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Murray CH, Gannon BM, Winsauer PJ, Cooper ZD, Delatte MS. The Development of Cannabinoids as Therapeutic Agents in the United States. Pharmacol Rev 2024; 76:915-955. [PMID: 38849155 PMCID: PMC11331953 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.123.001121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Cannabis is one of the oldest and widely used substances in the world. Cannabinoids within the cannabis plant, known as phytocannabinoids, mediate cannabis' effects through interactions with the body's endogenous cannabinoid system. This endogenous system, the endocannabinoid system, has important roles in physical and mental health. These roles point to the potential to develop cannabinoids as therapeutic agents while underscoring the risks related to interfering with the endogenous system during nonmedical use. This scoping narrative review synthesizes the current evidence for both the therapeutic and adverse effects of the major (i.e., Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol) and lesser studied minor phytocannabinoids, from nonclinical to clinical research. We pay particular attention to the areas where evidence is well established, including analgesic effects after acute exposures and neurocognitive risks after acute and chronic use. In addition, drug development considerations for cannabinoids as therapeutic agents within the United States are reviewed. The proposed clinical study design considerations encourage methodological standards for greater scientific rigor and reproducibility to ultimately extend our knowledge of the risks and benefits of cannabinoids for patients and providers. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work provides a review of prior research related to phytocannabinoids, including therapeutic potential and known risks in the context of drug development within the United States. We also provide study design considerations for future cannabinoid drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor H Murray
- UCLA Center for Cannabis and Cannabinoids, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences (C.H.M.) and Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (Z.D.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine (B.M.G.) and Office of Research Regulatory Affairs, Division of Research and Innovation (B.M.G.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine (P.J.W.), and Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center of Excellence (P.J.W.) Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; and Regulatory and Drug Development Consulting, Allucent, Carey, North Carolina (M.S.D.)
| | - Brenda M Gannon
- UCLA Center for Cannabis and Cannabinoids, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences (C.H.M.) and Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (Z.D.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine (B.M.G.) and Office of Research Regulatory Affairs, Division of Research and Innovation (B.M.G.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine (P.J.W.), and Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center of Excellence (P.J.W.) Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; and Regulatory and Drug Development Consulting, Allucent, Carey, North Carolina (M.S.D.)
| | - Peter J Winsauer
- UCLA Center for Cannabis and Cannabinoids, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences (C.H.M.) and Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (Z.D.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine (B.M.G.) and Office of Research Regulatory Affairs, Division of Research and Innovation (B.M.G.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine (P.J.W.), and Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center of Excellence (P.J.W.) Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; and Regulatory and Drug Development Consulting, Allucent, Carey, North Carolina (M.S.D.)
| | - Ziva D Cooper
- UCLA Center for Cannabis and Cannabinoids, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences (C.H.M.) and Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (Z.D.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine (B.M.G.) and Office of Research Regulatory Affairs, Division of Research and Innovation (B.M.G.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine (P.J.W.), and Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center of Excellence (P.J.W.) Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; and Regulatory and Drug Development Consulting, Allucent, Carey, North Carolina (M.S.D.)
| | - Marcus S Delatte
- UCLA Center for Cannabis and Cannabinoids, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences (C.H.M.) and Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (Z.D.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine (B.M.G.) and Office of Research Regulatory Affairs, Division of Research and Innovation (B.M.G.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine (P.J.W.), and Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center of Excellence (P.J.W.) Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; and Regulatory and Drug Development Consulting, Allucent, Carey, North Carolina (M.S.D.)
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2
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Limerick G, Uniyal A, Ford N, He S, Grenald SA, Zhang C, Cui X, Sivanesan E, Dong X, Guan Y, Raja SN. Peripherally restricted cannabinoid and mu-opioid receptor agonists synergistically attenuate neuropathic mechanical hypersensitivity in mice. Pain 2024:00006396-990000000-00615. [PMID: 38815196 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Many medications commonly used to treat neuropathic pain are associated with significant, dose-limiting adverse effects, including sedation, dizziness, and fatigue. These adverse effects are due to the activity of these medications within the central nervous system. The objective of this work was to investigate the interactions between peripherally restricted cannabinoid receptor and mu-opioid receptor (MOR) agonists on ongoing and evoked neuropathic pain behaviors in mouse models. RNAscope analysis of cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R) and MOR mRNA demonstrated that the mRNA of both receptors is colocalized in both mouse and human dorsal root ganglion. Single-cell RNAseq of dorsal root ganglion from chronic constriction injury mice showed that the mRNA of both receptors (Cnr1 and Oprm1) is coexpressed across different neuron clusters. Myc-CB1R and FLAG-MOR were cotransfected into immortalized HEK-293T cells and were found to interact at a subcellular level. We also find that CB-13 (a peripherally restricted dual CB1R and cannabinoid receptor type 2 agonist) and DALDA (a peripherally restricted MOR agonist) both attenuate mechanical hypersensitivity in a murine model of neuropathic pain. Using isobolographic analysis, we demonstrate that when coadministered, these agents synergistically attenuate mechanical hypersensitivity. Importantly, combination dosing of these agents does not cause any detectable preferential behaviors or motor impairment. However, repeated dosing of these agents is associated with the development of tolerance to these drugs. Collectively, these findings suggest that leveraging synergistic pain inhibition between cannabinoid receptor and MOR agonists in peripheral sensory neurons may be worth examining in patients with neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ankit Uniyal
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine
| | - Neil Ford
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine
| | - ShaoQiu He
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine
| | | | - Chi Zhang
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine
| | - Xiang Cui
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine
| | | | - Xinzhong Dong
- Neuroscience
- Neurology and Neurosurgery and
- Dermatology, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Yun Guan
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine
- Neurology and Neurosurgery and
| | - Srinivasa N Raja
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine
- Neurology and Neurosurgery and
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Lee MT, Mackie K, Chiou LC. Alternative pain management via endocannabinoids in the time of the opioid epidemic: Peripheral neuromodulation and pharmacological interventions. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:894-909. [PMID: 34877650 PMCID: PMC9170838 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of opioids in pain management is hampered by the emergence of analgesic tolerance, which leads to increased dosing and side effects, both of which have contributed to the opioid epidemic. One promising potential approach to limit opioid analgesic tolerance is activating the endocannabinoid system in the CNS, via activation of CB1 receptors in the descending pain inhibitory pathway. In this review, we first discuss preclinical and clinical evidence revealing the potential of pharmacological activation of CB1 receptors in modulating opioid tolerance, including activation by phytocannabinoids, synthetic CB1 receptor agonists, endocannabinoid degradation enzyme inhibitors, and recently discovered positive allosteric modulators of CB1 receptors. On the other hand, as non-pharmacological pain relief is advocated by the US-NIH to combat the opioid epidemic, we also discuss contributions of peripheral neuromodulation, involving the electrostimulation of peripheral nerves, in addressing chronic pain and opioid tolerance. The involvement of supraspinal endocannabinoid systems in peripheral neuromodulation-induced analgesia is also discussed. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Advances in Opioid Pharmacology at the Time of the Opioid Epidemic. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v180.7/issuetoc.
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Grants
- MOST 108-2321-B-002-005 Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan
- MOST 107-2811-B-002-008 Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan
- R01 DA041229 NIDA NIH HHS
- MOST 107-2321-B-002-010 Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan
- R01 DA047858 NIDA NIH HHS
- 107M4022-3 Ministry of Education, Taiwan
- MOST 106-2321-B-002-019 Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan
- NHRI-EX111-11114NI National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan
- FRGS/1/2021/WAB13/UCSI/02/1 Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia
- R21 DA042584 NIDA NIH HHS
- REIG-FPS-2020/065 UCSI University Research Excellence and Innovation Grant, Malaysia
- NHRI-EX109-10733NI National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan
- MOST 104-2745-B-002-004 Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan
- MOST 109-2320-B-002-042-MY3 Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan
- MOST 107-2811-B-002 -008 Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan
- MOST 108-2320-B-002-029-MY3 Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Tatt Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Ken Mackie
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Research, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Lih-Chu Chiou
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
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4
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Iyer V, Rangel-Barajas C, Woodward TJ, Kulkarni A, Cantwell L, Crystal JD, Mackie K, Rebec GV, Thakur GA, Hohmann AG. Negative allosteric modulation of CB 1 cannabinoid receptor signaling suppresses opioid-mediated reward. Pharmacol Res 2022; 185:106474. [PMID: 36179954 PMCID: PMC9948526 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Blockade of cannabinoid type 1 (CB1)-receptor signaling decreases the rewarding properties of many drugs of abuse and has been proposed as an anti-addiction strategy. However, psychiatric side-effects limit the clinical potential of orthosteric CB1 antagonists. Negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) represent a novel and indirect approach to attenuate CB1 signaling by decreasing affinity and/or efficacy of CB1 ligands. We hypothesized that a CB1-NAM would block opioid reward while avoiding the unwanted effects of orthosteric CB1 antagonists. GAT358, a CB1-NAM, failed to elicit cardinal signs of direct CB1 activation or inactivation when administered by itself. GAT358 decreased catalepsy and hypothermia but not antinociception produced by the orthosteric CB1 agonist CP55,940, suggesting that a CB1-NAM blocked cardinal signs of CB1 activation. Next, GAT358 was evaluated using in vivo assays of opioid-induced dopamine release and reward in male rodents. In the nucleus accumbens shell, a key component of the mesocorticolimbic reward pathway, morphine increased electrically-evoked dopamine efflux and this effect was blocked by a dose of GAT358 that lacked intrinsic effects on evoked dopamine efflux. Moreover, GAT358 blocked morphine-induced reward in a conditioned place preference (CPP) assay without producing reward or aversion alone. GAT358-induced blockade of morphine CPP was also occluded by GAT229, a CB1 positive allosteric modulator (CB1-PAM), and absent in CB1-knockout mice. Finally, GAT358 also reduced oral oxycodone (but not water) consumption in a two-bottle choice paradigm. Our results support the therapeutic potential of CB1-NAMs as novel drug candidates aimed at preventing opioid reward and treating opioid abuse while avoiding unwanted side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishakh Iyer
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | | | - Taylor J. Woodward
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Abhijit Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lucas Cantwell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathon D. Crystal
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Ken Mackie
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA,Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - George V. Rebec
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Ganesh A. Thakur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrea G. Hohmann
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA,Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA,Corresponding Author: Andrea G. Hohmann, Psychological and Brain Sciences, Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7007,
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5
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Toniolo EF, Gupta A, Franciosi AC, Gomes I, Devi LA, Dale CS. Interactions between cannabinoid and opioid receptors in a mouse model of diabetic neuropathy. Pain 2022; 163:1414-1423. [PMID: 34724682 PMCID: PMC9043031 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Diabetic neuropathy, often associated with diabetes mellitus, is a painful condition with no known effective treatment except glycemic control. Studies with neuropathic pain models report alterations in cannabinoid and opioid receptor expression levels; receptors whose activation induces analgesia. We examined whether interactions between CB1R and opioid receptors could be targeted for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy. For this, we generated antibodies that selectively recognize native CB1R-MOR and CB1R-DOR heteromers using a subtractive immunization strategy. We assessed the levels of CB1R, MOR, DOR, and interacting complexes using a model of streptozotocin-induced diabetic neuropathy and detected increased levels of CB1R, MOR, DOR, and CB1R-MOR complexes compared with those in controls. An examination of G-protein signaling revealed that activity induced by the MOR, but not the DOR agonist, was potentiated by low nanomolar doses of CB1R ligands, including antagonists, suggesting an allosteric modulation of MOR signaling by CB1R ligands within CB1R-MOR complexes. Because the peptide endocannabinoid, hemopressin, caused a significant potentiation of MOR activity, we examined its effect on mechanical allodynia and found that it blocked allodynia in wild-type mice and mice with diabetic neuropathy lacking DOR (but have CB1R-MOR complexes). However, hemopressin does not alter the levels of CB1R-MOR complexes in diabetic mice lacking DOR but increases the levels of CB1R-DOR complexes in diabetic mice lacking MOR. Together, these results suggest the involvement of CB1R-MOR and CB1R-DOR complexes in diabetic neuropathy and that hemopressin could be developed as a potential therapeutic for the treatment of this painful condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine F. Toniolo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Anatomy, Laboratory of Neuromodulation and Experimental Pain, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Achla Gupta
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Adriano C. Franciosi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Anatomy, Laboratory of Neuromodulation and Experimental Pain, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Ivone Gomes
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Lakshmi A. Devi
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Camila S. Dale
- Department of Anatomy, Laboratory of Neuromodulation and Experimental Pain, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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6
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Laksmidewi AAAP, Soejitno A. Endocannabinoid and dopaminergic system: the pas de deux underlying human motivation and behaviors. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 128:615-630. [PMID: 33712975 PMCID: PMC8105194 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02326-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Endocannabinoid system (ECS) has been identified ever since cannabinoid, an active substance of Cannabis, was known to interact with endogenous cannabinoid (endocannabinoid/eCB) receptors. It later turned out that eCB was more intricate than previously thought. It has a pervasive role and exerts a multitude of cellular signaling mechanisms, regulating various physiological neurotransmission pathways in the human brain, including the dopaminergic (DA) system. eCB roles toward DA system were robust, clearly delineated, and reproducible with respect to physiological as well as pathological neurochemical and neurobehavioral manifestations of DA system, particularly those involving the nigrostriatal and mesocorticolimbic pathways. The eCB–DA system regulates the basics in the Maslow’s pyramid of hierarchy of needs required for individual survival such as food and sexual activity for reproductive purpose to those of higher needs in the pyramid, including self-actualization behaviors leading to achievement and reward (e.g., academic- and/or work-related performance and achievements). It is, thus, interesting to specifically discuss the eCB–DA system, not only on the molecular level, but also its tremendous potential to be developed as a future therapeutic strategy for various neuropsychiatric problems, including obesity, drug addiction and withdrawal, pathological hypersexuality, or low motivation behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A A Putri Laksmidewi
- Neurobehavioral and Cognitive Division, Neurology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University/Sanglah Hospital, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia.
| | - Andreas Soejitno
- Neurobehavioral and Cognitive Division, Neurology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University/Sanglah Hospital, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
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7
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Narouze S. Antinociception mechanisms of action of cannabinoid-based medicine: an overview for anesthesiologists and pain physicians. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2020; 46:240-250. [PMID: 33239391 DOI: 10.1136/rapm-2020-102114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoid-based medications possess unique multimodal analgesic mechanisms of action, modulating diverse pain targets. Cannabinoids are classified based on their origin into three categories: endocannabinoids (present endogenously in human tissues), phytocannabinoids (plant derived) and synthetic cannabinoids (pharmaceutical). Cannabinoids exert an analgesic effect, peculiarly in hyperalgesia, neuropathic pain and inflammatory states. Endocannabinoids are released on demand from postsynaptic terminals and travels retrograde to stimulate cannabinoids receptors on presynaptic terminals, inhibiting the release of excitatory neurotransmitters. Cannabinoids (endogenous and phytocannabinoids) produce analgesia by interacting with cannabinoids receptors type 1 and 2 (CB1 and CB2), as well as putative non-CB1/CB2 receptors; G protein-coupled receptor 55, and transient receptor potential vanilloid type-1. Moreover, they modulate multiple peripheral, spinal and supraspinal nociception pathways. Cannabinoids-opioids cross-modulation and synergy contribute significantly to tolerance and antinociceptive effects of cannabinoids. This narrative review evaluates cannabinoids' diverse mechanisms of action as it pertains to nociception modulation relevant to the practice of anesthesiologists and pain medicine physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer Narouze
- Center for Pain Medicine, Western Reserve Hospital, Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, USA
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8
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Bouchet CA, Ingram SL. Cannabinoids in the descending pain modulatory circuit: Role in inflammation. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 209:107495. [PMID: 32004514 PMCID: PMC7183429 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The legalization of cannabis in some states has intensified interest in the potential for cannabis and its constituents to lead to novel therapeutics for pain. Our understanding of the cellular mechanisms underlying cannabinoid actions in the brain have lagged behind opioids; however, the current opioid epidemic has also increased attention on the use of cannabinoids as alternatives to opioids for pain, especially chronic pain that requires long-term use. Endogenous cannabinoids are lipid signaling molecules that have complex roles in modulating neuronal function throughout the brain. In this review, we discuss cannabinoid functions in the descending pain modulatory pathway, a brain circuit that integrates cognitive and emotional processing of pain to modulate incoming sensory inputs. In addition, we highlight areas where further studies are necessary to understand cannabinoid regulation of descending pain modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney A Bouchet
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America
| | - Susan L Ingram
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America.
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Cifani C, Avagliano C, Micioni Di Bonaventura E, Giusepponi ME, De Caro C, Cristiano C, La Rana G, Botticelli L, Romano A, Calignano A, Gaetani S, Micioni Di Bonaventura MV, Russo R. Modulation of Pain Sensitivity by Chronic Consumption of Highly Palatable Food Followed by Abstinence: Emerging Role of Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:266. [PMID: 32231568 PMCID: PMC7086305 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a strong relationship between palatable diet and pain sensitivity, and the cannabinoid and opioid systems might play an important role in this correlation. The palatable diet used in many animal models of obesity is the cafeteria (CAF) diet, based on human food with high sugar, salt, and fat content. In this study, we investigated whether long-term exposure to a CAF diet could modify pain sensitivity and explored the role of the cannabinergic system in this modification. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into two groups: one fed with standard chow only (CO) and the other with extended access (EA) to a CAF diet. Hot plate and tail flick tests were used to evaluate pain sensitivity. At the end of a 40-day CAF exposure, EA rats showed a significant increase in the pain threshold compared to CO rats, finding probably due to up-regulation of CB1 and mu-opioid receptors. Instead, during abstinence from palatable foods, EA animals showed a significant increase in pain sensibility, which was ameliorated by repeated treatment with a fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor, PF-3845 (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), every other day for 28 days. Ex vivo analysis of the brains of these rats clearly showed that this effect was mediated by mu-opioid receptors, which were up-regulated following repeated treatment of PF-3845. Our data add to the knowledge about changes in pain perception in obese subjects, revealing a key role of CB1 and mu-opioid receptors and their possible pharmacological crosstalk and reinforcing the need to consider this modulation in planning effective pain management for obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Cifani
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Carmen Avagliano
- Department of Pharmacy, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Carmen De Caro
- Department of Pharmacy, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Cristiano
- Department of Pharmacy, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna La Rana
- Department of Pharmacy, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Botticelli
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Adele Romano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Calignano
- Department of Pharmacy, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Silvana Gaetani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Russo
- Department of Pharmacy, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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Schiavi S, Manduca A, Segatto M, Campolongo P, Pallottini V, Vanderschuren LJMJ, Trezza V. Unidirectional opioid-cannabinoid cross-tolerance in the modulation of social play behavior in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:2557-2568. [PMID: 30903212 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05226-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The endocannabinoid and the endogenous opioid systems interact in the modulation of social play behavior, a highly rewarding social activity abundantly expressed in young mammals. Prolonged exposure to opioid or cannabinoid receptor agonists induces cross-tolerance or cross-sensitization to their acute behavioral effects. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS Behavioral and biochemical experiments were performed to investigate whether cross-tolerance or cross-sensitization occurs to the play-enhancing effects of cannabinoid and opioid drugs on social play behavior, and the possible brain substrate involved. RESULTS The play-enhancing effects induced by systemic administration of JZL184, which inhibits the hydrolysis of the endocannabinoid 2-AG, were suppressed in animals repeatedly pretreated with the opioid receptor agonist morphine. Conversely, acute morphine administration increased social play in rats pretreated with vehicle or with either JZL184 or the cannabinoid agonist WIN55,212-2. Acute administration of JZL184 increased the activation of both CB1 receptors and their effector Akt in the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex, brain regions important for the expression of social play. These effects were absent in animals pretreated with morphine. Furthermore, only animals repeatedly treated with morphine and acutely administered with JZL184 showed reduced activation of CB1 receptors and Akt in the amygdala. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates a dynamic opioid-cannabinoid interaction in the modulation of social play behavior, occurring in limbic brain areas strongly implicated in social play behavior. A better understanding of opioid-cannabinoid interactions in social play contributes to clarify neurobiological aspects of social behavior at young age, which may provide new therapeutic targets for social dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Schiavi
- Department of Science, Section of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University "Roma Tre", Viale G. Marconi 446, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonia Manduca
- Department of Science, Section of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University "Roma Tre", Viale G. Marconi 446, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Segatto
- Department of Science, Section of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University "Roma Tre", Viale G. Marconi 446, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Campolongo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Pallottini
- Department of Science, Section of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University "Roma Tre", Viale G. Marconi 446, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Louk J M J Vanderschuren
- Department of Animals in Science and Society, Division of Behavioural Neuroscience, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Viviana Trezza
- Department of Science, Section of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University "Roma Tre", Viale G. Marconi 446, 00146, Rome, Italy.
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11
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Lesniak A, Chmielewska D, Poznanski P, Bujalska-Zadrozny M, Strzemecka J, Sacharczuk M. Divergent Response to Cannabinoid Receptor Stimulation in High and Low Stress-Induced Analgesia Mouse Lines Is Associated with Differential G-Protein Activation. Neuroscience 2019; 404:246-258. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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12
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Marcus DJ, Henderson-Redmond AN, Gonek M, Zee ML, Farnsworth JC, Amin RA, Andrews MJ, Davis BJ, Mackie K, Morgan DJ. Mice expressing a "hyper-sensitive" form of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1) show modestly enhanced alcohol preference and consumption. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174826. [PMID: 28426670 PMCID: PMC5398885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently characterized S426A/S430A mutant mice expressing a desensitization-resistant form of the CB1 receptor. These mice display an enhanced response to endocannabinoids and ∆9-THC. In this study, S426A/S430A mutants were used as a novel model to test whether ethanol consumption, morphine dependence, and reward for these drugs are potentiated in mice with a "hyper-sensitive" form of CB1. Using an unlimited-access, two-bottle choice, voluntary drinking paradigm, S426A/S430A mutants exhibit modestly increased intake and preference for low (6%) but not higher concentrations of ethanol. S426A/S430A mutants and wild-type mice show similar taste preference for sucrose and quinine, exhibit normal sensitivity to the hypothermic and ataxic effects of ethanol, and have normal blood ethanol concentrations following administration of ethanol. S426A/S430A mutants develop robust conditioned place preference for ethanol (2 g/kg), morphine (10 mg/kg), and cocaine (10 mg/kg), demonstrating that drug reward is not changed in S426A/S430A mutants. Precipitated morphine withdrawal is also unchanged in opioid-dependent S426A/S430A mutant mice. Although ethanol consumption is modestly changed by enhanced CB1 signaling, reward, tolerance, and acute sensitivity to ethanol and morphine are normal in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Marcus
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and The Linda and Jack Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States of America
| | - Angela N. Henderson-Redmond
- Department of Anesthesiology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States of America
| | - Maciej Gonek
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and The Linda and Jack Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America
| | - Michael L. Zee
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and The Linda and Jack Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States of America
| | - Jill C. Farnsworth
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and The Linda and Jack Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America
| | - Randa A. Amin
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and The Linda and Jack Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America
| | - Mary-Jeanette Andrews
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and The Linda and Jack Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America
| | - Brian J. Davis
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and The Linda and Jack Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America
| | - Ken Mackie
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and The Linda and Jack Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Morgan
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and The Linda and Jack Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States of America
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13
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Zamberletti E, Piscitelli F, De Castro V, Murru E, Gabaglio M, Colucci P, Fanali C, Prini P, Bisogno T, Maccarrone M, Campolongo P, Banni S, Rubino T, Parolaro D. Lifelong imbalanced LA/ALA intake impairs emotional and cognitive behavior via changes in brain endocannabinoid system. J Lipid Res 2016; 58:301-316. [PMID: 27903595 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m068387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Imbalanced dietary n-3 and n-6 PUFA content has been associated with a number of neurological conditions. Endocannabinoids are n-6 PUFA derivatives, whose brain concentrations are sensitive to modifications of fatty acid composition of the diet and play a central role in the regulation of mood and cognition. As such, the endocannabinoid system appears to be an ideal candidate for mediating the effects of dietary fatty acids on mood and cognition. Lifelong administration of isocaloric α-linolenic acid (ALA)-deficient and -enriched diets induced short-term memory deficits, whereas only dietary ALA enrichment altered emotional reactivity in adult male rats compared with animals fed a standard diet that was balanced in ALA/linoleic acid (LA) ratio. In the prefrontal cortex, both diets reduced 2-AG levels and increased MAG lipase expression, whereas only the enriched diet reduced AEA levels, simultaneously increasing FAAH expression. In the hippocampus, an ALA-enriched diet decreased AEA content and NAPE-PLD expression, and reduced 2-AG content while increasing MAG lipase expression. These findings highlight the importance of a diet balanced in fatty acid content for normal brain functions and to support a link between dietary ALA, the brain endocannabinoid system, and behavior, which indicates that dietary ALA intake is a sufficient condition for altering the endocannabinoid system in brain regions modulating mood and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Zamberletti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio (VA), Italy
| | - Fabiana Piscitelli
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina De Castro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Murru
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marina Gabaglio
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio (VA), Italy
| | - Paola Colucci
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Fanali
- Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Pamela Prini
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio (VA), Italy
| | - Tiziana Bisogno
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy.,Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,European Center for Brain Research/IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Campolongo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Banni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Tiziana Rubino
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio (VA), Italy
| | - Daniela Parolaro
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio (VA), Italy .,Zardi Gori Foundation, Milan, Italy
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14
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Wills KL, Parker LA. Effect of Pharmacological Modulation of the Endocannabinoid System on Opiate Withdrawal: A Review of the Preclinical Animal Literature. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:187. [PMID: 27445822 PMCID: PMC4923145 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the years, animal studies have revealed a role for the endocannabinoid system in the regulation of multiple aspects of opiate addiction. The current review provides an overview of this literature in regards to opiate withdrawal. The opiate withdrawal syndrome, hypothesized to act as a negative reinforcer in mediating continued drug use, can be characterized by the emergence of spontaneous or precipitated aversive somatic and affective states following the termination of drug use. The behaviors measured to quantify somatic opiate withdrawal and the paradigms employed to assess affective opiate withdrawal (e.g., conditioned place aversion) in both acutely and chronically dependent animals are discussed in relation to the ability of the endocannabinoid system to modulate these behaviors. Additionally, the brain regions mediating somatic and affective opiate withdrawal are elucidated with respect to their modulation by the endocannabinoid system. Ultimately, a review of these findings reveals dissociations between the brain regions mediating somatic and affective opiate withdrawal, and the ability of cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor agonism/antagonism to interfere with opiate withdrawal within different brain sub regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiri L Wills
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph ON, Canada
| | - Linda A Parker
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph ON, Canada
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15
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Fraga D, Zanoni CIS, Zampronio AR, Parada CA, Rae GA, Souza GEP. Endocannabinoids, through opioids and prostaglandins, contribute to fever induced by key pyrogenic mediators. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 51:204-211. [PMID: 26291402 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to explore the contribution of endocannabinoids on the cascade of mediators involved in LPS-induced fever and to verify the participation of prostaglandins and endogenous opioids in fever induced by anandamide (AEA). Body temperature (Tc) of male Wistar rats was recorded over 6h, using a thermistor probe. Cerebrospinal fluid concentration of PGE2 and β-endorphin were measured by ELISA after the administration of AEA. Intracerebroventricular administration of the CB1 receptor antagonist AM251 (5μg, i.c.v.), reduced the fever induced by IL-1β (3ng, i.c.v.), TNF-α (250ng, i.c.v.), IL-6 (300ng, i.c.v.), corticotrophin release factor (CRH; 2.5μg, i.c.v.) and endothelin (ET)-1 (1pmol, i.c.v.), but not the fever induced by PGE2 (250ng, i.c.v.) or PGF2α (250ng, i.c.v.). Systemic administration of indomethacin (2mgkg(-1), i.p.) or celecoxib (5mgkg(-1), p.o.) reduced the fever induced by AEA (1μg, i.c.v.), while naloxone (1mgkg(-1), s.c.) abolished it. The increases of PGE2 and β-endorphin concentration in the CSF induced by AEA were abolished by the pretreatment of rats with AM251. These results suggest that endocannabinoids are intrinsically involved in the pyretic activity of cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6), CRH and ET-1 but not the PGE2 or PGF2α induced fevers. However, anandamide via CB1 receptor activation induces fever that is dependent on the synthesis of prostaglandin and opioids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fraga
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Faculty of Nursing, Federal University of Mato Grosso of Sul, Coxim, MS, Brazil.
| | - Cristiane I S Zanoni
- Laboratory of Neuropathic Pain, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos A Parada
- Biology Institute, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Giles A Rae
- Department of Pharmacology, Biological Science Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Glória E P Souza
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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16
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Zádor F, Wollemann M. Receptome: Interactions between three pain-related receptors or the "Triumvirate" of cannabinoid, opioid and TRPV1 receptors. Pharmacol Res 2015; 102:254-63. [PMID: 26520391 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A growing amount of data demonstrates the interactions between cannabinoid, opioid and the transient receptor potential (TRP) vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) receptors. These interactions can be bidirectional, inhibitory or excitatory, acute or chronic in their nature, and arise both at the molecular level (structurally and functionally) and in physiological processes, such as pain modulation or perception. The interactions of these three pain-related receptors may also reserve important and new therapeutic applications for the treatment of chronic pain or inflammation. In this review, we summarize the main findings on the interactions between the cannabinoid, opioid and the TRPV1 receptor regarding to pain modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc Zádor
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Maria Wollemann
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
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17
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de Guglielmo G, Kallupi M, Scuppa G, Stopponi S, Demopulos G, Gaitanaris G, Ciccocioppo R. Analgesic tolerance to morphine is regulated by PPARγ. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 171:5407-16. [PMID: 25048682 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Opioid drugs are potent analgesics. However, their chronic use leads to the rapid development of tolerance to their analgesic effects and subsequent increase of significant side effects, including drug dependence and addiction. Here, we investigated the role of PPARγ in the development of analgesic tolerance to morphine in mice. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We monitored analgesia on alternate days using the tail immersion test. KEY RESULTS Daily administration of morphine (30 mg·kg(-1) , bid) resulted in the rapid development of tolerance to thermal analgesia. Co-administration of pioglitazone (10 and 30 mg·kg(-1) , bid) significantly attenuated the development and expression of tolerance. However, pretreatment with GW-9662 (5 mg·kg(-1) , bid), a selective PPARγ antagonist, completely abolished this effect. Injection of GW-9662 and a lower dose of morphine (15 mg·kg(-1) , bid) accelerated the development of tolerance to its antinociceptive effect. Subsequently, we found that conditional neuronal PPARγ knockout (KO) mice develop a more rapid and pronounced tolerance to morphine antinociception compared with wild-type (WT) controls. Moreover, in PPARγ KO mice, pioglitazone was no longer able to prevent the development of morphine tolerance. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Overall, our results demonstrate that PPARγ plays a tonic role in the modulation of morphine tolerance, and its pharmacological activation may help to reduce its development. These findings provide new information about the role of neuronal PPARγ and suggest that combining PPARγ agonists with opioid analgesics may reduce the development of tolerance and possibly attenuate the potential for opioid abuse.
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18
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da Silva JA, Biagioni AF, Almada RC, de Souza Crippa JA, Cecílio Hallak JE, Zuardi AW, Coimbra NC. Dissociation between the panicolytic effect of cannabidiol microinjected into the substantia nigra, pars reticulata, and fear-induced antinociception elicited by bicuculline administration in deep layers of the superior colliculus: The role of CB1-cannabinoid receptor in the ventral mesencephalon. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 758:153-63. [PMID: 25841876 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Many studies suggest that the substantia nigra, pars reticulata (SNpr), a tegmental mesencephalic structure rich in γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)- and cannabinoid receptor-containing neurons, is involved in the complex control of defensive responses through the neostriatum-nigral disinhibitory and nigro-tectal inhibitory GABAergic pathways during imminently dangerous situations. The aim of the present work was to investigate the role played by CB1-cannabinoid receptor of GABAergic pathways terminal boutons in the SNpr or of SNpr-endocannabinoid receptor-containing interneurons on the effect of intra-nigral microinjections of cannabidiol in the activity of nigro-tectal inhibitory pathways. GABAA receptor blockade in the deep layers of the superior colliculus (dlSC) elicited vigorous defensive behaviour. This explosive escape behaviour was followed by significant antinociception. Cannabidiol microinjection into the SNpr had a clear anti-aversive effect, decreasing the duration of defensive alertness, the frequency and duration of defensive immobility, and the frequency and duration of explosive escape behaviour, expressed by running and jumps, elicited by transitory GABAergic dysfunction in dlSC. However, the innate fear induced-antinociception was not significantly changed. The blockade of CB1 endocannabinoid receptor in the SNpr decreased the anti-aversive effect of canabidiol based on the frequency and duration of defensive immobility, the frequency of escape expressed by running, and both the frequency and duration of escape expressed by jumps. These findings suggest a CB1 mediated endocannabinoid signalling in cannabidiol modulation of panic-like defensive behaviour, but not of innate fear-induced antinociception evoked by GABAA receptor blockade with bicuculline microinjection into the superior colliculus, with a putative activity in nigro-collicular GABAergic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Almeida da Silva
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine of the University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Av Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil; Behavioural Neurosciences Institute (INeC), Av. do Café, 2450, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto 14050-220, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Audrey Francisco Biagioni
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine of the University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Av Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Carvalho Almada
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine of the University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Av Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil; Behavioural Neurosciences Institute (INeC), Av. do Café, 2450, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto 14050-220, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Alexandre de Souza Crippa
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavioural Sciences, Division of Psychiatry, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine of the University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Av. dos Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jaime Eduardo Cecílio Hallak
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavioural Sciences, Division of Psychiatry, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine of the University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Av. dos Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antônio Waldo Zuardi
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavioural Sciences, Division of Psychiatry, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine of the University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Av. dos Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Norberto Cysne Coimbra
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine of the University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Av Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil; Behavioural Neurosciences Institute (INeC), Av. do Café, 2450, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto 14050-220, São Paulo, Brazil; Neurobiology of Emotions Research Centre (NAP-USP-NuPNE), Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine of the University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Av. dos Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil.
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19
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Castaneto MS, Gorelick DA, Desrosiers NA, Hartman RL, Pirard S, Huestis MA. Synthetic cannabinoids: epidemiology, pharmacodynamics, and clinical implications. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 144:12-41. [PMID: 25220897 PMCID: PMC4253059 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 425] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synthetic cannabinoids (SC) are a heterogeneous group of compounds developed to probe the endogenous cannabinoid system or as potential therapeutics. Clandestine laboratories subsequently utilized published data to develop SC variations marketed as abusable designer drugs. In the early 2000s, SC became popular as "legal highs" under brand names such as Spice and K2, in part due to their ability to escape detection by standard cannabinoid screening tests. The majority of SC detected in herbal products have greater binding affinity to the cannabinoid CB1 receptor than does Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary psychoactive compound in the cannabis plant, and greater affinity at the CB1 than the CB2 receptor. In vitro and animal in vivo studies show SC pharmacological effects 2-100 times more potent than THC, including analgesic, anti-seizure, weight-loss, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer growth effects. SC produce physiological and psychoactive effects similar to THC, but with greater intensity, resulting in medical and psychiatric emergencies. Human adverse effects include nausea and vomiting, shortness of breath or depressed breathing, hypertension, tachycardia, chest pain, muscle twitches, acute renal failure, anxiety, agitation, psychosis, suicidal ideation, and cognitive impairment. Long-term or residual effects are unknown. Due to these public health consequences, many SC are classified as controlled substances. However, frequent structural modification by clandestine laboratories results in a stream of novel SC that may not be legally controlled or detectable by routine laboratory tests. METHODS We present here a comprehensive review, based on a systematic electronic literature search, of SC epidemiology and pharmacology and their clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisol S Castaneto
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD, United States; Program in Toxicology, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - David A Gorelick
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Nathalie A Desrosiers
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD, United States; Program in Toxicology, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Rebecca L Hartman
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD, United States; Program in Toxicology, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sandrine Pirard
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Marilyn A Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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20
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Strain differences in the expression of endocannabinoid genes and in cannabinoid receptor binding in the brain of Lewis and Fischer 344 rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014; 53:15-22. [PMID: 24607771 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The Lewis (LEW) and Fischer 344 (F344) rat strains have been proposed as a model to study certain genetic influences on drug use. These strains differ in terms of the self-administration of several drugs, and in their expression of various components of the dopaminergic, glutamatergic, GABAergic and endogenous opioid neurotransmitter systems. As the endocannabinoid system is linked to these systems, we investigated whether these two strains exhibit differences in cannabinoid receptor binding and in the expression of cannabinoid-related genes. Quantitative autoradiography of [(3)H]-CP 55,940 binding levels and real-time PCR assays were used. F344 rats displayed higher levels of cannabinoid receptor binding in the lateral globus pallidus and weaker CNR1 gene expression in the prefrontal cortex (PFc) than LEW rats. Moreover, the N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine-specific phospholipase D/fatty acid amide hydrolase ratio was greater in the PFc and NAcc of F344 rats. Our results suggest that the endocannabinoid system may be a mediator of the individual differences that exist in the susceptibility to the rewarding effects of drugs of abuse.
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Panlilio LV, Zanettini C, Barnes C, Solinas M, Goldberg SR. Prior exposure to THC increases the addictive effects of nicotine in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:1198-208. [PMID: 23314220 PMCID: PMC3656362 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Although it is more common for drug abuse to progress from tobacco to cannabis, in many cases cannabis use develops before tobacco use. Epidemiological evidence indicates that prior cannabis use increases the likelihood of becoming dependent on tobacco. To determine whether this effect might be due to cannabis exposure per se, in addition to any genetic, social, or environmental factors that might contribute, we extended our series of studies on 'gateway drug' effects in animal models of drug abuse. Rats were exposed to THC, the main psychoactive constituent of cannabis, for 3 days (two intraperitoneal injections/day). Then, starting 1 week later, they were allowed to self-administer nicotine intravenously. THC exposure increased the likelihood of acquiring the nicotine self-administration response from 65% in vehicle-exposed rats to 94% in THC-exposed rats. When the price of nicotine was manipulated by increasing the response requirement, THC-exposed rats maintained higher levels of intake than vehicle-exposed rats, indicating that THC exposure increased the value of nicotine reward. These results contrast sharply with our earlier findings that prior THC exposure did not increase the likelihood of rats acquiring either heroin or cocaine self-administration, nor did it increase the reward value of these drugs. The findings obtained here suggest that a history of cannabis exposure might have lasting effects that increase the risk of becoming addicted to nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh V Panlilio
- Preclinical Pharmacology Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Claudio Zanettini
- Preclinical Pharmacology Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Chanel Barnes
- Preclinical Pharmacology Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marcelo Solinas
- Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, INSERM U-1084, Poitiers, France,University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Steven R Goldberg
- Preclinical Pharmacology Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA,Preclinical Pharmacology Section, Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA, Tel: +1 443 740 2519, Fax: +1 443 740 2733, E-mail:
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Karimi S, Azizi P, Shamsizadeh A, Haghparast A. Role of intra-accumbal cannabinoid CB1 receptors in the potentiation, acquisition and expression of morphine-induced conditioned place preference. Behav Brain Res 2013; 247:125-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Cannabinoid and opioid interactions: implications for opiate dependence and withdrawal. Neuroscience 2013; 248:637-54. [PMID: 23624062 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Withdrawal from opiates, such as heroin or oral narcotics, is characterized by a host of aversive physical and emotional symptoms. High rates of relapse and limited treatment success rates for opiate addiction have prompted a search for new approaches. For many opiate addicts, achieving abstinence may be further complicated by poly-drug use and co-morbid mental disorders. Research over the past decade has shed light on the influence of endocannabinoids (ECs) on the opioid system. Evidence from both animal and clinical studies point toward an interaction between these two systems, and suggest that targeting the EC system may provide novel interventions for managing opiate dependence and withdrawal. This review will summarize the literature surrounding the molecular effects of cannabinoids and opioids on the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system, a key circuit implicated in the negative sequelae of opiate addiction. A consideration of the trends and effects of marijuana use in those seeking treatment to abstain from opiates in the clinical setting will also be presented. In summary, the present review details how cannabinoid-opioid interactions may inform novel interventions in the management of opiate dependence and withdrawal.
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Lazenka MF, Selley DE, Sim-Selley LJ. Brain regional differences in CB1 receptor adaptation and regulation of transcription. Life Sci 2012; 92:446-52. [PMID: 22940268 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoid CB1 receptors (CB1Rs) are expressed throughout the brain and mediate the central effects of cannabinoids, including Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main psychoactive constituent of marijuana. Repeated THC administration produces tolerance to cannabinoid-mediated effects, although the magnitude of tolerance varies by effect. Consistent with this observation, CB1R desensitization and downregulation, as well as induction of immediate early genes (IEGs), vary by brain region. Zif268 and c-Fos are induced in the forebrain after acute THC administration. Phosphorylation of the cAMP response-element binding protein (CREB) is increased in a region-specific manner after THC administration. Results differ between acute versus repeated THC injection, and suggest that tolerance to IEG activation might develop in some regions. Repeated THC treatment produces CB1R desensitization and downregulation in the brain, although less adaption occurs in the striatum as compared to regions such as the hippocampus. Repeated THC treatment also induces expression of ΔFosB, a very stable isoform of FosB, in the striatum. Transgenic expression of ∆FosB in the striatum enhances the rewarding effects of several drugs, but its role in THC-mediated effects is not known. The inverse regional relationship between CB1R desensitization and ∆FosB induction suggests that these adaptations might inhibit each other, although this possibility has not been investigated. The differential regional expression of individual IEGs by acute or repeated THC administration suggests that regulation of target genes and effects on CB1R signaling will contribute to the behavioral effects of THC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Lazenka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Abstract
Opiates such as morphine and fentanyl, a major class of analgesics used in the clinical management of pain, exert their effects through the activation of opioid receptors. Opioids are among the most commonly prescribed and frequently abused drugs in the USA; however, the prolonged use of opiates often leads to the development of tolerance and addiction. Although blockade of opioid receptors with antagonists such as naltrexone and naloxone can lessen addictive impulses and facilitate recovery from overdose, systemic disruption of endogenous opioid receptor signalling through the use of these antagonistic drugs can have severe side effects. In the light of these challenges, current efforts have focused on identifying new therapeutic targets that selectively and specifically modulate opioid receptor signalling and function so as to achieve analgesia without the adverse effects associated with chronic opiate use. We have previously reported that opioid receptors interact with each other to form heteromeric complexes and that these interactions affect morphine signalling. Since chronic morphine administration leads to an enhanced level of these heteromers, these opioid receptor heteromeric complexes represent novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of pain and opiate addiction. In this review, we discuss the role of heteromeric opioid receptor complexes with a focus on mu opioid receptor (MOR) and delta opioid receptor (DOR) heteromers. We also highlight the evidence for altered pharmacological properties of opioid ligands and changes in ligand function resulting from the heteromer formation.
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Long-lasting recovery of psychotic-like symptoms in isolation-reared rats after chronic but not acute treatment with the cannabinoid antagonist AM251. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2012; 15:267-80. [PMID: 20923599 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145710001185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work we investigated the ability of AM251 to reverse schizophrenia-like symptoms produced by a neurodevelopmental animal model based on a social isolation procedure. First, we assessed the validity of our isolation-rearing protocol and, as expected, isolation-reared rats showed hyperlocomotion in a novel environment, cognitive impairment in the novel object recognition (NOR) test and a significant increase in the number of aggressive behaviours in the social interaction test compared to group-housed controls. This behavioural picture was associated with a reduction in CB₁ receptor/G protein coupling in specific brain areas as well as reduced c-Fos immunoreactivity in the prefrontal cortex and caudate putamen. In this model, chronic but not acute treatment with the CB₁ receptor antagonist AM251 counteracted isolation-induced cognitive impairment in the NOR test and aggressive behaviours in the social interaction test. This behavioural recovery was accompanied by the rescue of CB₁ receptor functionality and c-Fos levels in all brain regions altered in isolation-reared rats. Moreover, chronic AM251 also increased c-Fos immunoreactivity in the nucleus accumbens, as previously demonstrated for antipsychotic drugs. Interestingly, the behavioural recovery due to chronic AM251 administration persisted until 10 d after discontinuing the treatment, indicating a long-lasting effect of the cannabinoid antagonist on psychotic-like symptoms.
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Sim-Selley LJ, Cassidy MP, Sparta A, Zachariou V, Nestler EJ, Selley DE. Effect of ΔFosB overexpression on opioid and cannabinoid receptor-mediated signaling in the nucleus accumbens. Neuropharmacology 2011; 61:1470-6. [PMID: 21907220 PMCID: PMC3261795 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The stable transcription factor ΔFosB is induced in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) by chronic exposure to several drugs of abuse, and transgenic expression of ΔFosB in the striatum enhances the rewarding properties of morphine and cocaine. However, the mechanistic basis for these observations is incompletely understood. We used a bitransgenic mouse model with inducible expression of ΔFosB in dopamine D(1) receptor/dynorphin-containing striatal neurons to determine the effect of ΔFosB expression on opioid and cannabinoid receptor signaling in the NAc. Results showed that mu opioid-mediated G-protein activity and inhibition of adenylyl cyclase were enhanced in the NAc of mice that expressed ΔFosB. Similarly, kappa opioid inhibition of adenylyl cyclase was enhanced in the ΔFosB expressing mice. In contrast, cannabinoid receptor-mediated signaling did not differ between mice overexpressing ΔFosB and control mice. These findings suggest that opioid and cannabinoid receptor signaling are differentially modulated by expression of ΔFosB, and indicate that ΔFosB expression might produce some of its effects via enhanced mu and kappa opioid receptor signaling in the NAc.
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MESH Headings
- 3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer/pharmacology
- Adenine Nucleotides/pharmacology
- Adenosine Triphosphate/pharmacokinetics
- Adenylyl Cyclases/metabolism
- Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology
- Animals
- Benzoxazines/pharmacology
- Calcium Channel Blockers/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation/genetics
- Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate)/pharmacokinetics
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Morpholines/pharmacology
- Naphthalenes/pharmacology
- Nucleus Accumbens/drug effects
- Nucleus Accumbens/metabolism
- Phosphopyruvate Hydratase/genetics
- Phosphorus Isotopes/pharmacokinetics
- Protein Binding/drug effects
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Sulfur Isotopes/pharmacokinetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J. Sim-Selley
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Michael P. Cassidy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Antonino Sparta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Venetia Zachariou
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Crete, Faculty of Medicine, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Eric J. Nestler
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
| | - Dana E. Selley
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298
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Lockie SH, Czyzyk TA, Chaudhary N, Perez-Tilve D, Woods SC, Oldfield BJ, Statnick MA, Tschöp MH. CNS opioid signaling separates cannabinoid receptor 1-mediated effects on body weight and mood-related behavior in mice. Endocrinology 2011; 152:3661-7. [PMID: 21810947 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Existing monotherapies for the treatment of obesity provide only modest weight loss and/or have adverse side effects, and this is also the case with the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) inverse agonist, rimonabant. We aimed to investigate the possibility of improving efficacy and reducing side effects of rimonabant by cotreatment with opioid system antagonists. Using both genetic and pharmacological removal of opioid signaling in mice, we investigated changes in body weight, food intake, and fat mass as well as behavioral outcomes of interactions between opioid ligands and the CB1 using the inverse agonist, rimonabant. The ability of rimonabant to reduce weight is enhanced by removal of with μ-opioid receptor signaling, while not being greatly affected by κ-opioid receptor blockade. Additionally, lack of opioid signaling, especially κ-opioid receptor, attenuated the ability of rimonabant to decrease immobility time in the Porsolt forced-swim test, a preclinical model of depression. These results indicate that the endogenous opioid system is involved in modulating both the metabolic and mood effects of rimonabant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Haas Lockie
- Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237, USA
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Miller LL, Picker MJ, Schmidt KT, Dykstra LA. Effects of morphine on pain-elicited and pain-suppressed behavior in CB1 knockout and wildtype mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 215:455-65. [PMID: 21373789 PMCID: PMC3160632 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2232-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 02/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Pharmacological manipulations of the type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1) suggest a role for CB1 in morphine-induced antinociception, but studies utilizing CB1 knockout (KO) mice do not support this conclusion. Since studies using CB1 KO mice to study morphine's antinociceptive effects have only examined thermal nociception, this study examines these interactions in models that employ a chemical stimulus. OBJECTIVES To determine whether the findings obtained with thermal pain models extend to other models, the effects of morphine on acetic acid-induced writhing were examined in CB1 KO and wildtype (WT) mice. Behaviors that decrease in response to acid injection, feeding and wheel running, were also examined, and investigations were carried out in the thermal hotplate assay. The CB1 antagonist SR141716A was also examined in these assays. RESULTS Morphine completely blocked acid-induced writhing (1.0-10.0 mg/kg) and increased response latencies in the hotplate (10.0-32.0 mg/kg) in both genotypes. Morphine (3.2 mg/kg) significantly attenuated the suppression of wheel running but did not completely prevent this effect in either genotype. Morphine did not alter pain-suppressed feeding. In each of these assays, morphine's effects were not altered in CB1 KO mice compared with WT mice; however, SR141716A attenuated morphine's effects in C57BL/6 mice. CONCLUSIONS The effects of morphine do not differ in CB1 KO and WT mice in preclinical pain models using thermal and chemical stimuli. Since SR141716A did attenuate the effects of morphine, it is possible that CB1 KO mice undergo developmental changes that mask the role of CB1 receptors in morphine's antinociceptive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence L Miller
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Maldonado R, Berrendero F, Ozaita A, Robledo P. Neurochemical basis of cannabis addiction. Neuroscience 2011; 181:1-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2010] [Revised: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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[Cannabis withdrawal syndrome in patients with cannabis dependence only, and in patients with cannabis and opioid dependence]. Encephale 2011; 37:266-72. [PMID: 21981886 DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cannabis withdrawal syndrome occurs after cannabis cessation in more than 50% of dependent smokers. But although opioid-dependent patients are more frequently cannabis users and cannabis-dependent than the general population, the frequency and phenomenology of cannabis withdrawal symptoms in this specific population is unknown. Our hypothesis was that cannabis-dependent patients with current opioid dependence would experience the same withdrawal syndrome after cannabis cessation. OBJECTIVE To describe cannabis withdrawal symptoms in cannabis-only dependent patients and in cannabis-dependent patients with current opioid dependence. METHODS Using retrospective interviews, we evaluated the number and duration of six cannabis withdrawal symptoms in two groups: 56 cannabis-dependent patients without and 43 cannabis dependent patients with current opioid dependence. Cannabis and opioid dependence diagnoses were defined with DSM IV criteria using the MINI structured interview. RESULTS The two groups were not different in terms of age of onset of cannabis use, and number of cannabis joints smoked at the time of the cannabis cessation attempt. The frequency of a cannabis withdrawal syndrome (defined as at least two different symptoms) did not differ in the two groups (65%). Neither was the proportion of subjects with the following symptoms: appetite or weight loss (30.8%), irritability (45.1%), anxiety (56%), aggression (36.3%) and restlessness (45.1%). Patients with cannabis dependence and current opioid dependence were more likely to report sleep disturbances (79.1 vs. 53.6%, chi(2)=6.91, P=0.007). The median duration of this cannabis withdrawal syndrome was 20 days post-cessation. CONCLUSION This is, to our knowledge, the first study describing cannabis withdrawal syndrome in cannabis-dependent patients with current opioid dependence. These patients experience a cannabis withdrawal syndrome as often as cannabis-only dependent subjects, but describe more frequently sleep disturbances. This high rate of sleep disturbances may cause relapse to cannabis use.
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Cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonism prevents neurochemical and behavioural deficits induced by chronic phencyclidine. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2011; 14:17-28. [PMID: 20196921 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145710000209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical and laboratory studies suggest that the endocannabinoid system is involved in schizophrenia disorders. Recent evidence indicates that cannabinoid receptor (CB1) antagonists have a pharmacological profile similar to antipsychotic drugs. We investigated the behavioural and biochemical effects of the CB1 antagonist AM251 in a phencyclidine (PCP) animal paradigm modelling the cognitive deficit and some negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Chronic AM251 (0.5 mg/kg for 3 wk) improved the PCP-altered recognition memory, as indicated by a significant amelioration of the discrimination index compared to chronic PCP alone (2.58 mg/kg for 1 month). AM251 also reversed the PCP-induced increase in immobility in the forced swim test resembling avolition, a negative sign of schizophrenia. In order to analyse the mechanisms underlying these behaviours, we studied the effects of AM251 on the endocannabinoid system (in terms of CB1 receptor density and functional activity and endocannabinoid levels) and c-Fos protein expression. The antagonist counteracted the alterations in CB1 receptor function induced by PCP in selected cerebral regions involved in schizophrenia. In addition, in the prefrontal cortex, the key region in the integration of cognitive and negative functions, AM251 markedly raised anandamide levels and reversed the PCP-induced increase of 2-arachidonoylglycerol concentrations. Finally, chronic AM251 fully reversed the PCP-elicited expression of c-Fos protein in the prefrontal cortical region. These findings suggest an antipsychotic-like profile of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist which, by restoring the function of the endocannabinoid system, might directly or indirectly normalize some of the neurochemical maladaptations present in this schizophrenia-like animal model.
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Turcotte D, Le Dorze JA, Esfahani F, Frost E, Gomori A, Namaka M. Examining the roles of cannabinoids in pain and other therapeutic indications: a review. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2010; 11:17-31. [PMID: 20001426 DOI: 10.1517/14656560903413534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD In recent times, our knowledge of cannabinoids and the endocannabinoid system has greatly advanced. With expanding knowledge, synthetic cannabinoids - including nabilone, dronabinol and a combination of synthetic Delta9-THC and cannabidiol - have been developed and tested for benefit in a variety of therapeutic indications. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW The aim of this article is to provide a summative review of the vast amount of clinical trial data now available on these agents. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN To locate clinical trials for review, a literature search was performed using PubMed between the dates of 25 May and 30 June 2009. Search parameters were set to isolate only human randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published between 1990 and 2009. Keywords consistently used for each search include: cannabinoids, marijuana, THC, nabilone and dronabinol. Preferential selection was given to the best-designed trials, focusing on placebo-controlled, double-blind RCTs with the largest patient populations, if available. TAKE HOME MESSAGE As efficacy and tolerability of these agents remain questionable, it is important that cannabinoids not be considered 'first-line' therapies for conditions for which there are more supported and better-tolerated agents. Instead, these agents could be considered in a situation of treatment failure with standard therapies or as adjunctive agents where appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Turcotte
- University of Manitoba, Faculty of Pharmacy, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0T5 Canada.
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Dalton GD, Bass CE, Van Horn CG, Howlett AC. Signal transduction via cannabinoid receptors. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2009; 8:422-31. [PMID: 19839935 PMCID: PMC3976677 DOI: 10.2174/187152709789824615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The endocannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol are lipid mediators that signal via CB(1) and CB(2) cannabinoid receptors and Gi/o-proteins to inhibit adenylyl cyclase and stimulate mitogen-activated protein kinase. In the brain, CB(1) receptors interact with opioid receptors in close proximity, and these receptors may share G-proteins and effector systems. In the striatum, CB(1) receptors function in coordination with D(1) and D(2) dopamine receptors, and combined stimulation of CB(1)-D(2) receptor heteromeric complexes promotes a unique interaction to stimulate cAMP production. CB(1) receptors also trigger growth factor receptor signaling cascades in cells by engaging in cross-talk or interreceptor signal transmission with the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family. Mechanisms for CB(1) receptor-RTK transactivation can include stimulation of signal transduction pathways regulated by second messengers such as phospholipase C, metalloprotease cleavage of membrane-bound precursor proteins such as epidermal growth factor which activate RTKs, RTK autophosphorylation, and recruitment of non-receptor tyrosine kinases. CB(1) and CB(2) receptors are expressed in peripheral tissues including liver and adipose tissue, and are induced in pathological conditions. Novel signal transduction resulting from endocannabinoid regulation of AMP-regulated kinase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors have been discovered from studies of hepatocytes and adipocytes. It can be predicted that drug discovery of the future will be based upon these novel signal transduction mechanisms for endocannabinoid mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- George D Dalton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Bushlin I, Rozenfeld R, Devi LA. Cannabinoid-opioid interactions during neuropathic pain and analgesia. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2009; 10:80-6. [PMID: 19857996 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2009.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Opiates and exogenous cannabinoids, both potent analgesics used for the treatment of patients with neuropathic pain, bind to and activate class A G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Several lines of evidence have recently suggested that opioid and cannabinoid receptors can functionally interact in the central nervous system (CNS). These interactions may be direct, such as through receptor heteromerization, or indirect, such as through signaling cross-talk that includes agonist-mediated release and/or synthesis of endogenous ligands that can activate downstream receptors. Interactions between opioid and cannabinoid receptors may mediate many of the behavioral phenomena associated with the use of these drugs, including the production of acute antinociception and the development of tolerance and cross-tolerance to the antinociceptive effects of opioid and cannabinoid-specific ligands. This review summarizes behavioral, anatomical, and molecular data characterizing these interactions during the development of neuropathic pain and during antinociceptive treatment with these drugs alone or in combination. These studies are critical for understanding how the receptor systems involved in pain relief are altered during acute or chronic pain, and for designing better antinociceptive drug therapies, such as the combined use of opioid and cannabinoid receptor agonists or selective activation of receptor heteromers, that directly target the altered neurophysiology of patients experiencing pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ittai Bushlin
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Repeated cannabinoid injections into the rat periaqueductal gray enhance subsequent morphine antinociception. Neuropharmacology 2008; 55:1219-25. [PMID: 18723035 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Revised: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoids and opiates inhibit pain, in part, by activating the periaqueductal gray (PAG). Evidence suggests this activation occurs through distinct mechanisms. If the antinociceptive mechanisms are distinct, then cross-tolerance between opioids and cannabinoids should not develop. This hypothesis was tested by measuring the antinociceptive effect of microinjecting morphine into the ventrolateral PAG of rats pretreated with the cannabinoid HU-210 for two days. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected twice a day for two days with vehicle (0.4 microL), morphine (5 microg/0.4 microL), HU-210 (5 microg/0.4 microL), or morphine combined with HU-210 into the ventrolateral PAG. Repeated injections of morphine caused a rightward shift in the morphine dose-response curve on Day 3 (i.e., tolerance developed). No tolerance was evident in rats pretreated with morphine combined with HU-210. In rats pretreated with HU-210 alone, morphine antinociception was enhanced. This enhancement was blocked by pretreating rats with the cannabinoid receptor antagonist AM-251, and it also disappeared when rats were tested one week later. Acute microinjection of HU-210 into the PAG antagonized morphine antinociception, suggesting that HU-210-induced enhancement of morphine antinociception is a compensatory response. As hypothesized, there was no evidence of cross-tolerance between morphine and HU-210. In fact, cannabinoid pretreatment enhanced the antinociceptive effect of microinjecting morphine into the ventrolateral PAG. These findings suggest that alternating opioid and cannabinoid treatment could be therapeutically advantageous by preventing the development of tolerance and enhancing morphine antinociception.
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37
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Ferré S, Goldberg SR, Lluis C, Franco R. Looking for the role of cannabinoid receptor heteromers in striatal function. Neuropharmacology 2008; 56 Suppl 1:226-34. [PMID: 18691604 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.06.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Revised: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 06/29/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of two concepts, "local module" and "receptor heteromer", facilitates the understanding of the role of interactions between different neurotransmitters in the brain. In artificial cell systems, cannabinoid CB(1) receptors form receptor heteromers with dopamine D2, adenosine A2A and mu opioid receptors. There is indirect but compelling evidence for the existence of the same CB1 receptor heteromers in striatal local modules centered in the dendritic spines of striatal GABAergic efferent neurons, particularly at a postsynaptic location. Their analysis provides new clues for the role of endocannabinoids in striatal function, which cannot only be considered as retrograde signals that inhibit neurotransmitter release. Recent studies using a new method to detect heteromerization of more than two proteins, which consists of sequential BRET-FRET (SRET) analysis, has demonstrated that CB1, D2 and A2A receptors can form heterotrimers in transfected cells. It is likely that functional CB1-A2A-D2 receptor heteromers can be found where they are highly co-expressed, in the dendritic spines of GABAergic enkephalinergic neurons. The functional properties of these multiple receptor heteromers and their role in striatal function need to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Ferré
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Biomedical Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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38
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Abstract
A remarkable amount of literature has been generated demonstrating the functional similarities between the endogenous opioid and cannabinoid systems. Anatomical, biochemical and molecular data support the existence of reciprocal interactions between these two systems related to several pharmacological responses including reward, cognitive effects, and the development of tolerance and dependence. However, the assessment of the bidirectionality of these effects has been difficult due to their variety and complexity. Reciprocal interactions have been well established for the development of physical dependence. Cross-tolerance and cross-sensitization, although not always bidirectional, are also supported by a number of evidence, while less data have been gathered regarding the relationship of these systems in cognition and emotion. Nevertheless, the most recent advances in cannabinoid-opioid cross-modulation have been made in the area of drug craving and relapse processes. The present review is focused on the latest developments in the cannabinoid-opioid cross-modulation of their behavioural effects and the possible neurobiological substrates involved.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/physiopathology
- Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators/physiology
- Cannabinoids/pharmacology
- Cognition/drug effects
- Cognition/physiology
- Drug Tolerance
- Emotions/drug effects
- Emotions/physiology
- Endorphins/physiology
- Humans
- Marijuana Abuse/physiopathology
- Motivation
- Narcotics/pharmacology
- Neurotransmitter Agents/metabolism
- Opioid-Related Disorders/physiopathology
- Receptor Cross-Talk/drug effects
- Receptor Cross-Talk/physiology
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/drug effects
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/physiology
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/drug effects
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/physiology
- Receptors, Opioid/drug effects
- Receptors, Opioid/physiology
- Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Robledo
- Laboratori de Neurofarmacologia, Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Spain
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López-Moreno JA, González-Cuevas G, Moreno G, Navarro M. The pharmacology of the endocannabinoid system: functional and structural interactions with other neurotransmitter systems and their repercussions in behavioral addiction. Addict Biol 2008; 13:160-87. [PMID: 18422831 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2008.00105.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Addiction is a chronic, recurring and complex disorder. It is characterized by anomalous behaviors that are linked to permanent or long-lasting neurobiological alterations. Furthermore, the endocannabinoid system has a crucial role in mediating neurotransmitter release as one of the main neuromodulators of the mammalian central nervous system. The purpose of the present review is to instruct readers about the functional and structural interactions between the endocannabinoid system and the main neurotransmitter systems of the central nervous system in the context of drug addiction. With this aim, we have systematically reviewed the main findings of most of the existing literature that explores cross-talk in the five brain areas that are most traditionally implicated in addiction: amygdala, prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, hippocampus and ventral tegmental area (VTA). The neurotransmission systems influenced by the pharmacology of the endocannabinoid system in these brain areas, which are reviewed here, are gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate, the main biogenic amines (dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin), acetylcholine and opioids. We show that all of these neurotransmitter systems can be modulated differentially in each brain area by the activation or deactivation of cannabinoid CB1 brain receptors. Specifically, most of the studies relate to the hippocampus and nucleus accumbens. Moreover, the neurotransmitter with the fewest number of related studies is acetylcholine (excepting in the hippocampus), whereas there is a large number that evaluates GABA, glutamate and dopamine. Finally, we propose a possible interpretation of the role of the endocannabinoid system in the phenomenon of addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio López-Moreno
- Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, Campus de Somosaguas, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain.
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40
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Zarrindast MR, Nouri M, Ahmadi S. Cannabinoid CB1 receptors of the dorsal hippocampus are important for induction of conditioned place preference (CPP) but do not change morphine CPP. Brain Res 2007; 1163:130-7. [PMID: 17631872 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2007] [Revised: 06/02/2007] [Accepted: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between cannabinoid and opioid systems have been reported in many studies. In the present study, we have investigated influence of cannabinoid CB1 receptor mechanism on the acquisition of conditioned place preference (CPP) induced by morphine in male Wistar rats. The cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist (WIN55,212-2) and antagonist (AM251) were injected bilaterally into the dorsal hippocampus. Morphine and naloxone were injected subcutaneously (s.c.). The conditioning treatments with injections of morphine (6 and 9 mg/kg) induced a CPP for the drug-associated place. When administered into the dorsal hippocampus, WIN55,212-2 (1 microg/rat) induced CPP, but significantly did not alter CPP induced by a sub-effective dose of morphine (3 mg/kg). Moreover, administration of different doses of AM251 (50 and 100 ng/rat) into the dorsal hippocampus induced CPP, while did not change CPP by the sub-effective dose of morphine. Naloxone alone (1 mg/kg) induced conditioned place aversion (CPA). The drug (0.5 and 1 mg/kg) also caused CPA when co-administered with WIN55,212-2 (1 microg/rat). These results suggest that endocannabinoid system in the dorsal hippocampus is important for the CPP paradigm. However, agents did not alter morphine-induced CPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad-Reza Zarrindast
- Department of Pharmacology and Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Medical Sciences, University of Tehran, Iran.
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41
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Fattore L, Viganò D, Fadda P, Rubino T, Fratta W, Parolaro D. Bidirectional regulation of mu-opioid and CB1-cannabinoid receptor in rats self-administering heroin or WIN 55,212-2. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 25:2191-200. [PMID: 17419755 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05470.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the effect of intravenous self-administration (SA) of either heroin or the cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN 55,212-2 on levels and functionality of mu-opioid (MOR) and CB1-cannabinoid receptors (CB1R) in reward-related brain areas, such as the prefrontal cortex (PFC), nucleus accumbens (NAc), caudate putamen (CP), hippocampus (Hippo), amygdala (Amy), hypothalamus (Hypo) and ventral tegmental area (VTA). [3H]DAMGO and [3H]CP-55,940 autoradiography and agonist-stimulated [35S]GTPgammaS binding were performed on brain sections of rats firmly self-administering heroin or WIN 55,212-2. Animals failing to acquire heroin or cannabinoid SA behaviour as well as drug-naïve animals never exposed to experimental apparatus or procedure (home-control group) were used as controls. With respect to control groups, which displayed very similar values, rats SA heroin showed increased MOR binding in the NAc (+174%), CP (+165%), Hippo (+121%), VTA (+175%), an enhanced CB1R density localized in the Amy (+147%) and VTA (+37%), and a widespread increased CB1 receptor functionality in the PFC (+95%), NAc (+313%), CP (+265%), Hippo (+38%), Amy (+221%). In turn, cannabinoid SA differently modulates CB1R binding in the Amy (+47%), Hypo (+94%), Hippo (-23%), VTA (-15%), and increases MOR levels (PFC: +124%; NAc: +68%; CP: +80%; Hippo: +73%; Amy: +99%) and efficiency (Hippo: +518%; Amy: +173%; Hypo: +188%). These findings suggest that voluntary chronic intake of opioids or cannabinoids induces reciprocal but differential regulation of MORs and CB1Rs density and activity in brain structures underlying drug-taking and drug-seeking behaviour, which could represent long-term neuroadaptations contributing to the development of drug addiction and dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana Fattore
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council CNR, Section of Cagliari, Italy
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42
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Haney M. Opioid antagonism of cannabinoid effects: differences between marijuana smokers and nonmarijuana smokers. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007; 32:1391-403. [PMID: 17091128 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In non-human animals, opioid antagonists block the reinforcing and discriminative-stimulus effects of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), while in human marijuana smokers, naltrexone (50 mg) enhances the reinforcing and subjective effects of THC. The objective of this study was to test a lower, more opioid-selective dose of naltrexone (12 mg) in combination with THC. The influence of marijuana-use history and sex was also investigated. Naltrexone (0, 12 mg) was administered 30 min before oral THC (0-40 mg) or methadone (0-10 mg) capsules, and subjective effects, task performance, pupillary diameter, and cardiovascular parameters were assessed in marijuana smoking (Study 1; n=22) and in nonmarijuana smoking (Study 2; n=21) men and women. The results show that in marijuana smokers, low-dose naltrexone blunted the intoxicating effects of a low THC dose (20 mg), while increasing ratings of anxiety at a higher THC dose (40 mg). In nonmarijuana smokers, low-dose naltrexone shifted THC's effects in the opposite direction, enhancing the intoxicating effects of a low THC dose (2.5 mg) and decreasing anxiety ratings following a high dose of THC (10 mg). There were no sex differences in these interactions, although among nonmarijuana smokers, men were more sensitive to the effects of THC alone than women. To conclude, a low, opioid-selective dose of naltrexone blunted THC intoxication in marijuana smokers, while in nonmarijuana smokers, naltrexone enhanced THC intoxication. These data demonstrate that the interaction between opioid antagonists and cannabinoid agonists varies as a function of marijuana use history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Haney
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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43
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Shim EJ, Seo YJ, Kwon MS, Ham YO, Choi OS, Lee JY, Choi SM, Suh HW. The intracerebroventricular kainic acid-induced damage affects animal nociceptive behavior. Brain Res Bull 2007; 73:203-9. [PMID: 17562385 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2006] [Revised: 12/25/2006] [Accepted: 02/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we examined nociceptive behaviors on various pain models after the pretreatment of kainic acid intracerebroventricularly. We found that intracerebroventricular administration of kainic acid shows significant neuronal damage on the hippocampal CA3 region in the brain slices stained with cresyl violet. Compared to the control group, intracerebroventricular pretreatment of kainic acid significantly attenuated nocifensive behaviors induced by intraplantar formalin (only in the 2nd phase), intrathecal glutamate, TNF-alpha or IL-1beta. However, nocifensive behaviors induced by intraperitoneal acetic acid (writhing test), intrathecal substance P or IFN-gamma were not affected by the pretreatment of kainic acid. These results suggest that (1) KA-induced alterations of nocifensive behaviors are related to the neuronal death of the hippocampal formation, especially CA3 pyramidal neurons and (2) nocifensive behaviors induced by formalin, acetic acid, SP, glutamate, and pro-inflammatory cytokines were modulated in a different manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eon-Jeong Shim
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, 1 Okchun-Dong, ChunCheon, Gangwon-Do 200-702, South Korea
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44
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Abstract
This paper is the 28th consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system, now spanning over a quarter-century of research. It summarizes papers published during 2005 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (Section 2), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (Section 3); stress and social status (Section 4); tolerance and dependence (Section 5); learning and memory (Section 6); eating and drinking (Section 7); alcohol and drugs of abuse (Section 8); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (Section 9); mental illness and mood (Section 10); seizures and neurologic disorders (Section 11); electrical-related activity, neurophysiology and transmitter release (Section 12); general activity and locomotion (Section 13); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (Section 14); cardiovascular responses (Section 15); respiration and thermoregulation (Section 16); immunological responses (Section 17).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, NY 11367, USA.
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45
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Harburg GC, Hall FS, Harrist AV, Sora I, Uhl GR, Eisch AJ. Knockout of the mu opioid receptor enhances the survival of adult-generated hippocampal granule cell neurons. Neuroscience 2006; 144:77-87. [PMID: 17055658 PMCID: PMC2230097 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2006] [Revised: 08/30/2006] [Accepted: 09/05/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that mu opioid receptors (MOR) are key regulators of hippocampal structure and function. For example, exogenous MOR agonists morphine and heroin negatively impact hippocampal function and decrease adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Here we explored the role of MOR in the birth and survival of hippocampal progenitor cells by examining adult neurogenesis in mice that lack MOR. Adult male mice lacking exon 1 of MOR were injected with the S phase marker bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and killed either 2 hours or 4 weeks later to evaluate proliferating and surviving BrdU-immunoreactive (IR) cells, respectively, in the adult hippocampal granule cell layer. Wild-type (WT), heterozygote, and homozygote mice did not differ in the number of BrdU-IR cells at a proliferation time point. However, 4 weeks after BrdU injection, heterozygote and homozygote mice had 57% and 54% more surviving BrdU-IR cells in the hippocampal granule cell layer as compared with WT mice. A decrease in apoptosis in the heterozygote and homozygote mice did not account for the difference in number of surviving BrdU-IR cells since there were no alterations in number of pyknotic, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL)-positive, or activated caspase 3-IR cells compared with WT. In concordance with the increased numbers of granule cells maturing into neurons, heterozygote and homozygote mice had larger hippocampal granule cell layers and increased numbers of granule cells. These findings indicate that MOR may play a role in regulating progenitor cell survival and more generally encourage further exploration of how MOR activation can influence hippocampal structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwyndolen C. Harburg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - F. Scott Hall
- Molecular Neurobiology Branch, NIDA-IRP, NIH/DHHS, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alexia V. Harrist
- University of Pennsylvania Medical School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ichiro Sora
- Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Sendai, Japan
| | - George R. Uhl
- Molecular Neurobiology Branch, NIDA-IRP, NIH/DHHS, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Amelia J. Eisch
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Correspondence: A. J. Eisch, Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390-9070. Tel: (214) 648-5549; Fax: (214) 645-9549. E-mail:
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46
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Cascio MG, Bisogno T, Palazzo E, Thomas A, van der Stelt M, Brizzi A, de Novellis V, Marabese I, Ross R, van de Doelen T, Brizzi V, Pertwee R, Maione S, Di Marzo V. In vitro and in vivo pharmacology of synthetic olivetol- or resorcinol-derived cannabinoid receptor ligands. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 149:431-40. [PMID: 16953186 PMCID: PMC1978428 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE We have previously reported the development of CB-25 and CB-52, two ligands of CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors. We assessed here their functional activity. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The effect of the two compounds on forskolin-induced cAMP formation in intact cells or GTP-gamma-S binding to cell membranes, and their action on nociception in vivo was determined. KEY RESULTS CB-25 enhanced forskolin-induced cAMP formation in N18TG2 cells (EC50 approximately 20 nM, max. stimulation = 48%), behaving as an inverse CB1 agonist, but it stimulated GTP-gamma-S binding to mouse brain membranes, behaving as a partial CB1 agonist (EC50 =100 nM, max. stimulation = 48%). At human CB1 receptors, CB-25 inhibited cAMP formation in hCB1-CHO cells (EC50 = 1600 nM, max. inhibition = 68% of CP-55,940 effect). CB-52 inhibited forskolin-induced cAMP formation by N18TG2 cells (IC50 = 450 nM, max. inhibition = 40%) and hCB1-CHO cells (EC50 = 2600 nM, max. inhibition = 62% of CP-55,940 effect), and stimulated GTP-gamma-S binding to mouse brain membranes (EC50 = 11 nM, max. stimulation approximately 16%). Both CB-25 and CB-52 showed no activity in all assays of CB2-coupled functional activity and antagonized CP55940-induced stimulation of GTP-gamma-S binding to hCB2-CHO cell membranes. In vivo, both compounds, administered i.p., produced dose-dependent nociception in the plantar test carried out in healthy rats, and antagonised the anti-nociceptive effect of i.p. WIN55,212-2. In the formalin test in mice, however, the compounds counteracted both phases of formalin-induced nociception. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS CB-25 and CB-52 behave in vitro mostly as CB1 partial agonists and CB2 neutral antagonists, whereas their activity in vivo might depend on the tonic activity of cannabinoid receptors.
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MESH Headings
- Action Potentials/drug effects
- Adenylyl Cyclases/metabolism
- Amides/pharmacology
- Analgesics/pharmacology
- Animals
- Brain Stem/cytology
- Brain Stem/drug effects
- Brain Stem/metabolism
- CHO Cells
- Cricetinae
- Cricetulus
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate)/metabolism
- Ligands
- Male
- Mice
- Pain/chemically induced
- Pain/metabolism
- Pain/prevention & control
- Pain Measurement
- Pain Threshold/drug effects
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/drug effects
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/drug effects
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/metabolism
- Resorcinols/pharmacology
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Cascio
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry CNR Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Salerno Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - T Bisogno
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry CNR Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy
| | - E Palazzo
- Department of Experimental Medicine – Section of Pharmacology ‘L Donatelli', Second University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - A Thomas
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - A Brizzi
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena Siena, Italy
| | - V de Novellis
- Department of Experimental Medicine – Section of Pharmacology ‘L Donatelli', Second University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - I Marabese
- Department of Experimental Medicine – Section of Pharmacology ‘L Donatelli', Second University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - R Ross
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - V Brizzi
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena Siena, Italy
| | - R Pertwee
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill Aberdeen, UK
| | - S Maione
- Department of Experimental Medicine – Section of Pharmacology ‘L Donatelli', Second University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - V Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry CNR Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy
- Author for correspondence:
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47
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Pacher P, Bátkai S, Kunos G. The endocannabinoid system as an emerging target of pharmacotherapy. Pharmacol Rev 2006; 58:389-462. [PMID: 16968947 PMCID: PMC2241751 DOI: 10.1124/pr.58.3.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1458] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent identification of cannabinoid receptors and their endogenous lipid ligands has triggered an exponential growth of studies exploring the endocannabinoid system and its regulatory functions in health and disease. Such studies have been greatly facilitated by the introduction of selective cannabinoid receptor antagonists and inhibitors of endocannabinoid metabolism and transport, as well as mice deficient in cannabinoid receptors or the endocannabinoid-degrading enzyme fatty acid amidohydrolase. In the past decade, the endocannabinoid system has been implicated in a growing number of physiological functions, both in the central and peripheral nervous systems and in peripheral organs. More importantly, modulating the activity of the endocannabinoid system turned out to hold therapeutic promise in a wide range of disparate diseases and pathological conditions, ranging from mood and anxiety disorders, movement disorders such as Parkinson's and Huntington's disease, neuropathic pain, multiple sclerosis and spinal cord injury, to cancer, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, stroke, hypertension, glaucoma, obesity/metabolic syndrome, and osteoporosis, to name just a few. An impediment to the development of cannabinoid medications has been the socially unacceptable psychoactive properties of plant-derived or synthetic agonists, mediated by CB(1) receptors. However, this problem does not arise when the therapeutic aim is achieved by treatment with a CB(1) receptor antagonist, such as in obesity, and may also be absent when the action of endocannabinoids is enhanced indirectly through blocking their metabolism or transport. The use of selective CB(2) receptor agonists, which lack psychoactive properties, could represent another promising avenue for certain conditions. The abuse potential of plant-derived cannabinoids may also be limited through the use of preparations with controlled composition and the careful selection of dose and route of administration. The growing number of preclinical studies and clinical trials with compounds that modulate the endocannabinoid system will probably result in novel therapeutic approaches in a number of diseases for which current treatments do not fully address the patients' need. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview on the current state of knowledge of the endocannabinoid system as a target of pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pál Pacher
- Laboratory of Physiological Studies, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Room 2S-24, Bethesda, MD 20892-9413, USA
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48
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Bradshaw HB, Rimmerman N, Krey JF, Walker JM. Sex and hormonal cycle differences in rat brain levels of pain-related cannabimimetic lipid mediators. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2006; 291:R349-58. [PMID: 16556899 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00933.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
One important function of endocannabinoids and related lipid mediators in mammalian central nervous system is modulation of pain. Evidence obtained during the last decade shows that altered levels of these compounds in the brain accompany decreases in pain sensitivity. Such changes, if sexually dimorphic, could account for sex differences in pain and differences that occur during different phases of the hormonal cycle in females. To examine this possibility, we measured the levels of the pain-modulatory lipids anandamide, 2-arachidonoyl glycerol, N-arachidonoyl glycine, N-arachidonoyl gamma amino butyric acid, and N-arachidonoyl dopamine in seven different brain areas (pituitary, hypothalamus, thalamus, striatum, midbrain, hippocampus, and cerebellum) in male rats, and in female rats at five different points in the estrous cycle. The cerebellum did not demonstrate a change in endocannabinoid production across the estrous cycle, whereas all other areas tested showed significant differences in at least one of the compounds measured. These changes in levels occurred predominantly within the 36-h time period surrounding ovulation and behavioral estrus. Differences between males and females were measured as either estrous cycle-independent (all estrous cycles combined) or cycle-dependent (comparisons of males to each estrous cycle). In cycle-independent analyses, small sex differences were observed in the pituitary, hypothalamus, cerebellum, and striatum, whereas no differences were observed in the thalamus, midbrain, and hippocampus. In cycle-dependent analyses, the hypothalamus and pituitary showed largest sex differences followed by the striatum, midbrain, and hippocampus, whereas no sex differences were measured in thalamus and cerebellum. These data provide a basis for investigations into how differences in sex and hormonal status play a role in mechanisms regulating endocannabinoid production and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather B Bradshaw
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 East 10th St., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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Chen RZ, Frassetto A, Fong TM. Effects of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor inverse agonist AM251 on food intake and body weight in mice lacking mu-opioid receptors. Brain Res 2006; 1108:176-8. [PMID: 16828068 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2006] [Revised: 04/07/2006] [Accepted: 06/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We used mu-opioid receptor-deficient (MOR-/-) mice to determine the effects of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor inverse agonist AM251 on feeding in the absence of MOR signaling. A single dose of AM251 at 0.6, 2 or 6 mg/kg caused similar dose-dependent suppression of food intake in wild-type and MOR-/- mice. Administration of AM251 at 3 mg/kg/day for 9 consecutive days also led to a similar reduction ( approximately 8%) in body weight in wild-type and MOR-/- mice. Our results suggest that MOR signaling is not necessary for cannabinoid-mediated effects on feeding and that physiological antagonism of opioid receptor tone might be required for the observed synergistic effects of a CB1 inverse agonist and an opioid receptor antagonist on feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Z Chen
- Department of Metabolic Disorders, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, RY80M-213, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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Abstract
The neurobiology of itch, which is formally known as pruritus, and its interaction with pain have been illustrated by the complexity of specific mediators, itch-related neuronal pathways and the central processing of itch. Scratch-induced pain can abolish itch, and analgesic opioids can generate itch, which indicates an antagonistic interaction. However, recent data suggest that there is a broad overlap between pain- and itch-related peripheral mediators and/or receptors, and there are astonishingly similar mechanisms of neuronal sensitization in the PNS and the CNS. The antagonistic interaction between pain and itch is already exploited in pruritus therapy, and current research concentrates on the identification of common targets for future analgesic and antipruritic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Ikoma
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University, Shogin-Kawahara-cho 54, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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