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Ahmed A, Kazzaz ME, Brakat AM. Can Intranasal Insulin and Cholinergic Agonist Improve Post-Covid-19 Cognition Impairment? Adv Pharm Bull 2024; 14:7-8. [PMID: 38585466 PMCID: PMC10997940 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2024.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amr Ahmed
- Department of Public Health, Tuberculosis Program, First Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud El Kazzaz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, Egypt
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Nagori K, Pradhan M, Sharma M, Ajazuddin, Badwaik HR, Nakhate KT. Current Progress on Central Cholinergic Receptors as Therapeutic Targets for Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2024; 21:50-68. [PMID: 38529600 DOI: 10.2174/0115672050306008240321034006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh) is ubiquitously present in the nervous system and has been involved in the regulation of various brain functions. By modulating synaptic transmission and promoting synaptic plasticity, particularly in the hippocampus and cortex, ACh plays a pivotal role in the regulation of learning and memory. These procognitive actions of ACh are mediated by the neuronal muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors. The impairment of cholinergic transmission leads to cognitive decline associated with aging and dementia. Therefore, the cholinergic system has been of prime focus when concerned with Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia. In AD, the extensive destruction of cholinergic neurons occurs by amyloid-β plaques and tau protein-rich neurofibrillary tangles. Amyloid-β also blocks cholinergic receptors and obstructs neuronal signaling. This makes the central cholinergic system an important target for the development of drugs for AD. In fact, centrally acting cholinesterase inhibitors like donepezil and rivastigmine are approved for the treatment of AD, although the outcome is not satisfactory. Therefore, identification of specific subtypes of cholinergic receptors involved in the pathogenesis of AD is essential to develop future drugs. Also, the identification of endogenous rescue mechanisms to the cholinergic system can pave the way for new drug development. In this article, we discussed the neuroanatomy of the central cholinergic system. Further, various subtypes of muscarinic and nicotinic receptors involved in the cognition and pathophysiology of AD are described in detail. The article also reviewed primary neurotransmitters that regulate cognitive processes by modulating basal forebrain cholinergic projection neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kushagra Nagori
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Kurud Road, Kohka, Bhilai 490024, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Madhulika Pradhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Gracious College of Pharmacy, Abhanpur 493661, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Mukesh Sharma
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Kurud Road, Kohka, Bhilai 490024, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Ajazuddin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Kurud Road, Kohka, Bhilai 490024, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Hemant R Badwaik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shri Shankaracharya Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Junwani, Bhilai 490020, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Kartik T Nakhate
- Department of Pharmacology, Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule 424001, Maharashtra, India
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Naseri A, Sadigh-Eteghad S, Seyedi-Sahebari S, Hosseini MS, Hajebrahimi S, Salehi-Pourmehr H. Cognitive effects of individual anticholinergic drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dement Neuropsychol 2023; 17:e20220053. [PMID: 37261256 PMCID: PMC10229087 DOI: 10.1590/1980-5764-dn-2022-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Anticholinergics (ACs) are among the most prescribed drugs. Investigating the impaired cognitive domains due to individual ACs usage is associated with controversial findings. Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of individual ACs on different aspects of cognitive function based on clinical trial studies. Methods This systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA statement. A systematic search was performed in Embase, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Risk of bias (RoB) was assessed by the Joanna Briggs Institute checklists and the meta-analysis was performed using the CMA software. Results Out of 3,026 results of searching, 138 studies were included. A total of 38 studies that assess the cognitive impacts of scopolamine were included in the meta-analysis. Included studies reported cognitive effects of scopolamine, mecamylamine, atropine, biperiden, oxybutynin, trihexyphenidyl, benzhexol, and dicyclomine; however, glycopyrrolate, trospium, tolterodine, darifenacin, fesoterodine, tiotropium, and ipratropium were not associated with cognitive decline. Based on the meta-analyses, scopolamine was associated with reduced recognition (SDM -1.84; 95%CI -2.48 to -1.21; p<0.01), immediate recall (SDM -1.82; 95%CI -2.35 to -1.30; p<0.01), matching to sample (SDM -1.76; 95%CI -2.57 to -0.96; p<0.01), delayed recall (SDM -1.54; 95%CI -1.97 to -1.10; p<0.01), complex memory tasks (SDM -1.31; 95%CI -1.78 to -0.84; p<0.01), free recall (SDM -1.18; 95%CI -1.63 to -0.73; p<0.01), cognitive function (SDM -0.95; 95%CI -1.46 to -0.44; p<0.01), attention (SDM -0.85; 95%CI -1.38 to -0.33; p<0.01), and digit span (SDM -0.65; 95%CI -1.21 to -0.10; p=0.02). There was a high RoB in our included study, especially in terms of dealing with possible cofounders. Conclusion The limitations of this study suggest a need for more well-designed studies with a longer duration of follow-up on this topic to reach more reliable evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirreza Naseri
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Student Research Committee, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Sadigh-Eteghad
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | | | - Sakineh Hajebrahimi
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Research Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Iranian EBM Center: A Joanna Briggs Institute Center of Excellence, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hanieh Salehi-Pourmehr
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Research Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Iranian EBM Center: A Joanna Briggs Institute Center of Excellence, Tabriz, Iran
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Barbee BR, Gourley SL. Brain systems in cocaine abstinence-induced anxiety-like behavior in rodents: A review. ADDICTION NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 2:100012. [PMID: 37485439 PMCID: PMC10361393 DOI: 10.1016/j.addicn.2022.100012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Cocaine use disorder (CUD) is a significant public health issue that generates substantial personal, familial, and economic burdens. Still, there are no FDA-approved pharmacotherapies for CUD. Cocaine-dependent individuals report anxiety during withdrawal, and alleviation of anxiety and other negative affective states may be critical for maintaining drug abstinence. However, the neurobiological mechanisms underlying abstinence-related anxiety in humans or anxiety-like behavior in rodents are not fully understood. This review summarizes investigations regarding anxiety-like behavior in mice and rats undergoing cocaine abstinence, as assessed using four of the most common anxiety-related assays: the elevated plus (or its derivative, the elevated zero) maze, open field test, light-dark transition test, and defensive burying task. We first summarize available evidence that cocaine abstinence generates anxiety-like behavior that persists throughout protracted abstinence. Then, we examine investigations concerning neuropeptide, neurotransmitter, and neuromodulator systems in cocaine abstinence-induced anxiety-like behavior. Throughout, we discuss how differences in sex, rodent strain, cocaine dose and dosing strategy and abstinence duration interact to generate anxiety-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britton R. Barbee
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Systems Pharmacology,
Emory University
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of
Medicine; Yerkes National Primate Research Center
| | - Shannon L. Gourley
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Systems Pharmacology,
Emory University
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of
Medicine; Yerkes National Primate Research Center
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5
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Yadav D, Kumar P. Restoration and targeting of aberrant neurotransmitters in Parkinson's disease therapeutics. Neurochem Int 2022; 156:105327. [PMID: 35331828 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters are considered as a fundamental regulator in the process of neuronal growth, differentiation and survival. Parkinson's Disease (PD) occurs due to extensive damage of dopamine-producing neurons; this causes dopamine deficits in the midbrain, followed by the alternation of various other neurotransmitters (glutamate, GABA, serotonin, etc.). It has been observed that fluctuation of neurotransmission in the basal ganglia exhibits a great impact on the pathophysiology of PD. Dopamine replacement therapy, such as the use of L-DOPA, can increase the dopamine level, but it majorly ameliorates the motor symptoms and is also associated with long-term complications (for e.g., LID). While the non-dopaminergic system can efficiently target non-motor symptoms, for instance, the noradrenergic system regulates the synthesis of BDNF via the MAPK pathway, which is important in learning and memory. Herein, we briefly discuss the role of different neurotransmitters, implementation of neurotransmitter receptors in PD. We also illustrate the recent advances of neurotransmitter-based drugs, which are currently under in vivo and clinical studies. Reinstating normal neurotransmitter levels has been believed to be advantageous in the treatment of PD. Thus, there is an increasing demand for drugs that can specifically target the neurotransmission system and reinstate the normal levels of neurotransmitters, which might prevent or delay neurodegeneration in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Yadav
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi, India; Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Pravir Kumar
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi, India; Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), Delhi, 110042, India.
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Nosjean A, Granon S. Brain Adaptation to Acute Stress: Effect of Time, Social Buffering, and Nicotinic Cholinergic System. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:3990-4011. [PMID: 34905774 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Both social behavior and stress responses rely on the activity of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) and on cholinergic transmission. We previously showed in adult C57BL/6J (B6) mice that social interaction has a buffering effect on stress-related prefrontal activity, depending on the β2-/- cholinergic nicotinic receptors (nAChRs, β2-/- mice). The latency for this buffer to emerge being short, we question here whether the associated brain plasticity, as reflected by regional c-fos protein quantification and PFC-BLA functional connectivity, is modulated by time. Overall, we show that time normalized the stress-induced PFC hyperactivation in B6 mice and PFC hypo-activation in β2-/- mice, with no effect on BLA. It also triggered a multitude of functional links between PFC subareas, and between PFC and BLA in B6 mice but not β2-/- mice, showing a central role of nAChRs in this plasticity. Coupled with social interaction and time, stress led to novel and drastic diminution of functional connectivity within the PFC in both genotypes. Thus, time, emotional state, and social behavior induced dissociated effects on PFC and BLA activity and important cortico-cortical reorganizations. Both activity and plasticity were under the control of the β2-nAChRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Nosjean
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay (NeuroPSI), 91400 Saclay, France
| | - Sylvie Granon
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay (NeuroPSI), 91400 Saclay, France
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Iarkov A, Mendoza C, Echeverria V. Cholinergic Receptor Modulation as a Target for Preventing Dementia in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:665820. [PMID: 34616271 PMCID: PMC8488354 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.665820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) in the midbrain resulting in progressive impairment in cognitive and motor abilities. The physiological and molecular mechanisms triggering dopaminergic neuronal loss are not entirely defined. PD occurrence is associated with various genetic and environmental factors causing inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction in the brain, leading to oxidative stress, proteinopathy, and reduced viability of dopaminergic neurons. Oxidative stress affects the conformation and function of ions, proteins, and lipids, provoking mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutation and dysfunction. The disruption of protein homeostasis induces the aggregation of alpha-synuclein (α-SYN) and parkin and a deficit in proteasome degradation. Also, oxidative stress affects dopamine release by activating ATP-sensitive potassium channels. The cholinergic system is essential in modulating the striatal cells regulating cognitive and motor functions. Several muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are expressed in the striatum. The nAChRs signaling reduces neuroinflammation and facilitates neuronal survival, neurotransmitter release, and synaptic plasticity. Since there is a deficit in the nAChRs in PD, inhibiting nAChRs loss in the striatum may help prevent dopaminergic neurons loss in the striatum and its pathological consequences. The nAChRs can also stimulate other brain cells supporting cognitive and motor functions. This review discusses the cholinergic system as a therapeutic target of cotinine to prevent cognitive symptoms and transition to dementia in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Iarkov
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile
| | - Cristhian Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile
| | - Valentina Echeverria
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile.,Research & Development Service, Bay Pines VA Healthcare System, Bay Pines, FL, United States
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Hung BL, Chen LJ, Chen YY, Ou JB, Fang SH. Nicotine supplementation enhances simulated game performance of archery athletes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18:16. [PMID: 33602279 PMCID: PMC7890628 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-021-00413-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nicotine is beneficial to mood, arousal and cognition in humans. Due to the importance of cognitive functioning for archery athletes, we investigated the effects of nicotine supplementation on the cognitive abilities, heart rate variability (HRV), and sport performance of professional archers. Methods Eleven college archers were recruited and given 2 mg of nicotine supplementation (NIC group) and placebo (PLA group) in a crossover design. Results The results showed that at 30 min after the intake of nicotine gum, the “correct rejection” time in the NIC group was significantly lower than that of the PLA group (7.29 ± 0.87 vs. 8.23 ± 0.98 msec, p < 0.05). In addition, the NIC group completed the grooved pegboard test in a shorter time than the PLA group (48.76 ± 3.18 vs. 53.41 ± 4.05 s, p < 0.05), whereas motor reaction times were not different between the two groups. Saliva α-amylase activity was significantly lower after nicotine supplementation (p < 0.01) but increased immediately after the archery test in the NIC group (p < 0.05). In addition, nicotine supplementation significantly decreased HRV and increased the archery score (290.58 ± 10.09 vs. 298.05 ± 8.56, p < 0.01). Conclusions Nicotine enhances the performance of archery athletes by increasing cognitive function and stimulating the sympathetic adrenergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Lien Hung
- Department of Sports Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Li-Jung Chen
- Department of Exercise Health Science, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung, 40404, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ying Chen
- Institute of Athletics, National Taiwan University of Sport, No. 16, Section 1, Shuang-Shih Road, Taichung, 40404, Taiwan
| | - Jhih-Bang Ou
- Institute of Athletics, National Taiwan University of Sport, No. 16, Section 1, Shuang-Shih Road, Taichung, 40404, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hua Fang
- Institute of Athletics, National Taiwan University of Sport, No. 16, Section 1, Shuang-Shih Road, Taichung, 40404, Taiwan.
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Modulation of arousal and sleep/wake architecture by M 1 PAM VU0453595 across young and aged rodents and nonhuman primates. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:2219-2228. [PMID: 32868847 PMCID: PMC7784923 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-00812-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Degeneration of basal forebrain cholinergic circuitry represents an early event in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). These alterations in central cholinergic function are associated with disruptions in arousal, sleep/wake architecture, and cognition. Changes in sleep/wake architecture are also present in normal aging and may represent a significant risk factor for AD. M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) have been reported to enhance cognition across preclinical species and may also provide beneficial effects for age- and/or neurodegenerative disease-related changes in arousal and sleep. In the present study, electroencephalography was conducted in young animals (mice, rats and nonhuman primates [NHPs]) and in aged mice to examine the effects of the selective M1 PAM VU0453595 in comparison with the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor donepezil, M1/M4 agonist xanomeline (in NHPs), and M1 PAM BQCA (in rats) on sleep/wake architecture and arousal. In young wildtype mice, rats, and NHPs, but not in M1 mAChR KO mice, VU0453595 produced dose-related increases in high frequency gamma power, a correlate of arousal and cognition enhancement, without altering duration of time across all sleep/wake stages. Effects of VU0453595 in NHPs were observed within a dose range that did not induce cholinergic-mediated adverse effects. In contrast, donepezil and xanomeline increased time awake in rodents and engendered dose-limiting adverse effects in NHPs. Finally, VU0453595 attenuated age-related decreases in REM sleep duration in aged wildtype mice. Development of M1 PAMs represents a viable strategy for attenuating age-related and dementia-related pathological disturbances of sleep and arousal.
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Ribeiro-Carvalho A, Lima CS, Dutra-Tavares AC, Nunes F, Nunes-Freitas AL, Filgueiras CC, Manhães AC, Meyer A, Abreu-Villaça Y. Mood-related behavioral and neurochemical alterations in mice exposed to low chlorpyrifos levels during the brain growth spurt. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239017. [PMID: 33007016 PMCID: PMC7531821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Organophosphates are among the most used pesticides. Particularly, chlorpyrifos (CPF) is responsible for a number of deleterious effects on brain development, which may program behavioral changes later in life. Here, we investigated whether a regimen of early low level CPF exposure that did not result in a significant inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) had deleterious effects on mood-related behaviors, as well as on cholinergic and serotonergic biomarkers in the mice brain. From the 3rd to 9th postnatal day (PN), male and female Swiss mice were subcutaneously injected with CPF. Mice were submitted to a battery of behavioral tests from PN60 to PN63: open field, elevated plus maze and forced swimming tests. The cholinergic and serotonergic biomarkers were assessed at PN10 and PN63. Our data indicated that early CPF exposure increased anxiety-like behavior in females and altered decision-making behavior in both sexes. Most biochemical alterations were sex-dependent and restricted to females. At PN10, CPF female mice showed increased serotonin and choline transporter binding in cerebral cortex. Distinctively, in adult females, the effects indicated a hypoactive state: CPF exposure reduced 5-HT1a receptor binding in cerebral cortex, as well as serotonin transporter binding and choline acetyltransferase activity in brainstem. Our results indicate that CPF exposure during the brain growth spurt deregulates serotonergic and cholinergic biomarkers. The effects are consistent with impaired synaptic function, may be related to long-term mood disorders and point out to higher female susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Ribeiro-Carvalho
- Departamento de Ciências, Faculdade de Formação de Professores da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, São Gonçalo, RJ, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Carla S. Lima
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana C. Dutra-Tavares
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Nunes
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - André L. Nunes-Freitas
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Cláudio C. Filgueiras
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alex C. Manhães
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Armando Meyer
- Instituto de Estudos em Saúde Coletiva e Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Yael Abreu-Villaça
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Nikolaus S, Mamlins E, Hautzel H, Müller HW. Acute anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia are related to different patterns of nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopamine dysfunction. Rev Neurosci 2019; 30:381-426. [PMID: 30269107 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2018-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) receptor and transporter dysfunctions play a major role in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric diseases including anxiety disorder (AD), major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD) in the manic (BDman) or depressive (BDdep) state and schizophrenia (SZ). We performed a PUBMED search, which provided a total of 239 in vivo imaging studies with either positron emission tomography (PET) or single-proton emission computed tomography (SPECT). In these studies, DA transporter binding, D1 receptor (R) binding, D2R binding, DA synthesis and/or DA release in patients with the primary diagnosis of acute AD (n=310), MDD (n=754), BDman (n=15), BDdep (n=49) or SZ (n=1532) were compared to healthy individuals. A retrospective analysis revealed that AD, MDD, BDman, BDdep and SZ differed as to affected brain region(s), affected synaptic constituent(s) and extent as well as direction of dysfunction in terms of either sensitization or desensitization of transporter and/or receptor binding sites. In contrast to AD and SZ, in MDD, BDman and BDdep, neostriatal DA function was normal, whereas MDD, BDman, and BDdep were characterized by the increased availability of prefrontal and frontal DA. In contrast to AD, MDD, BDman and BDdep, DA function in SZ was impaired throughout the nigrostriatal and mesolimbocortical system with an increased availability of DA in the striatothalamocortical and a decreased availability in the mesolimbocortical pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Nikolaus
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Eduards Mamlins
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hubertus Hautzel
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans-Wilhelm Müller
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Sabri O, Meyer PM, Gräf S, Hesse S, Wilke S, Becker GA, Rullmann M, Patt M, Luthardt J, Wagenknecht G, Hoepping A, Smits R, Franke A, Sattler B, Tiepolt S, Fischer S, Deuther-Conrad W, Hegerl U, Barthel H, Schönknecht P, Brust P. Cognitive correlates of α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in mild Alzheimer's dementia. Brain 2019; 141:1840-1854. [PMID: 29672680 PMCID: PMC5972585 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In early Alzheimer's dementia, there is a need for PET biomarkers of disease progression with close associations to cognitive dysfunction that may aid to predict further cognitive decline and neurodegeneration. Amyloid biomarkers are not suitable for that purpose. The α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α4β2-nAChRs) are widely abundant in the human brain. As neuromodulators they play an important role in cognitive functions such as attention, learning and memory. Post-mortem studies reported lower expression of α4β2-nAChRs in more advanced Alzheimer's dementia. However, there is ongoing controversy whether α4β2-nAChRs are reduced in early Alzheimer's dementia. Therefore, using the recently developed α4β2-nAChR-specific radioligand (-)-18F-flubatine and PET, we aimed to quantify the α4β2-nAChR availability and its relationship to specific cognitive dysfunction in mild Alzheimer's dementia. Fourteen non-smoking patients with mild Alzheimer's dementia, drug-naïve for cholinesterase therapy, were compared with 15 non-smoking healthy controls matched for age, sex and education by applying (-)-18F-flubatine PET together with a neuropsychological test battery. The one-tissue compartment model and Logan plot method with arterial input function were used for kinetic analysis to obtain the total distribution volume (VT) as the primary, and the specific binding part of the distribution volume (VS) as the secondary quantitative outcome measure of α4β2-nAChR availability. VS was determined by using a pseudo-reference region. Correlations between VT within relevant brain regions and Z-scores of five cognitive functions (episodic memory, executive function/working memory, attention, language, visuospatial function) were calculated. VT (and VS) were applied for between-group comparisons. Volume of interest and statistical parametric mapping analyses were carried out. Analyses revealed that in patients with mild Alzheimer's dementia compared to healthy controls, there was significantly lower VT, especially within the hippocampus, fronto-temporal cortices, and basal forebrain, which was similar to comparisons of VS. VT decline in Alzheimer's dementia was associated with distinct domains of impaired cognitive functioning, especially episodic memory and executive function/working memory. Using (-)-18F-flubatine PET in patients with mild Alzheimer's dementia, we show for the first time a cholinergic α4β2-nAChR deficiency mainly present within the basal forebrain-cortical and septohippocampal cholinergic projections and a relationship between lower α4β2-nAChR availability and impairment of distinct cognitive domains, notably episodic memory and executive function/working memory. This shows the potential of (-)-18F-flubatine as PET biomarker of cholinergic α4β2-nAChR dysfunction and specific cognitive decline. Thus, if validated by longitudinal PET studies, (-)-18F-flubatine might become a PET biomarker of progression of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama Sabri
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Philipp M Meyer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susanne Gräf
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Swen Hesse
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Integrated Research and Treatment Centre (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephan Wilke
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Michael Rullmann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Integrated Research and Treatment Centre (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marianne Patt
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julia Luthardt
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gudrun Wagenknecht
- Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics-Electronic Systems (ZEA-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | | | - Rene Smits
- ABX Advanced Biochemical Compounds GmbH, Radeberg, Germany
| | - Annegret Franke
- Centre for Clinical Trials Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bernhard Sattler
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Solveig Tiepolt
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Steffen Fischer
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Research Site Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Winnie Deuther-Conrad
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Research Site Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrich Hegerl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Henryk Barthel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Schönknecht
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Brust
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Research Site Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Eduardo CRC, Alejandra TIG, Guadalupe DRKJ, Herminia VRG, Lenin P, Enrique BV, Evandro BM, Oscar B, Iván GPM. Modulation of the extraneuronal cholinergic system on main innate response leukocytes. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 327:22-35. [PMID: 30683425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The expression of elements of the cholinergic system has been demonstrated in non-neuronal cells, such as immune cells, where acetylcholine modulates innate and adaptive responses. However, the study of the non-neuronal cholinergic system has focused on lymphocyte cholinergic mechanisms, with less attention to its role of innate cells. Considering this background, the aims of this review are 1) to review information regarding the cholinergic components of innate immune system cells; 2) to discuss the effect of cholinergic stimuli on cell functions; 3) and to describe the importance of cholinergic stimuli on host immunocompetence, in order to set the base for the design of intervention strategies in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Covantes-Rosales Carlos Eduardo
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Boulevard Tepic-Xalisco s/n, Cd de la Cultura Amado Nervo, C.P. 63000 Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Toledo-Ibarra Gladys Alejandra
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Boulevard Tepic-Xalisco s/n, Cd de la Cultura Amado Nervo, C.P. 63000 Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico; Centro Nayarita de Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología A.C. Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria-Unidad Nayarit, Calle Tres s/n. Cd Industrial, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Díaz-Resendiz Karina Janice Guadalupe
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Boulevard Tepic-Xalisco s/n, Cd de la Cultura Amado Nervo, C.P. 63000 Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Ventura-Ramón Guadalupe Herminia
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Boulevard Tepic-Xalisco s/n, Cd de la Cultura Amado Nervo, C.P. 63000 Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico; Centro Nayarita de Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología A.C. Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria-Unidad Nayarit, Calle Tres s/n. Cd Industrial, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Pavón Lenin
- Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría "Ramón de la Fuente", Laboratorio de Psicoinmunología, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, 14370 México City, DF, Mexico
| | - Becerril-Villanueva Enrique
- Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría "Ramón de la Fuente", Laboratorio de Psicoinmunología, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, 14370 México City, DF, Mexico
| | - Bauer Moisés Evandro
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas, Laboratório de Imunologia do Envelhecimento, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bottaso Oscar
- Universidad Nacional de Rosario-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (UNR-CONICET), Instituto de Inmunología Clínica y Experimental de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Girón-Pérez Manuel Iván
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Boulevard Tepic-Xalisco s/n, Cd de la Cultura Amado Nervo, C.P. 63000 Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico; Centro Nayarita de Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología A.C. Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria-Unidad Nayarit, Calle Tres s/n. Cd Industrial, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico.
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Unexpected decrease in in vivo binding of [3H]QNB in the mouse cerebral cortex in the developing brain - A comparison with [11C]NMPB. Nucl Med Biol 2018; 67:15-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Sabbagh JJ, Cordova RA, Zheng D, Criado-Marrero M, Lemus A, Li P, Baker JD, Nordhues BA, Darling AL, Martinez-Licha C, Rutz DA, Patel S, Buchner J, Leahy JW, Koren J, Dickey CA, Blair LJ. Targeting the FKBP51/GR/Hsp90 Complex to Identify Functionally Relevant Treatments for Depression and PTSD. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:2288-2299. [PMID: 29893552 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Genetic and epigenetic alterations in FK506-binding protein 5 ( FKBP5) have been associated with increased risk for psychiatric disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Some of these common variants can increase the expression of FKBP5, the gene that encodes FKBP51. Excess FKBP51 promotes hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation through altered glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signaling. Thus, we hypothesized that GR activity could be restored by perturbing FKBP51. Here, we screened 1280 pharmacologically active compounds and identified three compounds that rescued FKBP51-mediated suppression of GR activity without directly activating GR. One of the three compounds, benztropine mesylate, disrupted the association of FKBP51 with the GR/Hsp90 complex in vitro. Moreover, we show that removal of FKBP51 from this complex by benztropine restored GR localization in ex vivo brain slices and primary neurons from mice. In conclusion, we have identified a novel disruptor of the FKBP51/GR/Hsp90 complex. Targeting this complex may be a viable approach to developing treatments for disorders related to aberrant FKBP51 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J. Sabbagh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- USF Health Byrd Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ricardo A. Cordova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- USF Health Byrd Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Dali Zheng
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- USF Health Byrd Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Marangelie Criado-Marrero
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- USF Health Byrd Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Andrea Lemus
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Pengfei Li
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jeremy D. Baker
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- USF Health Byrd Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Bryce A. Nordhues
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- USF Health Byrd Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - April L. Darling
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- USF Health Byrd Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Carlos Martinez-Licha
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- USF Health Byrd Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Daniel A. Rutz
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85748 Munich, Germany
| | - Shreya Patel
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Johannes Buchner
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85748 Munich, Germany
| | - James W. Leahy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- Center for Drug Discovery and Innovation, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - John Koren
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- USF Health Byrd Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Chad A. Dickey
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- USF Health Byrd Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Laura J. Blair
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- USF Health Byrd Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
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Neuroprotective effect of the ethanol extract of Artemisia capillaris on transient forebrain ischemia in mice via nicotinic cholinergic receptor. Chin J Nat Med 2018; 16:428-435. [DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(18)30076-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Pujol CN, Paasche C, Laprevote V, Trojak B, Vidailhet P, Bacon E, Lalanne L. Cognitive effects of labeled addictolytic medications. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 81:306-332. [PMID: 28919445 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alcohol, tobacco, and illegal drug usage is pervasive throughout the world, and abuse of these substances is a major contributor to the global disease burden. Many pharmacotherapies have been developed over the last 50years to target addictive disorders. While the efficacy of these pharmacotherapies is largely recognized, their cognitive impact is less known. However, all substance abuse disorders are known to promote cognitive disorders like executive dysfunction and memory impairment. These impairments are critical for the maintenance of addictive behaviors and impede cognitive behavioral therapies that are regularly administered in association with pharmacotherapies. It is also unknown if addictolytic medications have an impact on preexisting cognitive disorders, and if this impact is modulated by the indication of prescription, i.e. abstinence, reduction or substitution, or by the specific action of the medication. METHOD We reviewed the cognitive effects of labeled medications for tobacco addiction (varenicline, bupropion, nicotine patch and nicotine gums), alcohol addiction (naltrexone, nalmefene, baclofen, disulfiram, sodium oxybate, acamprosate), and opioid addiction (methadone, buprenorphine) in human studies. Studies were selected following MOOSE guidelines for systematic reviews of observational studies, using the keywords [Cognition] and [Cognitive disorders] and [treatment] for each medication. RESULTS 971 articles were screened and 77 studies met the inclusion criteria and were reported in this review (for alcohol abuse, n=21, for tobacco n=22, for opioid n=34. However, very few comparative clinical trials have explored the chronic effects of addictolytic medications on cognition in addictive behaviors, and there are no clinical trials on the cognitive impact of nalmefene in patients suffering from alcohol use disorders. DISCUSSION Although some medications seem to enhance cognition in patients suffering from cognitive disorders, others could promote cognitive impairments, and our work highlights a lack of literature on this subject. In conclusion, more comparative clinical trials are needed to better understand the cognitive impact of addictolytic medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Noélie Pujol
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute for Functional Genomics, INSERM U-661, CNRS UMR-5203, 34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Cecilia Paasche
- INSERM 1114, Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Vincent Laprevote
- Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Laxou, F-54520, France.; EA 7298, INGRES, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-, Nancy F-54000, France; CHU Nancy, Maison des Addictions, Nancy, F-54000, France.
| | - Benoit Trojak
- Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, University Hospital of Dijon, France; EA 4452, LPPM, University of Burgundy, France.
| | - Pierre Vidailhet
- INSERM 1114, Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), 67000 Strasbourg, France; Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), 67000 Strasbourg, France..
| | - Elisabeth Bacon
- INSERM 1114, Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Laurence Lalanne
- INSERM 1114, Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), 67000 Strasbourg, France; Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), 67000 Strasbourg, France..
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Hautzel H, Müller HW, Nikolaus S. Focus on GABAA receptor function. Nuklearmedizin 2018; 53:227-37. [DOI: 10.3413/nukmed-0647-14-03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
SummaryImpairment of GABAA receptor function is increasingly recognized to play a major role in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric diseases including anxiety disorder (AD), major depressive disorder (MDD) and schizophrenia (SZ). Patients, method: We conducted a PUBMED search, which provided a total of 23 in vivo investigations with PET and SPECT, in which GABAA receptor binding in patients with the primary diagnosis of AD (n = 14, 160 patients, 172 controls), MDD (n = 2, 24 patients, 28 controls) or SZ (n = 6, 77 patients, 90 controls) was compared to healthy individuals. Results: A retrospective analysis revealed that AD, MDD and SZ differed as to both site(s) and extent(s) of GABAergic impairment. Additionally, it may be stated that, while the decline of GABAA receptor binding AD involved the whole mesolimbocortical system, in SZ it was confined to the frontal and temporal cortex. Conclusion: As GABA is known to inhibit dopamine and serotonin, GABAergic dysfunction may be associated with the disturbances of dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmission in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Amelioration of Scopolamine-Induced Learning and Memory Impairment by α-Pinene in C57BL/6 Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:4926815. [PMID: 29234406 PMCID: PMC5687139 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4926815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) are mediated via disruption of cholinergic neurons and enhanced oxidative stress. Therefore, attention has been focused on searching for antioxidant phytochemicals for the prevention and/or treatment of AD through their ability to fortify cholinergic function and antioxidant defense capacity. In this study, we have investigated the neuroprotective effect of α-pinene (APN) against learning and memory impairment induced by scopolamine (SCO, 1 mg/kg, i.p.), a muscarinic receptor antagonist in C57BL/6 mice. Administration of APN (10 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly improved SCO-induced cognitive dysfunction as assessed by Y-maze and passive avoidance tests. In Morris water-maze test, APN effectively shortened the mean escape latency to find the hidden platform during training days. To further elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effect of APN, the expression of proteins involved in the acetylcholine metabolism and antioxidant system was examined. Particularly, APN treatment increased mRNA expression of choline acetyltransferase in the cortex and protein levels of antioxidant enzymes such as heme oxygenase-1 and manganese superoxide dismutase in the hippocampus via activation of NF-E2-related factor 2. These findings suggest the possible neuroprotective potentials of APN for the management of dementia with learning and memory loss.
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Pezze MA, Marshall HJ, Cassaday HJ. Scopolamine Impairs Appetitive But Not Aversive Trace Conditioning: Role of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex. J Neurosci 2017; 37:6289-6298. [PMID: 28559376 PMCID: PMC5490064 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3308-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor is an important modulator of medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) functions, such as the working memory required to bridge a trace interval in associative leaning. Aversive and appetitive trace conditioning procedures were used to examine the effects of scopolamine (0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) in male rats. Follow-up experiments tested the effects of microinfusion of 0.15 μg of scopolamine (0.075 μg of in 0.5 μl/side) in infralimbic (IL) versus prelimbic regions of rat mPFC, in appetitive trace and locomotor activity (LMA) procedures. Systemic scopolamine was without effect in an aversive trace conditioning procedure, but impaired appetitive conditioning at a 2 s trace interval. This effect was demonstrated as reduced responding during presentations of the conditioned stimulus (CS) and during the interstimulus interval (ISI). There was no such effect on responding during food (unconditioned stimulus, US) responding or in the intertrial interval (ITI). In contrast, systemic scopolamine dose-relatedly increased LMA. Trace conditioning was similarly impaired at the 2 s trace (shown as reduced responding to the CS and during the ISI, but not during US presentations or in the ITI) after infusion in mPFC, whereas LMA was increased (after infusion in IL only). Therefore, our results point to the importance of cholinergic modulation in mPFC for trace conditioning and show that the observed effects cannot be attributed to reduced activity.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Events are very often separated in time, in which case working memory is necessary to condition their association in "trace conditioning." The present study used conditioning variants motivated aversively with foot shock and appetitively with food. The drug scopolamine was used to block muscarinic acetylcholine receptors involved in working memory. The results show that reduced cholinergic transmission in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) impaired appetitive trace conditioning at a 2 s trace interval. However, scopolamine was without effect in the aversive procedure, revealing the importance of procedural differences to the demonstration of the drug effect. The finding that blockade of muscarinic receptors in mPFC impaired trace conditioning shows that these receptors are critical modulators of short-term working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Astrid Pezze
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Hayley J Marshall
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Helen J Cassaday
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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Simchovitz A, Heneka MT, Soreq H. Personalized genetics of the cholinergic blockade of neuroinflammation. J Neurochem 2017; 142 Suppl 2:178-187. [PMID: 28326544 PMCID: PMC5600134 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholine signaling is essential for cognitive functioning and blocks inflammation. To maintain homeostasis, cholinergic signaling is subjected to multi‐leveled and bidirectional regulation by both proteins and non‐coding microRNAs (‘CholinomiRs’). CholinomiRs coordinate the cognitive and inflammatory aspects of cholinergic signaling by targeting major cholinergic transcripts including the acetylcholine hydrolyzing enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Notably, AChE inhibitors are the only currently approved line of treatment for Alzheimer's disease patients. Since cholinergic signaling blocks neuroinflammation which is inherent to Alzheimer's disease, genomic changes modifying AChE's properties and its susceptibility to inhibitors and/or to CholinomiRs regulation may affect the levels and properties of inflammasome components such as NLRP3. This calls for genomic‐based medicine approaches based on genotyping of both coding and non‐coding single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genes involved in cholinergic signaling. An example is a SNP in a recognition element for the primate‐specific microRNA‐608 within the 3′ untranslated region of the AChE transcript. Carriers of the minor allele of that SNP present massively elevated brain AChE levels, increased trait anxiety and inflammation, accompanied by perturbed CholinomiR‐608 regulatory networks and elevated prefrontal activity under exposure to stressful insults. Several additional SNPs in the AChE and other cholinergic genes await further studies, and might likewise involve different CholinomiRs and pathways including those modulating the initiation and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. CholinomiRs regulation of the cholinergic system thus merits in‐depth interrogation and is likely to lead to personalized medicine approaches for achieving better homeostasis in health and disease. This is an article for the special issue XVth International Symposium on Cholinergic Mechanisms. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Simchovitz
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Hermona Soreq
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
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Millan MJ, Rivet JM, Gobert A. The frontal cortex as a network hub controlling mood and cognition: Probing its neurochemical substrates for improved therapy of psychiatric and neurological disorders. J Psychopharmacol 2016; 30:1099-1128. [PMID: 27756833 DOI: 10.1177/0269881116672342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The highly-interconnected and neurochemically-rich frontal cortex plays a crucial role in the regulation of mood and cognition, domains disrupted in depression and other central nervous system disorders, and it is an important site of action for their therapeutic control. For improving our understanding of the function and dysfunction of the frontal cortex, and for identifying improved treatments, quantification of extracellular pools of neuromodulators by microdialysis in freely-moving rodents has proven indispensable. This approach has revealed a complex mesh of autoreceptor and heteroceptor interactions amongst monoaminergic pathways, and led from selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitors to novel classes of multi-target drugs for treating depression like the mixed α2-adrenoceptor/5-HT reuptake inhibitor, S35966, and the clinically-launched vortioxetine and vilazodone. Moreover, integration of non-monoaminergic actions resulted in the discovery and development of the innovative melatonin receptor agonist/5-HT2C receptor antagonist, Agomelatine. Melatonin levels, like those of corticosterone and the "social hormone", oxytocin, can now be quantified by microdialysis over the full 24 h daily cycle. Further, the introduction of procedures for measuring extracellular histamine and acetylcholine has provided insights into strategies for improving cognition by, for example, blockade of 5-HT6 and/or dopamine D3 receptors. The challenge of concurrently determining extracellular levels of GABA, glutamate, d-serine, glycine, kynurenate and other amino acids, and of clarifying their interactions with monoamines, has also been resolved. This has proven important for characterizing the actions of glycine reuptake inhibitors that indirectly augment transmission at N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors, and of "glutamatergic antidepressants" like ketamine, mGluR5 antagonists and positive modulators of AMPA receptors (including S47445). Most recently, quantification of the neurotoxic proteins Aβ42 and Tau has extended microdialysis studies to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders, and another frontier currently being broached is microRNAs. The present article discusses the above themes, focusses on recent advances, highlights opportunities for clinical "translation", and suggests avenues for further progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Millan
- Pole for Therapeutic Innovation in CNS disorders, IDR Servier, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Jean-Michel Rivet
- Pole for Therapeutic Innovation in CNS disorders, IDR Servier, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Alain Gobert
- Pole for Therapeutic Innovation in CNS disorders, IDR Servier, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
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23
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Blokland A, Sambeth A, Prickaerts J, Riedel WJ. Why an M1 Antagonist Could Be a More Selective Model for Memory Impairment than Scopolamine. Front Neurol 2016; 7:167. [PMID: 27746762 PMCID: PMC5042959 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anke Sambeth
- Maastricht University , Maastricht , Netherlands
| | | | - Wim J Riedel
- Maastricht University , Maastricht , Netherlands
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24
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Rigal A, Mouchabac S, Peretti CS. [Interest of scopolamine as a treatment of major depressive disorder]. Encephale 2016; 42:568-573. [PMID: 27623122 DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The number of patients with depression in the world is 350 millions according to estimates. The search for new treatments, particularly in forms of resistant depression, is necessary given the growing number of patients experiencing treatment failure and resistance. Scopolamine, an anticholinergic antimuscarinic molecule, is one of the treatments under evaluation. It falls within the assumptions of cholinergic disruption of the pathophysiology of depression, at different levels (genetic, receptorial [muscarinic and glutamate receptors], hormonal, synaptic…). In 2006, a pilot study made to evaluate the role of the cholinergic system in cognitive symptoms of depression found unexpected results regarding the antidepressant effect of scopolamine in depressive patients. Since that time other studies have been conducted to evaluate the benefits of treatment with intravenous injections of scopolamine. OBJECTIVE Our main objective was to evaluate the interest of scopolamine as an antidepressant treatment in depressed populations. METHODS We conducted a literature review with the aim of assessing the effectiveness of treatment with scopolamine in uni- and bipolar patients with depressive symptoms. The protocol consisted of two injection blocks (each block consisting of three injections spaced fifteen minutes apart within three to five days) of active ingredient or placebo crossover. The selected patients were between 18 and 45years and had the DSM-IV major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder criteria. Regarding the methods of measurement, the primary endpoint was the reduction in scores of the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) with a total response defined by a decrease of more than 50 % of the score and remission corresponding to a MADRS score<10. Seven sessions of evaluations were performed. RESULTS The published results are promising in terms of efficiency with rapid antidepressant effect, a total response rate ranging from 59-64% and a remission rate of between 37 and 55% in uni- and bipolar patients, which persists at least 15days. The treatment was well tolerated by patients with relatively mild and transient side effects the most common being the sensation of sleepiness that was also found in the placebo group. There were no serious side effects such as heart failure or confusion. In terms of mood, there was no becoming manic or hypomanic even for bipolar patients. CONCLUSION The results are encouraging, but there is concern for the moment because of the few studies, so to date there is little data on the subject including medium and long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rigal
- Hôpital du Kremlin-Bicêtre, 78, rue du Général-Leclerc, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
| | - S Mouchabac
- Hôpital du Kremlin-Bicêtre, 78, rue du Général-Leclerc, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Service de psychiatrie, université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, 4, place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - C S Peretti
- Hôpital du Kremlin-Bicêtre, 78, rue du Général-Leclerc, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Service de psychiatrie, université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, 4, place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
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25
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Cortical afferent inhibition reflects cognitive impairment in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: a TMS study. Sleep Med 2016; 24:51-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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26
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Hopper S, Udawela M, Scarr E, Dean B. Allosteric modulation of cholinergic system: Potential approach to treating cognitive deficits of schizophrenia. World J Pharmacol 2016; 5:32-43. [DOI: 10.5497/wjp.v5.i1.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder affecting approximately 1% of the population worldwide and is characterised by the presence of positive and negative symptoms and cognitive deficits. Whilst current therapeutics ameliorate positive symptoms, they are largely ineffective in improving negative symptoms and cognitive deficits. The cholinergic neurotransmitter system heavily influences cognitive function and there is evidence that implicates disruption of the central cholinergic system in schizophrenia. Historically, targeting the cholinergic system has been impeded by poor selectivity leading to intolerable side effects warranting the need to develop more targeted therapeutic compounds. In this review we will summarise evidence supporting the roles of the cholinergic system, particularly the muscarinic M1 receptor, in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and discuss the potential of a promising new class of candidate compounds, allosteric ligands, for addressing the difficulties involved in targeting this system. The body of evidence presented here highlights the dysfunction of the cholinergic system in schizophrenia and that targeting this system by taking advantage of allosteric ligands is having clinically meaningful effect on cognitive deficits.
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27
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Rodrigues AF, Biasibetti H, Zanotto BS, Sanches EF, Pierozan P, Schmitz F, Parisi MM, Barbé‐Tuana F, Netto CA, Wyse AT. Intracerebroventricular
d
‐galactose administration impairs memory and alters activity and expression of acetylcholinesterase in the rat. Int J Dev Neurosci 2016; 50:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- André Felipe Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de BioquímicaInstituto de Ciências Básicas da SaúdeUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulRua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600‐AnexoCEP 90035‐003Porto AlegreRSBrazil
| | - Helena Biasibetti
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de BioquímicaInstituto de Ciências Básicas da SaúdeUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulRua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600‐AnexoCEP 90035‐003Porto AlegreRSBrazil
| | - Bruna Stela Zanotto
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de BioquímicaInstituto de Ciências Básicas da SaúdeUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulRua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600‐AnexoCEP 90035‐003Porto AlegreRSBrazil
| | - Eduardo Farias Sanches
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de BioquímicaInstituto de Ciências Básicas da SaúdeUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulRua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600‐AnexoCEP 90035‐003Porto AlegreRSBrazil
| | - Paula Pierozan
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de BioquímicaInstituto de Ciências Básicas da SaúdeUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulRua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600‐AnexoCEP 90035‐003Porto AlegreRSBrazil
| | - Felipe Schmitz
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de BioquímicaInstituto de Ciências Básicas da SaúdeUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulRua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600‐AnexoCEP 90035‐003Porto AlegreRSBrazil
| | - Mariana Migliorini Parisi
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de BioquímicaInstituto de Ciências Básicas da SaúdeUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulRua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600‐AnexoCEP 90035‐003Porto AlegreRSBrazil
| | - Florencia Barbé‐Tuana
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de BioquímicaInstituto de Ciências Básicas da SaúdeUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulRua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600‐AnexoCEP 90035‐003Porto AlegreRSBrazil
| | - Carlos Alexandre Netto
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de BioquímicaInstituto de Ciências Básicas da SaúdeUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulRua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600‐AnexoCEP 90035‐003Porto AlegreRSBrazil
- Departamento de BioquímicaInstituto de Ciências Básicas da SaúdeUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulRua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600‐AnexoCEP 90035‐003Porto AlegreRSBrazil
| | - Angela T.S. Wyse
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de BioquímicaInstituto de Ciências Básicas da SaúdeUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulRua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600‐AnexoCEP 90035‐003Porto AlegreRSBrazil
- Departamento de BioquímicaInstituto de Ciências Básicas da SaúdeUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulRua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600‐AnexoCEP 90035‐003Porto AlegreRSBrazil
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28
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Fang J, Rong P, Hong Y, Fan Y, Liu J, Wang H, Zhang G, Chen X, Shi S, Wang L, Liu R, Hwang J, Li Z, Tao J, Wang Y, Zhu B, Kong J. Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation Modulates Default Mode Network in Major Depressive Disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 79:266-73. [PMID: 25963932 PMCID: PMC4838995 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is the most common form of mental disorder in community and health care settings and current treatments are far from satisfactory. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a Food and Drug Administration approved somatic treatment for treatment-resistant depression. However, the involvement of surgery has limited VNS only to patients who have failed to respond to multiple treatment options. Transcutaneous VNS (tVNS) is a relatively new, noninvasive VNS method based on the rationale that there is afferent/efferent vagus nerve distribution on the surface of the ear. The safe and low-cost characteristics of tVNS have the potential to significantly expand the clinical application of VNS. METHODS In this study, we investigated how tVNS can modulate the default mode network (DMN) functional connectivity (FC) in mild or moderate major depressive disorder (MDD) patients. Forty-nine MDD patients were recruited and received tVNS or sham tVNS (stVNS) treatments. RESULTS Thirty-four patients completed the study and were included in data analysis. After 1 month of tVNS treatment, the 24-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score reduced significantly in the tVNS group as compared with the stVNS group. The FC between the DMN and anterior insula and parahippocampus decreased; the FC between the DMN and precuneus and orbital prefrontal cortex increased compared with stVNS. All these FC increases are also associated with 24-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale reduction. CONCLUSIONS tVNS can significantly modulate the DMN FC of MDD patients; our results provide insights to elucidate the brain mechanism of tVNS treatment for MDD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiliang Fang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Peijing Rong
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China..
| | - Yang Hong
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Yangyang Fan
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Honghong Wang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Guolei Zhang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA, USA
| | - Shan Shi
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Huguosi Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Rupeng Liu
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China, Hospital of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jiwon Hwang
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA, USA, School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China, 100029
| | - Zhengjie Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA, USA, Acupuncture & Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Jing Tao
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA, USA, College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, WI, USA
| | - Bing Zhu
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China, Hospital of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jian Kong
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA, USA
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29
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Hoeller AA, Costa APR, Bicca MA, Matheus FC, Lach G, Spiga F, Lightman SL, Walz R, Collingridge GL, Bortolotto ZA, de Lima TCM. The Role of Hippocampal NMDA Receptors in Long-Term Emotional Responses following Muscarinic Receptor Activation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147293. [PMID: 26795565 PMCID: PMC4721870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive evidence indicates the influence of the cholinergic system on emotional processing. Previous findings provided new insights into the underlying mechanisms of long-term anxiety, showing that rats injected with a single systemic dose of pilocarpine—a muscarinic receptor (mAChR) agonist—displayed persistent anxiogenic-like responses when evaluated in different behavioral tests and time-points (24 h up to 3 months later). Herein, we investigated whether the pilocarpine-induced long-term anxiogenesis modulates the HPA axis function and the putative involvement of NMDA receptors (NMDARs) following mAChRs activation. Accordingly, adult male Wistar rats presented anxiogenic-like behavior in the elevated plus-maze (EPM) after 24 h or 1 month of pilocarpine injection (150 mg/kg, i.p.). In these animals, mAChR activation disrupted HPA axis function inducing a long-term increase of corticosterone release associated with a reduced expression of hippocampal GRs, as well as consistently decreased NMDAR subunits expression. Furthermore, in another group of rats injected with memantine–an NMDARs antagonist (4 mg/kg, i.p.)–prior to pilocarpine, we found inhibition of anxiogenic-like behaviors in the EPM but no further alterations in the pilocarpine-induced NMDARs downregulation. Our data provide evidence that behavioral anxiogenesis induced by mAChR activation effectively yields short- and long-term alterations in hippocampal NMDARs expression associated with impairment of hippocampal inhibitory regulation of HPA axis activity. This is a novel mechanism associated with anxiety-like responses in rats, which comprise a putative target to future translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre A. Hoeller
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Center of Health Sciences, University Hospital, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040–970, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040–970, Brazil
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol, BS1 3NY, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (AAH); (TCML)
| | - Ana Paula R. Costa
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040–970, Brazil
| | - Maíra A. Bicca
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040–970, Brazil
| | - Filipe C. Matheus
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040–970, Brazil
| | - Gilliard Lach
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040–970, Brazil
- Institute of Pharmacology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Francesca Spiga
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol, BS1 3NY, United Kingdom
| | - Stafford L. Lightman
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol, BS1 3NY, United Kingdom
| | - Roger Walz
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Center of Health Sciences, University Hospital, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040–970, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Center of Health Sciences, University Hospital, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040–970, Brazil
| | - Graham L. Collingridge
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol, BS1 3NY, United Kingdom
| | - Zuner A. Bortolotto
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol, BS1 3NY, United Kingdom
| | - Thereza C. M. de Lima
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040–970, Brazil
- * E-mail: (AAH); (TCML)
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Singh P, Peng W, Zhang Q, Ding X, Suo WZ. GRK5 deficiency leads to susceptibility to intermittent hypoxia-induced cognitive impairment. Behav Brain Res 2016; 302:29-34. [PMID: 26778781 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) leads to cognitive impairment in about 25% patients, though it remains elusive what makes one more susceptible than the other to be cognitively impaired. G protein-coupled receptor kinase-5 (GRK5) deficiency is recently found to render subjects more susceptible to cognitive impairment triggered by over-expression of Swedish mutant ß-amyloid precursor protein. This study is to determine whether GRK5 deficiency also renders subjects more susceptible to the OSA-triggered cognitive impairment. Both wild type (WT) and GRK5 knockout (KO) mice were placed in conditions absence and presence of intermittent hypoxia (IH) with 8%/21% O2 90-s cycle for 8h a day for a month, and then followed by behavioral assessments with battery of tasks. We found that the selected IH condition only induced marginally abnormal behavior (slightly elevated anxiety with most others unchanged) in the WT mice but it caused significantly more behavioral deficits in the KO mice, ranging from elevated anxiety, impaired balancing coordination, and impaired short-term spatial memory. These results suggest that GRK5 deficiency indeed makes the mice more susceptible to wide range of behavioral impairments, including cognitive impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakar Singh
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Research, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA
| | - Wei Peng
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Research, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Research, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA
| | - XueFeng Ding
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Research, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA; Department of Cognitive Sciences, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - William Z Suo
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Research, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA; Departments of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical College, Kansas City, KS 66170, USA; Departments of Physiology, University of Kansas Medical College, Kansas City, KS 66170, USA; The University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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31
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Replication of the association between CHRNA4 rs1044396 and harm avoidance in a large population-based sample. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 26:150-155. [PMID: 26612384 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Harm avoidance is a personality trait characterized by excessive worrying and fear of uncertainty, which has repeatedly been related to anxiety disorders. Converging lines of research in rodents and humans point towards an involvement of the nicotinic cholinergic system in the modulation of anxiety. Most notably, the rs1044396 polymorphism in the CHRNA4 gene, which codes for the α4 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, has been linked to negative emotionality traits including harm avoidance in a recent study. Against this background, we investigated the association between harm avoidance and the rs1044396 polymorphism using data from N=1673 healthy subjects, which were collected in the context of the German multi-centre study ׳Genetics of Nicotine Dependence and Neurobiological Phenotypes׳. Homozygous carriers of the C-allele showed significantly higher levels of harm avoidance than homozygous T-allele carriers, with heterozygous subjects exhibiting intermediate scores. The effect was neither modulated by age or gender nor by smoking status. By replicating previous findings in a large population-based sample for the first time, the present study adds to the growing evidence suggesting an involvement of nicotinic cholinergic mechanism in anxiety and negative emotionality, which may pose an effective target for medical treatment.
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32
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Gould RW, Nedelcovych MT, Gong X, Tsai E, Bubser M, Bridges TM, Wood MR, Duggan ME, Brandon NJ, Dunlop J, Wood MW, Ivarsson M, Noetzel MJ, Daniels JS, Niswender CM, Lindsley CW, Conn PJ, Jones CK. State-dependent alterations in sleep/wake architecture elicited by the M4 PAM VU0467154 - Relation to antipsychotic-like drug effects. Neuropharmacology 2015; 102:244-53. [PMID: 26617071 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates direct relationships between sleep abnormalities and the severity and prevalence of other symptom clusters in schizophrenia. Assessment of potential state-dependent alterations in sleep architecture and arousal relative to antipsychotic-like activity is critical for the development of novel antipsychotic drugs (APDs). Recently, we reported that VU0467154, a selective positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of the M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR), exhibits robust APD-like and cognitive enhancing activity in rodents. However, the state-dependent effects of VU0467154 on sleep architecture and arousal have not been examined. Using polysomnography and quantitative electroencephalographic recordings from subcranial electrodes in rats, we evaluated the effects of VU0467154, in comparison with the atypical APD clozapine and the M1/M4-preferring mAChR agonist xanomeline. VU0467154 induced state-dependent alterations in sleep architecture and arousal including delayed Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep onset, increased cumulative duration of total and Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) sleep, and increased arousal during waking periods. Clozapine decreased arousal during wake, increased cumulative NREM, and decreased REM sleep. In contrast, xanomeline increased time awake and arousal during wake, but reduced slow wave activity during NREM sleep. Additionally, in combination with the N-methyl-d-aspartate subtype of glutamate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist MK-801, modeling NMDAR hypofunction thought to underlie many symptoms in schizophrenia, both VU0467154 and clozapine attenuated MK-801-induced elevations in high frequency gamma power consistent with an APD-like mechanism of action. These findings suggest that selective M4 PAMs may represent a novel mechanism for treating multiple symptoms of schizophrenia, including disruptions in sleep architecture without a sedative profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Gould
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Michael T Nedelcovych
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Xuewen Gong
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Erica Tsai
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Michael Bubser
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Thomas M Bridges
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Michael R Wood
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Mark E Duggan
- Neuroscience Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nicholas J Brandon
- Neuroscience Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - John Dunlop
- Neuroscience Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michael W Wood
- Neuroscience Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Magnus Ivarsson
- Proteostasis Therapeutics, 200 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Meredith J Noetzel
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - J Scott Daniels
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Colleen M Niswender
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Carrie K Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Fond G, Micoulaud-Franchi JA, Brunel L, Macgregor A, Miot S, Lopez R, Richieri R, Abbar M, Lancon C, Repantis D. Innovative mechanisms of action for pharmaceutical cognitive enhancement: A systematic review. Psychiatry Res 2015; 229:12-20. [PMID: 26187342 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Revised: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological cognitive enhancement refers to improvement in cognitive functions after drug use in healthy individuals. This popular topic attracts attention both from the general public and the scientific community. The objective was to explore innovative mechanisms of psychostimulant's action, whose potential effectiveness was assessed in randomized placebo-controlled trials (RCTs). A systematic review was carried out, using the words "attention", "memory", "learning", "executive functions", and "vigilance/wakefulness" combined to "cognitive enhancer" or "smart drug". Methylphenidate, amphetamines, modafinil, nicotine, acetylcholine esterase inhibitors and antidepressants were extensively studied in previous meta-analyses and were not included in the present work. Drugs were classified according to their primary mode of action, namely catecholaminergic drugs (tolcapone, pramipexole, guanfacine), cholinergic drugs (anticholinergics), glutamatergic drugs (ampakines), histaminergic drugs, and non-specified (glucocorticoids). Overall, 50 RCTs were included in the present review. In conclusion, a number of new active drugs were found to improve some cognitive functions, in particular verbal episodic memory. However the number of RCTs was limited, and most of the studies found negative results. Future studies should assess both effectiveness and tolerance of repeated doses administration, and individual variability in dose response (including baseline characteristics and potential genetic polymorphisms). One explanation for the limited number of recent RCTs with new psychostimulants seems to be the ethical debate surrounding pharmaceutical cognitive enhancement in healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Fond
- Université Paris EST-Créteil, AP-HP, Pôle de Psychiatrie ET d'addictologie des Hopitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, INSERM U955, Eq 15 Psychiatrie Génétique, DHU PE-psy, Fondation Fondamental Fondation de Coopération Scientifique en Santé Mentale, F-94000 France.
| | | | - Lore Brunel
- Université Paris EST-Créteil, AP-HP, Pôle de Psychiatrie ET d'addictologie des Hopitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, INSERM U955, Eq 15 Psychiatrie Génétique, DHU PE-psy, Fondation Fondamental Fondation de Coopération Scientifique en Santé Mentale, F-94000 France
| | - Alexandra Macgregor
- Université Montpellier 1, INSERM 1061, Service Universitaire de Psychiatrie, CHU Montpellier F-34000, France
| | - Stéphanie Miot
- INSERM U952, CNRS UMR 7224, UMPC Univ Paris 06, F-75000 Paris, France
| | - Régis Lopez
- Université Montpellier 1, INSERM 1061, Centre de Référence National Narcolepsie Hypersomnie Idiopathique, Unité des Troubles du Sommeil, CHU Montpellier F-34000, France
| | - Raphaëlle Richieri
- Pôle Psychiatrie Universitaire, CHU Sainte-marguerite, F-13274 Marseille Cedex 09, France; Faculté de Médecine, EA 3279, Laboratoire de Santé Publique, F-13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Mocrane Abbar
- CHU Carémeau, Université de Nîmes, Nîmes F-31000, France
| | - Christophe Lancon
- Pôle Psychiatrie Universitaire, CHU Sainte-marguerite, F-13274 Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Dimitris Repantis
- Department of Psychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin franklin, Eschenallee 3, 14050 Berlin, Germany
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Giovannini MG, Lana D, Pepeu G. The integrated role of ACh, ERK and mTOR in the mechanisms of hippocampal inhibitory avoidance memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2015; 119:18-33. [PMID: 25595880 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to summarize the present knowledge on the interplay among the cholinergic system, Extracellular signal-Regulated Kinase (ERK) and Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) pathways in the development of short and long term memories during the acquisition and recall of the step-down inhibitory avoidance in the hippocampus. The step-down inhibitory avoidance is a form of associative learning that is acquired in a relatively simple one-trial test through several sensorial inputs. Inhibitory avoidance depends on the integrated activity of hippocampal CA1 and other brain areas. Recall can be performed at different times after acquisition, thus allowing for the study of both short and long term memory. Among the many neurotransmitter systems involved, the cholinergic neurons that originate in the basal forebrain and project to the hippocampus are of crucial importance in inhibitory avoidance processes. Acetylcholine released from cholinergic fibers during acquisition and/or recall of behavioural tasks activates muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and brings about a long-lasting potentiation of the postsynaptic membrane followed by downstream activation of intracellular pathway (ERK, among others) that create conditions favourable for neuronal plasticity. ERK appears to be salient not only in long term memory, but also in the molecular mechanisms underlying short term memory formation in the hippocampus. Since ERK can function as a biochemical coincidence detector in response to extracellular signals in neurons, the activation of ERK-dependent downstream effectors is determined, in part, by the duration of ERK phosphorylation itself. Long term memories require protein synthesis, that in the synapto-dendritic compartment represents a direct mechanism that can produce rapid changes in protein content in response to synaptic activity. mTOR in the brain regulates protein translation in response to neuronal activity, thereby modulating synaptic plasticity and long term memory formation. Some studies demonstrate a complex interplay among the cholinergic system, ERK and mTOR. It has been shown that co-activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and β-adrenergic receptors facilitates the conversion of short term to long term synaptic plasticity through an ERK- and mTOR-dependent mechanism which requires translation initiation. It seems therefore that the complex interplay among the cholinergic system, ERK and mTOR is crucial in the development of new inhibitory avoidance memories in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Giovannini
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Daniele Lana
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Giancarlo Pepeu
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy.
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Quik M, Bordia T, Zhang D, Perez XA. Nicotine and Nicotinic Receptor Drugs. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2015; 124:247-71. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Stone TW, Darlington LG. The kynurenine pathway as a therapeutic target in cognitive and neurodegenerative disorders. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 169:1211-27. [PMID: 23647169 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the neurochemical basis for cognitive function is one of the major goals of neuroscience, with a potential impact on the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of a range of psychiatric and neurological disorders. In this review, the focus will be on a biochemical pathway that remains under-recognized in its implications for brain function, even though it can be responsible for moderating the activity of two neurotransmitters fundamentally involved in cognition - glutamate and acetylcholine. Since this pathway - the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism - is induced by immunological activation and stress, it also stands in a unique position to mediate the effects of environmental factors on cognition and behaviour. Targeting the pathway for new drug development could, therefore, be of value not only for the treatment of existing psychiatric conditions, but also for preventing the development of cognitive disorders in response to environmental pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor W Stone
- Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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On 'polypharmacy' and multi-target agents, complementary strategies for improving the treatment of depression: a comparative appraisal. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 17:1009-37. [PMID: 23719026 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145712001496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depression is a heterogeneous disorder, both in terms of symptoms, ranging from anhedonia to cognitive impairment, and in terms of pathogenesis, with many interacting genetic, epigenetic, developmental and environmental causes. Accordingly, it seems unlikely that depressive states could be fully controlled by a drug possessing one discrete mechanism of action and, in the wake of disappointing results with several classes of highly selective agent, multi-modal treatment concepts are attracting attention. As concerns pharmacotherapy, there are essentially two core strategies. First, multi-target antidepressants that act via two or more complementary mechanisms and, second, polypharmacy, which refers to co-administration of two distinct drugs, usually in separate pills. Both multi-target agents and polypharmacy ideally couple a therapeutically unexploited action to a clinically established mechanism in order to enhance efficacy, moderate side-effects, accelerate onset of action and treat a broader range of symptoms. The melatonin MT1/MT2 agonist and 5-HT(2C) antagonist, agomelatine, which is effective in the short- and long-term treatment of depression, exemplifies the former approach, while evidence-based polypharmacy is illustrated by the adjunctive use of second-generation antipsychotics with serotonin reuptake inhibitors for treatment of resistant depression. Histone acetylation and methylation, ghrelin signalling, inflammatory modulators, metabotropic glutamate-7 receptors and trace amine-associated-1 receptors comprise attractive substrates for new multi-target and polypharmaceutical strategies. The present article outlines the rationale underpinning multi-modal approaches for treating depression, and critically compares and contrasts the pros and cons of established and potentially novel multi-target vs. polypharmaceutical treatments. On balance, the former appear the most promising for the elaboration, development and clinical implementation of innovative concepts for the more effective management of depression.
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Bates RC, Stith BJ, Stevens KE, Adams CE. Reduced CHRNA7 expression in C3H mice is associated with increases in hippocampal parvalbumin and glutamate decarboxylase-67 (GAD67) as well as altered levels of GABA(A) receptor subunits. Neuroscience 2014; 273:52-64. [PMID: 24836856 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Decreased expression of CHRNA7, the gene encoding the α7(∗) subtype of nicotinic receptor, may contribute to the cognitive dysfunction observed in schizophrenia by disrupting the inhibitory/excitatory balance in the hippocampus. C3H mice with reduced Chrna7 expression have significant reductions in hippocampal α7(∗) receptor density, deficits in hippocampal auditory gating, increased hippocampal activity as well as significant decreases in hippocampal glutamate decarboxylase-65 (GAD65) and γ-aminobutyric acid-A (GABAA) receptor levels. The current study investigated whether altered Chrna7 expression is associated with changes in the levels of parvalbumin, GAD67 and/or GABAA receptor subunits in the hippocampus from male and female C3H Chrna7 wildtype, C3H Chrna7 heterozygous and C3H Chrna7 knockout (KO) mice using quantitative Western immunoblotting. Reduced Chrna7 expression was associated with significant increases in hippocampal parvalbumin and GAD67 and with complex alterations in GABAA receptor subunits. A decrease in α3 subunit protein was seen in both female C3H Chrna7 Het and KO mice while a decrease in α4 subunit protein was also detected in C3H Chrna7 KO mice with no sex difference. In contrast, an increase in δ subunit protein was observed in C3H Chrna7 Het mice while a decrease in this subunit was observed in C3H Chrna7 KO mice, with δ subunit protein levels being greater in males than in females. Finally, an increase in γ2 subunit protein was found in C3H Chrna7 KO mice with the levels of this subunit again being greater in males than in females. The increases in hippocampal parvalbumin and GAD67 observed in C3H Chrna7 mice are contrary to reports of reductions in these proteins in the postmortem hippocampus from schizophrenic individuals. We hypothesize that the disparate results may occur because of the influence of factors other than CHRNA7 that have been found to be abnormal in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Bates
- Medical Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, CO 80220, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States; Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver Downtown Denver Campus, Denver, CO 80217, United States
| | - B J Stith
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver Downtown Denver Campus, Denver, CO 80217, United States
| | - K E Stevens
- Medical Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, CO 80220, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - C E Adams
- Medical Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, CO 80220, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States.
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Storage S, Mandelkern MA, Phuong J, Kozman M, Neary MK, Brody AL. A positive relationship between harm avoidance and brain nicotinic acetylcholine receptor availability. Psychiatry Res 2013; 214:415-21. [PMID: 24148908 PMCID: PMC3851586 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Prior research indicates that disturbance of cholinergic neurotransmission reduces anxiety, leading to the hypothesis that people with heightened cholinergic function have a greater tendency toward anxiety-like and/or harm-avoidant behavior. We sought to determine if people with elevated levels of harm avoidance (HA), a dimension of temperament from the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), have high α4β2* nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) availability. Healthy adults (n=105; 47 non-smokers and 58 smokers) underwent bolus-plus-continuous infusion positron emission tomography (PET) scanning using the radiotracer 2-[18F]fluoro-3-(2(S)azetidinylmethoxy) pyridine (abbreviated as 2-FA). During the uptake period of 2-FA, participants completed the TCI. The central study analysis revealed a significant association between total HA and mean nAChR availability, with higher total HA scores being linked with greater nAChR availability. In examining HA subscales, both 'Fear of Uncertainty' and 'Fatigability' were significant, based on higher levels of these characteristics being associated with greater nAChR availabilities. This study adds to a growing body of knowledge concerning the biological basis of personality and may prove useful in understanding the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders (such as anxiety disorders) that have similar characteristics to HA. Study findings may indicate that heightened cholinergic neurotransmission is associated with increased anxiety-like traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Storage
- UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA,Department of Research, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mark A. Mandelkern
- Department of Research, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Physics, University of California at Irvine, California, USA
| | - Jonathan Phuong
- Department of Research, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Maggie Kozman
- Department of Research, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Meaghan K. Neary
- Department of Research, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Arthur L. Brody
- UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA,Department of Research, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Corresponding author at: UCLA Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences 300 UCLA Medical Plaza, Suite 2200 Los Angeles, CA 90095. Tel.: +310 268 4778; fax: +310 206 2802.
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40
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Smits R, Fischer S, Hiller A, Deuther-Conrad W, Wenzel B, Patt M, Cumming P, Steinbach J, Sabri O, Brust P, Hoepping A. Synthesis and biological evaluation of both enantiomers of [(18)F]flubatine, promising radiotracers with fast kinetics for the imaging of α4β2-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 22:804-12. [PMID: 24369841 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Both enantiomers of the epibatidine analogue flubatine display high affinity towards the α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) in vitro, accompanied by negligible interactions with diverse off-target proteins. Extended single dose toxicity studies in rodent indicated a NOEL (No Observed Effect Level) of 6.2μg/kg for (-)-flubatine and 1.55μg/kg for (+)-flubatine. We developed syntheses for both flubatine enantiomers and their corresponding precursors for radiolabeling. The newly synthesized trimethylammonium precursors allowed for highly efficient (18)F-radiolabelling in radiochemical yields >60% and specific activities >750GBq/μmol, thus making the radioligands practical for clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Smits
- ABX Advanced Biochemical Compounds GmbH, Heinrich-Glaeser-Strasse 10-14, D-01454 Radeberg, Germany
| | - Steffen Fischer
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Research Site Leipzig, Institute of Radiopharmacy, Permoserstrasse-15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Achim Hiller
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Research Site Leipzig, Institute of Radiopharmacy, Permoserstrasse-15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Winnie Deuther-Conrad
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Research Site Leipzig, Institute of Radiopharmacy, Permoserstrasse-15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Barbara Wenzel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Research Site Leipzig, Institute of Radiopharmacy, Permoserstrasse-15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marianne Patt
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 18, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Paul Cumming
- ABX Advanced Biochemical Compounds GmbH, Heinrich-Glaeser-Strasse 10-14, D-01454 Radeberg, Germany
| | - Jörg Steinbach
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Research Site Leipzig, Institute of Radiopharmacy, Permoserstrasse-15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Osama Sabri
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 18, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Brust
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Research Site Leipzig, Institute of Radiopharmacy, Permoserstrasse-15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexander Hoepping
- ABX Advanced Biochemical Compounds GmbH, Heinrich-Glaeser-Strasse 10-14, D-01454 Radeberg, Germany.
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41
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Fountain SB, Rowan JD, Wollan MO. Central cholinergic involvement in sequential behavior: impairments of performance by atropine in a serial multiple choice task for rats. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2013; 106:118-26. [PMID: 23871743 PMCID: PMC4460835 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments examined whether muscarinic cholinergic systems play a role in rats' ability to perform well-learned highly-structured serial response patterns, particularly focusing on rats' performance on pattern elements learned by encoding rules versus by acquisition of stimulus-response (S-R) associations. Rats performed serial patterns of responses in a serial multiple choice task in an 8-lever circular array for hypothalamic brain-stimulation reward. Two experiments examined the effects of atropine, a centrally-acting muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonist, on rats' ability to perform pattern elements where responses were controlled by rules versus elements, such as rule-inconsistent "violation elements" and elements following "phrasing cues," where responses were controlled by associative cues. In Experiment 1, 3-element chunks of both patterns were signaled by pauses that served as phrasing cues before chunk-boundary elements, but one pattern also included a violation element that was inconsistent with pattern structure. Once rats reached a high criterion of performance, the drug challenge was intraperitoneal injection of a single dose of 50 mg/kg atropine sulfate. Atropine impaired performance on elements learned by S-R learning, namely, chunk-boundary elements and the violation element, but had no effect on performance of rule-based within-chunk elements. In Experiment 2, patterns were phrased and unphrased perfect patterns (i.e., without violation elements). To control for peripheral effects of atropine, rats were treated with a series of doses of either centrally-acting atropine or peripherally-acting atropine methyl nitrate (AMN), which does not cross the blood-brain barrier. Once rats reached a high criterion, the drug challenges were on alternate days in the order 50, 25, and 100 mg/kg of either atropine sulfate or AMN. Atropine, but not AMN, impaired performance in the phrased perfect pattern for pattern elements where S-R associations were important for performance, namely, chunk-boundary elements. However, in the structurally more ambiguous unphrased perfect pattern where rats had fewer cues and presumably relied more on S-R associations throughout, atropine impaired performance on all pattern elements. Thus, intact muscarinic cholinergic systems were shown to be necessary for discriminative control previously established by S-R learning, but were not necessary for rule-based serial pattern performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B Fountain
- Department of Psychology, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242-0001, USA.
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42
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Schulz KM, Andrud KM, Burke MB, Pearson JN, Kreisler AD, Stevens KE, Leonard S, Adams CE. The effects of prenatal stress on alpha4 beta2 and alpha7 hippocampal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor levels in adult offspring. Dev Neurobiol 2013; 73:806-14. [PMID: 23749479 PMCID: PMC4438756 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal stress in humans is associated with psychiatric problems in offspring such as anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia. These same illnesses are also associated with neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) dysfunction. Despite the known associations between prenatal stress exposure and offspring mental illness, and between mental illness and nAChR dysfunction, it is not known whether prenatal stress exposure impacts neuronal nAChRs. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that maternal stress alters the development of hippocampal alpha4 beta2 (α4β2∗) and alpha7 (α7∗) nicotinic receptor levels in adult offspring. Female Sprague-Dawley rats experienced unpredictable variable stressors two to three times daily during the last week of gestation. At weaning (21 days) the offspring of prenatally stressed (PS) and nonstressed (NS) dams were assigned to same-sex PS or NS groups. In young adulthood (56 days), the brains of offspring were collected and adjacent sections processed for quantitative autoradiography using [125I]-epibatidine (α4β2* nicotinic receptor-selective) and [125I]-α-bungarotoxin (α-BTX; α7* nicotinic receptor-selective) ligands. We found that PS significantly increased hippocampal α4β2* nAChRs of males and females in all subfields analyzed. In contrast, only females showed a trend toward PS-induced increases in α7* nAChRs in the dentate gyrus. Interestingly, NS females displayed a significant left-biased lateralization of α7* nAChRs in the laconosum moleculare of area CA1, whereas PS females did not, suggesting that PS interfered with normal lateralization patterns of α7* nAChRs during development. Taken together, our results suggest that PS impacts the development of hippocampal nAChRs, which may be an important link between PS exposure and risk for neuropsychiatric illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalynn M Schulz
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, Colorado; Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Colorado
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Mereu M, Bonci A, Newman AH, Tanda G. The neurobiology of modafinil as an enhancer of cognitive performance and a potential treatment for substance use disorders. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 229:415-34. [PMID: 23934211 PMCID: PMC3800148 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3232-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Modafinil (MOD) and its R-enantiomer (R-MOD) are approved medications for narcolepsy and other sleep disorders. They have also been used, off-label, as cognitive enhancers in populations of patients with mental disorders, including substance abusers that demonstrate impaired cognitive function. A debated nonmedical use of MOD in healthy individuals to improve intellectual performance is raising questions about its potential abuse liability in this population. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS MOD has low micromolar affinity for the dopamine transporter (DAT). Inhibition of dopamine (DA) reuptake via the DAT explains the enhancement of DA levels in several brain areas, an effect shared with psychostimulants like cocaine, methylphenidate, and the amphetamines. However, its neurochemical effects and anatomical pattern of brain area activation differ from typical psychostimulants and are consistent with its beneficial effects on cognitive performance processes such as attention, learning, and memory. At variance with typical psychostimulants, MOD shows very low, if any, abuse liability, in spite of its use as a cognitive enhancer by otherwise healthy individuals. Finally, recent clinical studies have focused on the potential use of MOD as a medication for treatment of drug abuse, but have not shown consistent outcomes. However, positive trends in several result measures suggest that medications that improve cognitive function, like MOD or R-MOD, may be beneficial for the treatment of substance use disorders in certain patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Mereu
- Molecular Targets & Medication Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, DHHS; 251 Bayview Blvd., NIDA suite 200, Baltimore, MD, 21224
| | - Antonello Bonci
- Synaptic Plasticity Section, Cellular Neurobiology Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, DHHS; 251 Bayview Blvd., NIDA suite 200, Baltimore, MD, 21224
| | - Amy Hauck Newman
- Molecular Targets & Medication Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, DHHS; 251 Bayview Blvd., NIDA suite 200, Baltimore, MD, 21224
| | - Gianluigi Tanda
- Molecular Targets & Medication Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, DHHS; 251 Bayview Blvd., NIDA suite 200, Baltimore, MD, 21224
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Martinez-Martinez P, Molenaar PC, Losen M, Stevens J, Baets MHD, Szoke A, Honnorat J, Tamouza R, Leboyer M, Os JV, Rutten BPF. Autoantibodies to neurotransmitter receptors and ion channels: from neuromuscular to neuropsychiatric disorders. Front Genet 2013; 4:181. [PMID: 24065983 PMCID: PMC3778371 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2013.00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes of voltage-gated ion channels and ligand-gated receptor channels caused by mutation or autoimmune attack are the cause of so-called channelopathies in the central and peripheral nervous system. We present the pathophysiology of channelopathies of the neuromuscular junction in terms of loss-of-function and gain-of-function principles. Autoantibodies generally have reduced access to the central nervous system, but in some cases this is enough to cause disease. A review is provided of recent findings implicating autoantibodies against ligand-activated receptor channels and potassium channels in psychiatric and neurological disorders, including schizophrenia and limbic encephalitis. The emergence of channelopathy-related neuropsychiatric disorders has implications for research and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Martinez-Martinez
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Maastricht, Netherlands
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Hoeller AA, Duzzioni M, Duarte FS, Leme LR, Costa APR, Santos ECDS, de Pieri CH, dos Santos AA, Naime AA, Farina M, de Lima TCM. GABA-A receptor modulators alter emotionality and hippocampal theta rhythm in an animal model of long-lasting anxiety. Brain Res 2013; 1532:21-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Gould TJ, Leach PT. Cellular, molecular, and genetic substrates underlying the impact of nicotine on learning. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2013; 107:108-32. [PMID: 23973448 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Addiction is a chronic disorder marked by long-lasting maladaptive changes in behavior and in reward system function. However, the factors that contribute to the behavioral and biological changes that occur with addiction are complex and go beyond reward. Addiction involves changes in cognitive control and the development of disruptive drug-stimuli associations that can drive behavior. A reason for the strong influence drugs of abuse can exert on cognition may be the striking overlap between the neurobiological substrates of addiction and of learning and memory, especially areas involved in declarative memory. Declarative memories are critically involved in the formation of autobiographical memories, and the ability of drugs of abuse to alter these memories could be particularly detrimental. A key structure in this memory system is the hippocampus, which is critically involved in binding multimodal stimuli together to form complex long-term memories. While all drugs of abuse can alter hippocampal function, this review focuses on nicotine. Addiction to tobacco products is insidious, with the majority of smokers wanting to quit; yet the majority of those that attempt to quit fail. Nicotine addiction is associated with the presence of drug-context and drug-cue associations that trigger drug seeking behavior and altered cognition during periods of abstinence, which contributes to relapse. This suggests that understanding the effects of nicotine on learning and memory will advance understanding and potentially facilitate treating nicotine addiction. The following sections examine: (1) how the effects of nicotine on hippocampus-dependent learning change as nicotine administration transitions from acute to chronic and then to withdrawal from chronic treatment and the potential impact of these changes on addiction, (2) how nicotine usurps the cellular mechanisms of synaptic plasticity, (3) the physiological changes in the hippocampus that may contribute to nicotine withdrawal deficits in learning, and (4) the role of genetics and developmental stage (i.e., adolescence) in these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Gould
- Temple University Department of Psychology, Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States.
| | - Prescott T Leach
- Temple University Department of Psychology, Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States
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Foster PS, Drago V, Yung RC, Pearson J, Stringer K, Giovannetti T, Libon D, Heilman KM. Differential lexical and semantic spreading activation in Alzheimer's disease. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2013; 28:501-7. [PMID: 23800553 PMCID: PMC10852973 DOI: 10.1177/1533317513494445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is known to be associated with disruption in semantic networks. Previous studies examining changes in spreading activation in AD have used a lexical decision task paradigm. We have used a paradigm based on average word frequencies obtained from the words generated on the Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT) and the Animal Naming (AN) test. The COWAT and AN tests were administered to a group of 25 patients with AD and 20 control participants. We predicted that the patients with AD would have higher average word frequencies on the COWAT and AN tests than the control participants. The results indicated that the AD group generated words with a higher average word frequency on the AN test but a lower average word frequency on the COWAT. The reasons for the discrepancy in average word frequencies on the AN test and COWAT are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Foster
- Department of Psychology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA.
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2-Phenylethynyl-butyltellurium enhances learning and memory impaired by scopolamine in mice. Behav Pharmacol 2013; 24:249-54. [DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e32836353a5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Abstract
AbstractThe assessment of facial expression is an important aspect of a clinical neurological examination, both as an indicator of a mood disorder and as a sign of neurological damage. To date, although studies have been conducted on certain psychosocial aspects of myasthenia, such as quality of life and anxiety, and on neuropsychological aspects such as memory, no studies have directly assessed facial emotion recognition accuracy. The aim of this study was to assess the facial emotion recognition accuracy (fear, surprise, sadness, happiness, anger, and disgust), empathy, and reaction time of patients with myasthenia. Thirty-five patients with myasthenia and 36 healthy controls were tested for their ability to differentiate emotional facial expressions. Participants were matched with respect to age, gender, and education level. Their ability to differentiate emotional facial expressions was evaluated using the computer-based program Feel Test. The data showed that myasthenic patients scored significantly lower (p < 0.05) than healthy controls in the total Feel score, fear, surprise, and higher reaction time. The findings suggest that the ability to recognize facial affect may be reduced in individuals with myasthenia.
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Kroker KS, Moreth J, Kussmaul L, Rast G, Rosenbrock H. Restoring long-term potentiation impaired by amyloid-beta oligomers: Comparison of an acetylcholinesterase inhibitior and selective neuronal nicotinic receptor agonists. Brain Res Bull 2013; 96:28-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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