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Pané A, Videla L, Calvet À, Viaplana J, Vaqué-Alcázar L, Ibarzabal A, Rozalem-Aranha M, Pegueroles J, Moize V, Vidal J, Ortega E, Barroeta I, Camacho V, Chiva-Blanch G, Fortea J, Jiménez A. Hypothalamic Inflammation Improves Through Bariatric Surgery, and Hypothalamic Volume Predicts Short-Term Weight Loss Response in Adults With or Without Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2024; 47:1162-1170. [PMID: 38713908 DOI: 10.2337/dc23-2213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Preclinical research implicates hypothalamic inflammation (HI) in obesity and type 2 diabetes pathophysiology. However, their pathophysiological relevance and potential reversibility need to be better defined. We sought to evaluate the effect of bariatric surgery (BS) on radiological biomarkers of HI and the association between the severity of such radiological alterations and post-BS weight loss (WL) trajectories. The utility of cerebrospinal fluid large extracellular vesicles (CSF-lEVs) enriched for microglial and astrocyte markers in studying HI was also explored. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We included 72 individuals with obesity (20 with and 52 without type 2 diabetes) and 24 control individuals. Participants underwent lumbar puncture and 3-T MRI at baseline and 1-year post-BS. We assessed hypothalamic mean diffusivity (MD) (higher values indicate lesser microstructural integrity) and the volume of the whole and main hypothalamic subregions. CSF-lEVs enriched for glial and astrocyte markers were determined by flow cytometry. RESULTS Compared with control group, the obesity and type 2 diabetes groups showed a larger volume and higher MD in the hypothalamic tubular inferior region, the area encompassing the arcuate nucleus. These radiological alterations were positively associated with baseline anthropometric and metabolic measures and improved post-BS. A larger baseline tubular inferior hypothalamic volume was independently related to lesser WL 1 and 2 years after BS. CSF-lEVs did not differ among groups and were unrelated to WL trajectories. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest HI improvement after BS and may support a role for HI in modulating the WL response to these interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Pané
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Videla
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Neurology Department, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III
- Barcelona Down Medical Center, Fundació Catalana Síndrome de Down, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Àngels Calvet
- Fundació Clínic per la Recerca Biomèdica-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judith Viaplana
- Fundació Clínic per la Recerca Biomèdica-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lídia Vaqué-Alcázar
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Neurology Department, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Fundació Clínic per la Recerca Biomèdica-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences and Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ainitze Ibarzabal
- Gastrointestinal Surgery Department, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mateus Rozalem-Aranha
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Neurology Department, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Pegueroles
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Neurology Department, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Violeta Moize
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
- Fundació Clínic per la Recerca Biomèdica-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Vidal
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
- Fundació Clínic per la Recerca Biomèdica-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERDEM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilio Ortega
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Fundació Clínic per la Recerca Biomèdica-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Barroeta
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Neurology Department, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III
| | - Valle Camacho
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Chiva-Blanch
- CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Fundació Clínic per la Recerca Biomèdica-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Fortea
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Neurology Department, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III
| | - Amanda Jiménez
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Fundació Clínic per la Recerca Biomèdica-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Sapkota S, Briski KP. Sex-Dimorphic Effects of Hypoglycemia on Metabolic Sensor mRNA Expression in Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus-Dorsomedial Division (VMNdm) Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone Neurons. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:2350-2358. [PMID: 38757688 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (Ghrh) neurons in the dorsomedial ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMNdm) express the metabolic transcription factor steroidogenic factor-1 and hypoglycemia-sensitive neurochemicals of diverse chemical structures, transmission modes, and temporal signaling profiles. Ghrh imposes neuromodulatory control of coexpressed transmitters. Multiple metabolic sensory mechanisms are employed in the brain, including screening of the critical nutrient glucose or the energy currency ATP. Here, combinatory laser-catapult-microdissection/single-cell multiplex qPCR tools were used to investigate whether these neurons possess molecular machinery for monitoring cellular metabolic status and if these biomarkers exhibit sex-specific sensitivity to insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Data show that hypoglycemia up- (male) or downregulated (female) Ghrh neuron glucokinase (Gck) mRNA; Ghrh gene silencing decreased baseline and hypoglycemic patterns of Gck gene expression in each sex. Ghrh neuron glucokinase regulatory protein (Gckr) transcript levels were respectively diminished or augmented in hypoglycemic male vs female rats; this mRNA profile was decreased by Ghrh siRNA in both sexes. Gene transcripts encoding catalytic alpha subunits of the energy monitor 5-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), i.e., Prkaa1 and 2, were increased by hypoglycemia in males, yet only the former mRNA was hypoglycemia-sensitive in females. Ghrh siRNA downregulated baseline and hypoglycemia-associated Prkaa subunit mRNAs in males but elicited divergent changes in Prkaa2 transcripts in eu- vs hypoglycemic females. Results provide unique evidence that VMNdm Ghrh neurons express the characterized metabolic sensor biomarkers glucokinase and AMPK and that the corresponding gene profiles exhibit distinctive sex-dimorphic transcriptional responses to hypoglycemia. Data further document Ghrh neuromodulation of baseline and hypoglycemic transcription patterns of these metabolic gene profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subash Sapkota
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana 71201, United States
| | - Karen P Briski
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana 71201, United States
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Bánáti D, Hellman-Regen J, Mack I, Young HA, Benton D, Eggersdorfer M, Rohn S, Dulińska-Litewka J, Krężel W, Rühl R. Defining a vitamin A5/X specific deficiency - vitamin A5/X as a critical dietary factor for mental health. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2024; 94:443-475. [PMID: 38904956 DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
A healthy and balanced diet is an important factor to assure a good functioning of the central and peripheral nervous system. Retinoid X receptor (RXR)-mediated signaling was identified as an important mechanism of transmitting major diet-dependent physiological and nutritional signaling such as the control of myelination and dopamine signalling. Recently, vitamin A5/X, mainly present in vegetables as provitamin A5/X, was identified as a new concept of a vitamin which functions as the nutritional precursor for enabling RXR-mediated signaling. The active form of vitamin A5/X, 9-cis-13,14-dehydroretinoic acid (9CDHRA), induces RXR-activation, thereby acting as the central switch for enabling various heterodimer-RXR-signaling cascades involving various partner heterodimers like the fatty acid and eicosanoid receptors/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), the cholesterol receptors/liver X receptors (LXRs), the vitamin D receptor (VDR), and the vitamin A(1) receptors/retinoic acid receptors (RARs). Thus, nutritional supply of vitamin A5/X might be a general nutritional-dependent switch for enabling this large cascade of hormonal signaling pathways and thus appears important to guarantee an overall organism homeostasis. RXR-mediated signaling was shown to be dependent on vitamin A5/X with direct effects for beneficial physiological and neuro-protective functions mediated systemically or directly in the brain. In summary, through control of dopamine signaling, amyloid β-clearance, neuro-protection and neuro-inflammation, the vitamin A5/X - RXR - RAR - vitamin A(1)-signaling might be "one of" or even "the" critical factor(s) necessary for good mental health, healthy brain aging, as well as for preventing drug addiction and prevention of a large array of nervous system diseases. Likewise, vitamin A5/X - RXR - non-RAR-dependent signaling relevant for myelination/re-myelination and phagocytosis/brain cleanup will contribute to such regulations too. In this review we discuss the basic scientific background, logical connections and nutritional/pharmacological expert recommendations for the nervous system especially considering the ageing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diána Bánáti
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Julian Hellman-Regen
- Department of Psychiatry, Charité-Campus Benjamin Franklin, Section Neurobiology, University Medicine Berlin, Germany
| | - Isabelle Mack
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hayley A Young
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Swansea University, UK
| | - David Benton
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Swansea University, UK
| | - Manfred Eggersdorfer
- Department of Healthy Ageing, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), The Netherlands
| | - Sascha Rohn
- Department of Food Chemistry and Analysis, Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Wojciech Krężel
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Inserm U1258, CNRS UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
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Ramasamy I. Physiological Appetite Regulation and Bariatric Surgery. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1347. [PMID: 38546831 PMCID: PMC10932430 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13051347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity remains a common metabolic disorder and a threat to health as it is associated with numerous complications. Lifestyle modifications and caloric restriction can achieve limited weight loss. Bariatric surgery is an effective way of achieving substantial weight loss as well as glycemic control secondary to weight-related type 2 diabetes mellitus. It has been suggested that an anorexigenic gut hormone response following bariatric surgery contributes to weight loss. Understanding the changes in gut hormones and their contribution to weight loss physiology can lead to new therapeutic treatments for weight loss. Two distinct types of neurons in the arcuate hypothalamic nuclei control food intake: proopiomelanocortin neurons activated by the anorexigenic (satiety) hormones and neurons activated by the orexigenic peptides that release neuropeptide Y and agouti-related peptide (hunger centre). The arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus integrates hormonal inputs from the gut and adipose tissue (the anorexigenic hormones cholecystokinin, polypeptide YY, glucagon-like peptide-1, oxyntomodulin, leptin, and others) and orexigeneic peptides (ghrelin). Replicating the endocrine response to bariatric surgery through pharmacological mimicry holds promise for medical treatment. Obesity has genetic and environmental factors. New advances in genetic testing have identified both monogenic and polygenic obesity-related genes. Understanding the function of genes contributing to obesity will increase insights into the biology of obesity. This review includes the physiology of appetite control, the influence of genetics on obesity, and the changes that occur following bariatric surgery. This has the potential to lead to the development of more subtle, individualised, treatments for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indra Ramasamy
- Department of Blood Sciences, Conquest Hospital, Hastings TN37 7RD, UK
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5
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Aldhshan MS, Mizuno TM. Environmental enrichment accentuates glucose-induced feeding suppression and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor gene expression in the hypothalamus of mice. Nutr Neurosci 2024; 27:106-119. [PMID: 36634108 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2023.2165938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The hypothalamus controls food intake by integrating nutrient signals, of which one of the most important is glucose. Consequently, impairments in hypothalamic glucose-sensing mechanisms are associated with hyperphagia and obesity. Environmental enrichment (EE) is an animal housing protocol that provides complex sensory, motor, and social stimulations and has been proven to reduce adiposity in laboratory mice. However, the mechanism by which EE promotes adiposity-suppressing effect remains incompletely understood. Neurotrophic factors play an important role in the development and maintenance of the nervous system, but they are also involved in the hypothalamic regulation of feeding. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) are expressed in the hypothalamus and their expression is stimulated by glucose. EE is associated with increased expression of Bdnf mRNA in the hypothalamus. Therefore, we hypothesized that EE potentiates the anorectic action of glucose by altering the expression of neurotrophic factor genes in the hypothalamus. Male C57BL/6 mice were maintained under standard or EE conditions to investigate the feeding response to glucose and the associated expression of feeding-related neurotrophic factor genes in the hypothalamus. Intraperitoneal glucose injection reduced food intake in both control and EE mice with a significantly greater reduction in the EE group compared to the control group. EE caused a significantly enhanced response of Gdnf mRNA expression to glucose without altering basal Gdnf mRNA expression and Bdnf mRNA response to glucose. These findings suggest that EE enhances glucose-induced feeding suppression, at least partly, by enhancing hypothalamic glucose-sensing ability that involves GDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad S Aldhshan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Tooru M Mizuno
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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Asano S, Ogawa A, Osada T, Oka S, Nakajima K, Oshima Y, Tanaka S, Kaga H, Tamura Y, Watada H, Kawamori R, Konishi S. Reduced gray matter volume in the default-mode network associated with insulin resistance. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:11225-11234. [PMID: 37757477 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance may lead to structural and functional abnormalities of the human brain. However, the mechanism by which insulin resistance impairs the brain remains elusive. In this study, we used two large neuroimaging databases to investigate the brain regions where insulin resistance was associated with the gray matter volume and to examine the resting-state functional connectivity between these brain regions and each hypothalamic nucleus. Insulin resistance was associated with reduced gray matter volume in the regions of the default-mode and limbic networks in the cerebral cortex in older adults. Resting-state functional connectivity was prominent between these networks and the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, a hypothalamic interface connecting functionally with the cerebral cortex. Furthermore, we found a significant correlation in these networks between insulin resistance-related gray matter volume reduction and network paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus resting-state functional connectivity. These results suggest that insulin resistance-related gray matter volume reduction in the default-mode and limbic networks emerged through metabolic homeostasis mechanisms in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Asano
- Department of Neurophysiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Akitoshi Ogawa
- Department of Neurophysiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Takahiro Osada
- Department of Neurophysiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Satoshi Oka
- Department of Neurophysiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Koji Nakajima
- Department of Neurophysiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yasushi Oshima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Sakae Tanaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hideyoshi Kaga
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Sportology Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Tamura
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Sportology Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Watada
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Sportology Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Ryuzo Kawamori
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Sportology Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Seiki Konishi
- Department of Neurophysiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Sportology Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University School of Medicine , 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Advanced Research Institute for Health Science, Juntendo University School of Medicine , 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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Yang W, Jiang W, Guo S. Regulation of Macronutrients in Insulin Resistance and Glucose Homeostasis during Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Nutrients 2023; 15:4671. [PMID: 37960324 PMCID: PMC10647592 DOI: 10.3390/nu15214671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance is an important feature of metabolic syndrome and a precursor of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Overnutrition-induced obesity is a major risk factor for the development of insulin resistance and T2DM. The intake of macronutrients plays a key role in maintaining energy balance. The components of macronutrients distinctly regulate insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis. Precisely adjusting the beneficial food compound intake is important for the prevention of insulin resistance and T2DM. Here, we reviewed the effects of different components of macronutrients on insulin sensitivity and their underlying mechanisms, including fructose, dietary fiber, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, and amino acids. Understanding the diet-gene interaction will help us to better uncover the molecular mechanisms of T2DM and promote the application of precision nutrition in practice by integrating multi-omics analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shaodong Guo
- Department of Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (W.Y.); (W.J.)
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8
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Lee HG, Jung IH, Park BS, Yang HR, Kim KK, Tu TH, Yeh JY, Lee S, Yang S, Lee BJ, Kim JG, Nam-Goong IS. Altered Metabolic Phenotypes and Hypothalamic Neuronal Activity Triggered by Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibition. Diabetes Metab J 2023; 47:784-795. [PMID: 37915185 PMCID: PMC10695712 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2022.0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGRUOUND Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors are currently used to treat patients with diabetes. Previous studies have demonstrated that treatment with SGLT-2 inhibitors is accompanied by altered metabolic phenotypes. However, it has not been investigated whether the hypothalamic circuit participates in the development of the compensatory metabolic phenotypes triggered by the treatment with SGLT-2 inhibitors. METHODS Mice were fed a standard diet or high-fat diet and treated with dapagliflozin, an SGLT-2 inhibitor. Food intake and energy expenditure were observed using indirect calorimetry system. The activity of hypothalamic neurons in response to dapagliflozin treatment was evaluated by immunohistochemistry with c-Fos antibody. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to determine gene expression patterns in the hypothalamus of dapagliflozin-treated mice. RESULTS Dapagliflozin-treated mice displayed enhanced food intake and reduced energy expenditure. Altered neuronal activities were observed in multiple hypothalamic nuclei in association with appetite regulation. Additionally, we found elevated immunosignals of agouti-related peptide neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. CONCLUSION This study suggests the functional involvement of the hypothalamus in the development of the compensatory metabolic phenotypes induced by SGLT-2 inhibitor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Gyun Lee
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Il Hyeon Jung
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Byong Seo Park
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hye Rim Yang
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Kwang Kon Kim
- Department of Biological Science, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Thai Hien Tu
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jung-Yong Yeh
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Sewon Lee
- Division of Sport Science, College of Arts & Physical Education, Incheon National University, Incheon, Korea
- Research Center of Brain-Machine Interface, Incheon National University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Sunggu Yang
- Research Center of Brain-Machine Interface, Incheon National University, Incheon, Korea
- Department of Nano-Bioengineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Incheon National University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Byung Ju Lee
- Department of Biological Science, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Jae Geun Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Korea
- Research Center of Brain-Machine Interface, Incheon National University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Il Seong Nam-Goong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
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9
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Ramasubbu K, Ramanathan G, Venkatraman G, Rajeswari VD. Sleep-associated insulin resistance promotes neurodegeneration. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:8665-8681. [PMID: 37580496 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08710-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Lifestyle modification can lead to numerous health issues closely associated with sleep. Sleep deprivation and disturbances significantly affect inflammation, immunity, neurodegeneration, cognitive depletion, memory impairment, neuroplasticity, and insulin resistance. Sleep significantly impacts brain and memory formation, toxin excretion, hormonal function, metabolism, and motor and cognitive functions. Sleep restriction associated with insulin resistance affects these functions by interfering with the insulin signalling pathway, neurotransmission, inflammatory pathways, and plasticity of neurons. So, in this review, We discuss the evidence that suggests that neurodegeneration occurs via sleep and is associated with insulin resistance, along with the insulin signalling pathways involved in neurodegeneration and neuroplasticity, while exploring the role of hormones in these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanagavalli Ramasubbu
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Gnanasambandan Ramanathan
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Ganesh Venkatraman
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - V Devi Rajeswari
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India.
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10
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Tu L, Bean JC, He Y, Liu H, Yu M, Liu H, Zhang N, Yin N, Han J, Scarcelli NA, Conde KM, Wang M, Li Y, Feng B, Gao P, Cai ZL, Fukuda M, Xue M, Tong Q, Yang Y, Liao L, Xu J, Wang C, He Y, Xu Y. Anoctamin 4 channel currents activate glucose-inhibited neurons in the mouse ventromedial hypothalamus during hypoglycemia. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e163391. [PMID: 37261917 PMCID: PMC10348766 DOI: 10.1172/jci163391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose is the basic fuel essential for maintenance of viability and functionality of all cells. However, some neurons - namely, glucose-inhibited (GI) neurons - paradoxically increase their firing activity in low-glucose conditions and decrease that activity in high-glucose conditions. The ionic mechanisms mediating electric responses of GI neurons to glucose fluctuations remain unclear. Here, we showed that currents mediated by the anoctamin 4 (Ano4) channel are only detected in GI neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH) and are functionally required for their activation in response to low glucose. Genetic disruption of the Ano4 gene in VMH neurons reduced blood glucose and impaired counterregulatory responses during hypoglycemia in mice. Activation of VMHAno4 neurons increased food intake and blood glucose, while chronic inhibition of VMHAno4 neurons ameliorated hyperglycemia in a type 1 diabetic mouse model. Finally, we showed that VMHAno4 neurons represent a unique orexigenic VMH population and transmit a positive valence, while stimulation of neurons that do not express Ano4 in the VMH (VMHnon-Ano4) suppress feeding and transmit a negative valence. Together, our results indicate that the Ano4 channel and VMHAno4 neurons are potential therapeutic targets for human diseases with abnormal feeding behavior or glucose imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longlong Tu
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jonathan C. Bean
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yang He
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hailan Liu
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Meng Yu
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hesong Liu
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Nan Zhang
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Na Yin
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Junying Han
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Nikolas A. Scarcelli
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kristine M. Conde
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mengjie Wang
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yongxiang Li
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Bing Feng
- Brain glycemic and metabolism control department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Peiyu Gao
- Brain glycemic and metabolism control department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Zhao-Lin Cai
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- The Cain Foundation Laboratories, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Makoto Fukuda
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mingshan Xue
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- The Cain Foundation Laboratories, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Qingchun Tong
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yongjie Yang
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Lan Liao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jianming Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yanlin He
- Brain glycemic and metabolism control department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Yong Xu
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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11
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Haspula D, Cui Z. Neurochemical Basis of Inter-Organ Crosstalk in Health and Obesity: Focus on the Hypothalamus and the Brainstem. Cells 2023; 12:1801. [PMID: 37443835 PMCID: PMC10341274 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Precise neural regulation is required for maintenance of energy homeostasis. Essential to this are the hypothalamic and brainstem nuclei which are located adjacent and supra-adjacent to the circumventricular organs. They comprise multiple distinct neuronal populations which receive inputs not only from other brain regions, but also from circulating signals such as hormones, nutrients, metabolites and postprandial signals. Hence, they are ideally placed to exert a multi-tier control over metabolism. The neuronal sub-populations present in these key metabolically relevant nuclei regulate various facets of energy balance which includes appetite/satiety control, substrate utilization by peripheral organs and glucose homeostasis. In situations of heightened energy demand or excess, they maintain energy homeostasis by restoring the balance between energy intake and expenditure. While research on the metabolic role of the central nervous system has progressed rapidly, the neural circuitry and molecular mechanisms involved in regulating distinct metabolic functions have only gained traction in the last few decades. The focus of this review is to provide an updated summary of the mechanisms by which the various neuronal subpopulations, mainly located in the hypothalamus and the brainstem, regulate key metabolic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanush Haspula
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zhenzhong Cui
- Mouse Metabolism Core, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
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12
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Mubeen M, Masood A, Khan MU, Chohan HK, Jamal A, Chohan MK, Abbassey SS, Anwar A, Hashmi AA. Neurological Features and Their Association With Gender in Diabetes Mellitus Patients. Cureus 2023; 15:e39687. [PMID: 37398721 PMCID: PMC10308448 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.39687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Understanding the wide range of clinical signs and symptoms associated with diabetes mellitus (DM) is crucial because people with DM are frequently misdiagnosed, given incorrect care, or poorly controlled. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the neurological symptoms associated with type 1 and type 2 DM patients with respect to patient gender. Methods This was a cross-sectional multicenter study that was conducted at different hospitals using a non-probability sampling method. The duration of the study was eight months, from January 2022 to August 2022. The study involved 525 type 1 and type 2 DM patients with an age range from 35 to 70 years. Demographic details such as age, gender, socioeconomic status, past medical history, presence of comorbidities, type, and duration of DM, and neurological features were recorded as frequencies and percentages. A Chi-square test was used to determine the association between neurological symptoms associated with type 1 and type 2 DM and gender. Results The study findings showed that of 525 diabetic patients, 210 (40.0%) were females and 315 (60.0%) were males. The mean male and female mean ages were 57.36±14.99 and 50.52±14.8 years, respectively, with a significant difference with respect to gender (p<0.001). The prevalence of neurological manifestations showed that irritability or mood swings were reported by most of the male 216 (68.6%) and 163 (77.6%) female diabetic patients, with a significant association noticed (p=0.022). Moreover, a significant association was observed between both genders in terms of swelling of feet, ankles, hands, and eyes (p=0.042), confusion or difficulty in concentration (p=0.040), burning pain in feet or legs (p=0.012), and muscular pain or cramps in legs or feet (p=0.016). Conclusion This study concluded that the prevalence of neurological manifestations was high among diabetic patients. Most of the neurological symptoms were significantly more pronounced in female diabetic patients. Moreover, most of the neurological symptoms were associated with the type (type 2 DM) and duration of DM. The presence of hypertension, dyslipidemia, and smoking also influenced some neurological manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Mubeen
- Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, PAK
| | - Ahsan Masood
- Internal Medicine, Gomel State Medical University, Gomel, BLR
| | | | | | - Aisha Jamal
- Internal Medicine, Army Medical College, Rawalpindi, PAK
| | | | | | - Adnan Anwar
- Physiology, Hamdard College of Medicine and Dentistry, Karachi, PAK
- Internal Medicine, Essa General Hospital, Karachi, PAK
| | - Atif A Hashmi
- Pathology, Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi, PAK
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13
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Favalier N, Roy J, Dias K, Maunas P, Turonnet N, Conde-Sieira M, Panserat S, Soengas JL, Marandel L. Sex dimorphism of glucosensing parameters and appetite-regulating peptides in the hypothalamus of rainbow trout broodstocks. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2023; 281:111436. [PMID: 37085140 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is traditionally considered as a poor user of digestible carbohydrates harbouring persistent postprandial hyperglycaemia and decreased growth performances when fed a diet containing more than 20% of digestible carbohydrates. While this glucose-intolerant phenotype is well-described in juveniles, evidence points to a particular regulation of glucose metabolism in rainbow trout broodstrocks. By detecting changes in glucose levels and triggering a specific metabolic response, the hypothalamus plays a key role in the regulation of peripheral glucose metabolism. Therefore, our objective was to assess, for the first time in fish, the short-term consequences in hypothalamus, the glucose sensing and feed intake regulation of feeding mature female and male, and neomale rainbow trout with a diet containing either no or a 33% carbohydrate. The hypothalamic glucosensing capacity was assessed through mRNA levels of glucosensing related-genes and feed intake regulation through appetite-regulating peptides. Our data indicate that a brief period of carbohydrate intake (5 meals at 8 °C) did not induce specific changes in glucosensing capacity and appetite-regulating peptides in the hypothalamus of rainbow trout broodstock. Our results did however demonstrate, for the first time in fish, the existence of sex dimorphism of glucosensing-related genes and appetite-regulating peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Favalier
- INRAE, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, e2s, St-Pee-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Jérôme Roy
- INRAE, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, e2s, St-Pee-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Karine Dias
- INRAE, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, e2s, St-Pee-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Patrick Maunas
- INRAE, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, e2s, St-Pee-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Nicolas Turonnet
- INRAE, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, e2s, St-Pee-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Marta Conde-Sieira
- Centro de Investigación Mariña, Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, E-36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Stephane Panserat
- INRAE, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, e2s, St-Pee-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - José Luis Soengas
- Centro de Investigación Mariña, Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, E-36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Lucie Marandel
- INRAE, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, e2s, St-Pee-sur-Nivelle, France.
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14
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Simon JJ, Lang PM, Rommerskirchen L, Bendszus M, Friederich HC. Hypothalamic Reactivity and Connectivity following Intravenous Glucose Administration. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087370. [PMID: 37108533 PMCID: PMC10139105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunctional glucose sensing in homeostatic brain regions such as the hypothalamus is interlinked with the pathogenesis of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, the physiology and pathophysiology of glucose sensing and neuronal homeostatic regulation remain insufficiently understood. To provide a better understanding of glucose signaling to the brain, we assessed the responsivity of the hypothalamus (i.e., the core region of homeostatic control) and its interaction with mesocorticolimbic brain regions in 31 normal-weight, healthy participants. We employed a single-blind, randomized, crossover design of the intravenous infusion of glucose and saline during fMRI. This approach allows to investigate glucose signaling independent of digestive processes. Hypothalamic reactivity and connectivity were assessed using a pseudo-pharmacological design and a glycemia-dependent functional connectivity analysis, respectively. In line with previous studies, we observed a hypothalamic response to glucose infusion which was negatively related to fasting insulin levels. The observed effect size was smaller than in previous studies employing oral or intragastric administration of glucose, demonstrating the important role of the digestive process in homeostatic signaling. Finally, we were able to observe hypothalamic connectivity with reward-related brain regions. Given the small amount of glucose employed, this points toward a high responsiveness of these regions to even a small energy stimulus in healthy individuals. Our study highlights the intricate relationship between homeostatic and reward-related systems and their pronounced sensitivity to subtle changes in glycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe J Simon
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pia M Lang
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lena Rommerskirchen
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Bendszus
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Christoph Friederich
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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15
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Schwartz MW, Krinsley JS, Faber CL, Hirsch IB, Brownlee M. Brain Glucose Sensing and the Problem of Relative Hypoglycemia. Diabetes Care 2023; 46:237-244. [PMID: 36701597 PMCID: PMC9887623 DOI: 10.2337/dc22-1445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
"Relative hypoglycemia" is an often-overlooked complication of diabetes characterized by an increase in the glycemic threshold for detecting and responding to hypoglycemia. The clinical relevance of this problem is linked to growing evidence that among patients with critical illness, higher blood glucose in the intensive care unit is associated with higher mortality among patients without diabetes but lower mortality in patients with preexisting diabetes and an elevated prehospitalization HbA1c. Although additional studies are needed, the cardiovascular stress associated with hypoglycemia perception, which can occur at normal or even elevated glucose levels in patients with diabetes, offers a plausible explanation for this difference in outcomes. Little is known, however, regarding how hypoglycemia is normally detected by the brain, much less how relative hypoglycemia develops in patients with diabetes. In this article, we explore the role in hypoglycemia detection played by glucose-responsive sensory neurons supplying peripheral vascular beds and/or circumventricular organs. These observations support a model wherein relative hypoglycemia results from diabetes-associated impairment of this neuronal glucose-sensing process. By raising the glycemic threshold for hypoglycemia perception, this impairment may contribute to the increased mortality risk associated with standard glycemic management of critically ill patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - James S. Krinsley
- Stamford Hospital, Stamford, CT
- Columbia Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Chelsea L. Faber
- Ivy Brain Tumor Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Irl B. Hirsch
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Michael Brownlee
- Einstein Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
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16
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Gassoumi B, Dlala NA, Echabaane M, Karayel A, Özkınalı S, Castro M, Melendez F, Ghalla H, Nouar L, Madi F, Chaabane RB. Stability, spectroscopic, electrochemistry and QTAIM analysis of Cu-Zn n-1O n clusters for glucose sensing application: A study on theoretical and experimental insights. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12387. [PMID: 36582723 PMCID: PMC9793285 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Clusters of (ZnO)n (n = 2-4) have been shown to play a central role in the detection of glucose entity based on the existence of photo-induced electrons (PE), which facilitates the interaction between (ZnO)n clusters and glucose entity guests. The electrochemistry experiment has confirmed the detection of glucose by the title clusters. The optimization, energetic parameters, and vibrational frequency calculations have indicated that the Cu-Znn-1On-glucose are more stable than the (ZnO)n-glucose complexes. It has been demonstrated that the Cu doping enhanced the chemical behavior of the clusters and formed a high intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) in the system. The glucose sensing by all the forms of Cu-Znn-1On clusters showed that the Cu-Zn3O4, Cu-Wurtzite, and Cu-Rocksalt clusters are the most suitable for adsorbing the glucose guest. The HOMO/LUMO iso-surfaces of the complexes showed that the electron concentrations are localized in the d orbitals and mainly in the form of the d10 orbitals around Zn atoms. The molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) has clearly indicated that a high charge transfer occurs between the copper and the oxygen atoms, which facilitate the adsorption of glucose. The reactivity parameters also indicated that the Wurtzite-glucose complex has a high electrophilicity index (ω), which means a good acceptor behavior to interact with glucose. Additionally, the bond between the (ZnO)n clusters and the glucose polar element has been studied in detail by using QTAIM theory. Finally, the theoretical and experimental studies prove that the Cu-Znn-1On clusters are very suitable and competent compounds for detecting glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Gassoumi
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Interfaces (LIMA), University of Monastir, Faculty of Science of Monastir, Avenue of Environment, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
- Corresponding author.
| | - N. Aouled Dlala
- Quantum and Statistical Physics Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, University of Monastir, 5079 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - M. Echabaane
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Interfaces (LIMA), University of Monastir, Faculty of Science of Monastir, Avenue of Environment, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
- NANOMISENE Lab, LR16CRMN01, Centre for Research on Microelectronics and Nanotechnology CRMN of Technopark of Sousse, B.P. 334, Sahloul, 4034 Sousse, Tunisia
| | - A. Karayel
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Hitit University, Çorum, Turkey
- Corresponding author.
| | - S. Özkınalı
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Hitit University, Çorum, Turkey
| | - M.E. Castro
- Centro de Química del Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 18 sur y Av. San, Claudio, Col. San Manuel Puebla C. P. 72570, Mexico
| | - F.J. Melendez
- Lab. de Química Teórica, Centro de Investigación, Depto. de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Edif. FCQ10, 22 Sur y San Claudio, Ciudad Universitaria, Col. San Manuel, C.P 72570, Puebla, Mexico
| | - H. Ghalla
- Quantum and Statistical Physics Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, University of Monastir, 5079 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - L. Nouar
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Nanostructures, Department of Material Sciences, Faculty of Mathematical, Informatics and Material Sciences, University of 8 May 1945, Guelma, Algeria
| | - F. Madi
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Nanostructures, Department of Material Sciences, Faculty of Mathematical, Informatics and Material Sciences, University of 8 May 1945, Guelma, Algeria
| | - R. Ben. Chaabane
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Interfaces (LIMA), University of Monastir, Faculty of Science of Monastir, Avenue of Environment, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
- Corresponding author.
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17
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de Araujo C, Fitz RC, da Natividade GR, Osório AF, Merello PN, Mesquita LDA, Correia PE, Freitas PAC, Brietzke E, Gerchman F. Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation associated with hypocaloric diet on glucose homeostasis in obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2022; 30:2414-2423. [PMID: 36415996 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to test the effects of repetitive active transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (rDLPFC) associated with a hypocaloric diet on glucose homeostasis in people with excessive weight. METHODS Adults with overweight or obesity were selected in a randomized, double-blind pilot study to complete 4 weeks (20 sessions) of fixed-dose tDCS (2 mA, 20 minutes) delivered over the rDLPFC and associated with a standard hypocaloric diet. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) and stratified by sex to the active tDCS group (active) or the sham tDCS group (sham). Changes in glucose homeostasis were assessed in a 4-hour liquid meal tolerance test, performed before and after the intervention. RESULTS Twenty-eight participants were randomized (79% with obesity; mean [SD] age 37.6 [5.8] years). After the intervention, fasting plasma glucose (mean [95% CI], -7.8 mg/dL [-14.0 to -1.6]) and insulin levels (-7.7 μIU/mL [-13.9 to -1.6]) decreased in the active compared with the sham. Similarly, the Matsuda insulin sensitivity index increase in the active (4.7 pmol-1 × mmol-1 [1.6 to 7.8]) compared with the sham (0.6 pmol-1 × mmol-1 [-1.4 to 3.2]). CONCLUSIONS Repetitive, active tDCS over the rDLPFC could be a promising noninvasive technique to improve glucose homeostasis in individuals with overweight or obesity on a low-calorie diet, highlighting the importance of investigating this intervention modality in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina de Araujo
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Raquel C Fitz
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gabriella R da Natividade
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Amanda F Osório
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Paula N Merello
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Leonardo de A Mesquita
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Poliana E Correia
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Priscila A C Freitas
- Laboratory Diagnosis Division, Clinical Biochemistry Unit, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Elisa Brietzke
- Department of Psychiatry, Queens University School of Medicine, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fernando Gerchman
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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18
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Hajdarovic KH, Yu D, Webb AE. Understanding the aging hypothalamus, one cell at a time. Trends Neurosci 2022; 45:942-954. [PMID: 36272823 PMCID: PMC9671837 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus is a brain region that integrates signals from the periphery and the environment to maintain organismal homeostasis. To do so, specialized hypothalamic neuropeptidergic neurons control a range of processes, such as sleep, feeding, the stress response, and hormone release. These processes are altered with age, which can affect longevity and contribute to disease status. Technological advances, such as single-cell RNA sequencing, are upending assumptions about the transcriptional identity of cell types in the hypothalamus and revealing how distinct cell types change with age. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about the contribution of hypothalamic functions to aging. We highlight recent single-cell studies interrogating distinct cell types of the mouse hypothalamus and suggest ways in which single-cell 'omics technologies can be used to further understand the aging hypothalamus and its role in longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Doudou Yu
- Graduate program in Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Ashley E Webb
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; Center on the Biology of Aging, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; Center for Translational Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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Pandur E, Szabó I, Hormay E, Pap R, Almási A, Sipos K, Farkas V, Karádi Z. Alterations of the expression levels of glucose, inflammation, and iron metabolism related miRNAs and their target genes in the hypothalamus of STZ-induced rat diabetes model. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2022; 14:147. [PMID: 36210435 PMCID: PMC9549668 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-022-00919-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hypothalamus of the central nervous system is implicated in the development of diabetes due to its glucose-sensing function. Dysregulation of the hypothalamic glucose-sensing neurons leads to abnormal glucose metabolism. It has been described that fractalkine (FKN) is involved in the development of hypothalamic inflammation, which may be one of the underlying causes of a diabetic condition. Moreover, iron may play a role in the pathogenesis of diabetes via the regulation of hepcidin, the iron regulatory hormone synthesis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding molecules working as key regulators of gene expression, usually by inhibiting translation. Hypothalamic miRNAs are supposed to have a role in the control of energy balance by acting as regulators of hypothalamic glucose metabolism via influencing translation. METHODS Using a miRNA array, we analysed the expression of diabetes, inflammation, and iron metabolism related miRNAs in the hypothalamus of a streptozotocin-induced rat type 1 diabetes model. Determination of the effect of miRNAs altered by STZ treatment on the target genes was carried out at protein level. RESULTS We found 18 miRNAs with altered expression levels in the hypothalamus of the STZ-treated animals, which act as the regulators of mRNAs involved in glucose metabolism, pro-inflammatory cytokine synthesis, and iron homeostasis suggesting a link between these processes in diabetes. The alterations in the expression level of these miRNAs could modify hypothalamic glucose sensing, tolerance, uptake, and phosphorylation by affecting the stability of hexokinase-2, insulin receptor, leptin receptor, glucokinase, GLUT4, insulin-like growth factor receptor 1, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase mRNA molecules. Additional miRNAs were found to be altered resulting in the elevation of FKN protein. The miRNA, mRNA, and protein analyses of the diabetic hypothalamus revealed that the iron import, export, and iron storage were all influenced by miRNAs suggesting the disturbance of hypothalamic iron homeostasis. CONCLUSION It can be supposed that glucose metabolism, inflammation, and iron homeostasis of the hypothalamus are linked via the altered expression of common miRNAs as well as the increased expression of FKN, which contribute to the imbalance of energy homeostasis, the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and the iron accumulation of the hypothalamus. The results raise the possibility that FKN could be a potential target of new therapies targeting both inflammation and iron disturbances in diabetic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edina Pandur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus u. 4., 7624, Pécs, Hungary.
| | - István Szabó
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12., 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Edina Hormay
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12., 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ramóna Pap
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus u. 4., 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Attila Almási
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus u. 4., 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Katalin Sipos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus u. 4., 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Viktória Farkas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus u. 4., 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Karádi
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12., 7624, Pécs, Hungary
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20
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Glucose and fructose directly stimulate brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene expression in microglia. Neuroreport 2022; 33:583-589. [DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Aldhshan MS, Jhanji G, Poritsanos NJ, Mizuno TM. Glucose Stimulates Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Gene Expression in Microglia through a GLUT5-Independent Mechanism. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137073. [PMID: 35806073 PMCID: PMC9266953 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Feeding-regulating neurotrophic factors are expressed in both neurons and glial cells. However, nutritional regulation of anorexigenic glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and orexigenic mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) expression in specific cell types remains poorly understood. Hypothalamic glucose sensing plays a critical role in the regulation of food intake. It has been theorized that local glucose concentration modulates microglial activity partially via glucose transporter 5 (GLUT5). We hypothesized that an increased local glucose concentration stimulates GDNF expression while inhibiting MANF expression in the hypothalamus and microglia via GLUT5. The present study investigated the effect of glucose on Gdnf and Manf mRNA expression in the mouse hypothalamus and murine microglial cell line SIM-A9. Intracerebroventricular glucose treatment significantly increased Gdnf mRNA levels in the hypothalamus without altering Manf mRNA levels. Exposure to high glucose caused a significant increase in Gdnf mRNA expression and a time-dependent change in Manf mRNA expression in SIM-A9 cells. GLUT5 inhibitor treatment did not block glucose-induced Gdnf mRNA expression in these cells. These findings suggest that microglia are responsive to changes in the local glucose concentration and increased local glucose availability stimulates the expression of microglial GNDF through a GLUT5-independent mechanism, contributing to glucose-induced feeding suppression.
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22
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Region-Specific Characteristics of Astrocytes and Microglia: A Possible Involvement in Aging and Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121902. [PMID: 35741031 PMCID: PMC9220858 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although different regions of the brain are dedicated to specific functions, the intra- and inter-regional heterogeneity of astrocytes and microglia in these regions has not yet been fully understood. Recently, an advancement in various technologies, such as single-cell RNA sequencing, has allowed for the discovery of astrocytes and microglia with distinct molecular fingerprints and varying functions in the brain. In addition, the regional heterogeneity of astrocytes and microglia exhibits different functions in several situations, such as aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, investigating the region-specific astrocytes and microglia is important in understanding the overall function of the brain. In this review, we summarize up-to-date research on various intra- and inter-regional heterogeneities of astrocytes and microglia, and provide information on how they can be applied to aging and neurodegenerative diseases.
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23
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Tu L, Fukuda M, Tong Q, Xu Y. The ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus: watchdog of whole-body glucose homeostasis. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:71. [PMID: 35619170 PMCID: PMC9134642 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00799-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain, particularly the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH), has been long known for its involvement in glucose sensing and whole-body glucose homeostasis. However, it is still not fully understood how the brain detects and responds to the changes in the circulating glucose levels, as well as brain-body coordinated control of glucose homeostasis. In this review, we address the growing evidence implicating the brain in glucose homeostasis, especially in the contexts of hypoglycemia and diabetes. In addition to neurons, we emphasize the potential roles played by non-neuronal cells, as well as extracellular matrix in the hypothalamus in whole-body glucose homeostasis. Further, we review the ionic mechanisms by which glucose-sensing neurons sense fluctuations of ambient glucose levels. We also introduce the significant implications of heterogeneous neurons in the VMH upon glucose sensing and whole-body glucose homeostasis, in which sex difference is also addressed. Meanwhile, research gaps have also been identified, which necessities further mechanistic studies in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longlong Tu
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates Street #8066, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Makoto Fukuda
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates Street #8066, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Qingchun Tong
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yong Xu
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates Street #8066, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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24
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Reiss AB, Ahmed S, Dayaramani C, Glass AD, Gomolin IH, Pinkhasov A, Stecker MM, Wisniewski T, De Leon J. The role of mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease: A potential pathway to treatment. Exp Gerontol 2022; 164:111828. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2022.111828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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25
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The Sleep-Promoting Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus: What Have We Learned over the Past 25 Years? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23062905. [PMID: 35328326 PMCID: PMC8954377 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23062905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
For over a century, the role of the preoptic hypothalamus and adjacent basal forebrain in sleep-wake regulation has been recognized. However, for years, the identity and location of sleep- and wake-promoting neurons in this region remained largely unresolved. Twenty-five years ago, Saper and colleagues uncovered a small collection of sleep-active neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) of the preoptic hypothalamus, and since this seminal discovery the VLPO has been intensively investigated by labs around the world, including our own. Herein, we first review the history of the preoptic area, with an emphasis on the VLPO in sleep-wake control. We then attempt to synthesize our current understanding of the circuit, cellular and synaptic bases by which the VLPO both regulates and is itself regulated, in order to exert a powerful control over behavioral state, as well as examining data suggesting an involvement of the VLPO in other physiological processes.
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26
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Yang L, Zhang Z, Wang D, Jiang Y, Liu Y. Targeting mTOR Signaling in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetes Complications. Curr Drug Targets 2022; 23:692-710. [PMID: 35021971 DOI: 10.2174/1389450123666220111115528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a pivotal regulator of cell metabolism and growth. In the form of two different multi-protein complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, mTOR integrates cellular energy, nutrient and hormonal signals to regulate cellular metabolic homeostasis. In type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) aberrant mTOR signaling underlies its pathological conditions and end-organ complications. Substantial evidence suggests that two mTOR-mediated signaling schemes, mTORC1-p70S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) and mTORC2-protein kinase B (AKT), play a critical role in insulin sensitivity and that their dysfunction contributes to development of T2DM. This review summaries our current understanding of the role of mTOR signaling in T2DM and its associated complications, as well as the potential use of mTOR inhibitors in treatment of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Zhixin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Doudou Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
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27
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Mirzadeh Z, Faber CL, Schwartz MW. Central Nervous System Control of Glucose Homeostasis: A Therapeutic Target for Type 2 Diabetes? Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2022; 62:55-84. [PMID: 34990204 PMCID: PMC8900291 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-052220-010446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Historically, pancreatic islet beta cells have been viewed as principal regulators of glycemia, with type 2 diabetes (T2D) resulting when insulin secretion fails to compensate for peripheral tissue insulin resistance. However, glycemia is also regulated by insulin-independent mechanisms that are dysregulated in T2D. Based on evidence supporting its role both in adaptive coupling of insulin secretion to changes in insulin sensitivity and in the regulation of insulin-independent glucose disposal, the central nervous system (CNS) has emerged as a fundamental player in glucose homeostasis. Here, we review and expand upon an integrative model wherein the CNS, together with the islet, establishes and maintains the defended level of glycemia. We discuss the implications of this model for understanding both normal glucose homeostasis and T2D pathogenesis and highlight centrally targeted therapeutic approaches with the potential to restore normoglycemia to patients with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaman Mirzadeh
- Ivy Brain Tumor Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona 85013, USA;
| | - Chelsea L Faber
- Ivy Brain Tumor Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona 85013, USA;
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA;
| | - Michael W Schwartz
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA;
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28
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Han J, Liang X, Guo Y, Wu X, Li Z, Hong T. Agouti-related protein as the glucose signaling sensor in the central melanocortin circuits in regulating fish food intake. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1010472. [PMID: 36387900 PMCID: PMC9663815 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1010472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Agouti-related protein (AgRP) is a neuropeptide synthesized by AgRP/NPY neurons and transcribed as 132 amino acids in humans and 142 amino acids (AgRP1) in Japanese seabass (Lateolabrax maculatus) fish. AgRP neurons are activated by hormonal signals of energy deficits and inhibited by signals of energy surpluses and have been demonstrated to have the ability to sense the dynamics of blood glucose concentrations as the "glucose sensor" in mammals. It is widely recognized that AgRP is an endogenous antagonist of the melanocortin-3 and -4 receptors (MC3R and MC4R) in the hypothalamus, exhibiting potent orexigenic activity and control of energy homeostasis. Most fish, especially carnivorous fish, cannot make efficient use of carbohydrates. When carbohydrates like corn or wheat bran are added as energy sources, they often cause feeding inhibition and metabolic diseases. When fishmeal is replaced by plant protein, this does not completely eliminate carbs, limiting the utilization of carbohydrates and plant proteins in aquaculture. Our previous study showed that AgRP, and not neuropeptide Y (NPY) is the principal protein molecule that correlates well with feeding behavior in Japanese seabass from anorexia to adaptation. The Ghrelin/Leptin-mTOR-S6K1-NPY/AgRP/POMC feed intake regulatory pathway responds to the plant-oriented protein which contains glucose. However, its regulatory function and mechanism are still not clear. This review offers an integrative overview of how glucose signals converge on a molecular level in AgRP neurons of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. This is in order to control fish food intake and energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Han
- Institute of Food and Nutrition Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofang Liang
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaofang Liang, ; Yanzhi Guo,
| | - Yanzhi Guo
- Department of Research Management, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaofang Liang, ; Yanzhi Guo,
| | - Xiaoliang Wu
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ziqi Li
- Institute of Food and Nutrition Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Tiannuo Hong
- Institute of Food and Nutrition Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
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29
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Luna R, Talanki Manjunatha R, Bollu B, Jhaveri S, Avanthika C, Reddy N, Saha T, Gandhi F. A Comprehensive Review of Neuronal Changes in Diabetics. Cureus 2021; 13:e19142. [PMID: 34868777 PMCID: PMC8628358 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.19142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been an exponential rise in diabetes mellitus (DM) cases on a global scale. Diabetes affects almost every system of the body, and the nervous system is no exception. Although the brain is dependent on glucose, providing it with the energy required for optimal functionality, glucose also plays a key role in the regulation of oxidative stress, cell death, among others, which furthermore contribute to the pathophysiology of neurological disorders. The variety of biochemical processes engaged in this process is only matched by the multitude of clinical consequences resulting from it. The wide-ranging effects on the central and peripheral nervous system include, but are not limited to axonopathies, neurodegenerative diseases, neurovascular diseases, and general cognitive impairment. All language search was conducted on MEDLINE, COCHRANE, EMBASE, and GOOGLE SCHOLAR till September 2021. The following search strings and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH terms) were used: "Diabetes Mellitus," "CNS," "Diabetic Neuropathy," and "Insulin." We explored the literature on diabetic neuropathy, covering its epidemiology, pathophysiology with the respective molecular pathways, clinical consequences with a special focus on the central nervous system and finally, measures to prevent and treat neuronal changes. Diabetes is slowly becoming an epidemic, rapidly increasing the clinical burden on account of its wide-ranging complications. This review focuses on the neuronal changes occurring in diabetes such as the impact of hyperglycemia on brain function and structure, its association with various neurological disorders, and a few diabetes-induced peripheral neuropathic changes. It is an attempt to summarize the relevant literature about neuronal consequences of DM as treatment options available today are mostly focused on achieving better glycemic control; further research on novel treatment options to prevent or delay the progression of neuronal changes is still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudy Luna
- Neurofisiología, Instituto Nacional de Neurologia y Neurocirugia, CDMX, MEX
| | | | | | | | - Chaithanya Avanthika
- Medicine and Surgery; Pediatrics, Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences, Hubli, IND
| | - Nikhil Reddy
- Internal Medicine, Kamineni Academy of Medical Science and Research Centre, Hyderabad, IND
| | - Tias Saha
- Internal Medicine, Diabetic Association Medical College, Faridpur, BGD
| | - Fenil Gandhi
- Medicine, Shree Krishna Hospital, Anand, IND
- Research Project Associate, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally M Marshall
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Clinical Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
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31
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Li RJW, Batchuluun B, Zhang SY, Abraham MA, Wang B, Lim YM, Yue JTY, Lam TKT. Nutrient infusion in the dorsal vagal complex controls hepatic lipid and glucose metabolism in rats. iScience 2021; 24:102366. [PMID: 33870148 PMCID: PMC8044434 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic regulation of lipid and glucose homeostasis is emerging, but whether the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) senses nutrients and regulates hepatic nutrient metabolism remains unclear. Here, we found in rats DVC oleic acid infusion suppressed hepatic secretion of triglyceride-rich very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL-TG), which was disrupted by inhibiting DVC long-chain fatty acyl-CoA synthetase that in parallel disturbed lipid homeostasis during intravenous lipid infusion. DVC glucose infusion elevated local glucose levels similarly as intravenous glucose infusion and suppressed hepatic glucose production. This was independent of lactate metabolism as inhibiting lactate dehydrogenase failed to disrupt glucose sensing and neither could DVC lactate infusion recapitulate glucose effect. DVC oleic acid and glucose infusion failed to lower VLDL-TG secretion and glucose production in high-fat fed rats, while inhibiting DVC farnesoid X receptor enhanced oleic acid but not glucose sensing. Thus, an impairment of DVC nutrient sensing may lead to the disruption of lipid and glucose homeostasis in metabolic syndrome. DVC oleic acid infusion lowers hepatic secretion of VLDL-TG in chow but not HF rats Inhibition of ACSL in the DVC negates lipid sensing DVC glucose infusion lowers hepatic glucose production in chow but not HF rats Inhibition of FXR in the DVC enhances oleic acid but not glucose sensing in HF rats
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa J W Li
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, MaRS Center, TMDT 101 College Street, 10-705, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Battsetseg Batchuluun
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, MaRS Center, TMDT 101 College Street, 10-705, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Song-Yang Zhang
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, MaRS Center, TMDT 101 College Street, 10-705, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Mona A Abraham
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, MaRS Center, TMDT 101 College Street, 10-705, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Beini Wang
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, MaRS Center, TMDT 101 College Street, 10-705, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Yu-Mi Lim
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, MaRS Center, TMDT 101 College Street, 10-705, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada.,Medical Research Institute, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 03181, Republic of Korea
| | - Jessica T Y Yue
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Tony K T Lam
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, MaRS Center, TMDT 101 College Street, 10-705, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.,Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
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