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Masci M, Caproni R, Nevigato T. Chromatographic Methods for the Determination of Glyphosate in Cereals Together with a Discussion of Its Occurrence, Accumulation, Fate, Degradation, and Regulatory Status. Methods Protoc 2024; 7:38. [PMID: 38804332 PMCID: PMC11130892 DOI: 10.3390/mps7030038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The European Union's recent decision to renew the authorization for the use of glyphosate until 15 December 2033 has stimulated scientific discussion all around the world regarding its toxicity or otherwise for humans. Glyphosate is a chemical of which millions of tons have been used in the last 50 years worldwide to dry out weeds in cultivated fields and greenhouses and on roadsides. Concern has been raised in many areas about its possible presence in the food chain and its consequent adverse effects on health. Both aspects that argue in favor of toxicity and those that instead may indicate limited toxicity of glyphosate are discussed here. The widespread debate that has been generated requires further investigations and field measurements to understand glyphosate's fate once dispersed in the environment and its concentration in the food chain. Hence, there is a need for validated analytical methods that are available to analysts in the field. In the present review, methods for the analytical determination of glyphosate and its main metabolite, AMPA, are discussed, with a specific focus on chromatographic techniques applied to cereal products. The experimental procedures are explained in detail, including the cleanup, derivatization, and instrumental conditions, to give the laboratories involved enough information to proceed with the implementation of this line of analysis. The prevalent chromatographic methods used are LC-MS/MS, GC-MS/SIM, and GC-MS/MS, but sufficient indications are also given to those laboratories that wish to use the better performing high-resolution MS or the simpler HPLC-FLD, HPLC-UV, GC-NPD, and GC-FPD techniques for screening purposes. The concentrations of glyphosate from the literature measured in wheat, corn, barley, rye, oats, soybean, and cereal-based foods are reported, together with its regulatory status in various parts of the world and its accumulation mechanism. As for its accumulation in cereals, the available data show that glyphosate tends to accumulate more in wholemeal flours than in refined ones, that its concentration in the product strictly depends on the treatment period (the closer it is to the time of harvesting, the higher the concentration), and that in cold climates, the herbicide tends to persist in the soil for a long time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Masci
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy (T.N.)
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de J Bastidas-Bastidas P, Cabrera R, Valenzuela-Quintanar AI, Olmeda-Rubio C, González-Mendoza VM, Perea-Domínguez XP, González-Márquez LC, Del C Salvatierra-Stamp V, Leyva-Morales JB. Validation and Application of UPLC-MS/MS Method to Analysis of Glyphosate and its Metabolites in Water. J Chromatogr Sci 2024; 62:364-371. [PMID: 37350498 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmad045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
A method was developed to determine glyphosate and their metabolites in water. The widespread use of this herbicide in agricultural activities worldwide, despite the reported adverse effects on both the environment and health, is a cause for concern and makes it necessary to monitor its presence through a method that guarantees the determination at trace levels. A direct extraction of the analytes with phosphate buffer was performed with subsequent derivatization with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate. The quantification was determined by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer. The method was validated through the following parameters: selectivity, detection and quantification limits, linearity, accuracy, precision and uncertainty. The average recoveries ranged between 94.08 and 103.31%. Additionally, detection limits from 0.396 to 0.433 μg/L, and the quantification limit was 5.0 μg/L for all the analytes evaluated. In terms of linearity and precision, the results obtained were in the ranges considered adequate (R2 ≥ 0.99 and CV ≤ 20%), the estimated expanded uncertainty was 12.95, 11.15 and 13.83% for glyphosate, aminomethylphosphonic acid and glufosinate, respectively. This method was successfully applied for the determination of the target analytes in irrigation water samples, detecting concentrations of aminomethylphosphonic acid over limit detection for some sampling sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro de J Bastidas-Bastidas
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Carretera a Eldorado Km. 5.5 Campo el Diez, Culiacán, C.P. 80110 Sinaloa, México
| | - Rosina Cabrera
- Conahcyt-Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Unidad Regional Hidalgo, Distrito de Educación, Salud, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación de Hidalgo, Blvd. Santa Catarina, San Agustín Tlaxiaca, Hidalgo, C.P. 42163, Mexico
| | - Ana I Valenzuela-Quintanar
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas, No. 46 Colonia La Victoria, Hermosillo, Sonora C.P. 83304, México
| | - Claudia Olmeda-Rubio
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Carretera a Eldorado Km. 5.5 Campo el Diez, Culiacán, C.P. 80110 Sinaloa, México
| | - Victor M González-Mendoza
- Conahcyt-Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Unidad Regional Hidalgo, Distrito de Educación, Salud, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación de Hidalgo, Blvd. Santa Catarina,San Agustín Tlaxiaca, Hidalgo, C.P. 42163, Mexico
| | - Xiomara P Perea-Domínguez
- Doctorado en Sustentabilidad, Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, Unidad Regional Guasave, Av Universidad S/N, Fraccionamiento Villa Universidad, Guasave, Sinaloa C.P. 81048, México
| | - Luis C González-Márquez
- Doctorado en Sustentabilidad, Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, Unidad Regional Guasave, Av Universidad S/N, Fraccionamiento Villa Universidad, Guasave, Sinaloa C.P. 81048, México
| | - Vilma Del C Salvatierra-Stamp
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Colima, Carretera Colima-Coquimatlán km 9, Coquimatlán, Colima C.P. 28400, México
| | - José B Leyva-Morales
- Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad (CIRENYS), Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Avenida Viel 1497, Santiago de C.P. 8370993, Chile
- Universidad Politécnica del Mar y la Sierra. Carretera a Potrerillos del Norote km.3, La Cruz, Elota, Sinaloa C.P. 82700, Mexico
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González-Moscoso M, Meza-Figueroa D, Martínez-Villegas NV, Pedroza-Montero MR. GLYPHOSATE IMPACT on human health and the environment: Sustainable alternatives to replace it in Mexico. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 340:139810. [PMID: 37598951 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum, non-selective herbicide used to control weeds and protect agricultural crops, and it is classified as potentially carcinogenic by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. In Mexico, the use of pesticides is a common practice, including glyphosate. However, on December 31st, 2020, the Mexican government decreed the prohibition of this herbicide as of January 2024. In this review, we investigate the association between glyphosate and cancer risk and found that most of the studies focused using animals showing negative effects such as genotoxicity, cytotoxicity and neurotoxicity, some studies used cancer cell lines showing proliferative effects due to glyphosate exposure. To our knowledge, in Mexico, there are no scientific reports on the association of glyphosate with any type of cancer. In addition, we reviewed the toxicological effects of the herbicide glyphosate, and the specific case of the current situation of the use and environmental damage of this herbicide in Mexico. We found that few studies have been published on glyphosate, and that the largest number of publications are from the International Agency for Research on Cancer classification to date. Additionally, we provide data on glyphosate stimulation at low doses as a biostimulant in crops and analytical monitoring techniques for the detection of glyphosates in different matrices. Finally, we have tried to summarize the actions of the Mexican government to seek sustainable alternatives and replace the use of glyphosate, to obtain food free of this herbicide and take care of the health of the population and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magín González-Moscoso
- Departamento de Nanotecnología, Universidad Politécnica de Chiapas (UPChiapas), Carretera Tuxtla Gutierrez.-Portillo Zaragoza Km 21+500, Col. Las Brisas, Suchiapa, 29150, Chiapas, Mexico.
| | - Diana Meza-Figueroa
- Departamento de Geología, Universidad de Sonora, Rosales y Encinas, Hermosillo, 83000, Sonora, Mexico
| | | | - Martín Rafael Pedroza-Montero
- Departamento de Investigación en Física, Universidad de Sonora, Rosales y Encinas, Hermosillo, 83000, Sonora, Mexico
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Damiani S, Leite Montalvão MT, de Alcântara Mendes R, Gomes da Costa AC, Sousa Passos CJ. Water and sediment pesticide contamination on indigenous lands surrounded by oil palm plantations in the Brazilian Amazon. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19920. [PMID: 37771527 PMCID: PMC10522942 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Large-scale oil palm cultivation with intensive pesticide use has been growing worldwide and reached the Brazilian Amazon. The rapid expansion of this crop over the last decade has reached vast areas, including the boundaries of different indigenous lands. This study aimed at assessing the occurrence of pesticide residues in surface and ground waters as well as drainage sediments in the Turé-Mariquita Indigenous Territory, in addition to other nearby indigenous villages in the northeastern state of Pará. Thirty-three (33) water samples were collected from streams, springs and from active and abandoned wells at 19 sampling points, as well as 16 sediment samples at 9 sampling sites both during dry and rainy seasons. In total, 49 environmental samples were taken during fieldworks and subsequently analyzed by means of liquid chromatography and mass-mass spectrometry. The analytical determination of pesticide residues showed the occurrence of three pesticides in the water both from streams and from wells, two of them knowingly used by the oil palm company: glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) and endosulfan insecticides. Although the highest glyphosate and endosulfan levels as well as the maximum concentration of glyphosate found in ground water are within the Brazilian environmental regulatory guidelines, all the values for human consumption found in the glyphosate-containing samples are well above the European Union regulatory standards. Our results draw the attention to the risks of biota contamination and human exposure to multiple-pesticide residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Damiani
- Center for Sustainable Development, University of Brasília, Darcy Ribeiro University Campus, Brasília/DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Maria Tereza Leite Montalvão
- Forest Engineering Department, Technology School, University of Brasília, Darcy Ribeiro University Campus, Brasília/DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Rosivaldo de Alcântara Mendes
- Environmental Health Division, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Av. Alm. Barroso, 492, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Amilton César Gomes da Costa
- Environmental Health Division, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Av. Alm. Barroso, 492, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Carlos José Sousa Passos
- Center for Sustainable Development, University of Brasília, Darcy Ribeiro University Campus, Brasília/DF, 70910-900, Brazil
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Ayoola RT, Olujimi OO, Bada BS, Dedeke GA. Seasonal variations in the levels of glyphosate in soil, water and crops from three farm settlements in Oyo state, Nigeria. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20324. [PMID: 37809706 PMCID: PMC10560061 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the concentration of glyphosate in water (groundwater and surface), soil (top and sub) on cassava and maize farms within 3 farm settlements (Akufo, Ilora and Otiri Ipapo) from Ido, Oyo and Iseyin Local Government Areas of Oyo state, Nigeria. Samples of Top and sub soil were taken from the farms while water was collected from wells (groundwater) and streams (surface water) around each farm settlement using standard methods. Crops (cassava and Maize) samples were collected from each of the selected farm after harvest. The samples were collected over a six-month period to reflect seasonal variation. The glyphosate levels were determined using HPLC-FLD after liquid-liquid extraction technique for water and soxhlet extraction for soil crops The pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS) values for groundwater were within the WHO limits while values recorded for surface water were above the WHO limits. The phosphate and nitrate values were high in surface water compared to groundwater. High concentration of the exchangeable cations were recorded at the top soil for all the farms with values ranging from 4.0 ± 0.1 to 8.2 ± 0.0 for Ca2+, 2.9 ± 0.0 to 5.1 ± 0.1 for Mg2+, 0.3 ± 0.2 to 0.55 ± 0.0 for Na+, and 0.32 ± 0.0 to 8.2 ± 0.0 for K+. the residual concentration of glyphosate taken from wells and taps (groundwater) were within the maximum concentration of glyphosate in drinking water (0.7 mgL-1). Glyphosate concentrations observed were higher in soil samples from all farm settlements during wet season compared to dry, higher concentrations were also observed in surface water during wet season (August) compared to dry, with Akufo farm settlement having the highest concentrations of 29.40 ± 0.83 mgL-1. The glyphosate residues were also higher in cassava (0.3 ± 0.0 mgKg-1) compared to maize (0.07 ± 0.08 mgKg-1) across each farm settlement. Generally, the higher concentrations observed during wet season in both soil and water samples were as a result of active farm activities during wet season and run off respectively. If herbicide usage is not properly monitored within these settlements, it can pose a threat to aquatic animals and humans around the settlements, thus a sustainable and conservative farming is advised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhoda Titilope Ayoola
- Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, College of Environmental Resources Management, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Olanrewaju Olusoji Olujimi
- Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, College of Environmental Resources Management, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Babtunde Saheed Bada
- Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, College of Environmental Resources Management, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
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Nwinyimagu AJ, Eyo JE, Nwonumara GN. Distribution and ecological risk assessment of herbicide residues in water, sediment and fish from Anyim River, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 100:104131. [PMID: 37054959 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The presence of herbicide residues in water, sediment and African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) from Anyim River was investigated bimonthly from November, 2017 to September 2019. The aim of the study was to evaluate the pollution status of the river and the associated health hazard. The herbicides investigated were glyphosate-based and included sarosate, paraquat, clear weed, delsate and roundup. The samples were collected and analyzed accordingly using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) based method. The concentration of herbicide residues ranged from 0.02 to 0.77 µg/gdw in sediment, 0.01-0.26 µg/gdw in fish and 0.03-0.43 µg/L in water respectively. Risk Quotient (RQ) deterministic method was used to assess the ecological risk of herbicide residue in fish and the result indicated chances of causing adverse effect on fish species in the river (RQ ≥ 1). Human health risk assessment further indicated potential health implications on humans consuming the contaminated fish on long term basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaechi Joshua Nwinyimagu
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.
| | - Joseph Effiong Eyo
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
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Arreguin-Rebolledo U, Páez-Osuna F, Betancourt-Lozano M, Rico-Martínez R. Multi-and transgenerational synergistic effects of glyphosate and chlorpyrifos at environmentally relevant concentrations in the estuarine rotifer Proales similis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 318:120708. [PMID: 36410595 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the multi-and transgenerational effects of single and combined environmentally relevant concentrations of glyphosate (GLY) and chlorpyrifos (CPF) in the estuarine rotifer Proales similis. The acute and chronic toxicities of GLY and CPF were determined as individual compounds and as a mixture. Rotifers were exposed to environmental concentrations of GLY (1, 10, 100, and 1000 μg/L) and CPF (0.1, 1, 5, and 10 μg/L). The main findings were as follows: (i) the LC50 values were 33.91 mg/L (GLY) and 280 μg/L (CPF); (ii) the toxic unit (TU50) of the mixture was 0.30, corresponding to 10.17 mg/L GLY and 83 μg/L CPF; (iii) the multigenerational study indicated that the tested concentrations of GLY and CPF, both single and combined, significantly and consistently decreased the growth rates of P. similis from the F0 to F6 generations; (iv) in most cases, GLY and CPF mixtures induced a strong synergistic effect; and (v) transgenerational effects were detected in the F4 generation, especially GLY and CPF in higher equitoxic proportions. These effects seem to dissipate in F5. Across multigeneration, a slight recovery could indicate population resilience to pollution. Our findings suggest that a mixture of GLY and CPF at environmental concentrations is likely to occur under real field conditions, increasing the risk to marine and estuarine invertebrates such as rotifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uriel Arreguin-Rebolledo
- Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Avenida Universidad 940, C.P. 20100, Aguascalientes, Ags, Mexico
| | - Federico Páez-Osuna
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Unidad Académica, Mazatlán, Mexico
| | | | - Roberto Rico-Martínez
- Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Avenida Universidad 940, C.P. 20100, Aguascalientes, Ags, Mexico.
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Ames J, Miragem AA, Cordeiro MF, Cerezer FO, Loro VL. Effects of glyphosate on zebrafish: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 31:1189-1204. [PMID: 36065034 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-022-02581-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate herbicide is widely used in worldwide crop production. Consequently, its active ingredient, surfactants, and adjuvants commonly reach the aquatic ecosystem, thereby harming the biota. An investigation into how this herbicide affects aquatic species is important, especially in fish, as they have the ability to absorb and concentrate toxins. We aimed to evaluate the effects of glyphosate on the embryonic, larval and adult stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio), an appreciable organismal model. In this sense, we performed a meta-analysis using published articles from online databases (PubMed and ScienceDirect), which covered studies published until 2022. From a massive compilation of studies evaluating the effects of active substance glyphosate and Glyphosate-Based Herbicides (GBH) on zebrafish, we selected 36 studies used in downstream analyses. Overall, we report that glyphosate affects developmental stages and demonstrates toxicity and damage in zebrafish. We observed that embryos exposed to glyphosate exhibit increased mortality. There was also an increase in the number of morphological abnormalities related to yolk sac oedema, pericardial oedema, spinal curvature and body malformations, and a decrease in body size was observed. Furthermore, there was a decrease in the number of beats. The biochemical results demonstrated an increase in reactive oxygen species and antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals in the gills. The literature shows that glyphosate decreased the distance covered and the mean speed of the animals and increased the number of rotations. We concluded that glyphosate causes damage in the embryonic, larval and adult stages of this species. These results are valid for zebrafish and can be applied to other freshwater fish species. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaíne Ames
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
- Laboratório de Análises Biológicas, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Farroupilha, Santa Rosa, RS, 98787-740, Brazil
- Laboratório de Toxicologia Aquática, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Antônio Azambuja Miragem
- Laboratório de Análises Biológicas, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Farroupilha, Santa Rosa, RS, 98787-740, Brazil
| | - Marcos Freitas Cordeiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências e Saúde, Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina, Joaçaba, SC, Brazil
| | - Felipe Osmari Cerezer
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Animal, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Vania Lucia Loro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Análises Biológicas, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Farroupilha, Santa Rosa, RS, 98787-740, Brazil.
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Terrazas-Salgado L, Yáñez-Rivera B, Llera-Herrera R, García-Gasca A, Alvarado-Cruz I, Betancourt-Lozano M. Transcriptomic signaling in zebrafish ( Danio rerio) embryos exposed to environmental concentrations of glyphosate. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2022; 57:775-785. [PMID: 36048159 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2022.2115780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] is one of the most popular herbicides worldwide. Globally, the use of glyphosate is increasing, and its residues have been found in drinking water and food products. The data regarding the possible toxic effects of this herbicide are controversial. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of glyphosate at environmental concentrations in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. Embryos were exposed to 0, 1, 100, and 1,000 µg/L glyphosate for 96 h, and mortality, heart rate, and hatching rate were evaluated. After the experiment, RNA was extracted from the embryos for transcriptional analysis. No mortality was recorded, and exposure to 100 µg/L and 1,000 µg/L of glyphosate resulted in lower heart rates at 48 h. In addition, RNA-seq analysis revealed that glyphosate exposure induced subtle changes in gene transcription profiles. We found 30 differentially expressed genes; however, the highest glyphosate concentration (1,000 µg/L) induced the greatest number of differentially expressed genes involved in oocyte maturation, metabolic processes, histone deacetylation, and nervous system development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Terrazas-Salgado
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A. C. Avenida Sábalo-Cerritos S/N, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, México
| | - Beatriz Yáñez-Rivera
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A. C. Avenida Sábalo-Cerritos S/N, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, México
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Raúl Llera-Herrera
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología - Unidad Académica Mazatlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, México
| | - Alejandra García-Gasca
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A. C. Avenida Sábalo-Cerritos S/N, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, México
| | - Isabel Alvarado-Cruz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Miguel Betancourt-Lozano
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A. C. Avenida Sábalo-Cerritos S/N, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, México
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Dissanayake TWK, Malavipathirana S, Ranasinghe P, Mubarak MNA, Navarathne AN. Challenges in direct determination of Glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid in water by LC-MS/MS at modified reverse phase columns: Effect of matrix interferences in fresh and hard water systems. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:3691-3699. [PMID: 35932483 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study validated two underivatized methods (M1 & M2) according to the Eurachem guidelines to analyze the herbicide Glyphosate and its major metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid simultaneously by LC-MS/MS in both fresh and hard waters. Samples were analyzed directly after filtration through 0.22 μm syringe filters in M1, while samples were acidified with acetic acid before filtration in M2. Spike recoveries were greater than 80% for Glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid in both methods. The LOQ was 0.5 μg L-1 for M1, and 0.1 μg L-1 for M2 by using matrix-matched calibrations. The linear regression coefficient of both methods was greater than 0.995. The expanded uncertainty was found to be less than 25% for both. Moreover, M1 has an additional mass spectral confirmation ability, and the column and the mobile phase used in M2 can be used to analyze the inert surfactant used in Glyphosate formulations, Polyethoxylated tallow amine. The accuracy of the developed methods was assured by participating in a proficiency testing program against M2, and conducting the t-test for results generated by both M1 and M2. Both methods, therefore, can be used to determine Glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid content concurrently in fresh and hard waters. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarath Malavipathirana
- Department of Physical Sciences and Technology, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, PO Box 2, Belihuloya, Sri Lanka
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Sandoval-Gío JJ, Polanco-Rodríguez ÁG, Araujo-León JA, Burgos-Díaz MI, Yáñez-Rivera B, la Cruz JCD. First Evidence of Glyphosate in American Horseshoe Crab from the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 108:646-651. [PMID: 34807277 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-021-03412-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is the most used herbicide in the world. Unfortunately, contamination of water bodies by this herbicide has been reported. A severe concern has been triggered given its detrimental impact on the environment and wildlife. The American horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) is a benthic arthropod that inhabits the Yucatan Peninsula in Southeast Mexico. This study evaluates the glyphosate concentration in 34 recently dead specimens of L. polyphemus from four localities of the Ria Lagartos Biosphere Reserve in Yucatan, Mexico. The analysis was carried out using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with a Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer. All the samples showed residues of glyphosate in the range from 0.08 to 2.38 ng g-1. These records constitute the first evidence of glyphosate bioaccumulation in this species. Although the scope might be limited, the results demonstrate a potentially prejudicial exposition of the marine biota to glyphosate-based herbicides, given its use in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan José Sandoval-Gío
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tizimín, Final Aeropuerto Cupul s/n. Col. Santa María., CP 97700, Tizimín, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - Ángel Gabriel Polanco-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Cromatografía, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán (UADY), Calle 43 No. 613 x C. 90, Col. Inalámbrica., C.P. 97069, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Jesús Alfredo Araujo-León
- Laboratorio de Cromatografía, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán (UADY), Calle 43 No. 613 x C. 90, Col. Inalámbrica., C.P. 97069, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Mateo Israel Burgos-Díaz
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tizimín, Final Aeropuerto Cupul s/n. Col. Santa María., CP 97700, Tizimín, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Beatriz Yáñez-Rivera
- CONACYT-Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A. C., (CIAD), Unidad Mazatlán en Acuicultura y Manejo Ambiental, Av. Sábalo-Cerritos s/n, Estero del Yugo, C.P. 82100, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Juan Candelero-de la Cruz
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tizimín, Final Aeropuerto Cupul s/n. Col. Santa María., CP 97700, Tizimín, Yucatán, Mexico
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12
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Mena F, Romero A, Blasco J, Araújo CVM. Can a mixture of agrochemicals (glyphosate, chlorpyrifos and chlorothalonil) mask the perception of an individual chemical? A hidden trap underlying ecological risk. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 230:113172. [PMID: 34998261 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As aquatic environments associated with conventional agriculture are exposed to various pesticides, it is important to identify any possible interactions that modify their effects when in a mixture. We applied avoidance tests with Danio rerio, exposing juveniles to three relevant current use pesticides: chlorpyrifos (CPF), chlorothalonil (CTL) and glyphosate (Gly), individually and in binary mixtures (CPF-Gly and CTL-Gly). Our goal was to identify the potential of contaminants to trigger the avoidance response in fish and detect any changes to that response resulting from binary mixtures. Avoidance was assessed for three hours using an open gradient system with six levels of increasing concentrations. Fish avoided environmentally relevant concentrations of the three compounds. The avoidance of CPF [AC50 = 7.95 (3.3-36.3) µg/L] and CTL [AC50 = 3.41 (1.2-41.6) µg/L] was evident during the entire period of observation. In the case of Gly, the response changed throughout the experiment: initially (until 100 min) the fish tolerated higher concentrations of the herbicide [AC50 = 52.2 (12.1-2700) µg/L] while during the later period (after 100 min) a clearer avoidance [1.5 (0.8-4.2) µg/L] was observed. The avoidance recorded using CPF and CTL alone was attenuated by the presence of Gly. Applying an additive concentration model, Gly initially acted synergistically with the other two compounds, although this interaction was not observed during the later period. Avoidance gives us an idea of how the distribution of populations may be altered by contamination, our results suggest that in some mixtures this response may be inhibited, at least temporarily, thus masking the ecological risk of the exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freylan Mena
- Instituto Regional de Estudios en Sustancias Tóxicas (IRET), Universidad Nacional, 86-3000 Heredia, Costa Rica.
| | - Adarli Romero
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, 11501-2060 San José, Costa Rica
| | - Julián Blasco
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalucía (CSIC), 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Cristiano V M Araújo
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalucía (CSIC), 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
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13
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Castrejón-Godínez ML, Tovar-Sánchez E, Valencia-Cuevas L, Rosas-Ramírez ME, Rodríguez A, Mussali-Galante P. Glyphosate Pollution Treatment and Microbial Degradation Alternatives, a Review. Microorganisms 2021; 9:2322. [PMID: 34835448 PMCID: PMC8625783 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum herbicide extensively used worldwide to eliminate weeds in agricultural areas. Since its market introduction in the 70's, the levels of glyphosate agricultural use have increased, mainly due to the introduction of glyphosate-resistant transgenic crops in the 90's. Glyphosate presence in the environment causes pollution, and recent findings have proposed that glyphosate exposure causes adverse effects in different organisms, including humans. In 2015, glyphosate was classified as a probable carcinogen chemical, and several other human health effects have been documented since. Environmental pollution and human health threats derived from glyphosate intensive use require the development of alternatives for its elimination and proper treatment. Bioremediation has been proposed as a suitable alternative for the treatment of glyphosate-related pollution, and several microorganisms have great potential for the biodegradation of this herbicide. The present review highlights the environmental and human health impacts related to glyphosate pollution, the proposed alternatives for its elimination through physicochemical and biological approaches, and recent studies related to glyphosate biodegradation by bacteria and fungi are also reviewed. Microbial remediation strategies have great potential for glyphosate elimination, however, additional studies are needed to characterize the mechanisms employed by the microorganisms to counteract the adverse effects generated by the glyphosate exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Efraín Tovar-Sánchez
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico; (E.T.-S.); (L.V.-C.)
| | - Leticia Valencia-Cuevas
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico; (E.T.-S.); (L.V.-C.)
| | | | - Alexis Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico;
| | - Patricia Mussali-Galante
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico;
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14
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Alcántara-de la Cruz R, Cruz-Hipolito HE, Domínguez-Valenzuela JA, De Prado R. Glyphosate ban in Mexico: potential impacts on agriculture and weed management. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:3820-3831. [PMID: 33723895 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Since glyphosate was classified as potentially carcinogenic by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, public debate regarding the environmental impact and health risks from its use has intensified. Almost all regulatory agencies throughout the world have concluded that the judicious use of glyphosate does not pose risks to the environment and human health. However, on the last day of 2020 the Mexican government decreed a ban of this herbicide beginning January, 2024. In current Mexican agriculture there are no safer chemical and/or other weed management technologies that allow for the economical substitution of glyphosate for weed control. Many Mexican weed scientists agree that glyphosate use should be reduced, but not banned outright. This decree could have more negative economic and social consequences as well as environmental and human health risks than benefits, which could compromise the country's food and public security. Crop yields are projected by some to decline by up to 40% with this ban, increasing food prices, making food less accessible to low-income consumers. In addition, a black market for the smuggling and illegal sale of glyphosate is possible. The possible environmental, economic and social impacts caused by the glyphosate ban in Mexico are discussed, emphasizing the impact on weed management. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Alcántara-de la Cruz
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
- Departamento de Parasitología Agrícola, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Texcoco, Mexico
| | | | | | - Rafael De Prado
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Edaphology and Microbiology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
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15
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Marques JGDC, Veríssimo KJDS, Fernandes BS, Ferreira SRDM, Montenegro SMGL, Motteran F. Glyphosate: A Review on the Current Environmental Impacts from a Brazilian Perspective. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 107:385-397. [PMID: 34142191 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-021-03295-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The indiscriminate use of glyphosate is one of the main agricultural practices to combat weeds and grasses; however, its incorrect application increases soil and water contamination caused by the product. This situation is even more critical due to its great versatility for use in different cultivars and at lower prices, making it the most used pesticide in the world. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of in-depth studies regarding the damage that its use may cause. Therefore, this review focused on the analysis of environmental impacts at the soil-water interface caused by the use of glyphosate. In this sense, studies have shown that the intensive use of glyphosate has the potential to cause harmful effects on soil microorganisms, leading to changes in soil fertility and ecological imbalance, as well as impacts on aquatic environments derived from changes in the food chain. This situation is similar in Brazil, with the harmful effects of glyphosate in nontarget species and the contamination of the atmosphere. Therefore, it is necessary to change this scenario by modifying the type of pest control in agriculture, and actions such as crop rotation and biological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathas Gomes de Carvalho Marques
- Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Pernambuco - UFPE. Rua Acadêmico Hélio Ramos, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50740-530, Brazil.
| | - Klayde Janny da Silva Veríssimo
- Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Pernambuco - UFPE. Rua Acadêmico Hélio Ramos, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50740-530, Brazil
| | - Bruna Soares Fernandes
- Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Pernambuco - UFPE. Rua Acadêmico Hélio Ramos, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50740-530, Brazil
| | - Silvio Romero de Melo Ferreira
- Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Pernambuco - UFPE. Rua Acadêmico Hélio Ramos, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50740-530, Brazil
| | - Suzana Maria Gico Lima Montenegro
- Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Pernambuco - UFPE. Rua Acadêmico Hélio Ramos, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50740-530, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Motteran
- Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Pernambuco - UFPE. Rua Acadêmico Hélio Ramos, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50740-530, Brazil
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16
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Meftaul IM, Venkateswarlu K, Annamalai P, Parven A, Megharaj M. Glyphosate use in urban landscape soils: Fate, distribution, and potential human and environmental health risks. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 292:112786. [PMID: 34030020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This novel study investigated the fate and distribution in soils, and potential exposure risk of glyphosate, an extensively used herbicide in urban landscapes. The rate-determining step of glyphosate sorption in urban soils involved chemisorption processes through exchange or sharing of electrons that followed the pseudo-second-order kinetics model. As evidenced by the Freundlich isotherm model, glyphosate gets partitioned into heterogeneous surfaces of soil organic matter (OM) and clay minerals, and then diffused into soil micropores. The principal component analysis revealed that soil OM (R2 = 0.873), oxides of Al (R2 = 0.361) and Fe (R2 = 0.126), and contents of clay (R2 = 0.061) and silt (R2 = 0.432) were positively correlated with the distribution coefficient (Kd) of glyphosate, while alkaline pH (R2 = -0.389) and sand content (R2 = -0.343) negatively correlated with the Kd values. Well-decomposed soil OM, consisting of C-H and CO functional groups, enhanced glyphosate sorption, whereas partially decomposed/undecomposed OM facilitated desorption process. Desorption of glyphosate was favoured in seven of nine selected soils due to adverse hysteresis effects (HI = 0.74-1.0). The higher values of leachability index (0.31-1.0) and groundwater ubiquity score (1.60-3.44) calculated for the urban soils indicated the great leaching potential of glyphosate from soil surface to waterbodies. Use of glyphosate on impermeable surfaces might directly contaminate water sources and affect potability of water, non-target biota, and food safety. The calculated values of cancer risk (10-8‒10-12) and hazard quotient (1.47 × 10-6‒4.12 × 10-6) suggested that the human exposure to glyphosate-contaminated soils through dermal, ingestion and inhalation pathways might cause negligible or no carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks to humans. Therefore, glyphosate should be applied judiciously at recommended concentrations in the urban landscapes, mainly on impervious surfaces, to minimize its health impacts in humans and environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam Md Meftaul
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Kadiyala Venkateswarlu
- Formerly Department of Microbiology, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapuramu, 515003, India
| | - Prasath Annamalai
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Aney Parven
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Mallavarapu Megharaj
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
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17
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Rodríguez-Miguel A, Hernández-Zamora M, Martínez-Jerónimo L, Martínez-Jerónimo F. Exposure to sublethal concentrations of the glyphosate-based herbicide Faena® increases sensitivity in the progeny of the American cladoceran Daphnia exilis (Herrick, 1895). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:38094-38105. [PMID: 33725304 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13259-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The use of herbicides has increased over the last decades. Glyphosate is the most widely used herbicide commercialized in more than 750 formulations. While information about glyphosate's toxicity on different non-target aquatic organisms has been vastly documented, we know little about the transgenerational effects in aquatic biota. This study determined the cross-generation effects produced by the glyphosate-based herbicide Faena® on the American cladoceran Daphnia exilis. Measured endpoints were survival, reproductive responses, metabolic biomarkers, and the size of neonates. D. exilis was exposed to glyphosate concentrations of 2.09, 2.49, and 3.15 (mg L-1) (as content in Faena®) during 21 days starting from neonates, at 25°C, 16:8 photoperiod, fed with 8 × 105 cells mL-1 of Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. The LC50 was 4.22 mg L-1. Survival, accumulated progeny, and the number of clutches in the parental generation (P1) were significantly higher than those observed in the first generation (F1). Exposure to the herbicide completely inhibited reproduction in the F1. The size of the neonates varied among treatments and broods in P1; nevertheless, neonate size (body and total lengths, as well as body width) was significantly affected in F1. Toxic effects on the survival and reproduction of D. exilis were significantly increased in the F1 exposed to Faena®. Results warn about the augmented effect on progeny where parents were exposed to this herbicide. Multigenerational adverse effects could be expected in freshwater zooplankton exposed to Faena®. The frequently claimed low toxicity of glyphosate must be revised to control the indiscriminate use of this herbicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Rodríguez-Miguel
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Hidrobiología Experimental, Prol. Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomás, 11340, Mexico City, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Miriam Hernández-Zamora
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Hidrobiología Experimental, Prol. Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomás, 11340, Mexico City, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Laura Martínez-Jerónimo
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Hidrobiología Experimental, Prol. Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomás, 11340, Mexico City, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Fernando Martínez-Jerónimo
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Hidrobiología Experimental, Prol. Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomás, 11340, Mexico City, CDMX, Mexico.
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18
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Sesin V, Davy CM, Stevens KJ, Hamp R, Freeland JR. Glyphosate Toxicity to Native Nontarget Macrophytes Following Three Different Routes of Incidental Exposure. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2021; 17:597-613. [PMID: 32979014 PMCID: PMC8246556 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A major goal of invasive plant management is the restoration of native biodiversity, but effective methods for invasive plant control can be harmful to native plants. Informed application of control methods is required to reach restoration goals. The herbicide glyphosate, commonly applied in invasive plant management, can be toxic to native macrophytes. Our study assessed the response of 2 macrophytes that are endangered in our study area (Ammannia robusta and Sida hermaphrodita) to glyphosate concentrations that mimic incidental exposure from nearby invasive plant control: spray drift of 4 × 10-7 % to 5% glyphosate; pulse and continuous immersion in water containing 2 to 41 µg/L glyphosate; and rhizosphere contact with 5%-glyphosate-wicked invasive plants. We assessed macrophyte sensitivity at 14-d postexposure, and quantified abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Glyphosate spray concentrations as low as 0.1% reduced macrophyte growth. Ammannia was more sensitive overall to glyphosate spray than Sida, although sensitivity varied among measured endpoints. Conversely, macrophytes were not affected by immersion in low concentrations of glyphosate or rhizosphere contact with a glyphosate-wicked plant. Likewise, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi abundance in roots was similar among glyphosate-sprayed and control plants. Based on our results, we recommend that invasive plant managers reduce risks to native nontarget plants through implementing measures that limit off-target spray drift, and consider the feasibility of more targeted applications, such as with wick equipment. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:597-613. © 2020 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Sesin
- Environment and Life Sciences, Trent UniversityPeterboroughOntarioCanada
| | - Christina M Davy
- Wildlife Research and Monitoring Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and ForestryPeterboroughOntarioCanada
- Department of BiologyTrent UniversityPeterboroughOntarioCanada
| | - Kevin J Stevens
- Department of BiologyWilfrid Laurier UniversityWaterlooOntarioCanada
| | - Rebekah Hamp
- Department of BiologyWilfrid Laurier UniversityWaterlooOntarioCanada
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19
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Thanomsit C, Kiatprasert P, Prasatkaew W, Khongchareonporn N, Nanthanawat P. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) monoclonal antibody generation and validation for use as a biomarker of glyphosate-based herbicide exposure in commercial freshwater fish. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 241:108956. [PMID: 33346154 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody specific to acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was extracted from the brain of hybrid catfish after exposure to glyphosate-based herbicide for 24 h. AChE was partially purified using hydroxyapatite and chromatography columns. The specific characteristics of AChE were studied by western blot using commercial polyclonal antibody (Rabbit anti-Fish AChE). It was found that the protein band had a molecular weight of 71 kDa. After mice were injected with AChE 4 times, the spleen showed a response to the induction. Polyclonal B cells from the mouse's spleen were taken and fused with myeloma cells to produce hybrid cells. After two fusions were performed, the clones specific to AChE were selected by dot blot, ELISA, immunohistochemistry and western blot techniques. Two clones, ACHE 33 and ACHE 99, which had the isotype of IgM were found. These two produced monoclonal antibodies specific to AChE in both denatured and native forms. The ACHE 33 monoclonal antibody clone from hybrid catfish could be cross-react with two commercial freshwater fishes, Nile tilapia and climbing perch, based on dot blot, immunohistochemistry, and western blot techniques. Moreover, AChE in Nile tilapia and climbing perch with glyphosate- based herbicide exposure gave a positive result with ACHE 33 as protein with molecular weight of 66 kDa. Based on our results, the produced monoclonal antibody showed specificity and could be applied to test AChE expression to assess glyphosate-based herbicide contamination in hybrid catfish, Nile tilapia and climbing perch. It could be also be a useful tool in indicating the quality of water resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chutima Thanomsit
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Surin Campus, Surin 32000, Thailand
| | - Pongpat Kiatprasert
- Department of Science and Mathematics, Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Surin Campus, Surin 32000, Thailand
| | - Witchuda Prasatkaew
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Dhonburi Rajabhat University, Samutprakan, 10540, Thailand
| | - Nanthika Khongchareonporn
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Food Risk Hub, Research Unit of Chulalongkorn University, 10330, Thailand
| | - Phochit Nanthanawat
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Burapha University, Chonburi 20131, Thailand.
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20
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Trigueiro NSDS, Gonçalves BB, Dias FC, de Oliveira Lima EC, Rocha TL, Sabóia-Morais SMT. Co-exposure of iron oxide nanoparticles and glyphosate-based herbicide induces DNA damage and mutagenic effects in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 81:103521. [PMID: 33132197 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have been tested to remediate aquatic environments polluted by chemicals, such as pesticides. However, their interactive effects on aquatic organisms remain unknown. This study aimed to investigate the genotoxicity and mutagenicity of co-exposure of IONPs (γ-Fe2O3 NPs) and glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH) in the fish Poecilia reticulata. Thus, fish were exposed to citrate-functionalized γ-Fe2O3 NPs (0.3 mg L-1; 5.44 nm) alone or co-exposed to γ-Fe2O3 NPs (0.3 mg L-1) and GBH (65 and 130 μg of glyphosate L-1) during 14 and 21 days. The genotoxicity (DNA damage) was analyzed by comet assay, while the mutagenicity evaluated by micronucleus test (MN test) and erythrocyte nuclear abnormalities (ENA) frequency. The co-exposure induced clastogenic (DNA damage) and aneugenic (nuclear alterations) effects on guppies in a time-dependent pattern. Fish co-exposed to NPs and GBH (130 μg glyphosate L-1) showed high DNA damage when compared to NPs alone and control group, indicating synergic effects after 21 days of exposure. However, mutagenic effects (ENA) were observed in the exposure groups after 14 and 21 days. Results showed the potential genotoxic and mutagenic effects of maghemite NPs and GBH co-exposure to freshwater fish. The transformation and interaction of iron oxide nanoparticles with other pollutants, as herbicides, in the aquatic systems are critical factors in the environmental risk assessment of metal-based NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Silvestre de Souza Trigueiro
- Laboratory of Cellular Behavior, Department of Morphology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil; Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Bruno Bastos Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Felipe Cirqueira Dias
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | - Thiago Lopes Rocha
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
| | - Simone Maria Teixeira Sabóia-Morais
- Laboratory of Cellular Behavior, Department of Morphology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
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Reynoso EC, Peña RD, Reyes D, Chavarin-Pineda Y, Palchetti I, Torres E. Determination of Glyphosate in Water from a Rural Locality in México and Its Implications for the Population Based on Water Consumption and Use Habits. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E7102. [PMID: 32998276 PMCID: PMC7579432 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17197102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum herbicide widely used worldwide. Indeed, it is the herbicide most applied to all Mexican crops. Due to the overuse and poor disposal of the waste, this herbicide can reach the aquatic environments such as groundwater and surface water. Thus, there is a clear need to implement monitoring and surveillance programs for evaluating and controlling the exposure to this herbicide in rural populations. The goal of this study was to quantify the presence of glyphosate in different water bodies (groundwater, surface and drinking water) as well as to identify the uses and managements of water resources by rural communities to evaluate the potential human exposure to glyphosate in the Tenampulco region of the Mexican state of Puebla. Measurements were performed by a rapid and cost-effective ELISA-based method in groundwater and surface water from various sampling sites of the Tenampulco region. Glyphosate was detected in all groundwater samples to be below the maximum limit for glyphosate in water in Mexico. Nevertheless, these results indicate an exposure of glyphosate in these agricultural communities and the need to establish a monitoring program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo C. Reynoso
- Posgrado en Ciencias Ambientales, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita, Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico; (E.C.R.); (Y.C.-P.)
| | - Ricardo D. Peña
- Centro de Quìmica, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico;
| | - Delfino Reyes
- Facultad de Ingeniería Agrohidráulica, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Av. Universidad s/n, Teziutlán, Puebla 73695, Mexico;
| | - Yaselda Chavarin-Pineda
- Posgrado en Ciencias Ambientales, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita, Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico; (E.C.R.); (Y.C.-P.)
| | - Ilaria Palchetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy;
| | - Eduardo Torres
- Centro de Quìmica, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico;
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Meftaul IM, Venkateswarlu K, Dharmarajan R, Annamalai P, Asaduzzaman M, Parven A, Megharaj M. Controversies over human health and ecological impacts of glyphosate: Is it to be banned in modern agriculture? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114372. [PMID: 32203845 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate, introduced by Monsanto Company under the commercial name Roundup in 1974, became the extensively used herbicide worldwide in the last few decades. Glyphosate has excellent properties of fast sorption in soil, biodegradation and less toxicity to nontarget organisms. However, glyphosate has been reported to increase the risk of cancer, endocrine-disruption, celiac disease, autism, effect on erythrocytes, leaky-gut syndrome, etc. The reclassification of glyphosate in 2015 as 'probably carcinogenic' under Group 2A by the International Agency for Research on Cancer has been broadly circulated by anti-chemical and environmental advocacy groups claiming for restricted use or ban of glyphosate. In contrast, some comprehensive epidemiological studies involving farmers with long-time exposure to glyphosate in USA and elsewhere coupled with available toxicological data showed no correlation with any kind of carcinogenic or genotoxic threat to humans. Moreover, several investigations confirmed that the surfactant, polyethoxylated tallow amine (POEA), contained in the formulations of glyphosate like Roundup, is responsible for the established adverse impacts on human and ecological health. Subsequent to the evolution of genetically modified glyphosate-resistant crops and the extensive use of glyphosate over the last 45 years, about 38 weed species developed resistance to this herbicide. Consequently, its use in the recent years has been either restricted or banned in 20 countries. This critical review on glyphosate provides an overview of its behaviour, fate, detrimental impacts on ecological and human health, and the development of resistance in weeds and pathogens. Thus, the ultimate objective is to help the authorities and agencies concerned in resolving the existing controversies and in providing the necessary regulations for safer use of the herbicide. In our opinion, glyphosate can be judiciously used in agriculture with the inclusion of safer surfactants in commercial formulations sine POEA, which is toxic by itself is likely to increase the toxicity of glyphosate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam Md Meftaul
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Kadiyala Venkateswarlu
- Formerly Department of Microbiology, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapuramu 515003, India
| | - Rajarathnam Dharmarajan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Prasath Annamalai
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Md Asaduzzaman
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Pine Gully Road, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
| | - Aney Parven
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Mallavarapu Megharaj
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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23
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The Effects of Glyphosate and Its Commercial Formulations to Marine Invertebrates: A Review. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse8060399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is the active ingredient of numerous commercial formulations of herbicides applied in different sectors, from agriculture to aquaculture. Due to its widespread use around the world, relatively high concentrations of glyphosate have been detected in soil and aquatic environments. The presence of glyphosate in aquatic ecosystems has aroused the attention of researchers because of its potential negative effects on living organisms, both animals and plants. In this context, this review intends to summarize results of studies aimed at evaluating the effects of glyphosate (both as active ingredient and component of commercial formulations) on marine invertebrates. Generally, data obtained in acute toxicity tests indicate that glyphosate and its commercial formulations are lethal at high concentrations (not environmentally realistic), whereas results of long-lasting experiments indicate that glyphosate can markedly affect biological responses of marine invertebrates. Consequently, more efforts should be addressed at evaluating chronic or sub-chronic effects of such substances to marine invertebrate species.
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Montiel-León JM, Munoz G, Vo Duy S, Do DT, Vaudreuil MA, Goeury K, Guillemette F, Amyot M, Sauvé S. Widespread occurrence and spatial distribution of glyphosate, atrazine, and neonicotinoids pesticides in the St. Lawrence and tributary rivers. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 250:29-39. [PMID: 30981933 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and spatial distribution of selected pesticides were investigated along a 200-km reach of the St. Lawrence River (SLR) and tributaries in Quebec, Canada. Surface water samples (n = 68) were collected in the summer 2017 and analyzed for glyphosate, atrazine (ATZ), 8 systemic insecticides (acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, fipronil, imidacloprid, nitenpyram, thiacloprid, and thiamethoxam) and some metabolites. Overall, 99% of the surface water samples were positive to at least one of the targeted pesticides. The most recurrent compounds were glyphosate (detection frequency: 84%), ATZ (82%), thiamethoxam (59%), desethylatrazine (DEA: 47%), and clothianidin (46%). Glyphosate displayed variable levels (4-3,000 ng L-1), with higher concentrations in south tributaries (e.g., Nicolet and Yamaska). In positive samples, the sum of ATZ and DEA varied between 5 and 860 ng L-1, and the sum of 6 priority neonicotinoids between 1.5 and 115 ng L-1. From Repentigny to the Sorel Islands, the spatial distribution of pesticides within the St. Lawrence River was governed by the different upstream sources (i.e., Great Lakes vs. Ottawa River) due to the limited mixing of the different water masses. Cross-sectional patterns revealed higher concentrations of glyphosate and neonicotinoids in the north portions of transects, while the middle and south portions showed higher levels of atrazine. In Lake St. Pierre and further downstream, cross-sections revealed higher levels of the targeted pesticides near the southern portions of the SLR. This may be due to the higher contributions from south shore tributaries impacted by major agricultural areas, compared to north shore tributaries with forest land and less cropland use. Surface water samples were compliant with guidelines for the protection of aquatic life (chronic effects) for glyphosate and atrazine. However, 31% of the samples were found to surpass the guideline value of 8.3 ng L-1 for the sum of six priority neonicotinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriel Munoz
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sung Vo Duy
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dat Tien Do
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Ken Goeury
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - François Guillemette
- Centre for Research on Watershed-Aquatic Ecosystem Interactions (RIVE), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marc Amyot
- GRIL, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Spectrophotometric Detection of Glyphosate in Water by Complex Formation between Bis 5-Phenyldipyrrinate of Nickel (II) and Glyphosate. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11040719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A spectrophotometric method for the determination of glyphosate based on the monitoring of a complex formation between bis 5-phenyldipyrrinate of nickel (II) and the herbicide was developed. The method showed a short response time (10 s), high selectivity (very low interference from other pesticides and salts), and high sensitivity (LOD 2.07 × 10−7 mol/L, LOQ 9.87 × 10−7 mol/L, and a Kd from 1.75 × 10−6 to 6.95 × 10−6 mol/L). The Job plot showed that complex formation occurs with a 1:1 stoichiometry. The method was successfully applied in potable, urban, groundwater, and residual-treated water samples, showing high precision (0.34–2.9%) and accuracy (87.20–119.04%). The structure of the complex was elucidated through theoretical studies demonstrating that the nickel in the bis 5-phenyldipyrrinate forms a distorted octahedral molecular geometry by expanding its coordination number through one bond with the nitrogen and another with the oxygen of the glyphosate’ carboxyl group, at distances between 1.89–2.08 Å.
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26
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Silveira T, Varela Junior AS, Corcini CD, Domingues WB, Remião M, Santos L, Barreto B, Lessa I, Martins D, Boyle RT, Costa PG, Bianchini A, Robaldo RB, Campos VF. Roundup® Herbicide Decreases Quality Parameters of Spermatozoa of Silversides Odontesthes Humensis. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 102:1-6. [PMID: 30511085 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-018-2508-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The silverside (Odontesthes humensis) is a very interesting model for toxicological studies due its high sensitivity and need for good water quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Roundup on spermatozoa of O. humensis, after acute exposure. The fish were exposed to 0 and 7.8 mg L-1 (a.e.) of glyphosate, respectively. Through computer-assisted sperm analysis, a significant decrease in concentration, total and progressive motility, average path distance, straight line distance, path average velocity, curved line velocity, straight line velocity linearity, wobble, amplitude of lateral head displacement, cross beat frequency, and motility period of silverside spermatozoa exposed to Roundup was observed. Also, increase in membrane fluidity, ROS production and lipid peroxidation and a decrease in the mitochondrial functionality was observed in spermatozoa of Roundup exposed silversides. It was demonstrated that Roundup exposure in a concentration that can be achieve in natural water bodies soon after its application in fields is able to cause losses in several sperm quality parameters, consequently decreasing the fertilization potential of O. humensis spermatozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Silveira
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Antonio Sergio Varela Junior
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
- Laboratório de Reprodução Animal Comparada, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Carine Dahl Corcini
- Laboratório de Reprodução Animal Comparada, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - William B Domingues
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Mariana Remião
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia do Câncer, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Lucas Santos
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruna Barreto
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Ingrid Lessa
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Diego Martins
- Laboratório de Reprodução Animal Comparada, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Robert T Boyle
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Gomes Costa
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Adalto Bianchini
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Ricardo B Robaldo
- Laboratório de Fisiologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Farias Campos
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
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Bonansea RI, Filippi I, Wunderlin DA, Marino DJG, Amé MV. The Fate of Glyphosate and AMPA in a Freshwater Endorheic Basin: An Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment. TOXICS 2017; 6:toxics6010003. [PMID: 29267202 PMCID: PMC5874776 DOI: 10.3390/toxics6010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glyphosate is the most widely used herbicide worldwide. However, there are some uncertain aspects with respect to its environmental fate. To evaluate the existence and distribution of this pesticide and its metabolite, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), their presence in fresh water, sediment, and suspended particulate matter (SPM) was measured in samples collected in a river running across a large city and through areas with intensive and extensive agriculture. The aquatic risk associated to the occurrence of these compounds was estimated using the hazard quotient (HQ) calculation for water and sediment. From the analyzed samples, overall 35% contained glyphosate, AMPA, or both compounds. Concentrations of the analytes were spread in different percentages depending on the environmental matrices considered, with levels ranging from 12 to 20 times higher for glyphosate and AMPA in sediment and SPM, as compared with the levels found in water. The most polluted area was situated within a green belt zone of the city; while in second place were sites located in areas of extensive agriculture. Aquatic organisms inhabiting areas both inside and outside agricultural areas are threatened by water glyphosate concentrations. Benthic organisms inside the greenbelt zone and inside the lower basin are threatened by the concentrations of glyphosate in sediment. Even when the concentrations measured in water were below the levels of concern for wildlife, results showed the risk of agricultural practices to aquatic biota. An update of the limits established for freshwater biota protection is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Inés Bonansea
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Dto. Bioquímica Clínica-CIBICI (Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba-CONICET, Haya de la Torre esq. Medina Allende, 5000-Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Iohanna Filippi
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Dto. Bioquímica Clínica-CIBICI (Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba-CONICET, Haya de la Torre esq. Medina Allende, 5000-Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Daniel Alberto Wunderlin
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Dto. Química Orgánica-ICYTAC (Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos Córdoba), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba-CONICET, Av. Juan Filloy s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Damián José Gabriel Marino
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, CIMA (Centro de Investigaciones del Medio Ambiente), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 115 esq. 47, 1900-La Plata, Argentina.
| | - María Valeria Amé
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Dto. Bioquímica Clínica-CIBICI (Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba-CONICET, Haya de la Torre esq. Medina Allende, 5000-Córdoba, Argentina.
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Rendon-von Osten J, Dzul-Caamal R. Glyphosate Residues in Groundwater, Drinking Water and Urine of Subsistence Farmers from Intensive Agriculture Localities: A Survey in Hopelchén, Campeche, Mexico. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:E595. [PMID: 28587206 PMCID: PMC5486281 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14060595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of pesticides in Mexican agriculture creates an interest in learning about the presence of these substances in different environmental matrices. Glyphosate (GLY) is an herbicide widely used in the state of Campeche, located in the Mayan zone in the western Yucatan peninsula. Despite the fact that GLY is considered a non-toxic pesticide to humans, its presence in water bodies through spillage, runoff, and leaching are a risk to human health or biota that inhabit these ecosystems. In the present study, glyphosate residues were determined in groundwater, bottled drinking water, and the urine of subsistence farmers from various localities of the Hopelchén municipality in Campeche. Determination of GLY was carried out using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The highest concentrations of GLY were observed in the groundwater (1.42 μg/L) of Ich-Ek and urine (0.47 μg/L) samples of subsistence farmers from the Francisco J. Mújica communities. The glyphosate concentrations in groundwater and bottled drinking water indicate an exposure and excessive use of glyphosate in these agricultural communities. This is one of the first studies that reports glyphosate concentration levels in human urine and bottled drinking water in México and in the groundwater in the Yucatan Peninsula as part of a prospective pilot study, to which a follow-up will be performed to monitor this trend over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Rendon-von Osten
- Instituto EPOMEX, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, Campus VI, Av. Héroe de Nacozari 480, 24070 Campeche, Mexico.
| | - Ricardo Dzul-Caamal
- Instituto EPOMEX, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, Campus VI, Av. Héroe de Nacozari 480, 24070 Campeche, Mexico.
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29
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Nsibande S, Forbes P. Fluorescence detection of pesticides using quantum dot materials – A review. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 945:9-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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30
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Hansen LR, Roslev P. Behavioral responses of juvenile Daphnia magna after exposure to glyphosate and glyphosate-copper complexes. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 179:36-43. [PMID: 27564378 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine) is the active ingredient in a range of popular broad-spectrum herbicide formulations. Glyphosate is a chelating agent that can form stable complexes with divalent metal ions including Cu(II). Little is known about the bioavailability and ecotoxicity of glyphosate-Cu(II) complexes to aquatic organisms. In this study, we used video tracking and behavior analysis to investigate sublethal effects of binary mixtures of glyphosate and Cu(II) to juvenile D. magna. Behavioral responses were quantified for individual D. magna after 24h and 48h exposure to glyphosate and glyhosate-Cu(II) mixtures. Sublethal concentrations resulted in decreases in swimming velocity, acceleration speed, and distance moved whereas inactive time of D. magna increased. Distance moved and inactive time were the most responsive parameters to glyphosate and glyphosate-Cu(II) exposure. On a molar basis, glyphosate-Cu(II) complexes appeared more toxic to D. magna than glyphosate alone. The 48h EC50 for glyphosate and glyphosate-Cu(II) determined from swimming distance were 75.2μM and 8.4μM, respectively. In comparison, traditional visual observation of mobility resulted in 48h EC50 values of 52.8μM and 25.5μM for glyphosate and glyphosate-Cu(II), respectively. The behavioral responses indicated that exposure of D. magna to mixtures of glyphosate and Cu(II) attenuated acute metal toxicity but increased apparent glyphosate toxicity due to complexation with Cu(II). The study suggests that glyphosate is a likely mediator of aquatic metal toxicity, and that video tracking provides an opportunity for quantitative studies of sublethal effects of pesticide complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lone Rykær Hansen
- Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Denmark
| | - Peter Roslev
- Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Denmark.
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31
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Geyer RL, Smith GR, Rettig JE. Effects of Roundup formulations, nutrient addition, and Western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) on aquatic communities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:11729-39. [PMID: 26944427 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6381-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic communities can be affected by herbicides, nutrient addition, and non-native fish species. We conducted a mesocosm experiment to examine the direct and interactive effects of three stressors: (1) Roundup formulations (Roundup Weed and Grass Killer(®) and Roundup Poison Ivy and Tough Brush Killer Plus(®)), (2) nutrient addition, and (3) the presence of the non-native Western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis), on experimental pond communities. Roundup formulations had the most widespread effects on the zooplankton community, but effects varied between formulations and among taxa. The only significant effect of nutrient addition was a lowering of Daphnia abundance in the nutrient addition treatments. The abundances of Daphnia, mid-sized cladocerans, and total zooplankton were lowered by mosquitofish, but no other taxa showed significant mosquitofish effects. We found several two-way and three-way interactions among the stressors, but these varied among zooplankton taxa. Chlorophyll a levels were higher with nutrient addition but were not significantly affected by Roundup formulation or mosquitofish. Our results suggest toxicity of Roundup formulations varies among taxa, and Roundup formulations differ in their toxicity to zooplankton, but with no cascading effects on primary producers. In addition, interactions among stressors affected the zooplankton community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Geyer
- Department of Biology, Denison University, Granville, OH, 43023, USA
| | - Geoffrey R Smith
- Department of Biology, Denison University, Granville, OH, 43023, USA.
| | - Jessica E Rettig
- Department of Biology, Denison University, Granville, OH, 43023, USA
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Li MH, Xu HD, Liu Y, Chen T, Jiang L, Fu YH, Wang JS. Multi-tissue metabolic responses of goldfish ( Carassius auratus) exposed to glyphosate-based herbicide. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2016; 5:1039-1052. [PMID: 30090411 DOI: 10.1039/c6tx00011h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Most genetically modified crops are engineered for herbicide tolerance, among them, glyphosate tolerant crops have the greatest share. Glyphosate is one of the most extensively used herbicides worldwide. The popularity of glyphosate stems from its low cost, low environmental impact, and effectiveness while being safe for animals. The toxicity of glyphosate to untargeted organisms was studied using goldfish (Carassius auratus) after exposure to different concentrations of glyphosate isopropylamine salt, a glyphosate based herbicide for 96 hours. Tissues of brain, kidney and liver were collected and subjected to NMR-based metabolomics analysis and histopathological inspection. Plasma was collected and the hematological parameters of glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (CRE) were quantified. Glyphosate produced an increase in the hematological parameters of BUN and CRE and dose-dependent injuries. Metabolomics analysis revealed significant perturbations in neurotransmitter equilibrium, energy metabolism and amino acid metabolism in glyphosate dosed fish, which are associated with the toxicity of glyphosate. The results highlight the vulnerability of glutaminergic neurons to glyphosate and enlighten the potential of glutamine as an early marker of glyphosate induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hui Li
- Center for Molecular Metabolism , School of Environmental & Biological Engineering , Nanjing University of Science & Technology , 200 Xiaolingwei Street , Nanjing 210094 , P. R. China . ; Tel: +86 25 84303216
| | - Hua-Dong Xu
- Center for Molecular Metabolism , School of Environmental & Biological Engineering , Nanjing University of Science & Technology , 200 Xiaolingwei Street , Nanjing 210094 , P. R. China . ; Tel: +86 25 84303216
| | - Yan Liu
- Center for Molecular Metabolism , School of Environmental & Biological Engineering , Nanjing University of Science & Technology , 200 Xiaolingwei Street , Nanjing 210094 , P. R. China . ; Tel: +86 25 84303216
| | - Ting Chen
- Center for Molecular Metabolism , School of Environmental & Biological Engineering , Nanjing University of Science & Technology , 200 Xiaolingwei Street , Nanjing 210094 , P. R. China . ; Tel: +86 25 84303216
| | - Lei Jiang
- Center for Molecular Metabolism , School of Environmental & Biological Engineering , Nanjing University of Science & Technology , 200 Xiaolingwei Street , Nanjing 210094 , P. R. China . ; Tel: +86 25 84303216
| | - Yong-Hong Fu
- Center for Molecular Metabolism , School of Environmental & Biological Engineering , Nanjing University of Science & Technology , 200 Xiaolingwei Street , Nanjing 210094 , P. R. China . ; Tel: +86 25 84303216
| | - Jun-Song Wang
- Center for Molecular Metabolism , School of Environmental & Biological Engineering , Nanjing University of Science & Technology , 200 Xiaolingwei Street , Nanjing 210094 , P. R. China . ; Tel: +86 25 84303216
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Analysis of endocrine disruption effect of Roundup ® in adrenal gland of male rats. Toxicol Rep 2015; 2:1075-1085. [PMID: 28962449 PMCID: PMC5598379 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of Roundup® on adrenal gland steroidogenesis and signaling pathway associated with steroid production was investigated. Doses of 10, 50, 100 and 250 mg/kg bw/d Roundup® were administered for two weeks to adult male rats. The 10 mg/kg bw/d dose which reduced circulatory corticosterone levels, but did not change food consumption and body weight, was selected for further study. The expression of cholesterol receptor (low density lipoprotein receptor), de novo cholesterol synthesis enzyme (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A synthase), hormone-sensitive lipase, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) mRNA and phosphorylated form was decreased. Adrenocorticotropic hormone receptor (ACTH), melanocortin-2 receptor, expression was not changed but circulatory ACTH levels and adrenal cortex protein kinase A (PKA) activity were reduced. Surprisingly, exogenous ACTH treatment rescued steroidogenesis in Roundup®-treated animals. Apoptosis was evident at 250 mg/kg bw/d, but not at 10 mg/kg bw/d dose. These results suggest that Roundup® may be inhibitory to hypothalamic–pituitary axis leading to reduction in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/PKA pathway, StAR phosphorylation and corticosterone synthesis in the adrenal tissue.
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Key Words
- ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone
- Adrenal gland
- Creb, cAMP response element-binding protein
- DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- DPX, distrene, plasticiser, xylene
- EDC, endocrine disrupting chemical
- EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetate
- EGTA, ethylene glycol tetraacetate
- EIA, enzyme Immunoassay
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- Endocrine disruptor
- Glyphosate
- Hmgcr, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase
- Hmgcs, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A synthase
- Hsl, hormone-sensitive lipase
- L:D cycle, light–dark cycle
- LD50, lethal dose, 50%
- Ldlr, low density lipoprotein receptor
- Mc2r, melanocortin-2 receptor
- PBS, phosphate buffer saline
- PKA, protein kinase A
- RIA, radioimmunoassay
- RIPA buffer, radioimmunoprecipitation assay buffer
- Rat
- SD, standard deviation
- SDS PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- Sr-b1, scavenger receptor class B member 1
- StAR
- StAR, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein
- Steroidogenesis
- TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling
- TdT, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase
- cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate
- qPCR, quantitative real-time PCR
- β ME, beta mercaptoethanol
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Yang X, Wang F, Bento CPM, Xue S, Gai L, van Dam R, Mol H, Ritsema CJ, Geissen V. Short-term transport of glyphosate with erosion in Chinese loess soil--a flume experiment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 512-513:406-414. [PMID: 25644837 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Repeated applications of glyphosate may contaminate the soil and water and threaten their quality both within the environmental system and beyond it through water erosion related processes and leaching. In this study, we focused on the transport of glyphosate and its metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) related to soil erosion at two slope gradients (10 and 20°), two rates of pesticide with a formulation of glyphosate (Roundup®) application (360 and 720 mg m(-2)), and a rain intensity of 1.0 mm min(-1) for 1 h on bare soil in hydraulic flumes. Runoff and erosion rate were significantly different within slope gradients (p<0.05) while suspended load concentration was relatively constant after 15 min of rainfall. The glyphosate and AMPA concentration in the runoff and suspended load gradually decreased. Significant power and exponent function relationship were observed between rainfall duration and the concentration of glyphosate and AMPA (p<0.01) in runoff and suspended load, respectively. Meanwhile, glyphosate and AMPA content in the eroded material depended more on the initial rate of application than on the slope gradients. The transport rate of glyphosate by runoff and suspended load was approximately 14% of the applied amount, and the chemicals were mainly transported in the suspended load. The glyphosate and AMPA content in the flume soil at the end of the experiment decreased significantly with depth (p<0.05), and approximately 72, 2, and 3% of the applied glyphosate (including AMPA) remained in the 0-2, 2-5, and 5-10 cm soil layers, respectively. The risk of contamination in deep soil and the groundwater was thus low, but 5% of the initial application did reach the 2-10 cm soil layer. The risk of contamination of surface water through runoff and sedimentation, however, can be considerable, especially in regions where rain-induced soil erosion is common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Yang
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, China; Soil Physics and Land Management, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, 712100 Yangling, China.
| | - Fei Wang
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, China; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, 712100 Yangling, China.
| | - Célia P M Bento
- Soil Physics and Land Management, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sha Xue
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, China; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, 712100 Yangling, China
| | - Lingtong Gai
- Soil Physics and Land Management, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud van Dam
- RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Mol
- RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Coen J Ritsema
- Soil Physics and Land Management, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Violette Geissen
- Soil Physics and Land Management, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Institute of Crop Science and Resources Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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