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Lee CS, Sirin SR, Choi E, Sin EJ. Meta-Analysis of Acculturation and Suicide-Related Outcomes: A Test of the Immigrant Paradox. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2024; 11:913-927. [PMID: 36943654 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-023-01572-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This meta-analysis aimed to systematically test the relation between acculturation and suicide-related outcomes among immigrants, with attention to key methodological (i.e., measure of suicide-related outcome, measure of acculturation) and demographic (i.e., race, gender, age, geographic region, publication year) moderators. METHOD We conducted a meta-analysis of 72 independent samples from 50 studies (38 peer-reviewed articles, 12 dissertations) representing more than 1.4 million immigrants. Participants' age ranged from 11.20 to 74.70 years (M = 29.96, SD = 15.07). Random effects models were used for both main and moderation analyses. RESULTS We found significant positive associations between acculturation and suicidal ideation, but not suicide attempts and deaths. We also found a significant and positive effect of acculturation on suicide-related outcomes when acculturation was measured by psychological scales, but not by generation status, length of residence in the host country, and proficiency in the host country's language. More acculturated Latinx immigrants were at higher risk for suicide-related outcomes, whereas a reverse pattern was found among Asian immigrants. Meta-regressions revealed that the moderating effects of participants' age and publication year were also significant. CONCLUSION Our results show partial support for the immigrant paradox but suggest that the relation between acculturation and suicide-related outcomes is complex and multifaceted. We discuss the implications of our findings and recommendations for research and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Seowoo Lee
- Department of Applied Psychology, New York University, 246 Greene St, New York, NY, 10004, USA.
| | - Selcuk R Sirin
- Department of Applied Psychology, New York University, 246 Greene St, New York, NY, 10004, USA
| | - Elysia Choi
- Department of Applied Psychology, New York University, 246 Greene St, New York, NY, 10004, USA
| | - Esther J Sin
- Department of Applied Psychology, New York University, 246 Greene St, New York, NY, 10004, USA
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Depression, PTSD, and suicidal ideation among ex-ultra-Orthodox individuals in Israel. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2023; 14:2172259. [PMID: 37052115 PMCID: PMC9930855 DOI: 10.1080/20008066.2023.2172259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Disaffiliating from an ultra-Orthodox society is complex and challenging. The process includes dealing with culture shock, traumatic experiences, education gaps, and disconnection from familiar surroundings. Thus, ex-ultra-Orthodox individuals (ex-ULTOIs) may face loneliness, lack of belongingness, and loss of meaning, which may relate to high psychological distress such as depression and suicide ideation. In the present study, we sought to shed light on the distress of ex-ULTOIs in Israel and to understand the disaffiliation-related characteristics that may relate to their distress levels.Method: The sample comprised 755 participants, aged 19-54, who left their ultra-Orthodox Jewish lifestyle and communities. Participants completed self-report questionnaires tapping depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, suicide ideation and behaviour, as well as demographics and disaffiliation-related characteristics.Results: Nearly half of the sample (N = 332, 45.9%) reported symptom intensity meeting the current criteria for major depressive disorder. Moreover, 46.7% reported symptoms meeting PTSD criteria, and 34.5% reported having suicidal ideations in the past year. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that the intensity of past negative life events, the nature of motives for disaffiliation, and the longer duration of the disaffiliation process contributed to the severity of distress.Conclusions: The study's findings reveal that ex-ULTOIs suffer from high mental pain levels, particularly depression, PTSD, and suicidal risk. Importantly, experiencing disaffiliation as traumatic and longer durations of the process may facilitate greater mental pain and distress symptoms. These findings emphasize that ex-ULTOIs must be continually assessed, especially when their disaffiliation processes are experienced as traumatic.
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Patterns of Suicide and Suicidal Ideation in Relation to Social Isolation and Loneliness in Newcomer Populations: A Review. J Immigr Minor Health 2023; 25:415-426. [PMID: 36348251 PMCID: PMC9643969 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-022-01422-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this systematic review was to locate and synthesise existing peer-reviewed quantitative and qualitative evidence regarding the relationship between social connection and suicide among newcomers, immigrants, and asylum seekers. Systematic searches were conducted according to PRISMA guidelines using Web of Science and Pubmed. Search terms included those related to (1) social isolation and loneliness, (2) suicide and suicidal ideation, and (3) newcomer, immigrant, and asylum-seeking populations. Inclusion was limited to studies that were published in English and conducted between January 2001 and July 2021 in core anglosphere countries (Canada, United States, Australia, United Kingdom, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland). All potentially eligible articles were screened at two stages: First, we reviewed title and abstracts to omit obviously irrelevant studies and second, we reviewed the full text of each candidate article. Our initial search yielded 136 results. A total of 108 unique results were included for screening; 12 of which were eligible for inclusion in this review. Studies were categorized into 2 themes based on the methodologies of the articles found: qualitative perspectives of immigrants and newcomers; quantitative assessment of the risk of suicide burden and impact of social support and engagement on health and wellbeing of newcomers. Both types of studies highlight a social (dis)connection as an important determinant of mental health and suicide risk among immigrant populations in core anglo-sphere countries, highlighting the continued importance of community programs and funding to support inclusion and community-development among newcomer, immigrant, and asylum-seeking populations.
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Jafari A, Moshki M, Mokhtari AM, Ghaffari A, Nejatian M. Title page: psychometric properties of literacy of suicide scale (LOSS) in iranian population: long form. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:608. [PMID: 36997983 PMCID: PMC10064757 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15528-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Suicide and suicide attempts are among the most important indicators of mental health in the world. In this research, the validity and reliability of Literacy of Suicide Scale (LOSS) was examined in general people over the age of 18. METHODS This cross-sectional psychometric study was conducted in 2022 among 952 general population in Iran. Participants were selected by two methods of proportional stratified sampling and simple random sampling. The internal consistency of the tools was assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and McDonald omega coefficient. Also, test-retest reliability was checked by Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). RESULTS In the confirmatory factor analysis section, the factor loading of all questions were above 0.4 and one questions were deleted and final model with four factors and 25 questions was confirmed (Some of goodness-of-fit indexes: AGFI = 0.910, RMSEA = 0.050, IFI = 0.901, and χ2/df = 3.333). For all questions, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.859, McDonald omega coefficient was 0.866, and ICC was 0.895. Finally, the Persian long version of LOSS was approved with 25 items and four subscales: causes/triggers (9 items), risk factors (7 items), signs and symptoms (5 items) and treatment/prevention (4 items). CONCLUSION The Persian long version of LOSS with four subscales and 25 items is an appropriate tool to investigate the state of suicide literacy in the public population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Jafari
- Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Health, Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Mahdi Moshki
- Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Health, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammad Mokhtari
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health, Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Amirarsalan Ghaffari
- Student Research Committee, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Mahbobeh Nejatian
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
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Oksuzyan A, Drefahl S, Caputo J, Aradhya S. Is it Better to Intermarry? Immigration Background of Married Couples and Suicide Risk Among Native-Born and Migrant Persons in Sweden. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF POPULATION = REVUE EUROPEENNE DE DEMOGRAPHIE 2023; 39:8. [PMID: 36890348 PMCID: PMC9995640 DOI: 10.1007/s10680-023-09650-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Marriage is protective against suicide across most populations, including for persons of different ethnicities and immigrant backgrounds. However, the well-being benefits of marriage are contingent upon marital characteristics-such as conflict and quality-that may vary across spousal dyads with different immigration backgrounds. Leveraging Swedish register data, we compare suicide mortality among married persons on the basis of their and their spouse's immigration backgrounds. We find that relative to those in a native Swede-Swede union, Swedish men married to female immigrants and immigrant women married to native men are at higher risk of death by suicide, while immigrants of both genders who are married to someone from their birth country have a lower risk of suicide mortality. The findings support hypotheses about the strains that may be encountered by those who intermarry, as well as the potential selection of individuals into inter- and intra-ethnic marriages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Oksuzyan
- Chair of Demography and Health, School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Sven Drefahl
- Demography Unit, Institute of Sociology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jennifer Caputo
- Center for Health and the Social Sciences and Department of Sociology, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
- Westat, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Siddartha Aradhya
- Demography Unit, Institute of Sociology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Kirchner S, Amin R, Niederkrotenthaler T, Cullen AE, Gémes K, Helgesson M, Mittendorfer-Rutz E. Period effects in the risk of labour market marginalization among refugees in Sweden: a register-based cohort study. Eur J Public Health 2023; 33:106-113. [PMID: 36342861 PMCID: PMC9897988 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckac156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes in Swedish national insurance policies over time and/or migration-related health inequalities may influence the risk for labour market marginalization (LMM) in refugees as compared to the Swedish-born host population. This study aimed to investigate potential period effects in the association between refugee status and the risk of LMM and explore any differences by country of birth, age and duration of residence. METHODS Using national registers, three cohorts including all Swedish residents during 1999, 2004 and 2009 were followed for 4 years (cohort 2000, 2005 and 2010). Cox regression models were used to examine associations between refugee status and LMM defined as long-term unemployment (>180 days annually) and disability pension. The analyses were adjusted for socio-demographic factors, morbidities and labour market-related factors. Stratified analyses were run for age, country of birth and duration of residence. RESULTS Across the cohorts, hazard ratios (HRs) were higher for long-term unemployment [2000: HR = 1.98; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.96-2.01; 2005: HR = 2.30; 95% CI: 2.27-2.33; 2010: HR = 2.78; 95% CI: 2.75-2.81] for refugees compared to Swedish-born but not for disability pension. HRs for long-term unemployment were highest among refugees aged 25-34 and 35-44 years, from Somalia, Afghanistan and Iraq and refugees with a shorter duration of residence. CONCLUSIONS The risk of long-term unemployment appears to have increased for refugees over time. Particularly some refugee subgroups experienced more difficulties. These findings highlight ongoing disparities for refugees and implicate on a broader scale that changes in policies such as stricter regulations in the insurance or healthcare system might adversely affect them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Kirchner
- Unit Suicide Research & Mental Health Promotion, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Division of Insurance Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ridwanul Amin
- Division of Insurance Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Niederkrotenthaler
- Unit Suicide Research & Mental Health Promotion, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Division of Insurance Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexis E Cullen
- Division of Insurance Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Psychosis Studies, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Katalin Gémes
- Division of Insurance Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Helgesson
- Division of Insurance Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ellenor Mittendorfer-Rutz
- Division of Insurance Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Brandt MK, Sandahl H, Carlsson J. The Impact of Religion and Spirituality on Suicide Risk in Veterans and Refugees With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis 2023; 211:65-73. [PMID: 36596288 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT It has been suggested that religion and spirituality have a protective impact on suicide risk in populations living with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This review sought to examine the association between suicide risk among veterans and refugees with PTSD and religion or spirituality as a modifying factor. Two databases, PubMed and Embase, were searched and 10 publications were identified and included. Seven publications found that religion or spirituality was associated with lower suicide risk. The findings in this study suggest that religion and spirituality contain social as well as psychological domains, which should be considered in future interventions and in strategies of prevention of suicide in populations with PTSD. Further high-quality research with well-defined terms of religion and spirituality that investigates the connection to suicide risk of veterans and refugees with PTSD is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde K Brandt
- Competence Centre for Transcultural Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Ballerup, Mental Health Services of the Capital Region, Ballerup, and Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Trauma consultations in a Swiss tertiary emergency department: Comparison of asylum seekers and the local population—Patient characteristics and patterns of injuries, a retrospective study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277418. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
In 2017, accidents and other acts of violence were the fifth most common cause of death in Switzerland. Moreover, there are increasing numbers of refugees and asylum seekers (AS), who often exhibit distinct disease profiles from those of the natives of the host country. If these differences could be clearly identified, this might help to develop and implement strategies to prevent injuries in health care programs for refugees and asylum seekers. The aim of this study was to examine the types and characteristics of physical trauma profiles in patients from the two largest groups of AS in Switzerland–from Eastern Africa (EA) and the Middle East (ME)–who consulted a Swiss Emergency Department (ED) in 2017/2018. Furthermore, the physical trauma profiles of Swiss national (SN) patients were examined in order to explore potential differences.
Methods
Descriptive retrospective study of adult trauma patients consulting the ED of a Swiss University Hospital between 01/2017 and 12/2018. The study included 157 asylum seeking trauma patients from EA and ME were included in the study. These were matched by gender and age to 157 Swiss trauma patients consulting the ED in the study period.
Results
There were significant differences between the groups with respect to type of admission, level of severity, localization and mechanisms of injury. While SN had higher levels of injuries related to road traffic or work, AS had higher levels of injuries related to attempted suicide or to assault.
Conclusions
There were differences between AS and the local population with respect to the characteristics and patterns of injury, so that strategies for preventing injuries and promoting health must be tailored to the target population. Moreover, the observed high rates of outpatient treatment for both groups underline the increasing role of EDs as primary care providers for the population served.
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Levi-Belz Y, Peleg D, Ifrah K. An Integrative Psychological Model of Risk Factors for Suicidal Ideation and Behavior Among Israeli LGBT Individuals. OMEGA-JOURNAL OF DEATH AND DYING 2022:302228221087504. [PMID: 35400232 DOI: 10.1177/00302228221087504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Lesbians, gays, bisexuals, and transgender individuals (LGBT) are at high risk for suicide. This study aimed to examine an integrative psychological model of risk factors among LGBT individuals and explore the psychological pathways connecting social stigma, mental pain, and interpersonal characteristics to suicidal ideation and behavior (SIB) in this population. LGBT adults (N = 473) responded to an online questionnaire about stigma, mental pain, interpersonal characteristics, as well as suicidal ideation and behaviors. We found group differences between LGBT respondents in the study variables: Transgender people reported the highest levels of SIB and depression, closely followed by bisexuals. The association between stigma-related variables and SIB was mediated by depression, entrapment, and perceived burdensomeness. These results highlight the role of entrapment and burdensomeness in facilitating suicide risk among LGBT adults, as they may increase the damaging effect of negative societal stigma against LGBTs and thus, elevate the suicide risk in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yossi Levi-Belz
- The Lior Tsfaty Center for Suicide and Mental Pain Studies, 54619Ruppin Academic Center, Emek Hefer, Israel
| | - Dani Peleg
- The Lior Tsfaty Center for Suicide and Mental Pain Studies, 54619Ruppin Academic Center, Emek Hefer, Israel
- Clinical Psychology Department, 54619Ruppin Academic Center, Emek Hefer, Israel
| | - Kfir Ifrah
- Faculty of Social and Community Sciences, 54619Ruppin Academic Center, Emek Hefer, Israel
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Fossi LD, Debien C, Demarty AL, Vaiva G, Messiah A. Loss to follow-up in a population-wide brief contact intervention to prevent suicide attempts - The VigilanS program, France. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263379. [PMID: 35231052 PMCID: PMC8887722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Brief Contact Interventions (BCIs) after a suicide attempt (SA) are an important element of prevention against SA and suicide. VigilanS generalizes to a whole French region a BCI combining resource cards, telephone calls and sending postcards, according to a predefined algorithm. However, a major obstacle to such real-life intervention is the loss of contact during follow-up. Here, we analyze the occurrence of loss of follow-up (LFU) and compare characteristics of patients LFU with follow-up completers. Methods The study concerned patients included in VigilanS over the period from 1st January 2015 to 31 December 2018, with an end of follow-up on 1st July 2019. We performed a series of descriptive analysis and logistic regressions. The outcome was the loss to follow-up, relative to the 6th month call marking the end of the follow-up; the predictive variables were the characteristics of the patient at entry and during follow-up. Age and sex were considered as adjustment variables. Results 11879 inclusions occurred during the study period, corresponding to 10666 different patients. The mean age was 40.6 ± 15 years. More than a third were non-first suicide attempters (46.6%) and the most frequent means of suicide was by voluntary drug intoxication (83.2%). 8335 patients were LFU. After simple and multiple regression, a significant relationship with loss to follow-up was identified among non-first suicide attempters, alcohol consumers, patients having no companion on arrival at the emergency room, patients who didn’t make or receive any calls. An increased stay in hospital after a SA was a protective factor against loss of follow-up. Conclusion A majority of patients were lost to follow-up by the expected surveillance time of 6 months. Characteristics of lost patients will help focusing efforts to improve retention in the VigilanS program and might give insights for BCI implemented elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Djembi Fossi
- INSERM, MOODS Research unit “Depression, Anxiety, Psychotraumatism and Suicide”, Centre de recherche en Epidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Université Paris-Saclay, Hôpital Paul-Brousse, Villejuif, France
- INSERM, Sorbonne University, Institut Pierre Louis d’Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Social Epidemiology Team, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Christophe Debien
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Lille, Lille, France
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172—LilNCog (JPARC)—Lille Neurosciences & Cognition, Lille, France
- Centre National de Ressources et Résilience Pour Les Psychotraumas (Cn2r Lille Paris), Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Guillaume Vaiva
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Lille, Lille, France
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172—LilNCog (JPARC)—Lille Neurosciences & Cognition, Lille, France
- Centre National de Ressources et Résilience Pour Les Psychotraumas (Cn2r Lille Paris), Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Antoine Messiah
- INSERM, MOODS Research unit “Depression, Anxiety, Psychotraumatism and Suicide”, Centre de recherche en Epidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Université Paris-Saclay, Hôpital Paul-Brousse, Villejuif, France
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Chiu MYL, Ghoh C, Wong C, Wong KL. Dying in a foreign land: A study of completed suicides among foreign workers in Singapore. Transcult Psychiatry 2022; 59:63-77. [PMID: 34287079 PMCID: PMC8859692 DOI: 10.1177/13634615211023672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Suicide is a public health issue that impacts a nation's resident and non-resident populations alike. Singapore has one of the largest non-resident (work permit holder) populations in the world, yet very little attention has been given to examining suicide in this population. The current study examined the case materials of all 303 non-resident completed suicides in Singapore in the period January 2011 to December 2014. Their basic profiles were compared with that of the 1,507 resident cases in the same period. A sample of 30 death notes written by non-residents were randomly selected and thematically analyzed to supplement the descriptive findings and discussion. Results showed that suicides were highest among males, those aged 21-35 years old, and South Asians. Most non-resident suicide cases did not have known physical or mental health issues, prior suicide attempts, or suicide notes. Suicide decedents from South Asia and Europe most frequently used hanging, while jumping was most common among decedents from other regions. Relationship and health problems emerged as the top two suspected triggers for suicide based on our analysis of the suicide notes. The unique situation of working abroad may increase non-residents' vulnerability in general, while adverse life events such as relationship and health issues may be too overwhelming to bear, especially when support services are not readily available and accessible. The results have implications for suicide prevention among this neglected group of people who choose to work in foreign lands.
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Zotova N, Agadjanian V, Isaeva J, Kalandarov T. Worry, work, discrimination: Socioecological model of psychological distress among Central Asian immigrant women in Russia. SSM - MENTAL HEALTH 2021; 1:100011. [PMID: 38075982 PMCID: PMC10705018 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmmh.2021.100011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Russian Federation is a major immigrant-receiving nation and hosts large immigrant populations from post-Soviet countries including Central Asia. However, there is yet little research on their health needs, and especially on mental health of immigrant women. This study uses qualitative data from 72 interviews with women from Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan conducted in two large cities in Central Russia, Kazan and Nizhny Novgorod, from April 2014 to February 2017. This study examines psychological distress among immigrant women and applies a gendered socioecological lens to understand its causes. We have identified intersecting factors that operate at different levels and cause distress in Central Asian immigrant women in Russia. Gendered vulnerabilities, persistent worry about their families' well-being, separation from loved ones, and limited sources of social support are key individual and interpersonal level of distress factors. Poor working and housing conditions along with economic hardships and concerns over their ability to reach the goals that guided their decisions to move to Russia reinforce experienced distress among immigrant women. Discrimination against Central Asian nationals and structural racism amplify challenges for immigrants' psychological well-being and mental health in Russia. By investigating underlying factors of psychological distress among an understudied immigrant population, this study defines configurations of Russia's risk environment and contributes to an understanding of migration as an important determinant of mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Julia Isaeva
- Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhniy Novgorod, Russia
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Amin R, Rahman S, Tinghög P, Helgesson M, Runeson B, Björkenstam E, Qin P, Mehlum L, Holmes EA, Mittendorfer-Rutz E. Healthcare use before and after suicide attempt in refugees and Swedish-born individuals. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2021; 56:325-338. [PMID: 32556379 PMCID: PMC7870606 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-020-01902-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is a lack of research on whether healthcare use before and after a suicide attempt differs between refugees and the host population. We aimed to investigate if the patterns of specialised (inpatient and specialised outpatient) psychiatric and somatic healthcare use, 3 years before and after a suicide attempt, differ between refugees and the Swedish-born individuals in Sweden. Additionally, we aimed to explore if specialised healthcare use differed among refugee suicide attempters according to their sex, age, education or receipt of disability pension. METHODS All refugees and Swedish-born individuals, 20-64 years of age, treated for suicide attempt in specialised healthcare during 2004-2013 (n = 85,771 suicide attempters, of which 4.5% refugees) were followed 3 years before and after (Y - 3 to Y + 3) the index suicide attempt (t0) regarding their specialised healthcare use. Annual adjusted prevalence with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of specialised healthcare use were assessed by generalized estimating equations (GEE). Additionally, in analyses among the refugees, GEE models were stratified by sex, age, educational level and disability pension. RESULTS Compared to Swedish-born, refugees had lower prevalence rates of psychiatric and somatic healthcare use during the observation period. During Y + 1, 25% (95% CI 23-28%) refugees and 30% (95% CI 29-30%) Swedish-born used inpatient psychiatric healthcare. Among refugees, a higher specialised healthcare use was observed in disability pension recipients than non-recipients. CONCLUSION Refugees used less specialised healthcare, before and after a suicide attempt, relative to the Swedish-born. Strengthened cultural competence among healthcare professionals and better health literacy among the refugees may improve healthcare access in refugees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ridwanul Amin
- Division of Insurance Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Syed Rahman
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Petter Tinghög
- Swedish Red Cross University College, 14157 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Magnus Helgesson
- Division of Insurance Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bo Runeson
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, S.t Göran’s Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm County Council, 11281 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emma Björkenstam
- Division of Insurance Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ping Qin
- National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Oslo, 0374 Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars Mehlum
- National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Oslo, 0374 Oslo, Norway
| | - Emily A. Holmes
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience (CNS), K8, Psychology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden ,Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ellenor Mittendorfer-Rutz
- Division of Insurance Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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Amin R, Helgesson M, Runeson B, Tinghög P, Mehlum L, Qin P, Holmes EA, Mittendorfer-Rutz E. Suicide attempt and suicide in refugees in Sweden - a nationwide population-based cohort study. Psychol Med 2021; 51:254-263. [PMID: 31858922 PMCID: PMC7893509 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291719003167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite a reported high rate of mental disorders in refugees, scientific knowledge on their risk of suicide attempt and suicide is scarce. We aimed to investigate (1) the risk of suicide attempt and suicide in refugees in Sweden, according to their country of birth, compared with Swedish-born individuals and (2) to what extent time period effects, socio-demographics, labour market marginalisation (LMM) and morbidity explain these associations. METHODS Three cohorts comprising the entire population of Sweden, 16-64 years at 31 December 1999, 2004 and 2009 (around 5 million each, of which 3.3-5.0% refugees), were followed for 4 years each through register linkage. Additionally, the 2004 cohort was followed for 9 years, to allow analyses by refugees' country of birth. Crude and multivariate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed. The multivariate models were adjusted for socio-demographic, LMM and morbidity factors. RESULTS In multivariate analyses, HRs regarding suicide attempt and suicide in refugees, compared with Swedish-born, ranged from 0.38-1.25 and 0.16-1.20 according to country of birth, respectively. Results were either non-significant or showed lower risks for refugees. Exceptions were refugees from Iran (HR 1.25; 95% CI 1.14-1.41) for suicide attempt. The risk for suicide attempt in refugees compared with the Swedish-born diminished slightly across time periods. CONCLUSIONS Refugees seem to be protected from suicide attempt and suicide relative to Swedish-born, which calls for more studies to disentangle underlying risk and protective factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ridwanul Amin
- Division of Insurance Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Helgesson
- Division of Insurance Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bo Runeson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, S.t Göran's Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm County Council, SE-112 81Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Petter Tinghög
- Swedish Red Cross University College, Hälsovägen 11, SE-141 57Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Lars Mehlum
- National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 21, NO-0374Oslo, Norway
| | - Ping Qin
- National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 21, NO-0374Oslo, Norway
| | - Emily A. Holmes
- Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Von Kraemers allé 1A and 1C, SE-752 37Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ellenor Mittendorfer-Rutz
- Division of Insurance Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77Stockholm, Sweden
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15
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Björkenstam E, Helgesson M, Amin R, Mittendorfer-Rutz E. Mental disorders, suicide attempt and suicide: differences in the association in refugees compared with Swedish-born individuals. Br J Psychiatry 2020; 217:679-685. [PMID: 31608856 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2019.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental disorders are associated with an elevated risk for suicide attempt and suicide. Whether the strength of the associations also holds for refugees is unclear. AIMS To examine the relationship between specific mental disorders and suicide attempt and suicide in refugees and Swedish-born individuals. METHOD This longitudinal cohort study included 5 083 447 individuals aged 16-64 years, residing in Sweden in 2004, where 196 757 were refugees. Mental disorders were defined as having a diagnosis in psychiatric care during 2000-2004. Estimates of risk of suicide attempt and suicide were calculated as hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals. Adjustments were made for important confounding factors, including history of attempt. The reference group comprised Swedish-born individuals without mental disorders. RESULTS Rates for suicide attempt in individuals with a mental disorder were lower in refugees compared with Swedish-born individuals (480 v. 850 per 100 000 person-years, respectively). This pattern was true for most specific disorders: compared with the reference group, among refugees, multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios for suicide attempt ranged from 3.0 (anxiety) to 7.4 (substance misuse), and among Swedish-born individuals, from 4.9 (stress-related disorder) to 9.3 (substance misuse). For schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and personality disorder, estimates for suicide attempt were comparable between refugees and Swedish-born individuals. Similar patterns were seen for suicide. CONCLUSIONS For most mental disorders, refugees were less likely to be admitted to hospital for suicide attempt or die by suicide compared with Swedish-born individuals. Further research on risk and protective factors for suicide attempt and suicide among refugees with mental disorders is warranted. DECLARATION OF INTEREST None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Björkenstam
- Assistant Professor, Division of Insurance Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Magnus Helgesson
- Senior Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Division of Insurance Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Ridwanul Amin
- Doctoral student, Division of Insurance Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Ellenor Mittendorfer-Rutz
- Professor of Insurance Medicine, Division of Insurance Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
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16
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Özlü-Erkilic Z, Wenzel T, Kothgassner OD, Akkaya-Kalayci T. Transcultural Differences in Risk Factors and in Triggering Reasons of Suicidal and Self-Harming Behaviour in Young People with and without a Migration Background. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17186498. [PMID: 32906614 PMCID: PMC7557370 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Minors with and without migration background can have different risk factors and triggering reasons for self-harming and suicidal behaviour. We retrospectively analysed the data of 192 children and adolescents to investigate the transcultural differences in self-harming, as well as suicidal behaviour in Austrian, Turkish, and Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian (BCS)-speaking patients, who were treated in an emergency out-patient clinic in Vienna. Our results showed transcultural differences in both behaviours. In all groups, females had higher rates of suicide attempts and self-harming behaviour than males. While Turkish-speaking patients received treatment more often, after attempted suicide, Austrians and BCS-speaking patients needed treatment more often for acute stress disorder. Suicide attempts and self-harming behaviours were triggered most frequently by intrafamilial problems, but more frequently in migrant patients. Turkish-speaking patients were at a more than 2 times (OR = 2.21, 95%CI: 1.408–3.477) higher risk for suicide attempts, and were triggered almost 3 times (OR = 2.94, 95%CI: 1.632–5.304) more often by interfamilial conflicts. The suicide attempts of BCS-speaking minors were more often caused by relationship and separation crises (OR = 2.56, 95%CI: 1.148–5.705). These transcultural differences in suicidal and self-harming behaviour of minors, demand an increase of transcultural competence to provide optimal treatment of migrant children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeliha Özlü-Erkilic
- Outpatient Clinic of Transcultural Psychiatry and Migration Induced Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
- Postgraduate University Program Transcultural Medicine and Diversity Care, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Wenzel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Oswald D. Kothgassner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Türkan Akkaya-Kalayci
- Outpatient Clinic of Transcultural Psychiatry and Migration Induced Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
- Postgraduate University Program Transcultural Medicine and Diversity Care, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence:
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17
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Abstract
Climate change is increasingly recognized as having multiple adverse mental health effects, many of which are just beginning to be understood. The elevated rates of suicides observed in some communities affected by climate change and rising rates of suicide in the United States as climate change intensifies have suggested the two may be associated. We searched PubMed and PsycInfo using the terms climate change and suicide, and provide here a review of the current literature on climate change and suicide that explores possible associations and methodological issues and challenges in this research.
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EPA guidance on cultural competence training. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 30:431-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe stress of migration as well as social factors and changes related to the receiving society may lead to the manifestation of psychiatric disorders in vulnerable individuals after migration. The diversity of cultures, ethnicities, races and reasons for migration poses a challenge for those seeking to understand how illness is experienced by immigrants whose backgrounds differ significantly from their clinicians. Cultural competence represents good clinical practice and can be defined as such that a clinician regards each patient in the context of the patient's own culture as well as from the perspective of the clinician's cultural values and prejudices. The EPA Guidance on cultural competence training outlines some of the key issues related to cultural competence and how to deal with these. It points out that cultural competence represents a comprehensive response to the mental health care needs of immigrant patients and requires knowledge, skills and attitudes which can improve the effectiveness of psychiatric treatment. To reach these aims, both individual and organizational competence are needed, as well as teaching competence in terms of educational leadership. The WPA Guidance on Mental Health and Mental Health Care for Migrants and the EPA Guidance on Mental Health Care for Migrants list a series of recommendations for policy makers, service providers and clinicians; these are aimed at improving mental health care for immigrants. The authors of this paper would like to underline these recommendations and, focusing on cultural competency and training, believe that they will be of positive value.
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Jankovic J, Bremner S, Bogic M, Lecic-Tosevski D, Ajdukovic D, Franciskovic T, Galeazzi G, Kucukalic A, Morina N, Popovski M, Schützwohl M, Priebe S. Trauma and suicidality in war affected communities. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 28:514-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractPurposeThe aim was to assess whether experiences of war trauma remain directly associated with suicidality in war affected communities when other risk factors are considered.Materials and methodsIn the main sample 3313 participants from former Yugoslavia who experienced war trauma were recruited using a random sampling in five Balkan countries. In the second sample 854 refugees from former Yugoslavia recruited through registers and networking in three Western European countries. Sociodemographic and data on trauma exposure, psychiatric diagnoses and level of suicidality were assessed.ResultsIn the main sample 113 participants (3.4%) had high suicidality, which was associated with number of potentially traumatic war experiences (odds ratio 1.1) and war related imprisonment (odds ratio 3) once all measured risk factors were considered. These associations were confirmed in the refugee sample with a higher suicidality rate (10.2%).Discussion and conclusionsNumber of potentially traumatic war experiences, in particular imprisonment, may be considered as a relevant risk factor for suicidality in people affected by war.
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20
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Rocha JVM, Nunes C. Can We Develop a Risk Map for Suicide Rates? An Ecological Study in Portugal. Community Ment Health J 2020; 56:532-539. [PMID: 31768928 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-019-00510-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Place of residence can influence suicide acts, beyond individual characteristics. The aim of this study was to identify areas with a greater risk of suicide, identify possible associations with ecological risk factors and develop a risk map of suicide in Portugal. Spatial scan statistic was used to identify critical areas and associations were analyzed through logistic regression models. The results indicate that the spatial distribution of suicides could be determined by a set of ecological risk factors, and that being a foreigner (OR 26.64; 95% CI 13.15-53.97), having no religion (OR 8.65; 95% CI 4.62-16.19) and having lower levels of education (OR 1.20; 95% CI 1.09-3.64) are associated with a higher risk of suicide in Portugal. Results indicate that local risk factors should be taken into account, in accordance to the priority Health Program in the Mental Health area of the Directorate-General for Health of Portugal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carla Nunes
- National School of Public Health, Lisbon, Portugal
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21
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Niederkrotenthaler T, Mittendorfer-Rutz E, Mehlum L, Qin P, Björkenstam E. Previous suicide attempt and subsequent risk of re-attempt and suicide: Are there differences in immigrant subgroups compared to Swedish-born individuals? J Affect Disord 2020; 265:263-271. [PMID: 32090750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies investigating how suicide attempting refugees and non-refugee migrants differ from Swedish-born individuals in terms of re-attempts and suicide are missing. It remains unknown how mental disorders and labour market marginalization (LMM) impact on these associations. METHODS This longitudinal cohort study included Swedish residents aged 20-64 with suicide attempt in 2004-2012. In total, 42,684 individuals including 2017 refugees, and 2544 non-refugee migrants were included and followed until December 31, 2016. Risks of re-attempt and suicide were calculated as hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI), and adjusted for important confounders. Stratified analyses were to assess if mental disorders or LMM modified these associations. RESULTS In the adjusted models, refugees had an adjusted HR (aHR) of suicide re-attempt of 0.74 (CI: 0.67-0.81), and an aHR of 0.67 (CI: 0.53-0.86) for suicide death. These estimates were very similar to those of non-refugee migrants. Refugees and non-refugee migrants with suicide attempt had a lower prevalence of specialised health care due to mental disorders compared to Swedish-born attempters (48%, 44% and 61%, respectively). Mental disorders and LMM in terms of long-term sickness absence and disability pension increased the risk of re-attempt and suicide in all three groups. LIMITATIONS Only suicide attempts and mental disorders resulting in specialized in-and outpatient care were registered. CONCLUSION Migrants show considerably lower risks of re-attempt and suicide than Swedish-born individuals, with no differences between migrant groups. Despite vast differences in the prevalence of specific mental disorders, the role of mental disorders in the pathways to re-attempt and suicide does not appear to differ considerably between these groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Niederkrotenthaler
- Unit Suicide Research & Mental Health Promotion, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Ellenor Mittendorfer-Rutz
- Division of Insurance Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Mehlum
- National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 21, NO-0374 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ping Qin
- National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 21, NO-0374 Oslo, Norway
| | - Emma Björkenstam
- Division of Insurance Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Community Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health and California Center for Population Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
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22
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Amitai M, Ben Baruch R, Ben-Dor DH, Ben-Ami D, Katz M, Sagy R, Remez R, Liav N, Leibovich M, Apter A, Weizman A, Zalsman G. Predictors of Suicidal Behaviors during Hospitalization among Adolescents Admitted Due to Suicidal Behaviors: A 10-Year Retrospective Naturalistic Study. Arch Suicide Res 2020; 24:S202-S216. [PMID: 30856365 DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2019.1586610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Suicidality during hospitalization is a common phenomenon with potential devastating consequences. We attempted to identify risk factors for in-hospital suicidality in a high risk group of adolescent inpatients hospitalized for suicidal behaviors (SB). Methods: The database of a tertiary adolescent psychiatric ward was screened for patients hospitalized consecutively for SB during 2001-2010. Data on documented demographic, clinical, and behavioral risk factors were collected. Suicidal events during hospitalization were classified according to the Columbia Classification Algorithm of Suicide Assessment. Results: The sample included 122 inpatients (53% female) aged 10-19 (Mean=15.77, Standard Deviation=2.89) years admitted for SB. Thirty-seven youth (30%) exhibited SB during the hospitalization period (the "suicidal group"), ten of which attempted suicide while hospitalized. There were no significant differences in demographic and clinical parameters between the suicidal and the non-suicidal groups. Younger age, history of drug use and a history of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) were independent predictors of a SA during hospitalization. A previous SA added significant risk to SA during hospitalization only in the group that had a history of NSSI. Conclusions: A high risk of SB exists among adolescents hospitalized for suicidality. The risk assessment for SA during hospitalization should include age, history of drug use and previous SA combined with a history of NSSI. Future studies should expand the efforts to identify potential risk factors of SB during hospitalization in this unique high-risk group.
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Mental disorders and suicidal behavior in refugees and Swedish-born individuals: is the association affected by work disability? Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2020; 55:1061-1071. [PMID: 31897579 PMCID: PMC7395008 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-019-01824-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among potential pathways to suicidal behavior in individuals with mental disorders (MD), work disability (WD) may play an important role. We examined the role of WD in the relationship between MD and suicidal behavior in Swedish-born individuals and refugees. METHODS The study cohort consisted of 4,195,058 individuals aged 16-64, residing in Sweden in 2004-2005, whereof 163,160 refugees were followed during 2006-2013 with respect to suicidal behavior. Risk estimates were calculated as hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). The reference groups comprised individuals with neither MD nor WD. WD factors (sickness absence (SA) and disability pension (DP)) were explored as potential modifiers and mediators. RESULTS In both Swedish-born and refugees, SA and DP were associated with an elevated risk of suicide attempt regardless of MD. In refugees, HRs for suicide attempt in long-term SA ranged from 2.96 (95% CI: 2.14-4.09) (no MD) to 6.23 (95% CI: 3.21-12.08) (MD). Similar associations were observed in Swedish-born. Elevated suicide attempt risks were also observed in DP. In Swedish-born individuals, there was a synergy effect between MD, and SA and DP regarding suicidal behavior. Both SA and DP were found to mediate the studied associations in Swedish-born, but not in refugees. CONCLUSION There is an effect modification and a mediating effect between mental disorders and WD for subsequent suicidal behavior in Swedish-born individuals. Also for refugees without MD, WD is a risk factor for subsequent suicidal behavior. Particularly for Swedish-born individuals with MD, information on WD is vital in a clinical suicide risk assessment.
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Bowden M, McCoy A, Reavley N. Suicidality and suicide prevention in culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) communities: A systematic review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00207411.2019.1694204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nicola Reavley
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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25
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Heredia Montesinos A, Aichberger MC, Temur-Erman S, Bromand Z, Heinz A, Schouler-Ocak M. Explanatory models of suicidality among women of Turkish descent in Germany: A focus group study. Transcult Psychiatry 2019; 56:48-75. [PMID: 30131021 DOI: 10.1177/1363461518792432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Women of Turkish descent in Germany show higher rates of suicidal behavior compared to their host populations and men of Turkish descent. This indicates a demand for a better understanding of suicidality in this group. Nine focus groups ( N = 61) were conducted to assess explanatory models including patterns of distress, perceived causes, course/consequences of and reactions towards a suicidal crisis, help-seeking behavior, and potential intervention and prevention strategies. All participants were of Turkish descent living in Berlin, Germany. The focus groups included two with professionals such as psychiatrists or psychotherapists, two with Community Mothers, three with women from the community (ages: 18 -34, 35 -49, 50+), and of three suicide attempters (ages: 18 -33, 38 -66). Data were analyzed using the methodology of thematic analysis. Results show that suicide-related behaviors, attitudes, and help-seeking behavior have gender and culture-specific characteristics. Two central themes were identified: the impact of family and community and the impact of German society. Participants stated that they believe that family and community pressures as well as discrimination and lack of acceptance cause social isolation. Fear of stigmatization and dishonoring themselves or their family, as well as shame and self-stigma decrease the likelihood of reaching out for help. Recommended strategies are community and family interventions, promotion of integration and social inclusion, awareness campaigns to destigmatize suicidality and the use of mental health services, empowerment of women, as well as the improvement of cultural sensitivity and competency of services.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zohra Bromand
- Psychiatric University Clinic of Charité at St. Hedwig Hospital
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26
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Donath C, Bergmann MC, Kliem S, Hillemacher T, Baier D. Epidemiology of suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and direct self-injurious behavior in adolescents with a migration background: a representative study. BMC Pediatr 2019; 19:45. [PMID: 30709395 PMCID: PMC6359754 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-019-1404-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data on the prevalence of suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and direct self-injurious behavior in adolescents with a migration background are scarce. There are hints that this population is at risk. The aim of the study is to investigate the epidemiology of suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and direct self-injurious behavior in adolescents with a migration background in Germany while taking gender-specific differences into consideration. METHODS A representative study with N = 10,638 students (mean age 14.91 years, SD = .73).) in the state of Lower Saxony in Germany was conducted. In the 2014-2015 school year, 672 classes were selected by randomly sampling different school types. The participation rate was 84.1%, excluding any classes for which the director refused to provide consent. A total of 49.8% were female adolescents, and 23.3% of the participants had a migration background. Target variables were assessed with items from the Ottawa Self-Injury Inventory, the Self-Harm Behavior Questionnaire and the Self-Harm Inventory, partly adapted. RESULTS Of all students, 7.6% had a lifetime history of suicide attempts, and 36.6% answered with a rating of at least "rarely" when asked to rate the lifetime prevalence of suicidal ideation. The 12-month prevalence of direct self-injurious behavior was 17.8%. Adolescents with a migration background showed a significantly higher prevalence of all three constructs (p = .006; p < .001; p = .006). Male students with a migration background reported a significantly higher lifetime prevalence of suicide attempts (4.7% vs. 3.1%) than native males (p = .009). Female students with a migration background reported a significantly higher lifetime prevalence of suicide attempts (15.9% vs. 10.4%) and suicidal ideation ("often" 12.1% vs. 8.9%) than native female students (p < .001; p = .008). CONCLUSION Our assessment indicates an elevated risk for suicidal behaviors in adolescents with a migration background. From research on adults, it is known that the dominant motives for suicidal behavior in migrants are associated with their migration history/situation. As suggested by Cramer and Kapusta's (Front Psychol 8:1756, 2017) theoretical model, the Social-Ecological Framework of Theory, Assessment, and Prevention, there is a need for culturally sensitive preventions that take into account the specific reasons for suicide attempts in migrants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Donath
- Center for Health Services Research in Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Sören Kliem
- Criminological Research Institute of Lower Saxony, Lützerodestr. 9, 30161 Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Hillemacher
- Center for Addiction Research, Clinic for Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Paracelsus Medical University Nuremberg, Prof.-Ernst-Nathan-Str. 1, 90419 Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Baier
- Institute of Delinquency and Crime Prevention, ZHAW School of Social Work, Pfingstweidstrasse 96, Postfach, 8037 Zurich, Switzerland
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27
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Opitz-Welke A, Konrad N, Welke J, Bennefeld-Kersten K, Gauger U, Voulgaris A. Suicide in Older Prisoners in Germany. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:154. [PMID: 30984041 PMCID: PMC6449439 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
As in many countries, the numbers of older prisoners are rising in Germany, but scientific information on this group is scarce. For the current study, a survey was used that included all prison suicides in Germany between the years of 2000 and 2013. Suicide rates of the elderly prisoners exceeded the suicide rates of the general population and the same age group. We observed a continuous decrease in the suicide rate of elderly prisoners. When compared to the younger suicide victims in prison, significantly more elderly suicide victims were: female, of German nationality, remand prisoners, or serving a life sentence. In Germany, elderly prisoners are a vulnerable subpopulation of the prison population. Higher suicide rates than in the same age group in the general population indicate unmet needs regarding mental disorders and their specific treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Opitz-Welke
- Justizvollzugskrankenhaus in der JVA Plötzensee, Berlin, Germany.,Institut fúr Forensische Psychiatrie der Charité Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Konrad
- Institut fúr Forensische Psychiatrie der Charité Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Ulrich Gauger
- Institut fúr Forensische Psychiatrie der Charité Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Voulgaris
- Institut für Sexualforschung und Forensische Psychiatrie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Tuvesson H, Hellström A, Sjöberg L, Sjölund BM, Nordell E, Fagerström C. Life weariness and suicidal thoughts in late life: a national study in Sweden. Aging Ment Health 2018; 22:1365-1371. [PMID: 28685600 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2017.1348484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed at investigating the point prevalence of life weariness and suicidal thoughts and their relationship with socio-demographic characteristics in a population of older adults in Sweden. METHOD Data from 7913 individuals aged 60 years and older were drawn from the Swedish National Study on Aging and Care, a collaborative study in Sweden. Life weariness and suicidal thoughts were measured by one item derived from the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale. A multinomial regression model was used to investigate the relationships of socio-demographic characteristics with life weariness and suicidal thoughts. RESULTS Living in urban and semi-urban areas, being of advanced age, being divorced and having lower educational levels were related to life weariness. Living in a residential care facility, being widowed or unmarried, being born in a non-Nordic European country and experiencing financial difficulties were related to both life weariness and suicidal thoughts. Sex was found to be unrelated to either life weariness or suicidal thoughts. CONCLUSION This study found that several socio-demographic variables were associated with life weariness and suicidal thoughts among older adults. Specific attention to older individuals with these characteristics may be warranted as they might be more vulnerable to life weariness and suicidal thoughts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Tuvesson
- a Department of Health , Blekinge Institute of Technology , Karlskrona , Sweden
| | - A Hellström
- b Department of Health and Caring Sciences , Linnaeus University , Kalmar , Sweden
| | - L Sjöberg
- c Aging Research Center , Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society , Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - B-M Sjölund
- c Aging Research Center , Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society , Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden.,d Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies , University of Gävle , Gävle , Sweden
| | - E Nordell
- e Department of Geriatric Medicine , Skåne University Hospital , Malmö , Sweden
| | - C Fagerström
- f Blekinge Centre of Competence , Blekinge County Hospital , Karlskrona , Sweden
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"We Went Out to Explore, But Gained Nothing But Illness": Immigration Expectations, Reality, Risk and Resilience in Chinese-Canadian Women with a History of Suicide-Related Behaviour. Cult Med Psychiatry 2018; 42:504-534. [PMID: 29383554 DOI: 10.1007/s11013-018-9566-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Suicide is a complex and tragic outcome driven by biological, psychological, social and cultural factors. Women of Chinese descent and women who have immigrated to other countries have higher rates of suicidal ideation and behaviour, and immigration-related stress may contribute. To understand the experiences of immigration and their relationship with distress and suicide-related behaviour in Chinese women who have immigrated to Canada. 10 semi-structured qualitative interviews with Chinese women who have immigrated to Toronto, Canada and have a history of suicide-related behaviour were completed and analyzed using a constructivist grounded theory methodology. Immigration-related and acculturation stress stemmed from unmet expectations and harsh realities. These repeated experiences resulted in hopelessness, helplessness, and alienation, which are risk factors for suicide and suicide-related behaviour. However, immigration-related support can also increase hope, self-efficacy and connectedness to foster recovery and resilience. This is the first qualitative study focusing on immigration experiences and its relationship to suicide-related behaviour in Chinese immigrant women. Knowledge of immigration and acculturation stressors can a) help identify and support women at risk for suicide and b) form a target for social intervention for all immigrant women, regardless of suicide risk.
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Forte A, Trobia F, Gualtieri F, Lamis DA, Cardamone G, Giallonardo V, Fiorillo A, Girardi P, Pompili M. Suicide Risk among Immigrants and Ethnic Minorities: A Literature Overview. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E1438. [PMID: 29986547 PMCID: PMC6068754 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15071438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that immigrants and ethnic minorities may be at higher risk of suicidal behaviour as compared to the general population. We conducted a literature search to identify studies in English from 1980 to 2017 related to suicide risk among immigrants and ethnic minorities. Six hundred and seventy-eight reports were screened, and 43 articles were included in the qualitative synthesis of the review. Some studies reported lower rates of suicide attempts, while other findings suggested higher rates of suicidal behaviour and deaths among immigrants as compared to the native population. Also, a positive correlation was found between suicidal behaviour and specific countries of origin. Non-European immigrant women were at the highest risk for suicide attempts, a group which included young women of South Asian and black African origin. Risk factors among migrants and ethnic minorities were found to be: language barriers, worrying about family back home, and separation from family. The lack of information on health care system, loss of status, loss of social network, and acculturation were identified as possible triggers for suicidal behaviour. Overall, results suggest that specific migrant populations and ethnic minorities present a higher risk of suicidal behaviour than native populations, as well as a higher risk of death by suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Forte
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy.
| | - Federico Trobia
- Psychiatry Residency Training Program, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy.
| | - Flavia Gualtieri
- Psychiatry Residency Training Program, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy.
| | - Dorian A Lamis
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| | - Giuseppe Cardamone
- Psychiatric Department, Azienda USL Toscana Sud-Est, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Giallonardo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Andrea Fiorillo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Paolo Girardi
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Pompili
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy.
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Bauwelinck M, Deboosere P, Willaert D, Vandenheede H. Suicide mortality in Belgium at the beginning of the 21st century: differences according to migrant background. Eur J Public Health 2018; 27:111-116. [PMID: 28177447 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckw159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Suicidal behaviour has long been recognized to vary widely between countries. Yet, rates of suicidal behaviour do not only vary between, but also within countries. Gender and socioeconomic differences in suicidal behaviour are well established, but the literature on suicidal behaviour and migrants is sparse, particularly in Belgium. The present study maps out the occurrence of suicide mortality across three of the largest migrant groups (Italians, Turks and Moroccans) versus the native population in Belgium, and verifies whether this association persists after accounting for socioeconomic variables. Methods Census-linked mortality follow-up data covering the period 2001–2011 were used to probe into suicide mortality. To compare absolute differences by migrant background, indirect standardisation analyses were carried out. To assess relative differences, Cox proportional hazards models were performed. Analyses were restricted to 18- to 64-year-olds. Results Belgian men and women have the highest suicide mortality risk, persons of Moroccan/Turkish origin the lowest, and Italians are somewhere in between. When migration generation is considered, the risk is higher for second-generation groups compared to that of the first-generation. Accounting for socioeconomic determinants, the difference between the native population and the various nationality groups intensifies. Conclusion Although the risk is generally lower for minorities compared to the majority population, the results across migration generations underscore minorities’ increased vulnerability to suicide over time. Future research should focus on understanding the risks and protective factors of suicidal behaviour across different nationality groups. This way, tailored policy recommendations can be developed in order to tackle the burden of suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariska Bauwelinck
- Interface Demography, Department of Social Research, Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences and Solvay Business School, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrick Deboosere
- Interface Demography, Department of Social Research, Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences and Solvay Business School, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Didier Willaert
- Interface Demography, Department of Social Research, Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences and Solvay Business School, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hadewijch Vandenheede
- Interface Demography, Department of Social Research, Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences and Solvay Business School, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Zeluf G, Dhejne C, Orre C, Mannheimer LN, Deogan C, Höijer J, Winzer R, Thorson AE. Targeted Victimization and Suicidality Among Trans People: A Web-Based Survey. LGBT Health 2018; 5:180-190. [PMID: 29641313 PMCID: PMC5905855 DOI: 10.1089/lgbt.2017.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between a series of empirically known risk and protective factors and suicidality among trans people in Sweden. Methods: Participants were self-selected anonymously to a web-based survey conducted in 2014. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to assess associations between contributing factors and suicide ideation in the past 12 months and lifetime suicide attempts. Results: The analysis included 796 trans individuals, between 15 and 94 years of age, who live in Sweden. A total of 37% of respondents reported that they have seriously considered suicide during the past 12 months and 32% had ever attempted a suicide. Offensive treatment during the past three months and lifetime exposure to trans-related violence were significantly associated with suicidality. Less satisfaction with contacts with friends and acquaintances and with one's own psychological wellbeing were associated with suicide ideation in the past 12 months. Lack of practical support was associated with lifetime suicide attempts. Conclusions: Our findings show that suicidality is directly correlated with trans-related victimization. Preventing targeted victimization is, therefore, a key preventive intervention against this elevated suicidality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galit Zeluf
- 1 Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Dhejne
- 2 Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden .,3 ANOVA, Andrology, Sexual Medicine, and Transgender Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carolina Orre
- 4 Department of Health and HIV-Prevention, the Swedish Federation for LGBTQ Rights (RFSL) , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Louise Nilunger Mannheimer
- 5 Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden .,6 Department of Communicable Disease Control and Health Protection, the Public Health Agency of Sweden , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Deogan
- 1 Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden .,6 Department of Communicable Disease Control and Health Protection, the Public Health Agency of Sweden , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Höijer
- 7 Unit of Biostatistics, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Regina Winzer
- 1 Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden .,8 Department of Living Conditions and Lifestyles, the Public Health Agency of Sweden, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Ekéus Thorson
- 1 Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
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Lai DWL, Li L, Daoust GD. Factors Influencing Suicide Behaviours in Immigrant and Ethno-Cultural Minority Groups: A Systematic Review. J Immigr Minor Health 2018; 19:755-768. [PMID: 27640011 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-016-0490-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews recent literature on factors influencing suicide behaviours, including thoughts, plans, and attempts, in immigrant and ethno-cultural minority groups, to inform a more comprehensive understanding of suicide behaviours in increasingly culturally diverse populations. Thirty-three studies published between 2002 and 2013 were identified through digital databases searches and included in this review. Analysis of study findings focused on impacts of ethno-cultural identity and acculturation, other cultural and immigration influences, and family and community supports on suicide behaviours. Policy, practice, and research recommendations are identified, to inform relevant suicide prevention efforts and enhance mental health supports for immigrant and ethno-cultural minority populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W L Lai
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, Institute of Active Ageing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
- Faculty of Social Work, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Lun Li
- Faculty of Social Work, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Gabrielle D Daoust
- Department of International Relations, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
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Abstract
Abstract.Background: Asylum seekers have increased risk of suicide and
suicidal behavior, with differences related to origin, gender, and age. There
are barriers to communication in clinical encounters between asylum seekers and
clinicians. There is insufficient knowledge about how communication in the
clinical encounter affects the suicide risk in female asylum seekers.
Aims: To explore the documented communication between
female asylum-seeking suicide attempters and clinicians and how it affects
treatment. Method: The medical records of 18 asylum-seeking
women who had attempted suicide were analyzed with content analysis.
Results: Communication between patients and clinicians was
affected by: the unbearable realities of the women; difficulties for clinicians
in decoding languages of distress, and understanding trauma and subjective
meanings of suicide; challenges of combining patients' and clinicians'
perspectives; and a sense of shared powerlessness. Limitations:
The medical records did not give direct access to the patient's experience,
only to the patient as documented by the clinician. Conclusion:
The results suggest that clinicians working with asylum seekers who have
attempted suicide need to develop an understanding of social and cultural
factors and of trauma issues. A question for further study is how an enhanced
integration of context and subjectivity in psychiatric practice would equip
clinicians for the specific challenges encountered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sundvall
- 1 Transcultural Center, Stockholm County Council, Sweden.,2 Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Titelman
- 3 National Center for Suicide Research and Prevention of Mental Ill-Health, Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sofie Bäärnhielm
- 1 Transcultural Center, Stockholm County Council, Sweden.,4 Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Vazsonyi AT, Mikuška J, Gaššová Z. Revisiting the immigrant paradox: Suicidal ideations and suicide attempts among immigrant and non-immigrant adolescents. J Adolesc 2017; 59:67-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
Purpose of review While the experience of migration and resettlement in a new country is associated with mental health risks, immigrants generally demonstrate better mental health than expected. This review describes patterns in mental health outcomes among immigrants. We discuss a conceptual model of the potential underlying mechanisms that could buffer the stress and disadvantage experienced by this substantial and growing population. Recent findings While epidemiological studies have established a general pattern of lower risk for mental health disorders among first-generation (foreign-born) immigrants in the U.S., recent studies highlight how this pattern varies substantially by the intersection of race, ethnicity, national origin, gender, and socioeconomic status. Contextual factors including the family and neighborhood context; an immigrant's social position; experiences of social support and social exclusion; language competency and ability; and exposure to discrimination and acculturative stress further influence the relationship between immigration and mental health. Summary We conclude with an emphasis on social resilience processes, with a focus on how immigrants develop social relations, social capital and social networks. We recommend future directions for research that prioritize identifying and understanding social adaptation strategies adopted by immigrant groups to cope with immigration stressors.
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Mental Health in Immigrants Versus Native Population: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2017; 31:111-121. [PMID: 28104048 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The relationship between psychopathology and migration presents unresolved questions. OBJECTIVES To determine whether there is a higher incidence of mental illness among immigrants, to describe the nosologic differences between immigrant and native populations, and to identify the risk factors involved of immigration. METHODS A systematic review was conducted using the PubMed, Science Direct, ISI, Scopus, Psycinfo, Cochrane, and Cuiden databases. The search strategy was conducted using the MeSH thesaurus for the controlled terms "mental disorders," "mental health," "transients and migrants," "immigrants," and "epidemiology." The quality of the articles was analyzed by using the Equator Guidelines, following checklists according to the methodological design of the studies by two independent reviewers. RESULTS From a total of 817 studies found, 21 met the inclusion criteria. Out of the 21 studies selected, 13 showed a higher prevalence of mental illness. CONCLUSIONS Migration represents a major challenge, but it does not lead exclusively to mental distress. Immigrants experience more problems in depression, anxiety, and somatic disorders, pathologies related directly to the migration process and stress suffered. Resources should be oriented to primary and community care.
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Conejero I, Lopez-Castroman J, Giner L, Baca-Garcia E. Sociodemographic Antecedent Validators of Suicidal Behavior: A Review of Recent Literature. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2016; 18:94. [PMID: 27595860 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-016-0732-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Suicidal behavior and its prevention constitute a major public health issue. Etiology of suicidal behavior is multifactorial. Whereas current research is mostly focused on clinical and biological risk factors, the sociodemographic risk factors for suicidal behavior, first highlighted by Durkheim, have received less attention. Besides the well-known impact of age and gender, sociodemographic variables such as marital and parental status, education, occupation, income, employment status, religion, migration or minority status, and sexual orientation are repeatedly reported to play an important role in suicidal behavior. This narrative review aimed to summarize recent research on sociodemographic risk factors for suicidal behavior and to elicit possible implications for suicide prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Conejero
- Department of Emergency Psychiatry, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jorge Lopez-Castroman
- Department of Psychiatry, CHU Nimes, Nimes, France. .,Inserm U1061, Hôpital La Colombiere, Pavillon 42, 39 Av Charles Flauhault, BP: 34493, 34093, Montpellier, France. .,University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier, 34000, France.
| | - Lucas Giner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Enrique Baca-Garcia
- IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Department of Psychiatry, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry at the New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Beutel ME, Jünger C, Klein EM, Wild P, Lackner KJ, Blettner M, Banerjee M, Michal M, Wiltink J, Brähler E. Depression, anxiety and suicidal ideation among 1(st) and 2(nd) generation migrants - results from the Gutenberg health study. BMC Psychiatry 2016; 16:288. [PMID: 27516075 PMCID: PMC4982128 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-016-0995-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Even though migrants constitute a large proportion of the German population, there is a lack of representative studies on their mental health. Hence, the present study explored mental health characteristics and suicidal ideation comparing 1(st) and 2(nd) generation migrants to non-migrants and subgroups within 1(st) generation migrants. METHODS We investigated cross-sectional data of 14,943 participants of the Gutenberg Health Study (GHS), a population-based, prospective, single-center cohort study in Mid-Germany (age 35 to 74 years). Migration status was assessed according to the German microcensus criteria. Depression and anxiety were measured by the PHQ (PHQ-8, GAD-2, Panic module), social anxiety by the Mini SPIN and Distressed Personality (Type D) by the DS-14. Suicidal ideation was assessed by the single item of the PHQ-9. RESULTS A total of n = 3,525 participants had a migration background; the proportion of 1(st) generation (immigrated after 1949) migrants was 10.6 % (2(nd) generation 13 %). Among the 1(st) generation migrants those with Polish (N = 295) and Turkish (N = 141) origins were the largest groups from single countries. Controlling for sex, age and socioeconomic status, 1(st) generation migrants reported significantly more depression (OR 1.24; CI 1.01-1.52), generalized anxiety (OR 1.38; CI 1.13-1.68), panic attacks in the past 4 weeks (OR 1.43; CI 1.16-1.77); Type D (OR 1.28; CI 1.13-1.45) and suicidal ideation (1.44; CI 1.19-1.74) compared to non-migrants. The mental health of 2(nd) generation migrants did not differ from native Germans; they had the highest socioeconomic status of the three groups. Compared to native Germans, Turkish migrants of both sexes reported more depression and panic, particularly a strongly increased suicidal ideation (OR 3.02; CI 1.80-5.04) after taking sex, age, and socioeconomic status into account. Polish migrants only reported an increased rate of suicidal ideation and Type D. Turkish migrants exceeded Polish migrants regarding depression (OR = 2.61; 95 % CI 1.21-5.67), and panic attacks (OR=3.38; 95 % CI 1.45-7.85). In the subgroup analyses years lived in Germany was not significant. CONCLUSIONS One of few representative community studies shows that compared to native Germans depression, anxiety and suicidal ideation were more frequently reported by 1(st) generation migrants, particularly of Turkish origin. Overall, 2(nd) generation migrants appear to have adjusted successfully. Limitations refer to a lack of data for persons without German language skills and missing mental health data in the Turkish sample. Further analyses need to address causes of mental strains and health care needs and provision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred E. Beutel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Str. 8, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Claus Jünger
- Medical Clinic for Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Eva M. Klein
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Str. 8, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Philipp Wild
- Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine 2, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany ,Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany ,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Rhine Main, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Karl J. Lackner
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Maria Blettner
- Institute for Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mita Banerjee
- Department of English and Linguistics, American Studies, Center for Comparative Native and Indigenous Studies, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Michal
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Str. 8, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jörg Wiltink
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Str. 8, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Elmar Brähler
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Str. 8, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
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Fortuna LR, Álvarez K, Ramos Ortiz Z, Wang Y, Mozo Alegría X, Cook BL, Alegría M. Mental health, migration stressors and suicidal ideation among Latino immigrants in Spain and the United States. Eur Psychiatry 2016; 36:15-22. [PMID: 27311103 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immigration stress appears to augment the risk for suicide behaviors for Latinos. Yet, specific risk factors that contribute to suicidal ideation (SI) among diverse Latino immigrant populations are not well established. METHODS Data were collected in Boston, Madrid and Barcelona using a screening battery assessing mental health, substance abuse risk, trauma exposure, demographics, and sociocultural factors. Prevalence rates of lifetime and 30-day SI were compared across sites. Logistic regression modeling was used to identify sociodemographic, clinical, and sociocultural-contextual factors associated with 30-day SI. RESULTS Five hundred and sixty-seven Latino patients from primary care, behavioral health and HIV clinics and community agencies participated. Rates of lifetime SI ranged from 29-35%; rates for 30-day SI were 21-23%. Rates of SI were not statistically different between sites. Factors associated with SI included exposure to discrimination, lower ethnic identity, elevated family conflict, and low sense of belonging (P<0.01). In the adjusted model, higher scores on depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and trauma exposure were significantly associated with 30-day SI (OR=1.14, 1.04, and 7.76, respectively). Greater number of years living in the host country was significantly associated with increased odds of having SI (OR=2.22) while having citizenship status was associated with lower odds (OR=0.45). CONCLUSION Latinos suffering depression, trauma exposure, and immigration stressors are more likely to experience SI. Despite differences in country of origin, education, and other demographic factors between countries, rates of SI did not differ. Recommendations for prevention and clinical practice for addressing suicidal ideation risk among Latino immigrants are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Fortuna
- Boston University Medical School, Boston Medical Center, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 850, Harrison Avenue, Dowling Building, 7th Floor, Boston, MA 02118 USA; Disparities Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 50, Staniford Street, Suite 830 Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - K Álvarez
- Disparities Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 50, Staniford Street, Suite 830 Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Z Ramos Ortiz
- Disparities Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 50, Staniford Street, Suite 830 Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Y Wang
- Disparities Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 50, Staniford Street, Suite 830 Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - X Mozo Alegría
- Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Paseo de la Vall d'Hebron, 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - B L Cook
- Health Equity Research Lab, Cambridge Health Alliance and Harvard Medical School, 1035, Cambridge Street, Cambridge MA 02141 USA
| | - M Alegría
- Disparities Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 50, Staniford Street, Suite 830 Boston, MA 02114 USA.
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Assessment and treatment of asylum seekers after a suicide attempt: a comparative study of people registered at mental health services in a Swedish location. BMC Psychiatry 2015; 15:235. [PMID: 26446409 PMCID: PMC4597378 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-015-0613-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Even though asylum seekers are considered vulnerable to mental ill-health, knowledge of their suicidal behaviour is limited. The aim of this study was to improve our understanding of factors that influence the clinical assessment of asylum seekers who have attempted suicide compared to the assessment of non-asylum seekers. METHODS The study focused on 88 asylum seekers registered for suicide attempts in mental health services 2005-2009, who were matched for age and gender and compared with 88 suicide attempters with Swedish personal identity numbers. The medical records were analysed with a quantitative protocol, focusing on social risk and protective factors, health history, current clinical picture as well as the assessment procedure, diagnostics, patterns of treatment and follow-up in this clinical group. Data was analysed using the chi-square test, Fisher's exact probability test, and the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS As in earlier studies, asylum seekers were more traumatized, had different social risk factors and received different diagnoses than the controls. Asylum seekers were referred to less specialized follow-up after treatment, in spite of their health history and of previous and current clinical pictures indicating a similar or--in the case of the female asylum seekers--more serious mental health condition. Female asylum seekers also received more intense and prolonged in-patient treatment than female controls. Asylum seekers appeared to have social networks more often than the control group. However, there was less documentation of the social context, previous suicidal behaviour, and on suicide in the family and close environment of the asylum-seeking men. Information on suicidal intent was lacking in a majority of both groups. The time relation of the suicide attempt and the asylum process suggested the importance of the asylum decision, as well as the possible role of earlier mental health problems and premigration stress, for the suicidal behaviour. CONCLUSIONS The groups had different sets of risk factors and clinical pictures. There was a lack of early and thorough exploration of suicide intent for both groups, and of contextual and subjective factors for the asylum seekers. Differences in follow-up indicate unequal access to care.
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Plener PL, Munz LM, Allroggen M, Kapusta ND, Fegert JM, Groschwitz RC. Immigration as risk factor for non-suicidal self-injury and suicide attempts in adolescents in Germany. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2015; 9:34. [PMID: 26417389 PMCID: PMC4584432 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-015-0065-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whereas non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and suicide attempts (SA) are rather common among adolescents, the description of risk factors has often failed to take migration into perspective. Our study aimed to describe immigration status in adolescents with regards to their lifetime history of NSSI and SA. METHODS We carried out a population based study in a school community of ninth-graders (N = 452, mean age 14.85, SD 0.58) in southern Germany. Data were collected via adolescent self report on sociodemographic variables and on NSSI and SA using the Self Harm Behavior Questionnaire. RESULTS Adolescents born outside Germany showed an elevated rate of a lifetime history of NSSI and SA. When compared to German adolescents without a (family) history of migration (NSSI 19.16%, SA 3.24%), adolescents who were born in another country had an elevated risk for NSSI (42.86%, OR 3.36) and SA (17.86%, OR 6.78), which was higher than the risk of adolescents who had at least one parent who had emigrated from another country (NSSI 30.08%, OR 2.46 and SA 8.94%, OR 4.45). CONCLUSION Our findings should inform intervention services and prevention programs for NSSI and suicidality in youth. Adopting such programs to include culturally sensible modules could improve the outcome in ethnically diverse adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L Plener
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Steinhoevelstr. 5, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Lara M Munz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Steinhoevelstr. 5, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Marc Allroggen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Steinhoevelstr. 5, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Nestor D Kapusta
- Department of Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jörg M Fegert
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Steinhoevelstr. 5, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Rebecca C Groschwitz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Steinhoevelstr. 5, 89075 Ulm, Germany
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Shishehgar S, Gholizadeh L, DiGiacomo M, Davidson PM. The impact of migration on the health status of Iranians: an integrative literature review. BMC INTERNATIONAL HEALTH AND HUMAN RIGHTS 2015; 15:20. [PMID: 26275716 PMCID: PMC4537565 DOI: 10.1186/s12914-015-0058-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Background Immigration, both voluntary and forced, is driven by social, political and economic factors. Accordingly, some discussions and debates have emerged in recent years about the impact of migration on the health status of migrants. The aim of this review was to identify the impact of migration on the health status of Iranian immigrants and present a conceptual framework to facilitate the design and delivery of services and supports for this particular immigrant group. Methods Data for this integrative review were collected from Medline, PsycINFO, Scopus, ProQuest, Academic Search Complete, CINAHL, and Google Scholar search engine. The database search was limited to peer-reviewed literature, published in English, between 1980 and 2013. Results Twenty six articles were included in the review. Analysis revealed several factors influencing the mental health of immigrants, including language insufficiency; unemployment; sense of discrimination; cultural shock; lack of social support; lack of information about health care services; and intimate partner violence. Conclusion Findings of this review have contributed to development of a conceptual framework that delineates the impact of migration on Iranian immigrants’ health. This conceptualization may also help in addressing the needs of other vulnerable groups during the transition phase of migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Shishehgar
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Leila Gholizadeh
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Michelle DiGiacomo
- Faculty of Health, Centre for Cardiovascular and Chronic Care, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Patricia M Davidson
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia. .,School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Webb RT, Antonsen S, Mok PLH, Agerbo E, Pedersen CB. National Cohort Study of Suicidality and Violent Criminality among Danish Immigrants. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131915. [PMID: 26121654 PMCID: PMC4488292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immigrant populations in western societies have grown in their size and diversity yet evidence is incomplete for their risks of suicidality and criminal violence. We examined these correlated harmful behaviours in a national cohort. AIMS (i) Compare absolute risk between first and second generation immigrants, foreign-born adoptees and native Danes by plotting cumulative incidence curves to onset of early middle age; (ii) estimate sex-specific relative risks for these immigrant type subgroups vs. native Danes; (iii) examine effect modification by higher vs. lower socio-economic status. METHODS In a cohort of over two million persons, attempted suicides and violent crimes were investigated using data from multiple interlinked registers. We plotted sex-specific cumulative incidence curves and estimated incidence rate ratios. RESULTS In the whole study cohort, 1414 people died by suicide, 46,943 attempted suicide, and 51,344 were convicted of committing a violent crime. Among all immigrant subgroups combined, compared with native Danes, relative risk of attempted suicide was greater in female immigrants (incidence rate ratio, 1.59; 95% confidence interval: CI 1.54-1.64) than in male immigrants (1.26; CI 1.20-1.32), and vice versa for relative risk of violent offending in male immigrants (2.36; CI 2.31-2.42) than in female immigrants (1.74; CI 1.62-1.87). Risk for both adverse outcomes was significantly elevated in virtually every gender-specific immigrant type subgroup examined. Violent crime risk was markedly raised in first generation immigrant males and in the Danish born male children of two immigrant parents. However, male immigrants of lower social status had lower risk of attempted suicide than their native Danish peers. CONCLUSION Young immigrants of both first and second generation status face serious challenges and vulnerabilities that western societies need to urgently address. Relative risk patterns for these adverse outcomes vary greatly between the genders and also by socioeconomic status. This high degree of heterogeneity points to the existence of modifiable factors that are amenable to positive change and a potential for effective intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger T. Webb
- Centre for Mental Health and Safety, Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Jean McFarlane Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Sussie Antonsen
- NCRR—National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- CIRRAU—Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Pearl L. H. Mok
- Centre for Mental Health and Safety, Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Jean McFarlane Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Esben Agerbo
- NCRR—National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- CIRRAU—Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Carsten B. Pedersen
- NCRR—National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- CIRRAU—Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Gilliver SC, Sundquist J, Li X, Sundquist K. Recent research on the mental health of immigrants to Sweden: a literature review. Eur J Public Health 2015; 24 Suppl 1:72-9. [PMID: 25108001 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/cku101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The arrival of large numbers of economic migrants and refugees has seen the Swedish immigrant population increase rapidly. Research has shown that immigrants may be more susceptible to mental disorders because of traumatic events prior to immigration and adverse circumstances in their new country. The aim of this literature review is to summarize and interpret recent research on the mental health of immigrants to Sweden. METHODS A systematic search for relevant literature in PubMed was performed on 13 February 2014. Relevant literature was limited to original research articles published between 1 January 1994 and 13 February 2014. Content relating to mental disorders and suicide was reviewed and summarized. RESULTS Nationwide studies showed increased risks of common mental disorders such as depression, as well as psychotic disorders, in immigrants to Sweden compared to native Swedes. However, the results are complex, with notable differences between different immigrant groups and between males and females. Risk of suicide was increased in some immigrant groups, but decreased in others. There has been little qualitative research on the mental health of immigrants and few intervention studies have targeted immigrants. CONCLUSION Immigrants to Sweden are a mixed group with differing, but often increased, risks of mental disorders. Targeted qualitative and intervention studies may facilitate efforts to develop and implement preventive methods for immigrants at high risk of mental ill health, and to tailor treatment to the specific needs of different immigrant groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Gilliver
- 1 Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University / Region Skåne, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jan Sundquist
- 1 Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University / Region Skåne, Malmö, Sweden2 Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Xinjun Li
- 1 Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University / Region Skåne, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Kristina Sundquist
- 1 Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University / Region Skåne, Malmö, Sweden2 Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Roura M, Domingo A, Leyva-Moral JM, Pool R. Hispano-Americans in Europe: what do we know about their health status and determinants? A scoping review. BMC Public Health 2015; 15:472. [PMID: 25948239 PMCID: PMC4430018 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-1799-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Policy makers and health practitioners are in need of guidance to respond to the growing geographic mobility of Hispano-American migrants in Europe. Drawing from contributions from epidemiology, social sciences, demography, psychology, psychiatry and economy, this scoping review provides an up-to-date and comprehensive synthesis of studies addressing the health status and determinants of this population. We describe major research gaps and suggest specific avenues of further inquiry. Methods We identified systematically papers that addressed the concepts “health” and “Hispano Americans” indexed in five data bases from Jan 1990 to May 2014 with no language restrictions. We screened the 4,464 citations retrieved against exclusion criteria and classified 193 selected references in 12 thematic folders with the aid of the reference management software ENDNOTE X6. After reviewing the full text of all papers we extracted relevant data systematically into a table template to facilitate the synthesising process. Results Most studies focused on a particular disease, leaving unexplored the interlinkages between different health conditions and how these relate to legislative, health services, environmental, occupational, and other health determinants. We elucidated some consistent results but there were many heterogeneous findings and several popular beliefs were not fully supported by empirical evidence. Few studies adopted a trans-national perspective and many consisted of cross-sectional descriptions that considered “Hispano-Americans” as a homogeneous category, limiting our analysis. Our results are also constrained by the availability and varying quality of studies reviewed. Conclusions Burgeoning research has produced some consistent findings but there are huge gaps in knowledge. To prevent unhelpful generalisations we need a more holistic and nuanced understanding of how mobility, ethnicity, income, gender, legislative status, employment status, working conditions, neighbourhood characteristics and social status intersect with demographic variables and policy contexts to influence the health of the diverse Hispano-American populations present in Europe. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-015-1799-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Roura
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB) Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Rosselló 132, 4th floor, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Andreu Domingo
- Centre for Demographic Studies, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Carrer de Ca n'Altayó. Edifici E2, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain.
| | - Juan M Leyva-Moral
- Escola Superior d'Infemeria del Mar, University Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader, 80, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Robert Pool
- Social Science and Global Health, Centre for Social Science and Global Health, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 15718, 1001, NE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Dai J, Zhong BL, Xiang YT, Chiu HFK, Chan SSM, Yu X, Caine ED. Internal migration, mental health, and suicidal behaviors in young rural Chinese. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2015; 50:621-31. [PMID: 25403568 PMCID: PMC4536925 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-014-0985-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is a dearth of data on the association of internal migration with mental health in young rural Chinese. This study aims to explore the associations between migrant status, mental health, and suicidal behaviors in young rural Chinese. METHODS We recruited 1,646 rural subjects aged 16-34 years, of whom 756 were migrant workers and 890 non-migrants, from ten representative villages in rural Sichuan Province, the southwestern part of China. To assess subject's depressive symptoms and general psychological quality of life (psycho-QOL), the study protocol included the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, and psycho-QOL subscale of the World Health Organization's QOL Questionnaire-Brief Version, in addition to structured questions regarding one-year suicidal thoughts and behaviors (serious ideation, plan, and attempt), socio-demographic, social support, and physical health information. RESULTS After adjustment for confounders, migrant workers had relative to non-migrant rural residents a decreased risk for depression (OR = 0.69, P = 0.026), but comparable risk for poor psycho-QOL (OR = 0.91, P = 0.557) and one-year suicidal behaviors (OR = 0.59-1.10, P = 0.19-0.90). Migrant status only accounted for 0.5, 2.8, 4.7, 9.8, and 12.6% of the total explainable variance for suicide attempt, poor psycho-QOL, suicide plan, depression and serious suicide ideation, respectively. CONCLUSION Our findings suggested that among young rural Chinese there were no significant associations involving migrant status and poor psycho-QOL or one-year suicidal behaviors, while migrant status significantly correlated with a decreased risk of depression. The unique contribution of migrant status to mental health among young rural Chinese participants in this study was very small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Dai
- Department of Psychiatry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Ground Floor, Multicentre, Tai Po Hospital, Tai Po, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China,Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Psychological Healthcare, Shenzhen Institute of Mental Health, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen Mental Health Center, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Bao-Liang Zhong
- Department of Psychiatry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Ground Floor, Multicentre, Tai Po Hospital, Tai Po, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Tao Xiang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Ground Floor, Multicentre, Tai Po Hospital, Tai Po, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Helen F. K. Chiu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Ground Floor, Multicentre, Tai Po Hospital, Tai Po, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Sandra S. M. Chan
- Department of Psychiatry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Ground Floor, Multicentre, Tai Po Hospital, Tai Po, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Yu
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Eric D. Caine
- Injury Control Research Center for Suicide Prevention and Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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Brown MJ, Cohen SA, Mezuk B. Duration of U.S. residence and suicidality among racial/ethnic minority immigrants. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2015; 50:257-67. [PMID: 25108531 PMCID: PMC4469644 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-014-0947-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The immigration experience embodies a range of factors including different cultural norms and expectations, which may be particularly important for groups who become racial/ethnic minorities when they migrate to the U.S. However, little is known about the correlates of mental health indicators among these groups. The primary and secondary aims were to determine the association between duration of U.S. residence and suicidality, and 12-month mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders, respectively, among racial/ethnic minority immigrants. METHODS Data were obtained from the National Survey of American Life and the National Latino and Asian American Survey. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the association between duration of US residence, and suicidality and 12-month psychopathology. RESULTS Among Afro-Caribbeans, there was a modest positive association between duration of U.S. residence and 12-month psychopathology (P linear trend = 0.016). Among Asians there was a modest positive association between duration of US residence and suicidal ideation and attempts (P linear trend = 0.018, 0.063, respectively). Among Latinos, there was a positive association between duration of US residence, and suicidal ideation, attempts and 12-month psychopathology (P linear trend = 0.001, 0.012, 0.002, respectively). Latinos who had been in the U.S. for >20 years had 2.6 times greater likelihood of suicidal ideation relative to those who had been in the U.S. for <5 years (95% CI 1.01-6.78). CONCLUSIONS The association between duration of US residence and suicidality and psychopathology varies across racial/ethnic minority groups. The results for Latino immigrants are broadly consistent with the goal-striving or acculturation stress hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique J. Brown
- Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, Division of Epidemiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA. 830 East Main Street, 8th Floor, Richmond 23219, VA, USA
| | - Steven A. Cohen
- Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, Division of Epidemiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Briana Mezuk
- Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, Division of Epidemiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA. Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA. Research Center for Group Dynamics, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Suicide attempt rates and intervention effects in women of Turkish origin in Berlin. Eur Psychiatry 2015; 30:480-5. [PMID: 25596777 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Ethnic minority groups show elevated suicide attempt rates across Europe. Evidence suggests a similar trend for women of Turkish origin in Germany, yet data on suicidal behaviour in minorities in Germany is scarce. The objective was to examine rates of suicidal behaviour, underlying motives, and to explore the effectiveness of an intervention program. METHODS From 05/2009-09/2011, data on all suicide attempts among women of Turkish origin who presented at a hospital-based emergency unit in Berlin, Germany, were collected. A multi-modal intervention was conducted in 2010 and the effects of age, generation and the intervention on suicide attempt rates were examined. RESULTS At the start, the highest rate was found in women aged 18-24years with 225.4 (95% CI=208.8-242.0)/100,000. Adjustment disorder was the most prevalent diagnosis with 49.7% (n=79), being more common in second-generation women (P=.004). Further analyses suggested an effect of the intervention in the youngest age group (trend change of ß=-1.25; P=.017). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest a particularly high rate of suicide attempts by 18-24-year-old, second-generation women of Turkish origin in Berlin. Furthermore, our results suggest a trend change in suicide attempts in women aged 18-24years related to a population-based intervention program.
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Lipsicas CB, Mäkinen IH, Wasserman D, Apter A, Kerkhof A, Michel K, Renberg ES, Van Heeringen K, Värnik A, Schmidtke A. Repetition of attempted suicide among immigrants in Europe. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2014; 59:539-47. [PMID: 25565687 PMCID: PMC4197788 DOI: 10.1177/070674371405901007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare frequencies of suicide attempt repetition in immigrants and local European populations, and the timing of repetition in these groups. METHOD Data from 7 European countries, comprising 10 574 local and 3032 immigrant subjects, were taken from the World Health Organization European Multicentre Study on Suicidal Behaviour and the ensuing Monitoring Suicidal Behaviour in Europe (commonly referred to as MONSUE) project. The relation between immigrant status and repetition of suicide attempt within 12-months following first registered attempt was analyzed with binary logistic regression, controlling for sex, age, and method of attempt. Timing of repetition was controlled for sex, age, and the recommended type of aftercare. RESULTS Lower odds of repeating a suicide attempt were found in Eastern European (OR 0.50; 95% CI 0.41 to 0.61, P < 0.001) and non-European immigrants (OR 0.68; 95% CI 0.51 to 0.90, P < 0.05), compared with the locals. Similar patterns were identified in the sex-specific analysis. Eastern European immigrants tended to repeat their attempt much later than locals (OR 0.58; 95% CI 0.35 to 0.93, P < 0.05). In general, 32% of all repetition occurred within 30 days. Repetition tended to decrease with age and was more likely in females using harder methods in their index attempt (OR 1.29; 95% CI 1.08 to 1.54, P < 0.01). Large variations in the general repetition frequency were identified between the collecting centres, thus influencing the results. CONCLUSIONS The lower repetition frequencies in non-Western immigrants, compared with locals, in Europe stands in contrast to their markedly higher tendency to attempt suicide in general, possibly pointing to situational stress factors related to their suicidal crisis that are less persistent over time. Our findings also raise the possibility that suicide attempters and repeaters constitute only partially overlapping populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cendrine Bursztein Lipsicas
- Doctoral Graduate, National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of Mental Ill-Health, Karolinska Institute and Stockholm County Council's Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ilkka Henrik Mäkinen
- Professor, Department of Sociology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Professor, Stockholm Centre on Health of Societies in Transition, School of Social Sciences, Södertörn University, Södertörn, Sweden
| | - Danuta Wasserman
- Professor, National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of Mental Ill-Health, Karolinska Institute and Stockholm County Council's Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, Stockholm, Sweden; Head of World Health Organization Lead Collaborating Centre of Mental Health Problems and Suicide across Europe, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alan Apter
- Professor, Feinberg Child Study Center and the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Schneider Children Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel
| | - Ad Kerkhof
- Professor, Department of Clinical Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Konrad Michel
- Professor, University Psychiatric Services, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ellinor Salander Renberg
- Professor, Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Psychiatry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kees Van Heeringen
- Professor, University Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Unit for Suicide Research, University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
| | - Airi Värnik
- Professor, Estonian-Swedish Mental Health and Suicidology Institute, Tallinn, Estonia; Professor, Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Armin Schmidtke
- Professor, Unit for Clinical Psychology, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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