ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Spectrométrie de Masse Biologique et Protéomique, CNRS UMR8249, Paris, France
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID), Helmholtz Munich, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service d’Endocrinologie Pédiatrique, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pédiatrie, Jean Verdier Hospital, Bondy, France
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sylvaine You
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
- Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Alberto Pugliese
- Diabetes Research Institute, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Diabetes Immunology, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Heikki Hyoty
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Teresa Rodriguez-Calvo
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Malin Flodstrom-Tullberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roberto Mallone
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
- Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Thompson PJ, Pipella J, Rutter GA, Gaisano HY, Santamaria P. Islet autoimmunity in human type 1 diabetes: initiation and progression from the perspective of the beta cell. Diabetologia 2023; 66:1971-1982. [PMID: 37488322 PMCID: PMC10542715 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-023-05970-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes results from the poorly understood process of islet autoimmunity, which ultimately leads to the loss of functional pancreatic beta cells. Mounting evidence supports the notion that the activation and evolution of islet autoimmunity in genetically susceptible people is contingent upon early life exposures affecting the islets, especially beta cells. Here, we review some of the recent advances and studies that highlight the roles of these changes as well as antigen presentation and stress response pathways in beta cells in the onset and propagation of the autoimmune process in type 1 diabetes. Future progress in this area holds promise for advancing islet- and beta cell-directed therapies that could be implemented in the early stages of the disease and could be combined with immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Thompson
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
| | - Jasmine Pipella
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Guy A Rutter
- CRCHUM and Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK.
- LKC School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological College, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Herbert Y Gaisano
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pere Santamaria
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
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4
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Rachdi L, Zhou Z, Berthault C, Lourenço C, Fouque A, Domet T, Armanet M, You S, Peakman M, Mallone R, Scharfmann R. Tryptophan metabolism promotes immune evasion in human pancreatic β cells. EBioMedicine 2023; 95:104740. [PMID: 37536063 PMCID: PMC10412781 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To resist the autoimmune attack characteristic of type 1 diabetes, insulin producing pancreatic β cells need to evade T-cell recognition. Such escape mechanisms may be conferred by low HLA class I (HLA-I) expression and upregulation of immune inhibitory molecules such as Programmed cell Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1). METHODS The expression of PD-L1, HLA-I and CXCL10 was evaluated in the human β cell line, ECN90, and in primary human and mouse pancreatic islets. Most genes were determined by real-time RT-PCR, flow cytometry and Western blot. Activator and inhibitor of the AKT signaling were used to modulate PD-L1 induction. Key results were validated by monitoring activity of CD8+ Jurkat T cells presenting β cell specific T-cell receptor and transduced with reporter genes in contact culture with the human β cell line, ECN90. FINDINGS In this study, we identify tryptophan (TRP) as an agonist of PD-L1 induction through the AKT signaling pathway. TRP also synergistically enhanced PD-L1 expression on β cells exposed to interferon-γ. Conversely, interferon-γ-mediated induction of HLA-I and CXCL10 genes was down-regulated upon TRP treatment. Finally, TRP and its derivatives inhibited the activation of islet-reactive CD8+ T cells by β cells. INTERPRETATION Collectively, our findings indicate that TRP could induce immune tolerance to β cells by promoting their immune evasion through HLA-I downregulation and PD-L1 upregulation. FUNDING Dutch Diabetes Research Foundation, DON Foundation, the Laboratoire d'Excellence consortium Revive (ANR-10-LABX-0073), Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-19-CE15-0014-01), Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (EQ U201903007793-EQU20193007831), Innovative Medicines InitiativeINNODIA and INNODIA HARVEST, Aides aux Jeunes Diabetiques (AJD) and Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Ltd (JDRF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Latif Rachdi
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris 75014, France.
| | - Zhicheng Zhou
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris 75014, France
| | - Claire Berthault
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris 75014, France
| | - Chloe Lourenço
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris 75014, France
| | - Alexis Fouque
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris 75014, France
| | - Thomas Domet
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Cell Therapy Unit, Saint Louis Hospital, Paris 75010, France
| | - Mathieu Armanet
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Cell Therapy Unit, Saint Louis Hospital, Paris 75010, France
| | - Sylvaine You
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris 75014, France
| | - Mark Peakman
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Roberto Mallone
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris 75014, France; Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Cochin Hospital, Paris 75014, France
| | - Raphael Scharfmann
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris 75014, France
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5
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Vecchio F, Carré A, Korenkov D, Zhou Z, Apaolaza P, Tuomela S, Burgos-Morales O, Snowhite I, Perez-Hernandez J, Brandao B, Afonso G, Halliez C, Kaddis J, Kent SC, Nakayama M, Richardson SJ, Vinh J, Verdier Y, Laiho J, Scharfmann R, Solimena M, Marinicova Z, Bismuth E, Lucidarme N, Sanchez J, Bustamante C, Gomez P, Buus S, You S, Pugliese A, Hyoty H, Rodriguez-Calvo T, Flodstrom-Tullberg M, Mallone R. Coxsackievirus infection induces direct pancreatic β-cell killing but poor anti-viral CD8+ T-cell responses. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.19.553954. [PMID: 37662376 PMCID: PMC10473604 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.19.553954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B (CVB) infection of pancreatic β cells is associated with β-cell autoimmunity. We investigated how CVB impacts human β cells and anti-CVB T-cell responses. β cells were efficiently infected by CVB in vitro, downregulated HLA Class I and presented few, selected HLA-bound viral peptides. Circulating CD8+ T cells from CVB-seropositive individuals recognized only a fraction of these peptides, and only another sub-fraction was targeted by effector/memory T cells that expressed the exhaustion marker PD-1. T cells recognizing a CVB epitope cross-reacted with the β-cell antigen GAD. Infected β cells, which formed filopodia to propagate infection, were more efficiently killed by CVB than by CVB-reactive T cells. Thus, our in-vitro and ex-vivo data highlight limited T-cell responses to CVB, supporting the rationale for CVB vaccination trials for type 1 diabetes prevention. CD8+ T cells recognizing structural and non-structural CVB epitopes provide biomarkers to differentially follow response to infection and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Vecchio
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Alexia Carré
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Daniil Korenkov
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Zhicheng Zhou
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Paola Apaolaza
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Soile Tuomela
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Isaac Snowhite
- Diabetes Research Institute, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Diabetes Immunology, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | | | - Barbara Brandao
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Georgia Afonso
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | | | - John Kaddis
- Department of Diabetes Immunology, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
- Department of Diabetes and Cancer Discovery Science, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Sally C. Kent
- University of Massachusetts Medical Chan School, Diabetes Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Maki Nakayama
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sarah J. Richardson
- Islet Biology Exeter (IBEx), Exeter Centre of Excellence for Diabetes Research (EXCEED), Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Joelle Vinh
- ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Spectrométrie de Masse Biologique et Protéomique, CNRS UMR8249, Paris, France
| | - Yann Verdier
- ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Spectrométrie de Masse Biologique et Protéomique, CNRS UMR8249, Paris, France
| | - Jutta Laiho
- Tampere University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology and Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Michele Solimena
- Paul Langerhans Institute, Technical University Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Elise Bismuth
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service d’Endocrinologie Pédiatrique, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Nadine Lucidarme
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pédiatrie, Jean Verdier Hospital, Bondy, France
| | - Janine Sanchez
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of pediatric Endocrinology, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL, USA
| | - Carmen Bustamante
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of pediatric Endocrinology, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL, USA
| | - Patricia Gomez
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of pediatric Endocrinology, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL, USA
| | - Soren Buus
- Panum Institute, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Sylvaine You
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
- Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Alberto Pugliese
- Diabetes Research Institute, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Diabetes Immunology, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Heikki Hyoty
- Tampere University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology and Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Teresa Rodriguez-Calvo
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Malin Flodstrom-Tullberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roberto Mallone
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
- Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
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6
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Eizirik DL, Szymczak F, Mallone R. Why does the immune system destroy pancreatic β-cells but not α-cells in type 1 diabetes? Nat Rev Endocrinol 2023; 19:425-434. [PMID: 37072614 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-023-00826-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
A perplexing feature of type 1 diabetes (T1D) is that the immune system destroys pancreatic β-cells but not neighbouring α-cells, even though both β-cells and α-cells are dysfunctional. Dysfunction, however, progresses to death only for β-cells. Recent findings indicate important differences between these two cell types. First, expression of BCL2L1, a key antiapoptotic gene, is higher in α-cells than in β-cells. Second, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related genes are differentially expressed, with higher expression levels of pro-apoptotic CHOP in β-cells than in α-cells and higher expression levels of HSPA5 (which encodes the protective chaperone BiP) in α-cells than in β-cells. Third, expression of viral recognition and innate immune response genes is higher in α-cells than in β-cells, contributing to the enhanced resistance of α-cells to coxsackievirus infection. Fourth, expression of the immune-inhibitory HLA-E molecule is higher in α-cells than in β-cells. Of note, α-cells are less immunogenic than β-cells, and the CD8+ T cells invading the islets in T1D are reactive to pre-proinsulin but not to glucagon. We suggest that this finding is a result of the enhanced capacity of the α-cell to endure viral infections and ER stress, which enables them to better survive early stressors that can cause cell death and consequently amplify antigen presentation to the immune system. Moreover, the processing of the pre-proglucagon precursor in enteroendocrine cells might favour immune tolerance towards this potential self-antigen compared to pre-proinsulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Decio L Eizirik
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Center for Diabetes Research and Welbio, Medical Faculty, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Florian Szymczak
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Center for Diabetes Research and Welbio, Medical Faculty, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Roberto Mallone
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
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7
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Mancuso G, Bechi Genzano C, Fierabracci A, Fousteri G. Type 1 diabetes and inborn errors of immunity: Complete strangers or 2 sides of the same coin? J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023:S0091-6749(23)00427-X. [PMID: 37097271 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a polygenic disease and does not follow a mendelian pattern. Inborn errors of immunity (IEIs), on the other hand, are caused by damaging germline variants, suggesting that T1D and IEIs have nothing in common. Some IEIs, resulting from mutations in genes regulating regulatory T-cell homeostasis, are associated with elevated incidence of T1D. The genetic spectrum of IEIs is gradually being unraveled; consequently, molecular pathways underlying human monogenic autoimmunity are being identified. There is an appreciable overlap between some of these pathways and the genetic variants that determine T1D susceptibility, suggesting that after all, IEI and T1D are 2 sides of the same coin. The study of monogenic IEIs with a variable incidence of T1D has the potential to provide crucial insights into the mechanisms leading to T1D. These insights contribute to the definition of T1D endotypes and explain disease heterogeneity. In this review, we discuss the interconnected pathogenic pathways of autoimmunity, β-cell function, and primary immunodeficiency. We also examine the role of environmental factors in disease penetrance as well as the circumstantial evidence of IEI drugs in preventing and curing T1D in individuals with IEIs, suggesting the repositioning of these drugs also for T1D therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Mancuso
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Camillo Bechi Genzano
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | | | - Georgia Fousteri
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
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8
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Carrera P, Marzinotto I, Bonfanti R, Massimino L, Calzavara S, Favellato Μ, Jofra T, De Giglio V, Bonura C, Stabilini A, Favalli V, Bondesan S, Cicalese MP, Laurenzi A, Caretto A, Frontino G, Rigamonti A, Molinari C, Scavini M, Sandullo F, Zapparoli E, Caridi N, Bonfiglio S, Castorani V, Ungaro F, Petrelli A, Barera G, Aiuti A, Bosi E, Battaglia M, Piemonti L, Lampasona V, Fousteri G. Genetic determinants of type 1 diabetes in individuals with weak evidence of islet autoimmunity at disease onset. Diabetologia 2023; 66:695-708. [PMID: 36692510 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-022-05865-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Islet autoantibodies (AAbs) are detected in >90% of individuals with clinically suspected type 1 diabetes at disease onset. A single AAb, sometimes at low titre, is often detected in some individuals, making their diagnosis uncertain. Type 1 diabetes genetic risk scores (GRS) are a useful tool for discriminating polygenic autoimmune type 1 diabetes from other types of diabetes, particularly the monogenic forms, but testing is not routinely performed in the clinic. Here, we used a type 1 diabetes GRS to screen for monogenic diabetes in individuals with weak evidence of autoimmunity, i.e. with a single AAb at disease onset. METHODS In a pilot study, we genetically screened 142 individuals with suspected type 1 diabetes, 42 of whom were AAb-negative, 27 of whom had a single AAb (single AAb-positive) and 73 of whom had multiple AAbs (multiple AAb-positive) at disease onset. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed in 41 AAb-negative participants, 26 single AAb-positive participants and 60 multiple AAb-positive participants using an analysis pipeline of more than 200 diabetes-associated genes. RESULTS The type 1 diabetes GRS was significantly lower in AAb-negative individuals than in those with a single and multiple AAbs. Pathogenetic class 4/5 variants in MODY or monogenic diabetes genes were identified in 15/41 (36.6%) AAb-negative individuals, while class 3 variants of unknown significance were identified in 17/41 (41.5%). Residual C-peptide levels at diagnosis were higher in individuals with mutations compared to those without pathogenetic variants. Class 3 variants of unknown significance were found in 11/26 (42.3%) single AAb-positive individuals, and pathogenetic class 4/5 variants were present in 2/26 (7.7%) single AAb-positive individuals. No pathogenetic class 4/5 variants were identified in multiple AAb-positive individuals, but class 3 variants of unknown significance were identified in 19/60 (31.7%) patients. Several patients across the three groups had more than one class 3 variant. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These findings provide insights into the genetic makeup of patients who show weak evidence of autoimmunity at disease onset. Absence of islet AAbs or the presence of a single AAb together with a low type 1 diabetes GRS may be indicative of a monogenic form of diabetes, and use of NGS may improve the accuracy of diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Carrera
- Unit of Genomics for Human Disease Diagnosis, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Marzinotto
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Bonfanti
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Massimino
- Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Calzavara
- Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Tatiana Jofra
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Clara Bonura
- Pediatric Department, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Stabilini
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Favalli
- Pediatric Department, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Bondesan
- Unit of Genomics for Human Disease Diagnosis, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Cicalese
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Pediatric Immunohematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Laurenzi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Amelia Caretto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Frontino
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Rigamonti
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Molinari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Scavini
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Sandullo
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Ettore Zapparoli
- Center for Omics Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Caridi
- Center for Omics Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Bonfiglio
- Center for Omics Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Federica Ungaro
- Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Graziano Barera
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Pediatric Department, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Aiuti
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Pediatric Immunohematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuele Bosi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Battaglia
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Fondazione Telethon, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Piemonti
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Vito Lampasona
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
| | - Georgia Fousteri
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
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Guyer P, Arribas-Layton D, Manganaro A, Speake C, Lord S, Eizirik DL, Kent SC, Mallone R, James EA. Recognition of mRNA Splice Variant and Secretory Granule Epitopes by CD4+ T Cells in Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2023; 72:85-96. [PMID: 36201618 PMCID: PMC9797322 DOI: 10.2337/db22-0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A recent discovery effort resulted in identification of novel splice variant and secretory granule antigens within the HLA class I peptidome of human islets and documentation of their recognition by CD8+ T cells from peripheral blood and human islets. In the current study, we applied a systematic discovery process to identify novel CD4+ T cell epitopes derived from these candidate antigens. We predicted 145 potential epitopes spanning unique splice junctions and within conventional secretory granule antigens and measured their in vitro binding to DRB1*04:01. We generated HLA class II tetramers for the 35 peptides with detectable binding and used these to assess immunogenicity and isolate T cell clones. Tetramers corresponding to peptides with verified immunogenicity were then used to label T cells specific for these putative epitopes in peripheral blood. T cells that recognize distinct epitopes derived from a cyclin I splice variant, neuroendocrine convertase 2, and urocortin-3 were detected at frequencies that were similar to those of an immunodominant proinsulin epitope. Cells specific for these novel epitopes predominantly exhibited a Th1-like surface phenotype. Among the three epitopes, responses to the cyclin I peptide exhibited a distinct memory profile. Responses to neuroendocrine convertase 2 were detected among pancreatic infiltrating T cells. These results further establish the contribution of unconventional antigens to the loss of tolerance in autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perrin Guyer
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA
| | - David Arribas-Layton
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Anthony Manganaro
- Division of Diabetes, Diabetes Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Cate Speake
- Diabetes Clinical Research Program and Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Sandra Lord
- Diabetes Clinical Research Program and Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Decio L. Eizirik
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sally C. Kent
- Division of Diabetes, Diabetes Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Roberto Mallone
- INSERM, CNRS, Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Cochin Hospital, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Eddie A. James
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA
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10
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Szymczak F, Alvelos MI, Marín-Cañas S, Castela Â, Demine S, Colli ML, Op de Beeck A, Thomaidou S, Marselli L, Zaldumbide A, Marchetti P, Eizirik DL. Transcription and splicing regulation by NLRC5 shape the interferon response in human pancreatic β cells. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn5732. [PMID: 36103539 PMCID: PMC9473574 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn5732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
IFNα is a key regulator of the dialogue between pancreatic β cells and the immune system in early type 1 diabetes (T1D). IFNα up-regulates HLA class I expression in human β cells, fostering autoantigen presentation to the immune system. We observed by bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing that exposure of human induced pluripotent-derived islet-like cells to IFNα induces expression of HLA class I and of other genes involved in antigen presentation, including the transcriptional activator NLRC5. We next evaluated the global role of NLRC5 in human insulin-producing EndoC-βH1 and human islet cells by RNA sequencing and targeted gene/protein determination. NLRC5 regulates expression of HLA class I, antigen presentation-related genes, and chemokines. NLRC5 also mediates the effects of IFNα on alternative splicing, a generator of β cell neoantigens, suggesting that it is a central player of the effects of IFNα on β cells that contribute to trigger and amplify autoimmunity in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Szymczak
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre De Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels, Université Libre de Bruxelles-Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maria Inês Alvelos
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre De Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sandra Marín-Cañas
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre De Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ângela Castela
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre De Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stéphane Demine
- Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Maikel Luis Colli
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre De Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anne Op de Beeck
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre De Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sofia Thomaidou
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Lorella Marselli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Arnaud Zaldumbide
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Piero Marchetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Décio L. Eizirik
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre De Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Welbio, Medical Faculty, Université Libre De Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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11
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Wesley JD, Pagni PP, Bergholdt R, Kreiner FF, von Herrath M. Induction of antigenic immune tolerance to delay type 1 diabetes - challenges for clinical translation. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2022; 29:379-385. [PMID: 35776831 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Dissect the field of antigen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) in type 1 diabetes (T1D), highlighting the major barriers currently blocking clinical translation. RECENT FINDINGS ASIT remains a promising approach in T1D to re-establish the proper balance in the immune system to avoid the autoimmune-mediated attack or destruction of beta-cells in the pancreas. Despite some encouraging preclinical results, ASIT has not yet successfully translated into clinical utility, predominantly due to the lack of validated and clinically useful biomarkers. SUMMARY To restore immune tolerance towards self-antigens, ASIT aims to establish a favourable balance between T effector cells and T regulatory cells. Whilst most ASITs, including systemic or oral administration of relevant antigens, have appeared safe in T1D, meaningful and durable preservation of functional beta-cell mass has not been proven clinically. Development, including clinical translation, remains negatively impacted by lack of predictive biomarkers with confirmed correlation between assay readout and clinical outcomes. To be able to address the high unmet medical need in T1D, we propose continued reinforced research to identify such biomarkers, as well efforts to ensure alignment in terms of trial design and conduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnna D Wesley
- Type 1 Diabetes & Kidney Disease, Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk Research Center Seattle, Inc., Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Philippe P Pagni
- Type 1 Diabetes & Kidney Disease, Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk Research Center Seattle, Inc., Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Regine Bergholdt
- Type 1 Diabetes & Functional Insulins, Clinical Drug Development
| | | | - Matthias von Herrath
- Global Chief Medical Office, Novo Nordisk A/S, Søborg, Denmark
- Type 1 Diabetes Center, The La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
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12
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Mallone R, Halliez C, Rui J, Herold KC. The β-Cell in Type 1 Diabetes Pathogenesis: A Victim of Circumstances or an Instigator of Tragic Events? Diabetes 2022; 71:1603-1610. [PMID: 35881836 PMCID: PMC9490354 DOI: 10.2337/dbi21-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports have revived interest in the active role that β-cells may play in type 1 diabetes pathogenesis at different stages of disease. In some studies, investigators suggested an initiating role and proposed that type 1 diabetes may be primarily a disease of β-cells and only secondarily a disease of autoimmunity. This scenario is possible and invites the search for environmental triggers damaging β-cells. Another major contribution of β-cells may be to amplify autoimmune vulnerability and to eventually drive it into an intrinsic, self-detrimental state that turns the T cell-mediated homicide into a β-cell suicide. On the other hand, protective mechanisms are also mounted by β-cells and may provide novel therapeutic targets to combine immunomodulatory and β-cell protective agents. This integrated view of autoimmunity as a disease of T-cell/β-cell cross talk will ultimately advance our understanding of type 1 diabetes pathogenesis and improve our chances of preventing or reversing disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Mallone
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Clémentine Halliez
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Jinxiu Rui
- Departments of Immunobiology and Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Kevan C. Herold
- Departments of Immunobiology and Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
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13
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Samassa F, Mallone R. Self-antigens, benign autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes: a beta-cell and T-cell perspective. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2022; 29:370-378. [PMID: 35777965 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent work using immunopeptidomics and deconvolution of the antigenic reactivity of islet-infiltrating CD8+ T cells has expanded our knowledge about the autoimmune target epitopes of type 1 diabetes. The stem-like properties of autoimmune CD8+ T cells have also been described. We here propose a possible link between these findings. RECENT FINDINGS Weak major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-binding epitopes list among the major targets of human islet-infiltrating CD8+ T cells, likely resulting in low peptide-MHC presentation that delivers weak T-cell receptor (TCR) signals, especially in the face of low-affinity autoimmune TCRs. These weak TCR signals may favor the maintenance of the partially differentiated stem-like phenotype recently described for islet-reactive CD8+ T cells in the blood and pancreatic lymph nodes. These weak TCR signals may also be physiological, reflecting the need for self-peptide-MHC contacts to maintain homeostatic T-cell survival and proliferation. These features may underlie the universal state of benign autoimmunity that we recently described, which is characterized by islet-reactive, naïve-like CD8+ T cells circulating in all individuals. SUMMARY These observations provide novel challenges and opportunities to develop circulating T-cell biomarkers for autoimmune staging. Therapeutic halting of islet autoimmunity may require targeting of stem-like T cells to blunt their self-regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberto Mallone
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INSERM
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
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Zajec A, Trebušak Podkrajšek K, Tesovnik T, Šket R, Čugalj Kern B, Jenko Bizjan B, Šmigoc Schweiger D, Battelino T, Kovač J. Pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes: Established Facts and New Insights. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13040706. [PMID: 35456512 PMCID: PMC9032728 DOI: 10.3390/genes13040706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the T-cell-mediated destruction of insulin-producing β-cells in pancreatic islets. It generally occurs in genetically susceptible individuals, and genetics plays a major role in the development of islet autoimmunity. Furthermore, these processes are heterogeneous among individuals; hence, different endotypes have been proposed. In this review, we highlight the interplay between genetic predisposition and other non-genetic factors, such as viral infections, diet, and gut biome, which all potentially contribute to the aetiology of T1D. We also discuss a possible active role for β-cells in initiating the pathological processes. Another component in T1D predisposition is epigenetic influences, which represent a link between genetic susceptibility and environmental factors and may account for some of the disease heterogeneity. Accordingly, a shift towards personalized therapies may improve the treatment results and, therefore, result in better outcomes for individuals in the long-run. There is also a clear need for a better understanding of the preclinical phases of T1D and finding new predictive biomarkers for earlier diagnosis and therapy, with the final goal of reverting or even preventing the development of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Zajec
- Division of Paediatrics, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.Z.); (K.T.P.); (T.T.); (R.Š.); (B.Č.K.); (B.J.B.); (D.Š.S.); (T.B.)
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katarina Trebušak Podkrajšek
- Division of Paediatrics, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.Z.); (K.T.P.); (T.T.); (R.Š.); (B.Č.K.); (B.J.B.); (D.Š.S.); (T.B.)
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tine Tesovnik
- Division of Paediatrics, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.Z.); (K.T.P.); (T.T.); (R.Š.); (B.Č.K.); (B.J.B.); (D.Š.S.); (T.B.)
| | - Robert Šket
- Division of Paediatrics, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.Z.); (K.T.P.); (T.T.); (R.Š.); (B.Č.K.); (B.J.B.); (D.Š.S.); (T.B.)
| | - Barbara Čugalj Kern
- Division of Paediatrics, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.Z.); (K.T.P.); (T.T.); (R.Š.); (B.Č.K.); (B.J.B.); (D.Š.S.); (T.B.)
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Barbara Jenko Bizjan
- Division of Paediatrics, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.Z.); (K.T.P.); (T.T.); (R.Š.); (B.Č.K.); (B.J.B.); (D.Š.S.); (T.B.)
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Darja Šmigoc Schweiger
- Division of Paediatrics, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.Z.); (K.T.P.); (T.T.); (R.Š.); (B.Č.K.); (B.J.B.); (D.Š.S.); (T.B.)
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tadej Battelino
- Division of Paediatrics, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.Z.); (K.T.P.); (T.T.); (R.Š.); (B.Č.K.); (B.J.B.); (D.Š.S.); (T.B.)
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Kovač
- Division of Paediatrics, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.Z.); (K.T.P.); (T.T.); (R.Š.); (B.Č.K.); (B.J.B.); (D.Š.S.); (T.B.)
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence:
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15
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Personalized Immunotherapies for Type 1 Diabetes: Who, What, When, and How? J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12040542. [PMID: 35455658 PMCID: PMC9031881 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12040542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the immunopathological features of type 1 diabetes (T1D) has greatly improved over the past two decades and has shed light on disease heterogeneity dictated by multiple immune, metabolic, and clinical parameters. This may explain the limited effects of immunotherapies tested so far to durably revert or prevent T1D, for which life-long insulin replacement remains the only therapeutic option. In the era of omics and precision medicine, offering personalized treatment could contribute to turning this tide. Here, we discuss how to structure the selection of the right patient at the right time for the right treatment. This individualized therapeutic approach involves enrolling patients at a defined disease stage depending on the target and mode of action of the selected drug, and better stratifying patients based on their T1D endotype, reflecting intrinsic disease aggressiveness and immune context. To this end, biomarker screening will be critical, not only to help stratify patients and disease stage, but also to select the best predicted responders ahead of treatment and at early time points during clinical trials. This strategy could contribute to increase therapeutic efficacy, notably through the selection of drugs with complementary effects, and to further develop precision multi-hit medicine.
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Yang JHM, Ward-Hartstonge KA, Perry DJ, Blanchfield JL, Posgai AL, Wiedeman AE, Diggins K, Rahman A, Tree TIM, Brusko TM, Levings MK, James EA, Kent SC, Speake C, Homann D, Long SA. Guidelines for standardizing T-cell cytometry assays to link biomarkers, mechanisms, and disease outcomes in type 1 diabetes. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:372-388. [PMID: 35025103 PMCID: PMC9006584 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202049067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cytometric immunophenotyping is a powerful tool to discover and implement T-cell biomarkers of type 1 diabetes (T1D) progression and response to clinical therapy. Although many discovery-based T-cell biomarkers have been described, to date, no such markers have been widely adopted in standard practice. The heterogeneous nature of T1D and lack of standardized assays and experimental design across studies is a major barrier to the broader adoption of T-cell immunophenotyping assays. There is an unmet need to harmonize the design of immunophenotyping assays, including those that measure antigen-agnostic cell populations, such that data collected from different clinical trial sites and T1D cohorts are comparable, yet account for cohort-specific features and different drug mechanisms of action. In these Guidelines, we aim to provide expert advice on how to unify aspects of study design and practice. We provide recommendations for defining cohorts, method implementation, as well as tools for data analysis and reporting by highlighting and building on selected successes. Harmonization of cytometry-based T-cell assays will allow researchers to better integrate findings across trials, ultimately enabling the identification and validation of biomarkers of disease progression and treatment response in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie H. M. Yang
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College, London, UK
- National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St. Thomas’ National Health Service Foundation Trust, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Kirsten A. Ward-Hartstonge
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, California, USA
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, California, USA
| | - Daniel J. Perry
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - J. Lori Blanchfield
- Center for Translational Research, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Amanda L. Posgai
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Alice E. Wiedeman
- Center for Translational Research, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kirsten Diggins
- Center for Translational Research, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Adeeb Rahman
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Hess Center for Science and Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Timothy I. M. Tree
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College, London, UK
- National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St. Thomas’ National Health Service Foundation Trust, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Todd M. Brusko
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Megan K. Levings
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, California, USA
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, California, USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, California, USA
| | - Eddie A. James
- Center for Translational Research, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sally C. Kent
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cate Speake
- Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dirk Homann
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Diabetes, Obesity, & Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - S. Alice Long
- Center for Translational Research, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Autoantibodies Against the Glial Glutamate Transporter GLT1/EAAT2 in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Clues to novel immunological and non-immunological therapies. Pharmacol Res 2022; 177:106130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Halliez C, Ibrahim H, Otonkoski T, Mallone R. In vitro beta-cell killing models using immune cells and human pluripotent stem cell-derived islets: Challenges and opportunities. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1076683. [PMID: 36726462 PMCID: PMC9885197 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1076683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a disease of both autoimmunity and β-cells. The β-cells play an active role in their own demise by mounting defense mechanisms that are insufficient at best, and that can become even deleterious in the long term. This complex crosstalk is important to understanding the physiological defense mechanisms at play in healthy conditions, their alterations in the T1D setting, and therapeutic agents that may boost such mechanisms. Robust protocols to develop stem-cell-derived islets (SC-islets) from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), and islet-reactive cytotoxic CD8+ T-cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells offer unprecedented opportunities to study this crosstalk. Challenges to develop in vitro β-cell killing models include the cluster morphology of SC-islets, the relatively weak cytotoxicity of most autoimmune T-cells and the variable behavior of in vitro expanded CD8+ T-cells. These challenges may however be highly rewarding in light of the opportunities offered by such models. Herein, we discuss these opportunities including: the β-cell/immune crosstalk in an islet microenvironment; the features that make β-cells more sensitive to autoimmunity; therapeutic agents that may modulate β-cell vulnerability; and the possibility to perform analyses in an autologous setting, i.e., by generating T-cell effectors and SC-islets from the same donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémentine Halliez
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Hazem Ibrahim
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Otonkoski
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
- Department of Pediatrics, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- *Correspondence: Roberto Mallone, ; Timo Otonkoski,
| | - Roberto Mallone
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Roberto Mallone, ; Timo Otonkoski,
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Faucher P, Beuvon F, Fignani D, Sebastiani G, Afonso G, Zhou Z, Dousset B, Boitard C, Dotta F, Mallone R, Larger E. Immunoregulated insulitis and slow-progressing type 1 diabetes after duodenopancreatectomy. Diabetologia 2021; 64:2731-2740. [PMID: 34522983 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-021-05563-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS We report the case of a woman who underwent a partial pancreatectomy for a serous cystadenoma when aged 56 years. She had been diagnosed with diabetes 6 years before and had Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Despite positive anti-GAD autoantibodies (GADA) and previous surgery, she was transiently weaned off long-acting insulin. Blood glucose levels remained well controlled with low-dose long-acting insulin. Insulin needs eventually increased 8 years after surgery, in conjunction with anti-zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8) seroconversion and decreasing residual C-peptide. We hypothesised that the surgical pancreas specimens and blood autoimmune T cell responses may provide correlates of this indolent clinical course. METHODS Beta and alpha cell area and insulitis were quantified on pancreas head tissue sections obtained at surgery. Blood T cell responses against beta cell antigens were analysed by enzyme-linked immunospot. RESULTS Pancreas sections displayed reduced beta cell and normal alpha cell area (0.27% and 0.85% of section area, respectively). High-grade insulitis was observed, mostly in insulin-containing islets, with a peri-insulitis pattern enriched in T cells positive for regulatory forkhead box protein 3 (FOXP3). In vitro challenge with beta cell antigens of circulating T cells collected 4 and 9 years after surgery revealed dominant and persistent IL-10 responses; IFN-γ responses increasing at 9 years, after anti-ZnT8 seroconversion, was observed. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Despite persistent GADA and the histopathological finding of insulitis and decreased beta cell area 6 years after diabetes diagnosis, glycaemic control was maintained with low-dose insulin up to 8 years after surgery. Regulated T cell responses towards beta cell antigens and FOXP3-positive peri-insulitis suggest spontaneous long-term regulation of islet autoimmunity after substantial beta cell loss, and eventual autoimmune progression upon anti-ZnT8 seroconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Faucher
- Institut Cochin, CNRS, Inserm, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris Centre-Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Beuvon
- Service d'Anatomie Pathologique Publique, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris Centre-Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Daniela Fignani
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, Diabetes Unit, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Fondazione Umberto Di Mario, c/o Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Guido Sebastiani
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, Diabetes Unit, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Fondazione Umberto Di Mario, c/o Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Georgia Afonso
- Institut Cochin, CNRS, Inserm, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Zhicheng Zhou
- Institut Cochin, CNRS, Inserm, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Dousset
- Service de Chirurgie Digestive Publique, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris Centre-Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Christian Boitard
- Institut Cochin, CNRS, Inserm, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris Centre-Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Francesco Dotta
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, Diabetes Unit, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Fondazione Umberto Di Mario, c/o Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Roberto Mallone
- Institut Cochin, CNRS, Inserm, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris Centre-Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Etienne Larger
- Institut Cochin, CNRS, Inserm, Université de Paris, Paris, France.
- Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris Centre-Université de Paris, Paris, France.
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20
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Azoury ME, Samassa F, Buitinga M, Nigi L, Brusco N, Callebaut A, Giraud M, Irla M, Lalanne AI, Carré A, Afonso G, Zhou Z, Brandao B, Colli ML, Sebastiani G, Dotta F, Nakayama M, Eizirik DL, You S, Pinto S, Mamula MJ, Verdier Y, Vinh J, Buus S, Mathieu C, Overbergh L, Mallone R. CD8 + T Cells Variably Recognize Native Versus Citrullinated GRP78 Epitopes in Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2021; 70:2879-2891. [PMID: 34561224 PMCID: PMC8660990 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In type 1 diabetes, autoimmune β-cell destruction may be favored by neoantigens harboring posttranslational modifications (PTMs) such as citrullination. We studied the recognition of native and citrullinated glucose-regulated protein (GRP)78 peptides by CD8+ T cells. Citrullination modulated T-cell recognition and, to a lesser extent, HLA-A2 binding. GRP78-reactive CD8+ T cells circulated at similar frequencies in healthy donors and donors with type 1 diabetes and preferentially recognized either native or citrullinated versions, without cross-reactivity. Rather, the preference for native GRP78 epitopes was associated with CD8+ T cells cross-reactive with bacterial mimotopes. In the pancreas, a dominant GRP78 peptide was instead preferentially recognized when citrullinated. To further clarify these recognition patterns, we considered the possibility of citrullination in the thymus. Citrullinating peptidylarginine deiminase (Padi) enzymes were expressed in murine and human medullary epithelial cells (mTECs), with citrullinated proteins detected in murine mTECs. However, Padi2 and Padi4 expression was diminished in mature mTECs from NOD mice versus C57BL/6 mice. We conclude that, on one hand, the CD8+ T cell preference for native GRP78 peptides may be shaped by cross-reactivity with bacterial mimotopes. On the other hand, PTMs may not invariably favor loss of tolerance because thymic citrullination, although impaired in NOD mice, may drive deletion of citrulline-reactive T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mijke Buitinga
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laura Nigi
- Toscana Life Sciences, Diabetes Unit and Fondazione Umberto di Mario ONLUS, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Noemi Brusco
- Toscana Life Sciences, Diabetes Unit and Fondazione Umberto di Mario ONLUS, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Aïsha Callebaut
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthieu Giraud
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, INSERM UMR1064, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Magali Irla
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, INSERM, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Ana Ines Lalanne
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Alexia Carré
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Georgia Afonso
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Zhicheng Zhou
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Barbara Brandao
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Maikel L Colli
- Medical Faculty, Center for Diabetes Research and Welbio, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guido Sebastiani
- Toscana Life Sciences, Diabetes Unit and Fondazione Umberto di Mario ONLUS, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesco Dotta
- Toscana Life Sciences, Diabetes Unit and Fondazione Umberto di Mario ONLUS, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Maki Nakayama
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Decio L Eizirik
- Medical Faculty, Center for Diabetes Research and Welbio, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Sylvaine You
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Sheena Pinto
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Yann Verdier
- ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Spectrométrie de Masse Biologique et Protéomique, CNRS UMR8249, Paris, France
| | - Joelle Vinh
- ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Spectrométrie de Masse Biologique et Protéomique, CNRS UMR8249, Paris, France
| | - Soren Buus
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Panum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chantal Mathieu
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lut Overbergh
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Roberto Mallone
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
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21
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Eizirik DL, Szymczak F, Alvelos MI, Martin F. From Pancreatic β-Cell Gene Networks to Novel Therapies for Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2021; 70:1915-1925. [PMID: 34417266 PMCID: PMC8576417 DOI: 10.2337/dbi20-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Completion of the Human Genome Project enabled a novel systems- and network-level understanding of biology, but this remains to be applied for understanding the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D). We propose that defining the key gene regulatory networks that drive β-cell dysfunction and death in T1D might enable the design of therapies that target the core disease mechanism, namely, the progressive loss of pancreatic β-cells. Indeed, many successful drugs do not directly target individual disease genes but, rather, modulate the consequences of defective steps, targeting proteins located one or two steps downstream. If we transpose this to the T1D situation, it makes sense to target the pathways that modulate the β-cell responses to the immune assault-in relation to signals that may stimulate the immune response (e.g., HLA class I and chemokine overexpression and/or neoantigen expression) or inhibit the invading immune cells (e.g., PDL1 and HLA-E expression)-instead of targeting only the immune system, as it is usually proposed. Here we discuss the importance of a focus on β-cells in T1D, lessons learned from other autoimmune diseases, the "alternative splicing connection," data mining, and drug repurposing to protect β-cells in T1D and then some of the initial candidates under testing for β-cell protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Decio L Eizirik
- Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research and Welbio, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Florian Szymczak
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research and Welbio, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maria Inês Alvelos
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research and Welbio, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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22
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Corcos N, Culina S, Deligne C, Lavaud C, You S, Mallone R. Oral Fc-Coupled Preproinsulin Achieves Systemic and Thymic Delivery Through the Neonatal Fc Receptor and Partially Delays Autoimmune Diabetes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:616215. [PMID: 34447366 PMCID: PMC8382691 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.616215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tolerogenic vaccinations using beta-cell antigens are attractive for type 1 diabetes prevention, but clinical trials have been disappointing. This is probably due to the late timing of intervention, when multiple auto-antibodies are already present. We therefore devised a strategy to introduce the initiating antigen preproinsulin (PPI) during neonatal life, when autoimmunity is still silent and central tolerance mechanisms, which remain therapeutically unexploited, are more active. This strategy employs an oral administration of PPI-Fc, i.e. PPI fused with an IgG Fc to bind the intestinal neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) that physiologically delivers maternal antibodies to the offspring during breastfeeding. Neonatal oral PPI-Fc vaccination did not prevent diabetes development in PPI T-cell receptor-transgenic G9C8.NOD mice. However, PPI-Fc was efficiently transferred through the intestinal epithelium in an Fc- and FcRn-dependent manner, was taken up by antigen presenting cells, and reached the spleen and thymus. Although not statistically significant, neonatal oral PPI-Fc vaccination delayed diabetes onset in polyclonal Ins2-/-.NOD mice that spontaneously develop accelerated diabetes. Thus, this strategy shows promise in terms of systemic and thymic antigen delivery via the intestinal FcRn pathway, but the current PPI-Fc formulation/regimen requires further improvements to achieve diabetes prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Corcos
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Slobodan Culina
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Claire Deligne
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Cassandra Lavaud
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Sylvaine You
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Roberto Mallone
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris Centre-Université de Paris, Cochin Hospital, Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Paris, France
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23
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Gardner G, Fraker CA. Natural Killer Cells as Key Mediators in Type I Diabetes Immunopathology. Front Immunol 2021; 12:722979. [PMID: 34489972 PMCID: PMC8417893 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.722979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunopathology of type I diabetes (T1D) presents a complicated case in part because of the multifactorial origin of this disease. Typically, T1D is thought to occur as a result of autoimmunity toward islets of Langerhans, resulting in the destruction of insulin-producing cells (β cells) and thus lifelong reliance on exogenous insulin. However, that explanation obscures much of the underlying mechanism, and the actual precipitating events along with the associated actors (latent viral infection, diverse immune cell types and their roles) are not completely understood. Notably, there is a malfunctioning in the regulation of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells that target endocrine cells through antigen-mediated attack. Further examination has revealed the likelihood of an imbalance in distinct subpopulations of tolerogenic and cytotoxic natural killer (NK) cells that may be the catalyst of adaptive immune system malfunction. The contributions of components outside the immune system, including environmental factors such as chronic viral infection also need more consideration, and much of the recent literature investigating the origins of this disease have focused on these factors. In this review, the details of the immunopathology of T1D regarding NK cell disfunction is discussed, along with how those mechanisms stand within the context of general autoimmune disorders. Finally, the rarer cases of latent autoimmune, COVID-19 (viral), and immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) induced diabetes are discussed as their exceptional pathology offers insight into the evolution of the disease as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher A. Fraker
- Tissue and Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
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24
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Rodriguez-Calvo T, Christoffersson G, Bender C, von Herrath MG, Mallone R, Kent SC, James EA. Means, Motive, and Opportunity: Do Non-Islet-Reactive Infiltrating T Cells Contribute to Autoimmunity in Type 1 Diabetes? Front Immunol 2021; 12:683091. [PMID: 34220832 PMCID: PMC8242234 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.683091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In human type 1 diabetes and animal models of the disease, a diverse assortment of immune cells infiltrates the pancreatic islets. CD8+ T cells are well represented within infiltrates and HLA multimer staining of pancreas sections provides clear evidence that islet epitope reactive T cells are present within autoimmune lesions. These bona fide effectors have been a key research focus because these cells represent an intellectually attractive culprit for β cell destruction. However, T cell receptors are highly diverse in human insulitis. This suggests correspondingly broad antigen specificity, which includes a majority of T cells for which there is no evidence of islet-specific reactivity. The presence of “non-cognate” T cells in insulitis raises suspicion that their role could be beyond that of an innocent bystander. In this perspective, we consider the potential pathogenic contribution of non-islet-reactive T cells. Our intellectual framework will be that of a criminal investigation. Having arraigned islet-specific CD8+ T cells for the murder of pancreatic β cells, we then turn our attention to the non-target immune cells present in human insulitis and consider the possible regulatory, benign, or effector roles that they may play in disease. Considering available evidence, we overview the case that can be made that non-islet-reactive infiltrating T cells should be suspected as co-conspirators or accessories to the crime and suggest some possible routes forward for reaching a better understanding of their role in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Rodriguez-Calvo
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gustaf Christoffersson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christine Bender
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, Type 1 Diabetes Center at La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Matthias G von Herrath
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, Type 1 Diabetes Center at La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Roberto Mallone
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Cochin Hospital, Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Paris, France
| | - Sally C Kent
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Eddie A James
- Translatonal Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle WA, United States
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Mallone
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Cochin Hospital, Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Paris, France
| | - Sylvaine You
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
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26
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Wong FS, Tree TI. Historical and new insights into pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (2). Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 204:165-166. [PMID: 33890285 PMCID: PMC8062994 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this second and final part of the collection of articles for the Immunology of Diabetes Society review series on insights into pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes, we present two articles. The first of these covers a debate that took place in the Immunology of Diabetes Society meeting in London 2018, in which five investigators presented a case for specific immune cells/targets to be the 'Achilles Heel of type 1 diabetes'. The second article presents further insights into the generation of post-translationally modified peptides. It focuses upon mechanisms and processes that lead to new potentially autoantigenic targets for CD8+ T cells, and complements the review of new hybrid peptide targets for CD4+ T cells in the first part of our series.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. S. Wong
- Division of Infection and ImmunityCardiff University School of MedicineCardiffUK
| | - T. I. Tree
- Programme of Infection and ImmunityDepartment of ImmunobiologyFaculty of Life Sciences and MedicineKing’s College LondonBorough WingGuy’s HospitalLondonUK
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27
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Carré A, Mallone R. Making Insulin and Staying Out of Autoimmune Trouble: The Beta-Cell Conundrum. Front Immunol 2021; 12:639682. [PMID: 33854508 PMCID: PMC8039383 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.639682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from the intricate crosstalk of various immune cell types. CD8+ T cells dominate the pro-inflammatory milieu of islet infiltration (insulitis), and are considered as key effectors of beta-cell destruction, through the recognition of MHC Class I-peptide complexes. The pathways generating MHC Class I-restricted antigens in beta cells are poorly documented. Given their specialized insulin secretory function, the associated granule processing and degradation pathways, basal endoplasmic reticulum stress and susceptibility to additional stressors, alternative antigen processing and presentation (APP) pathways are likely to play a significant role in the generation of the beta-cell immunopeptidome. As direct evidence is missing, we here intersect the specificities of beta-cell function and the literature about APP in other cellular models to generate some hypotheses on APPs relevant to beta cells. We further elaborate on the potential role of these pathways in T1D pathogenesis, based on the current knowledge of antigens presented by beta cells. A better understanding of these pathways may pinpoint novel mechanisms amenable to therapeutic targeting to modulate the immunogenicity of beta cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Carré
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Roberto Mallone
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
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28
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Ke Q, Kroger CJ, Clark M, Tisch RM. Evolving Antibody Therapies for the Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes. Front Immunol 2021; 11:624568. [PMID: 33679717 PMCID: PMC7930374 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.624568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is widely considered to be a T cell driven autoimmune disease resulting in reduced insulin production due to dysfunction/destruction of pancreatic β cells. Currently, there continues to be a need for immunotherapies that selectively reestablish persistent β cell-specific self-tolerance for the prevention and remission of T1D in the clinic. The utilization of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) is one strategy to target specific immune cell populations inducing autoimmune-driven pathology. Several mAb have proven to be clinically safe and exhibit varying degrees of efficacy in modulating autoimmunity, including T1D. Traditionally, mAb therapies have been used to deplete a targeted cell population regardless of antigenic specificity. However, this treatment strategy can prove detrimental resulting in the loss of acquired protective immunity. Nondepleting mAb have also been applied to modulate the function of immune effector cells. Recent studies have begun to define novel mechanisms associated with mAb-based immunotherapy that alter the function of targeted effector cell pools. These results suggest short course mAb therapies may have persistent effects for regaining and maintaining self-tolerance. Furthermore, the flexibility to manipulate mAb properties permits the development of novel strategies to target multiple antigens and/or deliver therapeutic drugs by a single mAb molecule. Here, we discuss current and potential future therapeutic mAb treatment strategies for T1D, and T cell-mediated autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Ke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Charles J Kroger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Matthew Clark
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Roland M Tisch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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29
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Brawerman G, Thompson PJ. Beta Cell Therapies for Preventing Type 1 Diabetes: From Bench to Bedside. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1681. [PMID: 33339173 PMCID: PMC7765619 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by insulin deficiency, generally resulting from progressive autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic beta cells. While the phenomenon of beta cell autoimmunity continues to be an active area of investigation, recent evidence suggests that beta cell stress responses are also important contributors to disease onset. Here we review the pathways driving different kinds of beta cell dysfunction and their respective therapeutic targets in the prevention of T1D. We discuss opportunities and important open questions around the effectiveness of beta cell therapies and challenges for clinical utility. We further evaluate ways in which beta cell drug therapy could be combined with immunotherapy for preventing T1D in light of our growing appreciation of disease heterogeneity and patient endotypes. Ultimately, the emergence of pharmacologic beta cell therapies for T1D have armed us with new tools and closing the knowledge gaps in T1D etiology will be essential for maximizing the potential of these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Brawerman
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada;
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Peter J. Thompson
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada;
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
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30
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Azoury ME, Tarayrah M, Afonso G, Pais A, Colli ML, Maillard C, Lavaud C, Alexandre-Heymann L, Gonzalez-Duque S, Verdier Y, Vinh J, Pinto S, Buus S, Dubois-Laforgue D, Larger E, Beressi JP, Bruno G, Eizirik DL, You S, Mallone R. Peptides Derived From Insulin Granule Proteins Are Targeted by CD8 + T Cells Across MHC Class I Restrictions in Humans and NOD Mice. Diabetes 2020; 69:2678-2690. [PMID: 32928873 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The antigenic peptides processed by β-cells and presented through surface HLA class I molecules are poorly characterized. Each HLA variant (e.g., the most common being HLA-A2 and HLA-A3) carries some peptide-binding specificity. Hence, features that, despite these specificities, remain shared across variants may reveal factors favoring β-cell immunogenicity. Building on our previous description of the HLA-A2/A3 peptidome of β-cells, we analyzed the HLA-A3-restricted peptides targeted by circulating CD8+ T cells. Several peptides were recognized by CD8+ T cells within a narrow frequency (1-50/106), which was similar in donors with and without type 1 diabetes and harbored variable effector/memory fractions. These epitopes could be classified as conventional peptides or neoepitopes, generated either via peptide cis-splicing or mRNA splicing (e.g., secretogranin-5 [SCG5]-009). As reported for HLA-A2-restricted peptides, several epitopes originated from β-cell granule proteins (e.g., SCG3, SCG5, and urocortin-3). Similarly, H-2Kd-restricted CD8+ T cells recognizing the murine orthologs of SCG5, urocortin-3, and proconvertase-2 infiltrated the islets of NOD mice and transferred diabetes into NOD/scid recipients. The finding of granule proteins targeted in both humans and NOD mice supports their disease relevance and identifies the insulin granule as a rich source of epitopes, possibly reflecting its impaired processing in type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahmoud Tarayrah
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Georgia Afonso
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Aurore Pais
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Maikel L Colli
- Université Libre de Bruxelles Center for Diabetes Research and Welbio, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Claire Maillard
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Cassandra Lavaud
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Laure Alexandre-Heymann
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris Centre-Université de Paris, Cochin Hospital, Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Paris, France
| | - Sergio Gonzalez-Duque
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
- École Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles Paris, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Spectrométrie de Masse Biologique et Protéomique, CNRS USR3149, Paris, France
| | - Yann Verdier
- École Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles Paris, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Spectrométrie de Masse Biologique et Protéomique, CNRS USR3149, Paris, France
| | - Joelle Vinh
- École Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles Paris, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Spectrométrie de Masse Biologique et Protéomique, CNRS USR3149, Paris, France
| | - Sheena Pinto
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Soren Buus
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Danièle Dubois-Laforgue
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris Centre-Université de Paris, Cochin Hospital, Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Paris, France
| | - Etienne Larger
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris Centre-Université de Paris, Cochin Hospital, Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Paul Beressi
- Service de Diabétologie, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles André Mignot, Le Chesnay, France
| | - Graziella Bruno
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Decio L Eizirik
- Université Libre de Bruxelles Center for Diabetes Research and Welbio, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sylvaine You
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Roberto Mallone
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris Centre-Université de Paris, Cochin Hospital, Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Paris, France
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