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Huang S, Riley AL. Drug discrimination learning: Interoceptive stimulus control of behavior and its implications for regulated and dysregulated drug intake. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2024:173848. [PMID: 39137873 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Drug discrimination research has generated rich evidence for the capacity of interoceptive drug stimuli to control behavior by serving as discriminative cues. Owing to its neuropharmacological specificity, drug discrimination learning has been widely used to characterize the stimulus effects and neuropharmacological underpinning of drugs. Apart from such utility, discriminative drug stimuli may help regulate drug use by disambiguating conditioned associations and post-intake outcomes. First, this review summarizes the evidence supporting interoceptive regulation of drug intake from the literature of exteroceptive discriminative control of drug-related behavior, effects of drug priming, and self-titration of drug intake. Second, an overview of interoceptive control of reward-seeking and the animal model of discriminated goal-tracking is provided to illustrate interoceptive stimulus control of the initiation and patterning of drug intake. Third, we highlight the importance of interoceptive control of aversion-avoidance in the termination of drug-use episodes and describe the animal model of discriminated taste avoidance that supports such a position. In bridging these discriminative functions of drug stimuli, we propose that interoceptive drug stimuli help regulate intake by disambiguating whether intake will be rewarding, nonrewarding, or aversive. The reflection and discussion on current theoretical formulations of interoceptive control of drug intake may further scientific advances to improve animal models to study the mechanisms by which interoceptive stimuli regulate drug intake, as well as how alterations of interoceptive processes may contribute to the transition to dysregulated drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihui Huang
- Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, American University, 4400 Massachusetts Ave, NW, Washington, DC 20016, USA.
| | - Anthony L Riley
- Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, American University, 4400 Massachusetts Ave, NW, Washington, DC 20016, USA.
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Jackson SE, Tattan-Birch H, Buss V, Shahab L, Brown J. Trends in Daily Cigarette Consumption Among Smokers: A Population Study in England, 2008-2023. Nicotine Tob Res 2024:ntae071. [PMID: 38692652 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntae071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to estimate time trends in cigarette consumption among smokers in England between 2008 and 2023 and to explore differences by key potential moderators. AIMS AND METHODS We used data from 57 778 adult cigarette smokers participating in a nationally representative monthly cross-sectional survey between January 2008 and September 2023. We estimated monthly time trends in mean daily consumption of (1) any, (2) manufactured, and (3) hand-rolled cigarettes among all smokers and by main type of cigarettes smoked, smoking frequency, age, gender, occupational social grade, region, nicotine replacement therapy use, and vaping status. RESULTS Overall cigarette consumption fell from 13.6 [95% CI = 13.3 to 13.9] to 10.6 [10.5 to 10.8] per day between January 2008 and October 2019 (a 22% decrease), then remained stable up to September 2023. Over this period, the proportion mainly or exclusively smoking hand-rolled cigarettes increased (from 30.6% [29.1%-32.1%] in 2008 to 52.1% [49.7%-54.5%] in 2023). As a result, manufactured cigarette consumption fell by 47%, from 9.5 [9.2-9.8] per day in January 2008 to 5.0 [4.7-5.3] in September 2023, while hand-rolled cigarette consumption increased by 35%, from 4.2 [3.9-4.4] to 5.6 [5.3-5.9], respectively. The decline in overall cigarette consumption was observed across all subgroups, but was greater among non-daily smokers, younger smokers, and those who vaped. CONCLUSIONS Over the last 15 years, the average number of cigarettes consumed each day by smokers in England has fallen by almost a quarter, but has plateaued since October 2019. There has been a sharp decline in the number of manufactured cigarettes consumed and an increase in the number of hand-rolled cigarettes consumed, as smokers have increasingly shifted towards using hand-rolled tobacco. IMPLICATIONS While average cigarette consumption in England has fallen over the past 15 years, this declining trend has stalled (and reversed in some population groups) since 2019. The availability of cheap, hand-rolled tobacco appears to be undermining policies that aim to reduce smoking by raising the price of tobacco (eg, through taxation) and could be targeted to reignite the decline in cigarette consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Jackson
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
- SPECTRUM Consortium, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Harry Tattan-Birch
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
- SPECTRUM Consortium, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Vera Buss
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
- SPECTRUM Consortium, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lion Shahab
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
- SPECTRUM Consortium, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jamie Brown
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
- SPECTRUM Consortium, Edinburgh, UK
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Podlasek A, Claire R, Campbell KA, Orton S, Thomson R, Coleman T. Systematic review and meta-analysis investigating nicotine, cotinine and carbon monoxide exposures in people who both smoke and use nicotine replacement therapy. Addiction 2023; 118:2076-2092. [PMID: 37394704 DOI: 10.1111/add.16279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To determine effects of concurrent smoking and nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) use on reported heaviness of smoking, nicotine (cotinine) body fluid and exhaled air carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations. METHODS Systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs, which test interventions permitting concurrent NRT use and smoking and comparing, within participants, outcomes when smoking with those when smoking and using NRT concurrently. Measurements included reported number of cigarettes smoked per day (CPD), body fluid cotinine and expired air CO concentrations. RESULTS Twenty-nine studies were included in the review. Meta-analysis of nine showed that, compared with when solely smoking, fewer cigarettes were smoked daily when NRT was used (mean difference during concurrent smoking and NRT use, -2.06 CPD [95% CI = -3.06 to -1.07, P < 0.0001]). Meta-analysis of seven studies revealed a non-significant reduction in exhaled CO during concurrent smoking and NRT use (mean difference, -0.58 ppm [95% CI = -2.18 to 1.03, P = 0.48]), but in the three studies that tested NRT used in the lead-up to quitting (i.e. as preloading), a similar reduction in exhaled CO was statistically significant (mean difference, -2.54 ppm CO [95% CI = -4.14 to -0.95, P = 0.002]). Eleven studies reported cotinine concentrations, but meta-analysis was not possible because of data reporting heterogeneity; of these, seven reported lower cotinine concentrations with concurrent NRT use and smoking, four reported no differences, and none reported higher concentrations. CONCLUSIONS People who smoke and also use nicotine replacement therapy report smoking less heavily than people who solely smoke. When nicotine replacement therapy is used in the lead-up to quitting (preloading), this reported smoking reduction has been biochemically confirmed. There is no evidence that concurrent smoking and nicotine replacement therapy use result in greater nicotine exposure than solely smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Podlasek
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, UK
- Tayside Innovation and MedTech Ecosystem (TIME), University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Ravinder Claire
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, London, London City, UK
| | - Katarzyna A Campbell
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, UK
| | - Sophie Orton
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, UK
| | - Ross Thomson
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, UK
| | - Tim Coleman
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, UK
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Ahmadi-Soleimani SM, Amiry GY, Khordad E, Masoudi M, Beheshti F. Omega-3 fatty acids prevent nicotine withdrawal-induced impairment of learning and memory via affecting oxidative status, inflammatory response, cholinergic activity, BDNF and amyloid-B in rat hippocampal tissues. Life Sci 2023; 332:122100. [PMID: 37722588 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the main objective was to reveal whether treatment by Omega-3 fatty acids could prevent the adverse effects of adolescent nicotine withdrawal on spatial and avoidance memory in male rats. For this purpose, Morris water maze and passive avoidance tests were performed on male Wistar rats and the hippocampal levels of oxidative stress markers, inflammatory indices, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, nitrite, amyloid-B and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were measured. Moreover, density of dark neurons were assessed in CA1 and CA3 regions. Results showed that adolescent nicotine exposure followed by a period of drug cessation exacerbates the behavioral indices of learning and memory through affecting a variety of biochemical markers within the hippocampal tissues. These changes lead to elevation of oxidative and inflammatory markers, reduction of neurotrophic capacity and increased AChE activity in hippocampal tissues. In addition, it was observed that co-administration of nicotine with Omega-3 fatty acids significantly prevents nicotine withdrawal-induced adverse effects through restoration of the mentioned biochemical disturbances. Therefore, we suggest administration of Omega-3 fatty acids as a safe, inexpensive and effective therapeutic strategy for prevention of memory dysfunctions associated with nicotine abstinence during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mohammad Ahmadi-Soleimani
- Departments of Physiology, School of Medicine, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran; Neuroscience Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Ghulam Yahya Amiry
- Student Research Committee, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Elnaz Khordad
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Maha Masoudi
- Vice Chancellery of Education and Research, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Farimah Beheshti
- Departments of Physiology, School of Medicine, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran; Neuroscience Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran.
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Omega-3 fatty acids prevent nicotine withdrawal-induced exacerbation of anxiety and depression by affecting oxidative stress balance, inflammatory response, BDNF and serotonin metabolism in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 947:175634. [PMID: 36868293 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Adolescents are known to be more vulnerable than adults to the adverse effects of nicotine dependence. In the present study, we aimed to investigate whether adolescent nicotine exposure, followed by a period of abstinence, could affect the anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors in rats. For this purpose, behavioral assessments were carried out using open field test, elevated plus maze and forced swimming test in male rats received chronic nicotine intake during adolescence followed by a period of abstinence in adulthood, compared to their control counterparts. In addition, O3 pre-treatment was done at three different doses to reveal whether it could prevent nicotine withdrawal effects. Then, animals were euthanized and the cortical concentrations of oxidative stress markers, inflammatory indices, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, serotonin and the enzymatic activity of monoamine oxidase-A were measured. Results indicated that nicotine withdrawal exacerbates the behavioral signs of anxiety through alteration of the brain oxidative stress balance, inflammatory response and serotonin metabolism. Moreover, we found that omega 3 pre-treatment significantly prevents the nicotine withdrawal-induced complications by restoration of changes in the mentioned biochemical indices. Moreover, the improving effects of O3 fatty acids were found to be dose-dependent in all experiments. Taken together, we would like to suggest the O3 fatty acids supplementation as a safe, inexpensive and effective strategy for prevention or amelioration of detrimental effects induced by nicotine withdrawal at cellular and behavioral levels.
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Mercincavage M, Albelda B, Mays D, Souprountchouk V, Giovenco DP, Audrain-McGovern J, Strasser AA. Shedding 'light' on cigarette pack design: colour differences in product perceptions, use and exposure following the US descriptor ban. Tob Control 2022; 31:19-24. [PMID: 32994296 PMCID: PMC8261712 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-055886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many countries removed misleading descriptors (eg, 'light,' 'mild') from cigarette packaging because they falsely conveyed messages of reduced risk. It is unclear if relabelled products currently promote misperceptions or differences in product use and toxicant exposure. We compared product perceptions, use and exposure between a US sample of Marlboro Gold (formerly 'light') and Red smokers. METHODS 240 non-treatment-seeking adult daily Marlboro smokers (70% male, 71% White, mean cigarettes/day=16.4 (SD=8.3)) completed two laboratory sessions over a 5-day period. During sessions, participants smoked two cigarettes through a topography device to capture their puffing behaviour, provided precigarette and postcigarette carbon monoxide (CO) assessments, and completed risk perception and subjective rating questionnaires. Self-reported cigarettes per day were verified via daily filter collection; urine collected at the end of the period was assayed for nicotine metabolites. RESULTS Gold (n=49) smokers were more likely than Red (n=191) to incorrectly believe their cigarettes had less nicotine and tar than regular cigarettes (ps<0.001), and rated them as weaker, less harsh, and mild tasting (ps<0.05). Differences between Red and Gold smokers in cigarettes per day and puffing behaviours trended towards significance (ps<0.1). Notably, there were no group differences on CO boost or total nicotine equivalents (ps>0.1). CONCLUSIONS Misperceptions about nicotine and tar exist years after rebranding Marlboro Lights as Marlboro Gold. Biological results support that Gold smokers do not have lower toxicant exposure. The US should consider comprehensive packaging or product design regulations to properly inform smokers of product risks.Trial registeration number NCT02301351.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Mercincavage
- Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Benjamin Albelda
- Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Darren Mays
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Valentina Souprountchouk
- Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel P Giovenco
- Sociomedical Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Janet Audrain-McGovern
- Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrew A Strasser
- Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Feasibility Assessment of Wearable Respiratory Monitors for Ambulatory Inhalation Topography. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18062990. [PMID: 33799472 PMCID: PMC8000968 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18062990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background: Natural environment inhalation topography provides useful information for toxicant exposure, risk assessment and cardiopulmonary performance. Commercially available wearable respiratory monitors (WRMs), which are currently used to measure a variety of physiological parameters such as heart rate and breathing frequency, can be leveraged to obtain inhalation topography, yet little work has been done. This paper assesses the feasibility of adapting these WRMs for measuring inhalation topography. Methods: Commercially available WRMs were compiled and assessed for the ability to report chest motion, data analysis software features, ambulatory observation capabilities, participant acceptability, purchasing constraints and affordability. Results: The following WRMs were found: LifeShirt, Equivital EQ02 LifeMonitor, Smartex WWS, Hexoskin Smart Garment, Zephyr BioHarness, Nox T3&A1, BioRadio, SleepSense Inductance Band, and ezRIP & zRIP Durabelt. None of the WRMs satisfied all six assessment criteria in a manner enabling them to be used for inhalation topography without modification and development. Conclusions: The results indicate that there are WRMs with core technologies and characteristics that can be built upon for ambulatory inhalation topography measurement in the NE.
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Hatsukami DK, Carroll DM. Tobacco harm reduction: Past history, current controversies and a proposed approach for the future. Prev Med 2020; 140:106099. [PMID: 32335031 PMCID: PMC7581601 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco harm reduction remains a controversial topic in tobacco control. Tobacco harm reduction involves providing tobacco users who are unwilling or unable to quit using nicotine products with less harmful nicotine-containing products for continued use. The skepticism towards harm reduction is based in part on the experience with low-yield tar/nicotine cigarettes, which were presumed to be associated with lower health risks than higher yield cigarettes and marketed as such by cigarette manufacturers. Only later did the field learn that these cigarettes were a deceptive way for cigarette manufacturers to allay the health concerns over cigarette smoking. Since this experience, there has been a proliferation of tobacco products that might potentially serve as a means to reduce tobacco harm. Some members of the tobacco control community believe that these products have great potential to reduce mortality and morbidity among smokers who completely switch to them. Others believe that we will be addicting another generation to tobacco products. This paper reviews the past history, the current tobacco landscape and controversies, and an approach that might rapidly reduce the yearly half-million deaths associated with cigarette smoking in the U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy K Hatsukami
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.
| | - Dana M Carroll
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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Schlage WK, Titz B, Iskandar A, Poussin C, Van der Toorn M, Wong ET, Pratte P, Maeder S, Schaller JP, Pospisil P, Boue S, Vuillaume G, Leroy P, Martin F, Ivanov NV, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. Comparing the preclinical risk profile of inhalable candidate and potential candidate modified risk tobacco products: A bridging use case. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:1187-1206. [PMID: 32995294 PMCID: PMC7502378 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Heated tobacco products tested for reduced exposure and reduced risk properties. Bridging opportunities for nonclinical results from two heated tobacco products. Similarly reduced impact on apical and molecular endpoints relative to cigarettes. Evidence evaluated along a “causal chain of events leading to disease” (CELSD). Representative assays along CELSD could support nonclinical substantial equivalence.
Cigarette smoking causes major preventable diseases, morbidity, and mortality worldwide. Smoking cessation and prevention of smoking initiation are the preferred means for reducing these risks. Less harmful tobacco products, termed modified-risk tobacco products (MRTP), are being developed as a potential alternative for current adult smokers who would otherwise continue smoking. According to a regulatory framework issued by the US Food and Drug Administration, a manufacturer must provide comprehensive scientific evidence that the product significantly reduces harm and the risk of tobacco-related diseases, in order to obtain marketing authorization for a new MRTP. For new tobacco products similar to an already approved predicate product, the FDA has foreseen a simplified procedure for assessing “substantial equivalence”. In this article, we present a use case that bridges the nonclinical evidence from previous studies demonstrating the relatively reduced harm potential of two heat-not-burn products based on different tobacco heating principles. The nonclinical evidence was collected along a “causal chain of events leading to disease” (CELSD) to systematically follow the consequences of reduced exposure to toxicants (relative to cigarette smoke) through increasing levels of biological complexity up to disease manifestation in animal models of human disease. This approach leverages the principles of systems biology and toxicology as a basis for further extrapolation to human studies. The experimental results demonstrate a similarly reduced impact of both products on apical and molecular endpoints, no novel effects not seen with cigarette smoke exposure, and an effect of switching from cigarettes to either MRTP that is comparable to that of complete smoking cessation. Ideally, a subset of representative assays from the presented sequence along the CELSD could be sufficient for predicting similarity or substantial equivalence in the nonclinical impact of novel products; this would require further validation, for which the present use case could serve as a starting point.
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Key Words
- BIF, biological impact factor
- CELSD, causal chain of events leading to disease
- CHTP, carbon heated tobacco product
- CS, cigarette smoke
- CVD, cardiovascular disease
- GVP, gas/vapor phase
- HPHC, harmful and potentially harmful constituents
- MRTP, modified risk tobacco product
- Modified risk tobacco product (MRTP)
- NPA, network perturbation amplitude
- PMI, Philip Morris International
- RBIF, relative BIF
- Substantial equivalence
- Systems toxicology
- THS, Tobacco Heating System
- TPM, total particulate matter
- Tobacco harm reduction
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bjoern Titz
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Anita Iskandar
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Carine Poussin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Marco Van der Toorn
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Ee Tsin Wong
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd., Science Park II, Singapore
| | - Pascal Pratte
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Serge Maeder
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Pierre Schaller
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Pavel Pospisil
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Boue
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Grégory Vuillaume
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Patrice Leroy
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Florian Martin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Nicotine reduction does not alter essential value of nicotine or reduce cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine seeking. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 212:108020. [PMID: 32362438 PMCID: PMC7293915 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Reduction of nicotine content in tobacco products is a regulatory control strategy intended to decrease smoking dependence, and is hypothesized to produce gradual reductions of nicotine intake. Rats were initially trained to self-administer 0.06 mg/kg/infusion nicotine (Phase 1), which was followed by a threshold procedure to determine nicotine demand via a behavioral economics (BE) paradigm (Phase 2). Rats then either self-administered the training dose (high dose group), or were switched to a low dose of nicotine (0.001 mg/kg/infusion; low dose group) in Phase 3. Both groups then underwent a second threshold procedure and demand curves were re-determined (Phase 4). In Phase 5, responding for nicotine was extinguished over the course of 21 sessions. Cue-induced reinstatement was then evaluated (Phase 6). Rats in the low dose group maintained a steady amount of infusions, and thus, did not compensate for nicotine reduction. Rats in the low dose group also showed similar demand elasticity and nicotine seeking (Phase 6) compared to the high dose group, indicating that nicotine reduction did not decrease nicotine demand or seeking. Further, both groups displayed resistance to extinction, indicating that nicotine reduction did not facilitate extinction learning. These results suggest that although compensation of intake does not occur, decreasing the dose of nicotine does not alter nicotine reinforcement value or relapse vulnerability. Further, these results indicate persistence of nicotine-motivated behavior after self-administration of a low nicotine dose. Translationally, these results suggest that alternative strategies may be needed to achieve positive smoking cessation outcomes.
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Pauwels CG, Boots AW, Visser WF, Pennings JL, Talhout R, Van Schooten FJ, Opperhuizen A. Characteristic Human Individual Puffing Profiles Can Generate More TNCO than ISO and Health Canada Regimes on Smoking Machine When the Same Brand Is Smoked. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17093225. [PMID: 32384697 PMCID: PMC7246490 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17093225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Human smoking behavior influences exposure to smoke toxicants and is important for risk assessment. In a prospective observational study, the smoking behavior of Marlboro smokers was measured for 36 h. Puff volume, duration, frequency, flow and inter-puff interval were recorded with the portable CReSSmicro™ device, as has often been done by other scientists. However, the use of the CReSSmicro™ device may lead to some registration pitfalls since the method of insertion of the cigarette may influence the data collection. Participants demonstrated consistent individual characteristic puffing behavior over the course of the day, enabling the creation of a personalized puffing profile. These puffing profiles were subsequently used as settings for smoking machine experiments and tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide (TNCO) emissions were generated. The application of human puffing profiles led to TNCO exposures more in the range of Health Canada Intense (HCI)-TNCO emissions than for those of the International Standardization Organization (ISO). Compared to the ISO regime, which applies a low puff volume relative to human smokers, the generation of TNCO may be at least two times higher than when human puffing profiles were applied on the smoking machine. Human smokers showed a higher puffing intensity than HCI and ISO because of higher puffing frequency, which resulted in more puffs per cigarette, than both HCI and ISO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte G.G.M. Pauwels
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 3581 CD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (C.G.G.M.P.); (A.W.B.); (F.-J.V.S.)
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (W.F.V.); (J.L.A.P.); (R.T.)
| | - Agnes W. Boots
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 3581 CD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (C.G.G.M.P.); (A.W.B.); (F.-J.V.S.)
| | - Wouter F. Visser
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (W.F.V.); (J.L.A.P.); (R.T.)
| | - Jeroen L.A. Pennings
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (W.F.V.); (J.L.A.P.); (R.T.)
| | - Reinskje Talhout
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (W.F.V.); (J.L.A.P.); (R.T.)
| | - Frederik-Jan Van Schooten
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 3581 CD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (C.G.G.M.P.); (A.W.B.); (F.-J.V.S.)
| | - Antoon Opperhuizen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 3581 CD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (C.G.G.M.P.); (A.W.B.); (F.-J.V.S.)
- Office of Risk Assessment and Research, Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), 3511 GG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
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Gaalema DE, Tidey JW, Davis DR, Sigmon SC, Heil SH, Stitzer ML, Desarno MJ, Diaz V, Hughes JR, Higgins ST. Potential Moderating Effects of Psychiatric Diagnosis and Symptom Severity on Subjective and Behavioral Responses to Reduced Nicotine Content Cigarettes. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 21:S29-S37. [PMID: 31867653 PMCID: PMC6939752 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntz139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Given FDA's authority to implement a cigarette nicotine reduction policy, possible outcomes of this regulation must be examined, especially among those who may be most affected, such as those with comorbid psychiatric disorders. METHODS In this secondary analysis of a multisite, randomized, clinical laboratory study, we used analyses of variance to examine the effects of nicotine dose (0.4, 2.4, 5.2, and 15.8 mg/g of tobacco), depressive and anxiety diagnoses (depression only, anxiety only, both, or neither), and depressive and anxiety symptom severity on cigarette choice, smoke exposure, craving, and withdrawal across three vulnerable populations: socioeconomically disadvantaged women of reproductive age, opioid-dependent individuals, and those with affective disorders (n = 169). RESULTS Diagnosis and symptom severity largely had no effects on smoking choice, total puff volume, or CO boost. Significant main effects on craving and withdrawal were observed, with higher scores in those with both anxiety and depression diagnoses compared with depression alone or no diagnosis, and in those with more severe depressive symptoms (p's < .001). These factors did not interact with nicotine dose. Cigarettes with <15.8 mg/g nicotine were less reinforcing, decreased total puff volume, and produced significant but lower magnitude and shorter duration reductions in craving and withdrawal than higher doses (p's < .01). CONCLUSIONS Reducing nicotine dose reduced measures of cigarette addiction potential, with little evidence of moderation by either psychiatric diagnosis or symptom severity, providing evidence that those with comorbid psychiatric disorders would respond to a nicotine reduction policy similarly to other smokers. IMPLICATIONS Thus far, controlled studies in healthy populations of smokers have demonstrated that use of very low nicotine content cigarettes reduces cigarette use and dependence without resulting in compensatory smoking. These analyses extend those findings to a vulnerable population of interest, those with comorbid psychiatric disorders. Cigarettes with very low nicotine content were less reinforcing, decreased total puff volume, and produced significant but lower magnitude and shorter duration reductions in craving and withdrawal than higher doses. These nicotine dose effects did not interact with psychiatric diagnosis or mood symptom severity suggesting that smokers in this vulnerable population would respond to a nicotine reduction strategy similarly to other smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diann E Gaalema
- Vermont Center on Tobacco Regulatory Science, Departments of Psychiatry and Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
| | - Jennifer W Tidey
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Danielle R Davis
- Vermont Center on Tobacco Regulatory Science, Departments of Psychiatry and Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
| | - Stacey C Sigmon
- Vermont Center on Tobacco Regulatory Science, Departments of Psychiatry and Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
| | - Sarah H Heil
- Vermont Center on Tobacco Regulatory Science, Departments of Psychiatry and Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
| | - Maxine L Stitzer
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Michael J Desarno
- Vermont Center on Tobacco Regulatory Science, Departments of Psychiatry and Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
| | - Valeria Diaz
- Vermont Center on Tobacco Regulatory Science, Departments of Psychiatry and Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
| | - John R Hughes
- Vermont Center on Tobacco Regulatory Science, Departments of Psychiatry and Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
| | - Stephen T Higgins
- Vermont Center on Tobacco Regulatory Science, Departments of Psychiatry and Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
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Smith TT, Koopmeiners JS, Hatsukami DK, Tessier KM, Benowitz NL, Murphy SE, Strasser AA, Tidey JW, Blount BC, Valentin L, Bravo Cardenas R, Watson C, Pirkle JL, Donny EC. Mouth-Level Nicotine Intake Estimates from Discarded Filter Butts to Examine Compensatory Smoking in Low Nicotine Cigarettes. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020; 29:643-649. [PMID: 32102909 PMCID: PMC7100998 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-19-0905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A mandated reduction in the nicotine content of cigarettes could reduce smoking rate and prevalence. However, one concern is that smokers may compensate by increasing the intensity with which they smoke each cigarette to obtain more nicotine. This study assessed whether smokers engage in compensatory smoking by estimating the mouth-level nicotine intake of low nicotine cigarettes smoked during a clinical trial. METHODS Smokers were randomly assigned to receive cigarettes with one of five nicotine contents for 6 weeks. An additional group received a cigarette with the lowest nicotine content, but an increased tar yield. The obtained mouth-level nicotine intake from discarded cigarette butts for a subset of participants (51-70/group) was estimated using solanesol as described previously. A compensation index was calculated for each group to estimate the proportion of nicotine per cigarette recovered through changes in smoking intensity. RESULTS There was no significant increase in smoking intensity for any of the reduced nicotine cigarettes as measured by the compensation index (an estimated 0.4% of the nicotine lost was recovered in the lowest nicotine group; 95% confidence interval, -0.1 to 1.2). There was a significant decrease in smoking intensity for very low nicotine content cigarettes with increased tar yield. CONCLUSIONS Reductions in nicotine content did not result in compensatory changes in how intensively participants smoked research cigarettes. IMPACT Combined with data from clinical trials showing a reduction in cigarettes smoked per day, these data suggest that a reduction in nicotine content is unlikely to result in increased smoke exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy T Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.
| | - Joseph S Koopmeiners
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Dorothy K Hatsukami
- Department of Psychiatry and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Katelyn M Tessier
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Neal L Benowitz
- Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Sharon E Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry Molecular Biology and BioPhysics and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Andrew A Strasser
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, and Abraham Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jennifer W Tidey
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Benjamin C Blount
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Liza Valentin
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Roberto Bravo Cardenas
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Clifford Watson
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - James L Pirkle
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Eric C Donny
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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Robinson RJ, Hensel EC. Behavior-based yield for electronic cigarette users of different strength eliquids based on natural environment topography. Inhal Toxicol 2020; 31:484-491. [PMID: 31994941 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2020.1718804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The extent to which electronic cigarette users will compensate for lower nicotine eliquids has implications on the risk associated with regulating eliquid composition. This article elucidates topography as a compensatory mechanism by investigating the impact of nicotine strength on total particulate matter (TPM) and nicotine consumed per puff.Methods: Thirty-three experienced vape pen users were assigned an NJOY™ VapePen and AVAIL™ brand Tobacco Row eliquid with their usual nicotine strength (L = 6 mg/mL, M = 12 mg/mL, H = 18 mg/mL) and vaped through RIT's wPUMTM vape pen monitor to record every puff during 1 week. Nicotine and TPM yield per puff was determined accounting for the impact of topography characteristics on emissions and used to compute participant-specific mean yield per puff.Results: Nicotine yields ranged from 0.01 to 0.05 mg/puff and varied widely within each group (L, M, and H nicotine strength). Group-wise mean flow rate was lower for L compared to M (p = 0.2) and duration was higher compared to M (p = 0.09). Larger TPM was consumed per puff for L compared to M (p = 0.07), yet nicotine per puff for L was less than M (p = 0.3). H users took smaller volumes than L (p = 0.1) or M (p = 0.17), and there was little difference between L and M (p = 0.47).Conclusions: Evidence was provided for topography as a compensatory mechanism. Use of low nicotine strength eliquids can increase TPM, which can lead to increase in HPHC. Regulatory review of new products should consider natural use topography and realistic use exposures to nicotine, TPM and HPHCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa J Robinson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Edward C Hensel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
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15
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Kosmider L, Kimber CF, Kurek J, Corcoran O, Dawkins LE. Compensatory Puffing With Lower Nicotine Concentration E-liquids Increases Carbonyl Exposure in E-cigarette Aerosols. Nicotine Tob Res 2019; 20:998-1003. [PMID: 29065196 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Article 20 of the European Tobacco Products Directive (EU-TPD) specifies that e-liquids should not contain nicotine in excess of 20 mg/mL, thus many vapers may be compelled to switch to lower concentrations and in so doing, may engage in more intensive puffing. This study aimed to establish whether more intensive puffing produces higher levels of carbonyl compounds in e-cigarette aerosols. Methods Using the HPLC-UV diode array method, four carbonyl compounds (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, and acrolein) were measured in liquids and aerosols from nicotine solutions of 24 and 6 mg/mL. Aerosols were generated using a smoking machine configured to replicate puffing topography data previously obtained from 12 experienced e-cigarette users. Results Carbonyl levels in aerosols from the puffing regimen of 6 mg/mL were significantly higher (p < .05 using independent samples t tests) compared with those of 24 mg/mL nicotine. For the 6 and 24 mg/mL nicotine aerosols respectively, means ± SD for formaldehyde levels were 3.41 ± 0.94, and 1.49 ± 0.30 µg per hour (µg/h) of e-cigarette use. Means ± SD for acetaldehyde levels were 2.17 ± 0.36 and 1.04 ± 0.13 µg/h. Means ± SD for acetone levels were 0.73 ± 0.20 and 0.28 ± 0.14 µg/h. Acrolein was not detected. Conclusions Higher levels of carbonyls associated with more intensive puffing suggest that vapers switching to lower nicotine concentrations (either due to the EU-TPD implementation or personal choice), may increase their exposure to these compounds. Based on real human puffing topography data, this study suggests that limiting nicotine concentrations to 20 mg/mL may not result in the desired harm minimalization effect. Implications More intensive puffing regimens associated with the use of low nicotine concentration e-liquids can lead to higher levels of carbonyl generation in the aerosol. Although in need of replication in a larger sample outside a laboratory, this study provides pragmatic empirical data on the potential risks of compensatory puffing behaviors in vapers, and can help to inform future regulatory decisions on nicotine e-liquid concentrations. The cap on nicotine concentration at 20 mg/mL set by the EU-TPD may therefore have the unintended consequence of encouraging use of lower nicotine concentration e-liquid, in turn increasing exposure to carbonyl compounds through compensatory puffing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Kosmider
- School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Catherine F Kimber
- Drugs and Addictive Behaviours Research Group, School of Psychology, University of East London, London, UK
| | - Jolanta Kurek
- Department of Chemical Hazard and Genetic Toxicology, Institute of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Olivia Corcoran
- Medicines Research Group, School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, University of East London, London, UK
| | - Lynne E Dawkins
- Division of Psychology, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, UK
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16
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Fowler CD, Gipson CD, Kleykamp BA, Rupprecht LE, Harrell PT, Rees VW, Gould TJ, Oliver J, Bagdas D, Damaj MI, Schmidt HD, Duncan A, De Biasi M. Basic Science and Public Policy: Informed Regulation for Nicotine and Tobacco Products. Nicotine Tob Res 2019; 20:789-799. [PMID: 29065200 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Scientific discoveries over the past few decades have provided significant insight into the abuse liability and negative health consequences associated with tobacco and nicotine-containing products. While many of these advances have led to the development of policies and laws that regulate access to and formulations of these products, further research is critical to guide future regulatory efforts, especially as novel nicotine-containing products are introduced and selectively marketed to vulnerable populations. Discussion In this narrative review, we provide an overview of the scientific findings that have impacted regulatory policy and discuss considerations for further translation of science into policy decisions. We propose that open, bidirectional communication between scientists and policy makers is essential to develop transformative preventive- and intervention-focused policies and programs to reduce appeal, abuse liability, and toxicity of the products. Conclusions Through these types of interactions, collaborative efforts to inform and modify policy have the potential to significantly decrease the use of tobacco and alternative nicotine products and thus enhance health outcomes for individuals. Implications This work addresses current topics in the nicotine and tobacco research field to emphasize the importance of basic science research and provide examples of how it can be utilized to inform public policy. In addition to relaying current thoughts on the topic from experts in the field, the article encourages continued efforts and communication between basic scientists and policy officials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christie D Fowler
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | | | | | - Laura E Rupprecht
- Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Paul T Harrell
- Division of Community Health & Research, Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA
| | - Vaughan W Rees
- Center for Global Tobacco Control, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Thomas J Gould
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Jason Oliver
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Deniz Bagdas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - M Imad Damaj
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Heath D Schmidt
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Alexander Duncan
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Mariella De Biasi
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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Cai B, Li Z, Wang R, Geng Z, Shi Y, Xie S, Wang Z, Yang Z, Ren X. Emission level of seven mainstream smoke toxicants from cigarette with variable tobacco leaf constituents. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 103:181-188. [PMID: 30710578 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
[Introduction] Seven smoke constituents, including hydrogen cyanide (HCN), ammonia (NH3), phenol, benzo[α]pyrene (B[a]P), carbon monoxide (CO)¸ crotonaldehyde, and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1- (3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), are proposed be the most relevant constituents for smoking-related diseases. [Methods] Different combinations of leaf stalk positions, varieties and locations were used to create variable chemistry of cigarette filler and smoke. Experimental cigarettes were measured for emission level of seven smoke toxicants and content of seventy-three filler components. [Results] The ranges of coefficient of variation (CV) for seven smoke toxicants were 15.43%-43.15%. The emission pattern of NNK and crotonaldehyde were different from that of other five smoke toxicants. Most of the seven smoke toxicants were influenced in following order: stalk position > location > variety. The leaf constitutes closely correlated with seven smoke toxicants were analyzed. [Conclusions] The results showed that seven toxicants were significantly influenced by leaf position and location, and closely correlated with leaf components, such as potassium, malate and alkaloid contents. The results provide useful and comprehensive information on the affecting factors and correlating leaf constituents for the variations of seven smoke toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Cai
- Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang 550081, PR China; Haikou Cigar Research Institute, Hainan Provincial Branch of CNTC, Haikou, 571100, PR China
| | - Zhitao Li
- China Tobacco Guizhou Import and Export Co. Ltd, 334 Wei-Qing Road, Yun-Yan District, Guiyang City 550003, Guizhou Province, PR China
| | - Rengang Wang
- Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang 550081, PR China
| | - Zhaoliang Geng
- Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang 550081, PR China
| | - Yuewei Shi
- Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang 550081, PR China
| | - Shengdong Xie
- Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang 550081, PR China
| | - Zhihong Wang
- Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang 550081, PR China
| | - Zhixiao Yang
- Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang 550081, PR China
| | - Xueliang Ren
- Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang 550081, PR China.
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Smith TT, Hatsukami DK, Benowitz NL, Colby SM, McClernon FJ, Strasser AA, Tidey JW, White CM, Donny EC. Whether to push or pull? Nicotine reduction and non-combusted alternatives - Two strategies for reducing smoking and improving public health. Prev Med 2018; 117:8-14. [PMID: 29604326 PMCID: PMC6163095 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Combustible cigarettes remain the most harmful and addictive tobacco product, and reducing the prevalence of smoking continues to be a critical public health goal. While nicotine is the constituent primarily responsible for addiction to cigarettes, most of the harm associated with smoking comes from byproducts of tobacco combustion. Recently, two different approaches for reducing the harms of smoking have emerged, both of which focus on breaking the link between the addiction to nicotine and the harms caused by smoking. First, the addictive potential of cigarettes could be minimized by requiring a large reduction in the nicotine content of cigarettes. Evidence for a nicotine reduction policy thus far shows that the use of very low nicotine content cigarettes results in a reduction in the number of cigarettes people smoke per day and a reduction in cigarette dependence. Second, emerging alternative nicotine delivery systems (ANDS) like electronic cigarettes may provide sufficient nicotine to act as substitutes for cigarettes while delivering much lower levels of toxicants. Evidence suggests that the emergence of ANDS has increased the percentage of smokers who are able to quit. The present paper will briefly review the evidence for each of these approaches, and consider what contemporary reinforcement and addiction theories can tell us about their likely success. We argue that the most effective endgame approach is one that pursues both nicotine reduction and alternative nicotine delivery systems as complementary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy T Smith
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, United States.
| | | | - Neal L Benowitz
- Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, United States
| | - Suzanne M Colby
- Center for Alcohol & Addiction Studies, Brown University, United States
| | - F Joseph McClernon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, United States
| | - Andrew A Strasser
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, United States
| | - Jennifer W Tidey
- Center for Alcohol & Addiction Studies, Brown University, United States
| | - Cassidy M White
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Eric C Donny
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, United States
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19
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Bleakley A, Lazovich D, B Jordan A, Glanz K. Compensation Behaviors and Skin Cancer Prevention. Am J Prev Med 2018; 55:848-855. [PMID: 30344038 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2018.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Skin cancer prevention guidelines recommend practicing multiple behaviors to protect against harmful ultraviolet rays, yet few adults report practicing more than one recommended behavior. This study examines the extent to which skin cancer prevention behaviors are combined and may follow a pattern of compensation in which an individual's performance of one behavior (e.g., wearing sunscreen) precludes performing other protective behaviors (e.g., wearing a hat). METHODS Data from qualitative semi-structured interviews (n=80) in 2015 and a quantitative online national survey (n=940) in 2016 with non-Hispanic white adults aged 18-49 years from the U.S. were used to examine combinations of skin cancer prevention behaviors. Data were analyzed in 2017. RESULTS Protective behaviors like wearing sunglasses and sunscreen were a common approach to prevention, but protective, avoidant (i.e., seeking shade, avoiding outdoor tanning), and covering-up (i.e., wearing a hat, shirt) strategies were rarely used in combination. Regression analyses to determine correlates of protection, avoidance, and covering-up showed that age was positively associated with practicing each strategy; positive attitudes about tanning were negatively associated with avoidance and covering-up; and positive body image was positively associated with protection and negatively associated with avoidance. Demographics such as education, employment, and gender, but not skin cancer risk, were also related to the various strategies. CONCLUSIONS Although a full evaluation of compensation theory and skin cancer prevention was limited by the available data, the results suggest that application of the theory may yield clues for how to improve sun protection behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Bleakley
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - DeAnn Lazovich
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Amy B Jordan
- School of Communication and Information, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Karen Glanz
- Perelman School of Medicine and School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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20
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Liu W, Li MD. Insights Into Nicotinic Receptor Signaling in Nicotine Addiction: Implications for Prevention and Treatment. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:350-370. [PMID: 28762314 PMCID: PMC6018190 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170801103009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) belong to the Cys-loop ligandgated ion-channel (LGIC) superfamily, which also includes the GABA, glycine, and serotonin receptors. Many nAChR subunits have been identified and shown to be involved in signal transduction on binding to them of either the neurotransmitter acetylcholine or exogenous ligands such as nicotine. The nAChRs are pentameric assemblies of homologous subunits surrounding a central pore that gates cation flux, and they are expressed at neuromuscular junctions throughout the nervous system. METHODS AND RESULTS Because different nAChR subunits assemble into a variety of pharmacologically distinct receptor subtypes, and different nAChRs are implicated in various physiological functions and pathophysiological conditions, nAChRs represent potential molecular targets for drug addiction and medical therapeutic research. This review intends to provide insights into recent advances in nAChR signaling, considering the subtypes and subunits of nAChRs and their roles in nicotinic cholinergic systems, including structure, diversity, functional allosteric modulation, targeted knockout mutations, and rare variations of specific subunits, and the potency and functional effects of mutations by focusing on their effects on nicotine addiction (NA) and smoking cessation (SC). Furthermore, we review the possible mechanisms of action of nAChRs in NA and SC based on our current knowledge. CONCLUSION Understanding these cellular and molecular mechanisms will lead to better translational and therapeutic operations and outcomes for the prevention and treatment of NA and other drug addictions, as well as chronic diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Finally, we put forward some suggestions and recommendations for therapy and treatment of NA and other chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,School of Biological Sciences and Food Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, Anuhi 236041, China
| | - Ming D Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, United States
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiemin Ma
- American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA
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22
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LeSage MG, Smethells JR, Harris AC. Status and Future Directions of Preclinical Behavioral Pharmacology in Tobacco Regulatory Science. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 18:252-274. [PMID: 30214916 DOI: 10.1037/bar0000113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral pharmacology is a branch of the experimental analysis of behavior that has had great influence in drug addiction research and policy. This paper provides an overview of recent behavioral pharmacology research in the field of tobacco regulatory science, which provides the scientific foundation for the Food and Drug Administration Center for Tobacco Products (FDA CTP) to set tobacco control policies. The rationale and aims of tobacco regulatory science are provided, including the types of preclinical operant behavioral models it deems important for assessing the abuse liability of tobacco products and their constituents. We then review literature relevant to key regulatory actions being considered by the FDA CTP, including regulations over nicotine and menthol content of cigarettes, and conclude with suggesting some directions for future research. The current era of tobacco regulatory science provides great opportunities for behavioral pharmacologists to address the leading cause of preventable death and disease worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark G LeSage
- Department of Medicine, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation
- Departments of Medicine, University of Minnesota
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota
| | - John R Smethells
- Department of Medicine, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation
- Departments of Medicine, University of Minnesota
| | - Andrew C Harris
- Department of Medicine, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation
- Departments of Medicine, University of Minnesota
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota
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Yuki D, Takeshige Y, Nakaya K, Futamura Y. Assessment of the exposure to harmful and potentially harmful constituents in healthy Japanese smokers using a novel tobacco vapor product compared with conventional cigarettes and smoking abstinence. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 96:127-134. [PMID: 29738810 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this clinical study were to demonstrate a reduction in exposure to selected harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs), and to assess product use behavior, in Japanese healthy adult smokers who switched to a novel tobacco vapor product (NTV). 60 smokers were randomly assigned for 5 days to either (a) a group who switched to an NTV (n = 20), (b) a group who continued to smoke their own brand of conventional cigarettes (CC, n = 20) or (c) a smoking abstinence group (SA, n = 20). Fifteen biomarkers of exposure (BoEs) to 14 HPHCs and pyrene were measured at baseline, day 3 and 5. Product use behavior was assessed by measuring product consumption, nicotine uptake and puffing topography. During investigations, increases were observed in product consumption and total puff volume in NTV group subjects as compared to baseline. Additionally, nicotine uptake in the NTV group was approximately half that observed in the CC group. BoE values were significantly reduced in the NTV group as compared to those in the CC group. Significantly, the magnitude of the reduction in exposure to HPHCs observed in the NTV group (49-94%) was close to that observed for the SA group (39-95%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Yuki
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R&D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., Japan.
| | - Yuki Takeshige
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R&D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., Japan
| | - Kyoko Nakaya
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R&D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Futamura
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R&D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., Japan
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24
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Smoking behaviour and sensations during the pre-quit period of an exercise-aided smoking cessation intervention. Addict Behav 2018; 81:143-149. [PMID: 29454814 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous research has shown reductions in cigarette consumption during the pre-quit period of exercise-aided smoking cessation interventions. Smoking topography and sensation patterns during this period is unknown and may provide valuable insight into compensation and cessation readiness. METHODS Female smokers (N = 236, M age = 43, M cigarettes/day = 17.0) enrolled in an exercise-aided smoking cessation intervention self-reported daily cigarette use and cigarette sensory experiences. Breath carbon monoxide and smoking topography data were collected during the period leading up to the targeted quit date (i.e., baseline, week 1, and week 3), which was set for week 4. RESULTS Repeated measures ANOVAs revealed that cigarette consumption (p < 0.001, eta = 0.32), carbon monoxide (p < 0.001, eta = 0.14), puff duration (p = 0.01, eta = 0.05), smoking satisfaction (p < 0.001, eta = 0.34), psychological reward (p < 0.001, eta = 0.43), enjoyment of respiratory tract sensations (p < 0.001, eta = 0.29), and craving (p < 0.001, eta = 0.39) decreased, whereas average puff flow (p = 0.01, eta = 0.05) increased. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to establish that regular exercise during the pre-quit period served as a conduit for facilitating behavioral and sensory harm reduction with cigarettes. Furthermore, the pattern of change observed between cigarette consumption and smoking topography does not support compensation. These findings imply that female smokers who exercise prior to a quit attempt are in a favourable state to achieve cessation.
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25
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Smoking Topography among Korean Smokers: Intensive Smoking Behavior with Larger Puff Volume and Shorter Interpuff Interval. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15051024. [PMID: 29783674 PMCID: PMC5982063 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15051024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The difference of smoker’s topography has been found to be a function many factors, including sex, personality, nicotine yield, cigarette type (i.e., flavored versus non-flavored) and ethnicity. We evaluated the puffing behaviors of Korean smokers and its association with smoking-related biomarker levels. A sample of 300 participants was randomly recruited from metropolitan areas in South Korea. Topography measures during a 24-hour period were obtained using a CReSS pocket device. Korean male smokers smoked two puffs less per cigarette compared to female smokers (15.0 (13.0–19.0) vs. 17.5 (15.0–21.0) as the median (Interquartile range)), but had a significantly larger puff volume (62.7 (52.7–75.5) mL vs. 53.5 (42.0–64.2) mL); p = 0.012). The interpuff interval was similar between men and women (8.9 (6.5–11.2) s vs. 8.3 (6.2–11.0) s; p = 0.122) but much shorter than other study results. A dose-response association (p = 0.0011) was observed between daily total puff volumes and urinary cotinine concentrations, after controlling for sex, age, household income level and nicotine addiction level. An understanding of the difference of topography measures, particularly the larger puff volume and shorter interpuff interval of Korean smokers, may help to overcome a potential underestimation of internal doses of hazardous byproducts of smoking.
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26
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Apelberg BJ, Feirman SP, Salazar E, Corey CG, Ambrose BK, Paredes A, Richman E, Verzi SJ, Vugrin ED, Brodsky NS, Rostron BL. Potential Public Health Effects of Reducing Nicotine Levels in Cigarettes in the United States. N Engl J Med 2018. [PMID: 29543114 DOI: 10.1056/nejmsr1714617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Apelberg
- From the Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (B.J.A., S.P.F., E.S., C.G.C., B.K.A., A.P., E.R., B.L.R.); and Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM (S.J.V., E.D.V., N.S.B.)
| | - Shari P Feirman
- From the Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (B.J.A., S.P.F., E.S., C.G.C., B.K.A., A.P., E.R., B.L.R.); and Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM (S.J.V., E.D.V., N.S.B.)
| | - Esther Salazar
- From the Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (B.J.A., S.P.F., E.S., C.G.C., B.K.A., A.P., E.R., B.L.R.); and Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM (S.J.V., E.D.V., N.S.B.)
| | - Catherine G Corey
- From the Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (B.J.A., S.P.F., E.S., C.G.C., B.K.A., A.P., E.R., B.L.R.); and Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM (S.J.V., E.D.V., N.S.B.)
| | - Bridget K Ambrose
- From the Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (B.J.A., S.P.F., E.S., C.G.C., B.K.A., A.P., E.R., B.L.R.); and Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM (S.J.V., E.D.V., N.S.B.)
| | - Antonio Paredes
- From the Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (B.J.A., S.P.F., E.S., C.G.C., B.K.A., A.P., E.R., B.L.R.); and Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM (S.J.V., E.D.V., N.S.B.)
| | - Elise Richman
- From the Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (B.J.A., S.P.F., E.S., C.G.C., B.K.A., A.P., E.R., B.L.R.); and Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM (S.J.V., E.D.V., N.S.B.)
| | - Stephen J Verzi
- From the Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (B.J.A., S.P.F., E.S., C.G.C., B.K.A., A.P., E.R., B.L.R.); and Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM (S.J.V., E.D.V., N.S.B.)
| | - Eric D Vugrin
- From the Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (B.J.A., S.P.F., E.S., C.G.C., B.K.A., A.P., E.R., B.L.R.); and Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM (S.J.V., E.D.V., N.S.B.)
| | - Nancy S Brodsky
- From the Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (B.J.A., S.P.F., E.S., C.G.C., B.K.A., A.P., E.R., B.L.R.); and Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM (S.J.V., E.D.V., N.S.B.)
| | - Brian L Rostron
- From the Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (B.J.A., S.P.F., E.S., C.G.C., B.K.A., A.P., E.R., B.L.R.); and Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM (S.J.V., E.D.V., N.S.B.)
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27
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Bhatt SP, Kim YI, Harrington KF, Hokanson JE, Lutz SM, Cho MH, DeMeo DL, Wells JM, Make BJ, Rennard SI, Washko GR, Foreman MG, Tashkin DP, Wise RA, Dransfield MT, Bailey WC. Smoking duration alone provides stronger risk estimates of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease than pack-years. Thorax 2018; 73:414-421. [PMID: 29326298 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2017-210722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoking is the strongest risk factor for COPD. Smoking burden is frequently measured in pack-years, but the relative contribution of cigarettes smoked per day versus duration towards the development of structural lung disease, airflow obstruction and functional outcomes is not known. METHODS We analysed cross-sectional data from a large multicentre cohort (COPDGene) of current and former smokers. Primary outcome was airflow obstruction (FEV1/FVC); secondary outcomes included five additional measures of disease: FEV1, CT emphysema, CT gas trapping, functional capacity (6 min walk distance, 6MWD) and respiratory morbidity (St George's Respiratory Questionnaire, SGRQ). Generalised linear models were estimated to compare the relative contribution of each smoking variable with the outcomes, after adjustment for age, race, sex, body mass index, CT scanner, centre, age of smoking onset and current smoking status. We also estimated adjusted means of each outcome by categories of pack-years and combined groups of categorised smoking duration and cigarettes/day, and estimated linear trends of adjusted means for each outcome by categorised cigarettes/day, smoking duration and pack-years. RESULTS 10 187 subjects were included. For FEV1/FVC, standardised beta coefficient for smoking duration was greater than for cigarettes/day and pack-years (P<0.001). After categorisation, there was a linear increase in adjusted means FEV1/FVC with increase in pack-years (regression coefficient β=-0.023±SE0.003; P=0.003) and duration over all ranges of smoking cigarettes/day (β=-0.041±0.004; P<0.001) but a relatively flat slope for cigarettes/day across all ranges of smoking duration (β=-0.009±0.0.009; P=0.34). Strength of association of duration was similarly greater than pack-years for emphysema, gas trapping, FEV1, 6MWD and SGRQ. CONCLUSION Smoking duration alone provides stronger risk estimates of COPD than the composite index of pack-years. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Post-results; NCT00608764.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surya P Bhatt
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,UAB Lung Health Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Young-Il Kim
- Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Kathy F Harrington
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - John E Hokanson
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Sharon M Lutz
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Michael H Cho
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dawn L DeMeo
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James M Wells
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,UAB Lung Health Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Barry J Make
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Stephen I Rennard
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.,Clinical Discovery Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - George R Washko
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marilyn G Foreman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Donald P Tashkin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Robert A Wise
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark T Dransfield
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,UAB Lung Health Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - William C Bailey
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,UAB Lung Health Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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28
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Caraway JW, Ashley M, Bowman SA, Chen P, Errington G, Prasad K, Nelson PR, Shepperd CJ, Fearon IM. Influence of cigarette filter ventilation on smokers' mouth level exposure to tar and nicotine. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 91:235-239. [PMID: 29097238 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette filter ventilation allows air to be drawn into the filter, diluting the cigarette smoke. Although machine smoking reveals that toxicant yields are reduced, it does not predict human yields. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between cigarette filter ventilation and mouth level exposure (MLE) to tar and nicotine in cigarette smokers. We collated and reviewed data from 11 studies across 9 countries, in studies performed between 2005 and 2013 which contained data on MLE from 156 products with filter ventilation between 0% and 87%. MLE among 7534 participants to tar and nicotine was estimated using the part-filter analysis method from spent filter tips. For each of the countries, MLE to tar and nicotine tended to decrease as filter ventilation increased. Across countries, per-cigarette MLE to tar and nicotine decreased as filter ventilation increased from 0% to 87%. Daily MLE to tar and nicotine also decreased across the range of increasing filter ventilation. These data suggest that on average smokers of highly ventilated cigarettes are exposed to lower amounts of nicotine and tar per cigarette and per day than smokers of cigarettes with lower levels of ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Madeleine Ashley
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | | | - Peter Chen
- RAI Services Company, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Graham Errington
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Krishna Prasad
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | | | - Christopher J Shepperd
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Ian M Fearon
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK.
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29
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Restrepo BJ. Nicotine Intake per Cigarette Smoked Among Smokers Nationally and in New York City. Am J Prev Med 2017; 53:e77-e78. [PMID: 28161036 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Restrepo
- Economic Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Washington, District of Columbia.
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30
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Song MA, Benowitz NL, Berman M, Brasky TM, Cummings KM, Hatsukami DK, Marian C, O'Connor R, Rees VW, Woroszylo C, Shields PG. Cigarette Filter Ventilation and its Relationship to Increasing Rates of Lung Adenocarcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 2017; 109:3836090. [PMID: 28525914 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djx075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The 2014 Surgeon General's Report on smoking and health concluded that changing cigarette designs have caused an increase in lung adenocarcinomas, implicating cigarette filter ventilation that lowers smoking machine tar yields. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) now has the authority to regulate cigarette design if doing so would improve public health. To support a potential regulatory action, two weight-of-evidence reviews were applied for causally relating filter ventilation to lung adenocarcinoma. Published scientific literature (3284 citations) and internal tobacco company documents contributed to causation analysis evidence blocks and the identification of research gaps. Filter ventilation was adopted in the mid-1960s and was initially equated with making a cigarette safer. Since then, lung adenocarcinoma rates paradoxically increased relative to other lung cancer subtypes. Filter ventilation 1) alters tobacco combustion, increasing smoke toxicants; 2) allows for elasticity of use so that smokers inhale more smoke to maintain their nicotine intake; and 3) causes a false perception of lower health risk from "lighter" smoke. Seemingly not supportive of a causal relationship is that human exposure biomarker studies indicate no reduction in exposure, but these do not measure exposure in the lung or utilize known biomarkers of harm. Altered puffing and inhalation may make smoke available to lung cells prone to adenocarcinomas. The analysis strongly suggests that filter ventilation has contributed to the rise in lung adenocarcinomas among smokers. Thus, the FDA should consider regulating its use, up to and including a ban. Herein, we propose a research agenda to support such an effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ae Song
- Affiliations of authors: Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH (MAS, MB, TMB, CM, PGS); Division of Epidemiology, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, OH (MAS, CW); Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, CA (NLB); College of Public Health and Moritz College of Law, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (MB); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (KMC); Tobacco Research Programs and Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (DH); Biochemistry and Pharmacology Department, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania, (CM); Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY (RO); Center for Global Tobacco Control, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA (VWR)
| | - Neal L Benowitz
- Affiliations of authors: Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH (MAS, MB, TMB, CM, PGS); Division of Epidemiology, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, OH (MAS, CW); Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, CA (NLB); College of Public Health and Moritz College of Law, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (MB); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (KMC); Tobacco Research Programs and Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (DH); Biochemistry and Pharmacology Department, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania, (CM); Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY (RO); Center for Global Tobacco Control, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA (VWR)
| | - Micah Berman
- Affiliations of authors: Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH (MAS, MB, TMB, CM, PGS); Division of Epidemiology, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, OH (MAS, CW); Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, CA (NLB); College of Public Health and Moritz College of Law, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (MB); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (KMC); Tobacco Research Programs and Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (DH); Biochemistry and Pharmacology Department, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania, (CM); Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY (RO); Center for Global Tobacco Control, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA (VWR)
| | - Theodore M Brasky
- Affiliations of authors: Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH (MAS, MB, TMB, CM, PGS); Division of Epidemiology, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, OH (MAS, CW); Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, CA (NLB); College of Public Health and Moritz College of Law, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (MB); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (KMC); Tobacco Research Programs and Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (DH); Biochemistry and Pharmacology Department, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania, (CM); Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY (RO); Center for Global Tobacco Control, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA (VWR)
| | - K Michael Cummings
- Affiliations of authors: Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH (MAS, MB, TMB, CM, PGS); Division of Epidemiology, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, OH (MAS, CW); Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, CA (NLB); College of Public Health and Moritz College of Law, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (MB); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (KMC); Tobacco Research Programs and Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (DH); Biochemistry and Pharmacology Department, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania, (CM); Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY (RO); Center for Global Tobacco Control, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA (VWR)
| | - Dorothy K Hatsukami
- Affiliations of authors: Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH (MAS, MB, TMB, CM, PGS); Division of Epidemiology, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, OH (MAS, CW); Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, CA (NLB); College of Public Health and Moritz College of Law, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (MB); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (KMC); Tobacco Research Programs and Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (DH); Biochemistry and Pharmacology Department, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania, (CM); Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY (RO); Center for Global Tobacco Control, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA (VWR)
| | - Catalin Marian
- Affiliations of authors: Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH (MAS, MB, TMB, CM, PGS); Division of Epidemiology, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, OH (MAS, CW); Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, CA (NLB); College of Public Health and Moritz College of Law, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (MB); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (KMC); Tobacco Research Programs and Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (DH); Biochemistry and Pharmacology Department, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania, (CM); Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY (RO); Center for Global Tobacco Control, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA (VWR)
| | - Richard O'Connor
- Affiliations of authors: Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH (MAS, MB, TMB, CM, PGS); Division of Epidemiology, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, OH (MAS, CW); Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, CA (NLB); College of Public Health and Moritz College of Law, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (MB); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (KMC); Tobacco Research Programs and Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (DH); Biochemistry and Pharmacology Department, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania, (CM); Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY (RO); Center for Global Tobacco Control, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA (VWR)
| | - Vaughan W Rees
- Affiliations of authors: Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH (MAS, MB, TMB, CM, PGS); Division of Epidemiology, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, OH (MAS, CW); Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, CA (NLB); College of Public Health and Moritz College of Law, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (MB); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (KMC); Tobacco Research Programs and Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (DH); Biochemistry and Pharmacology Department, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania, (CM); Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY (RO); Center for Global Tobacco Control, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA (VWR)
| | - Casper Woroszylo
- Affiliations of authors: Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH (MAS, MB, TMB, CM, PGS); Division of Epidemiology, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, OH (MAS, CW); Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, CA (NLB); College of Public Health and Moritz College of Law, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (MB); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (KMC); Tobacco Research Programs and Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (DH); Biochemistry and Pharmacology Department, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania, (CM); Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY (RO); Center for Global Tobacco Control, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA (VWR)
| | - Peter G Shields
- Affiliations of authors: Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH (MAS, MB, TMB, CM, PGS); Division of Epidemiology, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, OH (MAS, CW); Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, CA (NLB); College of Public Health and Moritz College of Law, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (MB); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (KMC); Tobacco Research Programs and Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (DH); Biochemistry and Pharmacology Department, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania, (CM); Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY (RO); Center for Global Tobacco Control, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA (VWR)
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31
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van Osch FHM, Pauwels CGGM, Jochems SHJ, Fayokun R, James ND, Wallace DMA, Cheng KK, Bryan RT, van Schooten FJ, Zeegers MP. Tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide yield of UK cigarettes and the risk of non-muscle-invasive and muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev 2017; 28:40-44. [PMID: 28683008 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for bladder cancer (BC); however, the impact of cigarette content remains unclear. This study aims to investigate tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide (TNCO) yields of different filtered cigarettes in relation to BC risk. From the Bladder Cancer Prognosis Programme 575 non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) cases, 139 muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) cases and 130 BC-free controls with retrospective data on smoking behaviour and cigarette brand were identified. Independently measured TNCO yields of cigarettes sold in the UK were obtained through the UK Department of Health and merged with the Bladder Cancer Prognosis Programme dataset to estimate the daily intake of TNCO. BC risk increased by TNCO intake category for NMIBC cases (P <0.050 in all multivariate models), but only for the daily intake of tar for MIBC cases (P=0.046) in multivariate models. No difference in risk was observed between smokers of low-tar/low-nicotine and high-tar/high-nicotine cigarettes compared with never smokers, either for NMIBC (P=0.544) or MIBC (P=0.449). High daily intake of TNCO additionally increases the risk of both NMIBC and MIBC compared with low daily intake. However, as there is no difference in BC risk between low-tar/low-nicotine and high-tar/high-nicotine cigarette smokers, it remains unclear whether smoking behaviour or TNCO yield of cigarettes explains this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frits H M van Osch
- Department of Complex Genetics and Epidemiology.,Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences
| | - Charlotte G G M Pauwels
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism.,Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvia H J Jochems
- Department of Complex Genetics and Epidemiology.,Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences
| | - Ranti Fayokun
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Division of Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nicholas D James
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences.,Department of Urology, University Hospital Birmingham, NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham
| | | | - Kar-Keung Cheng
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Birmingham
| | | | - Frederik J van Schooten
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism
| | - Maurice P Zeegers
- Department of Complex Genetics and Epidemiology.,Department of Complex Genetics and Epidemiology, CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, Maastricht.,Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences
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32
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Yuki D, Sakaguchi C, Kikuchi A, Futamura Y. Pharmacokinetics of nicotine following the controlled use of a prototype novel tobacco vapor product. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 87:30-35. [PMID: 28479294 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this clinical study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics of nicotine following the use of a prototype novel tobacco vapor (PNTV) product in comparison to a conventional cigarette (CC1). The study was conducted in Japanese healthy adult male smokers, using an open-label, randomized, two-period crossover design, to assess the pharmacokinetics of nicotine after controlled use of a PNTV product or CC1. During the study period, blood samples were drawn from subjects for the measurement of plasma nicotine concentrations and nicotine intake was estimated from the mouth level exposure (MLE). The Cmax and AUClast following the use of PNTV product were 45.7% and 68.3%, respectively, of those obtained with CC1 and there were no significant differences in the tmax and t1/2 between PNTV product and CC1. The estimated MLE following the use of PNTV product was approximately two-thirds of that obtained following the smoking of CC1, but the relative bioavailability of PNTV product to CC1 was approximately 104%. The differences in Cmax and AUClast between PNTV product and CC1 therefore are explained by differences in nicotine intake. These results suggest that the PNTV product shows a similar pharmacokinetic profile to CC1, while delivering less nicotine following controlled use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Yuki
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R&D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., Japan.
| | - Chikako Sakaguchi
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R&D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., Japan
| | - Akira Kikuchi
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R&D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Futamura
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R&D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., Japan
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33
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Berlin I, Golmard JL, Jacob N, Tanguy ML, Heishman SJ. Cigarette Smoking During Pregnancy: Do Complete Abstinence and Low Level Cigarette Smoking Have Similar Impact on Birth Weight? Nicotine Tob Res 2017; 19:518-524. [PMID: 28403475 PMCID: PMC6092690 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite awareness of negative health outcomes associated with smoking, pregnant smokers might reduce their tobacco consumption thinking that a low smoking rate reduces smoking-related negative birth outcomes. We aimed to assess in a clinical sample whether there is a smoking rate that would not impact on birth weight (BW). METHODS Pregnant smokers ≥18 years, gestational age of 9-20 weeks of amenorrhea, motivated to quit smoking, smoking ≥5 cigarettes/day (cpd) and their newborns (381 singleton, live births) were included in this secondary analysis of a French smoking cessation trial. RESULTS The mean BW when the mother quit smoking was 3417 g (95 % CI: 3098-3738 g); when smoking >0<5 cpd, 3081g (3003-3159 g); when smoking 5-9 cpd, 3043 g (2930-3157 g); and when smoking ≥10 cpd, 2831 g (2596-3157 g) (p = .006). The corresponding effect sizes ranged from medium to large (Cohen's d for BW: 0.54, 0.57 and 0.85) compared to BW when the mother quit. In the multivariable analysis, adjusted for all significant confounders, when the mother smoked on average >0<5 cpd, the loss in BW was 228 g; when smoking 5-9 cpd, 251 g; and when smoking ≥10 cpd, 262 g (all p ≤ .02) compared to newborns' BW of mothers who stopped smoking since quit date. CONCLUSIONS Even low cigarette consumption during pregnancy is associated with BW loss. All efforts should be made to help pregnant smokers quit completely during their pregnancy. IMPLICATIONS As an alternative to quitting smoking, pregnant smokers reduce their smoking rate thinking that this diminishes smoking-related negative health outcomes. No study has established whether low smoking rate (more than 0 but less than 5 cpd) during pregnancy impacts BW compared to abstinence from smoking. Among treatment-seeking pregnant smokers BW of newborns of mothers who smoked even less than 5 cpd was significantly lower than of those whose mothers quit; effect sizes of different consumption levels on BW ranged from moderate (>0<5 cpd) to large (≥10 cpd). Even low smoking rate is associated with reduced BW compared to complete maternal smoking abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Berlin
- Département de Pharmacologie, Université P. and M. Curie, Faculté de médecine-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Louis Golmard
- Département de Biostatistique, Université P. and M. Curie, Faculté de médecine-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Nelly Jacob
- Département de Pharmacologie, Université P. and M. Curie, Faculté de médecine-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure Tanguy
- Unité de Recherche Clinique, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Stephen J Heishman
- NIH, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD
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34
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Saitta D, Chowdhury A, Ferro GA, Nalis FG, Polosa R. A Risk Assessment Matrix for Public Health Principles: The Case for E-Cigarettes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:E363. [PMID: 28362360 PMCID: PMC5409564 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14040363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Besides nicotine replacement therapies, a realistic alternative for smoking cessation or for smoking substitution may come from electronic cigarettes (ECs), whose popularity has been steadily growing. As for any emerging behaviour associated with exposure to inhalational agents, there is legitimate cause for concern and many health organizations and policy makers have pushed for restrictive policy measures ranging from complete bans to tight regulations of these products. Nonetheless, it is important to reframe these concerns in context of the well-known harm caused by cigarette smoking. In this article, we discuss key public health principles that should be considered when regulating ECs. These include the concept of tobacco harm reduction, importance of relative risk and risk continuum, renormalization of smoking, availability of low-risk product, proportionate taxation, and reassessment of the role of non-tobacco flavours. These public health principles may be systematically scrutinized using a risk assessment matrix that allows: (1) to determine the measure of certainty that a risk will occur; and (2) to estimate the impact of such a risk on public health. Consequently, the ultimate goal of responsible ECs regulation should be that of maximizing the favourable impact of these reduced-risk products whilst minimizing further any potential risks. Consumer perspectives, sound EC research, continuous post-marketing surveillance and reasonable safety and quality product standards should be at the very heart of future regulatory schemes that will address concerns while minimizing unintended consequences of ill-informed regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Saitta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Via Palermo 636, 95121 Catania, Italy.
| | - Azim Chowdhury
- Keller and Heckman LLP, 1001 G Street N.W., Suite 500W, Washington, DC 20001, USA.
| | | | - Federico Giuseppe Nalis
- School of Specialization in Occupational Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98122 Messina, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Polosa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Via Palermo 636, 95121 Catania, Italy.
- Centre for Tobacco Cessation and Prevention, Teaching Hospital "Policlinico-V. Emanuele", Via S. Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy.
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35
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Lindson‐Hawley N, Hartmann‐Boyce J, Fanshawe TR, Begh R, Farley A, Lancaster T. Interventions to reduce harm from continued tobacco use. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 10:CD005231. [PMID: 27734465 PMCID: PMC6463938 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd005231.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although smoking cessation is currently the only guaranteed way to reduce the harm caused by tobacco smoking, a reasonable secondary tobacco control approach may be to try and reduce the harm from continued tobacco use amongst smokers unable or unwilling to quit. Possible approaches to reduce the exposure to toxins from smoking include reducing the amount of tobacco used, and using less toxic products, such as pharmaceutical, nicotine and potential reduced-exposure tobacco products (PREPs), as an alternative to cigarettes. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of interventions intended to reduce the harm to health of continued tobacco use, we considered the following specific questions: do interventions intended to reduce harm have an effect on long-term health status?; do they lead to a reduction in the number of cigarettes smoked?; do they have an effect on smoking abstinence?; do they have an effect on biomarkers of tobacco exposure?; and do they have an effect on biomarkers of damage caused by tobacco? SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group Trials Register (CRS) on the 21st October 2015, using free-text and MeSH terms for harm reduction, smoking reduction and cigarette reduction. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials of interventions to reduce the amount smoked, or to reduce harm from smoking by means other than cessation. We include studies carried out in smokers with no immediate desire to quit all tobacco use. Primary outcomes were change in cigarette consumption, smoking cessation and any markers of damage or benefit to health, measured at least six months from the start of the intervention. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We assessed study eligibility for inclusion using standard Cochrane methods. We pooled trials with similar interventions and outcomes (> 50% reduction in cigarettes a day (CPD) and long-term smoking abstinence), using fixed-effect models. Where it was not possible to meta-analyse data, we summarized findings narratively. MAIN RESULTS Twenty-four trials evaluated interventions to help those who smoke to cut down the amount smoked or to replace their regular cigarettes with PREPs, compared to placebo, brief intervention, or a comparison intervention. None of these trials directly tested whether harm reduction strategies reduced the harms to health caused by smoking. Most trials (14/24) tested nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) as an intervention to assist reduction. In a pooled analysis of eight trials, NRT significantly increased the likelihood of reducing CPD by at least 50% for people using nicotine gum or inhaler or a choice of product compared to placebo (risk ratio (RR) 1.75, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.44 to 2.13; 3081 participants). Where average changes from baseline were compared for different measures, carbon monoxide (CO) and cotinine generally showed smaller reductions than CPD. Use of NRT versus placebo also significantly increased the likelihood of ultimately quitting smoking (RR 1.87, 95% CI 1.43 to 2.44; 8 trials, 3081 participants; quality of the evidence: low). Two trials comparing NRT and behavioural support to brief advice found a significant effect on reduction, but no significant effect on cessation. We found one trial investigating each of the following harm reduction intervention aids: bupropion, varenicline, electronic cigarettes, snus, plus another of nicotine patches to facilitate temporary abstinence. The evidence for all five intervention types was therefore imprecise, and it is unclear whether or not these aids increase the likelihood of smoking reduction or cessation. Two trials investigating two different types of behavioural advice and instructions on reducing CPD also provided imprecise evidence. Therefore, the evidence base for this comparison is inadequate to support the use of these types of behavioural advice to reduce smoking. Four studies of PREPs (cigarettes with reduced levels of tar, carbon and nicotine, and in one case delivered using an electronically-heated cigarette smoking system) showed some reduction in exposure to some toxicants, but it is unclear whether this would substantially alter the risk of harm. We judged the included studies to be generally at a low or unclear risk of bias; however, there were some ratings of high risk, due to a lack of blinding and the potential for detection bias. Using the GRADE system, we rated the overall quality of the evidence for our cessation outcomes as 'low' or 'very low', due to imprecision and indirectness. A 'low' grade means that further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate. A 'very low' grade means we are very uncertain about the estimate. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS People who do not wish to quit can be helped to cut down the number of cigarettes they smoke and to quit smoking in the long term, using NRT, despite original intentions not to do so. However, we rated the evidence contributing to the cessation outcome for NRT as 'low' by GRADE standards. There is a lack of evidence to support the use of other harm reduction aids to reduce the harm caused by continued tobacco smoking. This could simply be due to the lack of high-quality studies (our confidence in cessation outcomes for these aids is rated 'low' or 'very low' due to imprecision by GRADE standards), meaning that we may have missed a worthwhile effect, or due to a lack of effect on reduction or quit rates. It is therefore important that more high-quality RCTs are conducted, and that these also measure the long-term health effects of treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Lindson‐Hawley
- University of OxfordNuffield Department of Primary Care Health SciencesRadcliffe Observatory QuarterWoodstock RoadOxfordOxfordshireUKOX2 6GG
| | - Jamie Hartmann‐Boyce
- University of OxfordNuffield Department of Primary Care Health SciencesRadcliffe Observatory QuarterWoodstock RoadOxfordOxfordshireUKOX2 6GG
| | - Thomas R Fanshawe
- University of OxfordNuffield Department of Primary Care Health SciencesRadcliffe Observatory QuarterWoodstock RoadOxfordOxfordshireUKOX2 6GG
| | - Rachna Begh
- University of OxfordNuffield Department of Primary Care Health SciencesRadcliffe Observatory QuarterWoodstock RoadOxfordOxfordshireUKOX2 6GG
| | - Amanda Farley
- University of BirminghamPublic Health, Epidemiology and BiostatisticsEdgbastonBirminghamWest MidlandsUKB15 2TT
| | - Tim Lancaster
- University of OxfordNuffield Department of Primary Care Health SciencesRadcliffe Observatory QuarterWoodstock RoadOxfordOxfordshireUKOX2 6GG
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36
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Coffa BG, Coggins CRE, Werley MS, Oldham MJ, Fariss MW. Chemical, physical, and in vitro characterization of research cigarettes containing denicotinized tobacco. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 79:64-73. [PMID: 27181452 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The use of very low nicotine tobacco cigarettes is currently being investigated as a possible harm reduction strategy. Here, we report the smoke chemistry, toxicity, and physical characteristics of very low nicotine cigarettes that were made using blended tobacco processed through a supercritical CO2 fluid extraction, which resulted in elimination of 96% of nicotine content (denicotinized (denic) tobacco). Three types of test cigarettes (TCs) were manufactured with tobacco filler containing 100% denic tobacco (TC100), 50% denic tobacco and 50% unextracted tobacco (TC50/50), and 100% unextracted tobacco (TC0). Mainstream smoke (MS) was generated for measurement of 46 analytes and cytotoxicity and mutagenicity determination. Analysis of physical characteristics of TCs demonstrated they were well made with <5% variability among cigarettes for most parameters measured. We observed significant changes in the levels of smoke constituents, including decreases in formaldehyde, nitrosamines, and phenol, and increases in aliphatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic nitrogen compounds, aromatic amines, halogen compounds, and metals. Use of denic tobacco resulted in changes in the chemical composition of MS, but these changes did not modify biological activity as measured in the mutagenicity and cytotoxicity assays.
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37
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Krebs NM, Chen A, Zhu J, Sun D, Liao J, Stennett AL, Muscat JE. Comparison of Puff Volume With Cigarettes per Day in Predicting Nicotine Uptake Among Daily Smokers. Am J Epidemiol 2016; 184:48-57. [PMID: 27313218 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwv341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of inhalation behaviors as predictors of nicotine uptake was examined in the Pennsylvania Adult Smoking Study (2012-2014), a study of 332 adults whose cigarette smoking was measured in a naturalistic environment (e.g., at home) with portable handheld topography devices. Piecewise regression analyses showed that levels of salivary cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine, and total salivary nicotine metabolites (cotinine + trans-3'-hydroxycotinine) increased linearly up to a level of about 1 pack per day (20 cigarettes per day (CPD)) (P < 0.01). Total daily puff volume (TDPV; in mL) (P < 0.05) and total daily number of puffs (P < 0.05), but not other topographical measures, increased linearly with CPD up to a level of about 1 pack per day. The mean level of cotinine per cigarette did not change above 20 CPD and was 36% lower in heavy smokers (≥20 CPD) than in lighter smokers (<20 CPD) (15.6 ng/mL vs. 24.5 ng/mL, respectively; P < 0.01). Mediation models showed that TDPV accounted for 43%-63% of the association between CPD and nicotine metabolites for smokers of <20 CPD. TDPV was the best predictor of nicotine metabolite levels in light-to-moderate smokers (1-19 CPD). In contrast, neither CPD, total daily number of puffs, nor TDPV predicted nicotine metabolite levels above 20 CPD (up to 40 CPD). Finally, although light smokers are traditionally considered less dependent on nicotine, these findings suggest that they are exposed to more nicotine per cigarette than are heavy smokers due to more frequent, intensive puffing.
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38
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Agnew-Heard KA, Lancaster VA, Bravo R, Watson C, Walters MJ, Holman MR. Multivariate Statistical Analysis of Cigarette Design Feature Influence on ISO TNCO Yields. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1051-63. [PMID: 27222918 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to explore how differences in cigarette physical design parameters influence tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide (TNCO) yields in mainstream smoke (MSS) using the International Organization of Standardization (ISO) smoking regimen. Standardized smoking methods were used to evaluate 50 U.S. domestic brand cigarettes and a reference cigarette representing a range of TNCO yields in MSS collected from linear smoking machines using a nonintense smoking regimen. Multivariate statistical methods were used to form clusters of cigarettes based on their ISO TNCO yields and then to explore the relationship between the ISO generated TNCO yields and the nine cigarette physical design parameters between and within each cluster simultaneously. The ISO generated TNCO yields in MSS are 1.1-17.0 mg tar/cigarette, 0.1-2.2 mg nicotine/cigarette, and 1.6-17.3 mg CO/cigarette. Cluster analysis divided the 51 cigarettes into five discrete clusters based on their ISO TNCO yields. No one physical parameter dominated across all clusters. Predicting ISO machine generated TNCO yields based on these nine physical design parameters is complex due to the correlation among and between the nine physical design parameters and TNCO yields. From these analyses, it is estimated that approximately 20% of the variability in the ISO generated TNCO yields comes from other parameters (e.g., filter material, filter type, inclusion of expanded or reconstituted tobacco, and tobacco blend composition, along with differences in tobacco leaf origin and stalk positions and added ingredients). A future article will examine the influence of these physical design parameters on TNCO yields under a Canadian Intense (CI) smoking regimen. Together, these papers will provide a more robust picture of the design features that contribute to TNCO exposure across the range of real world smoking patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Agnew-Heard
- Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Vicki A Lancaster
- Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Roberto Bravo
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers For Disease Control and Prevention , 4770 Buford Highway, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Clifford Watson
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers For Disease Control and Prevention , 4770 Buford Highway, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Matthew J Walters
- Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Matthew R Holman
- Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
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Farsalinos KE, Yannovits N, Sarri T, Voudris V, Poulas K. Protocol proposal for, and evaluation of, consistency in nicotine delivery from the liquid to the aerosol of electronic cigarettes atomizers: regulatory implications. Addiction 2016; 111:1069-76. [PMID: 26756124 DOI: 10.1111/add.13299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To propose a protocol and evaluate the consistency in nicotine delivery to the aerosol of different types of electronic cigarette (EC) atomizers, as required by regulatory authorities. DESIGN Three cartomizer and four tank-type atomizer products were tested (three samples per product). The aerosol from three 20-puff sessions from each sample was collected using a smoke machine. Three cartridges from a nicotine inhaler and three tobacco cigarettes were also tested. SETTING Analytical laboratory in Greece. MEASUREMENTS Aerosol nicotine levels were measured. Relative standard deviation (RSD, i.e. coefficient of variation) was calculated separately for each cartomizer and replacement atomizer head sample (intrasample RSD) and between different samples (intersample RSD). The percentage difference from the mean, which is used to assess the quality of medicinal nebulizers, was also calculated. FINDINGS The aerosol nicotine levels were 1.01-10.61 mg/20 puffs for ECs, 0.12-0.18 mg/20 puffs for the nicotine inhaler and 1.76-2.20 mg/cigarette for the tobacco cigarettes. The intrasample RSDs were 3.7-12.5% for ECs and 14.3% for the nicotine inhaler and 11.1% for the tobacco cigarettes. The intersample RSDs were higher in cartomizers (range: 6.9-37.8%) compared with tank systems (range: 6.4-9.3%). All tank-type atomizers and one cartomizer were within 75-125% of the mean, as dictated for medicinal nebulizers. CONCLUSIONS Electronic cigarettes that use tank-type atomizers appear to deliver nicotine in more consistent quantities (within the acceptable limits for medicinal nebulizers and similar to the nicotine inhaler) than electronic cigarettes that use cartomizers. The protocol for testing nicotine delivery consistency described in this paper could be used effectively for regulatory purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos E Farsalinos
- Department of Cardiology, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Sygrou, Kallithea, Greece.,Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Rio-Patras, Greece
| | - Nikoletta Yannovits
- Skylab-Med Laboratories of Applied Industrial Research and Analysis S.A., Amyklon, Halandri, Greece
| | - Theoni Sarri
- Skylab-Med Laboratories of Applied Industrial Research and Analysis S.A., Amyklon, Halandri, Greece
| | - Vassilis Voudris
- Department of Cardiology, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Sygrou, Kallithea, Greece
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Camacho OM, Sommarström J, Prasad K, Cunningham A. Reference change values in concentrations of urinary and salivary biomarkers of exposure and mouth level exposure in individuals participating in an ambulatory smoking study. Pract Lab Med 2016; 5:47-56. [PMID: 28856204 PMCID: PMC5574496 DOI: 10.1016/j.plabm.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Modified-risk tobacco products (MRTPs) are being developed that may contribute to tobacco harm reduction. To support reduced exposure or risk claims, a scientific framework needs to be developed to assess the validity of claims and monitor consumers after product launch. We calculated reference change values (RCVs) for biomarker of exposure (BoE): salivary cotinine and hydroxycotinine; and urinary total nicotine equivalents, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) and creatinine. Mouth-level exposure (MLE) to nicotine and tar were also recorded in an ambulatory setting to characterise variation among smokers in their everyday environment. Methods This non-residential, observational study was conducted over 3.5 years across 10 sites in Germany. Smokers of the same commercial 10 mg ISO tar product were included in the study (N=1011). Urine samples, questionnaires and cigarette filters were collected every 6 months for a total of seven timepoints. Results Greater variability in BoEs was observed compared with confined clinical studies. Gaussian distributed data showed 2-sided values over 100%, which are uninformative for decreases. The proportion of significant changes increased slightly among switchers, probably as a result of additional variability due to the range of products used post-switching. Overall proportions of changes remained small, consistent with literature reporting that when switching to a different tar yield cigarette, smokers partially compensate by changing their smoking behaviour. Conclusion Variability estimates and RCVs can be useful for monitoring subjects' BoE and MLE endpoints in longitudinal smoking studies where subjects are followed in their own environment and to aid sample size calculation of studies involving these endpoints.
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Hinds JT, Loukas A, Chow S, Pasch KE, Harrell MB, Perry CL, Delnevo C, Wackowski OA. Using Cognitive Interviewing to Better Assess Young Adult E-cigarette Use. Nicotine Tob Res 2016; 18:1998-2005. [PMID: 27029822 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Characteristics of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) make assessment of their use a challenge for researchers. Cognitive interviews are a way of gaining insight into participants' interpretations of survey questions and the methods they use in answering them, to improve survey tools. METHODS We used cognitive interviews to modify a young adult survey and improve assessment of quantity and frequency of ENDS use, as well as reasons for initiation and use of ENDS products. Twenty-five college students between the ages of 18 and 32 participated in individual cognitive interviews, which assessed question comprehension, answer estimation, retrieval processes, and answer response processes. RESULTS Comprehension issues arose discerning between ENDS device types (eg, cigalikes vs. vape pens), and answer estimation issues arose regarding ENDS use as drug delivery systems. These issues appeared to improve when pictures were added specifying the device in question, as well as when specific language naming nicotine as the ENDS product content was added to survey questions. Regarding answer retrieval, this sample of users had problems reporting their frequency of ENDS use, as well as quantifying the amount of ENDS products consumed (eg, volume of e-juice, number of cartridges, nicotine concentration). CONCLUSIONS Accurate assessment of ENDS products proved challenging, but cognitive interviews provided valuable insight into survey interpretation that was otherwise inaccessible to researchers. Future research that explores how to assess the wide array of ENDS devices, as well as possible population differences among specific device-type users would be valuable to public health researchers and professionals. IMPLICATIONS This study extends the current literature by using cognitive interviews to test ENDS assessment questions in a sample of young adults, a population at elevated risk for ENDS use. Problems encountered when answering ENDS use questions underscore the need to develop easily understood ENDS questions that allow for quantification of ENDS use. Future research examining the nature of ENDS product types and different levels of user experience will yield valuable assessment tools for researchers and tobacco control professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine T Hinds
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
| | - Alexandra Loukas
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
| | - Sherman Chow
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
| | - Keryn E Pasch
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
| | - Melissa B Harrell
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health-Austin Regional Campus, Austin, TX
| | - Cheryl L Perry
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health-Austin Regional Campus, Austin, TX
| | - Cristine Delnevo
- Center for Tobacco Studies, Rutgers School of Public Health, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Olivia A Wackowski
- Center for Tobacco Studies, Rutgers School of Public Health, New Brunswick, NJ
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Selya AS, Oancea SC, Thapa S. Time to First Cigarette, a Proxy of Nicotine Dependence, Increases the Risk of Pulmonary Impairment, Independently of Current and Lifetime Smoking Behavior. Nicotine Tob Res 2016; 18:1431-9. [PMID: 26729736 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntv291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cigarette smoking is the largest known risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but little is known about the role of time to first cigarette (TTFC), an indicator of nicotine dependence (ND). This study examines whether daily TTFC is associated with pulmonary outcomes, independently of smoking behavior. METHODS A cross-sectional sample of 1461 current adult smokers were drawn from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2007-2010. The relationships of daily TTFC with outcomes of spirometry-defined pulmonary impairment and self-reported respiratory symptoms (coughing, bringing up phlegm, and wheezing) were examined (1) at the unadjusted level, (2) after adjusting for smoking heaviness and duration, and (3) after also adjusting for environmental exposure and demographics. RESULTS In fully-adjusted weighted regressions, those reporting TTFC ≤ 5 minutes were three times as likely to have COPD (confidence interval [CI] = 1.30-8.77), had a 3% lower forced vital capacity expired in the first second (FEV1/FVC) (CI = -0.051 to -0.009), were seven times as likely to report coughing (CI = 1.96-26.41), and 16 times as likely to report bringing up phlegm (CI = 3.43-74.82), relative to those reporting TTFC > 60 minutes. Similar associations were often found when comparing TTFC between 5 to 30 minutes and TTFC between 30 to 60 minutes with TTFC > 60 minutes. CONCLUSIONS "Addicted" smoking, as measured by earlier TTFC, is associated with a markedly increased risk of spirometry-measured obstructive pulmonary impairment, and of reporting symptoms of coughing and phlegm, even after controlling for smoking behavior and other risk factors for COPD. TTFC may prove valuable in more precisely assessing smokers' risk of pulmonary impairment. IMPLICATIONS This study shows that smoking sooner after waking, a reliable indicator of ND, substantially increases the risk of spirometry-defined pulmonary impairment and self-reported symptoms, independently of lifetime and current smoking behavior. This study adds to a small body of literature examining health outcomes associated with higher ND, including outcomes of COPD. The current study overcomes important shortcomings of these existing studies in at least two ways: controlling for other known risk factors for COPD, and using empirical, spirometry-defined outcomes pulmonary function rather than self-reported COPD outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arielle S Selya
- Master of Public Health Program, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND
| | - Sanda Cristina Oancea
- Master of Public Health Program, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND
| | - Sunita Thapa
- Master of Public Health Program, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND
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Begh R, Lindson-Hawley N, Aveyard P. Does reduced smoking if you can't stop make any difference? BMC Med 2015; 13:257. [PMID: 26456865 PMCID: PMC4601132 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-015-0505-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Promoting and supporting smoking reduction in smokers with no immediate intention of stopping smoking is controversial given existing fears that this will deter cessation and that reduction itself may not improve health outcomes. DISCUSSION Evidence shows that smokers who reduce the number of daily cigarettes smoked are more likely to attempt and actually achieve smoking cessation. Further, clinical trials have shown that nicotine replacement therapy benefits both reduction and cessation. Worldwide data suggests that 'non-medical' nicotine is more attractive to people who smoke, with electronic cigarettes now being widely used. Nevertheless, only one small trial has examined the use of electronic cigarettes to promote reduction, with direct evidence remaining inconclusive. It has been suggested that long-term reduced smoking may directly benefit health, although the benefits are small compared with cessation. SUMMARY The combined data imply that smoking reduction is a promising intervention, particularly when supported by clean nicotine; however, the benefits are only observed when it leads to permanent cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachna Begh
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Nicola Lindson-Hawley
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Paul Aveyard
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Picavet P, Haziza C, Lama N, Weitkunat R, Lüdicke F. Comparison of the Pharmacokinetics of Nicotine Following Single and Ad Libitum Use of a Tobacco Heating System or Combustible Cigarettes. Nicotine Tob Res 2015; 18:557-63. [PMID: 26438645 PMCID: PMC4826489 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntv220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: We aimed to compare the pharmacokinetics of nicotine between the heat-not-burn Tobacco Heating System 2.1 (THS 2.1) and combustible cigarettes (CCs). We also examined whether the subjective urge to smoke was associated with the pharmacokinetics of nicotine. Methods: This open-label, randomized, two-period, two-sequence crossover study conducted in 28 healthy smokers assessed the pharmacokinetics of nicotine after single and ad libitum use of the THS 2.1 or CCs. During the 7-day confinement period, blood samples were drawn for pharmacokinetic analysis. Subjective effects related to THS 2.1 or CC use were assessed using the Questionnaire of Smoking Urges (QSU-Brief). Results: The nicotine delivery rate was similar with the THS 2.1 and CCs after single and ad libitum use. The time to the maximum nicotine concentration was 8 minutes after single use of the THS 2.1 and CCs. The time to the peak concentration following ad libitum use was similar between the THS 2.1 and CCs. The maximum plasma nicotine concentration after single use of the THS 2.1 was 8.4ng/mL, 70.3% of that obtained with CCs. A transient reduction from baseline in the urge to smoke of 40% was observed 15 minutes after the single use of both the THS 2.1 and CCs. The mean QSU-Brief total scores following single and ad libitum use were similar for the THS 2.1 and CCs. Conclusions: These results suggest that the THS 2.1 effectively delivers nicotine and achieves similar pharmacokinetic profiles to CCs. The THS 2.1 also reduced the urge to smoke similarly to CCs. Implications: Reducing exposure to toxicants and safer delivery of nicotine are among the strategies that may reduce the harm of smoking-related diseases. In the present study, we investigated the pharmacokinetics of nicotine and their effects on the urge to smoke using the THS 2.1. It was developed to replicate the ritual of smoking as closely as possible by providing nicotine in a way that mimics CC smoking, but limits pyrolysis and combustion by heating tobacco at a much lower temperature than CCs (heat-not-burn).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Picavet
- Department of Research and Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Christelle Haziza
- Department of Research and Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Lama
- Department of Research and Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Weitkunat
- Department of Research and Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Frank Lüdicke
- Department of Research and Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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45
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Farsalinos KE, Le Houezec J. Regulation in the face of uncertainty: the evidence on electronic nicotine delivery systems (e-cigarettes). Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2015; 8:157-67. [PMID: 26457058 PMCID: PMC4598199 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s62116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is the largest single preventable cause of many chronic diseases and death. Effective treatments exist; however, few smokers use them and most try to quit by themselves. Most of the tobacco cigarette’s toxicity is related to the combustion process. Models of harm reduction applied to tobacco suggest that switching from inhalation of combustible products to a noncombustible nicotine delivery product would likely result in a vast reduction in tobacco-related death and illness. Currently available evidence raises no doubt that electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) are by far less harmful than smoking (although probably not absolutely safe) and have the potential to be the most effective tobacco harm reduction products due to their unique property of resembling smoking and providing satisfaction to the user. A lot of controversy is surrounding e-cigs and their regulation, much of which is based on the precautionary principle. Although monitoring and further research is definitely needed, the arguments used to implement severe restrictions or bans are mostly hypothetical, weakly supported by evidence, and, in some cases, derived from mispresentation or misinterpretation of the study findings. Regulators should keep in mind that the target population is smokers who want to reduce or quit their deadly tobacco consumption. To achieve this goal, smokers should be honestly informed on the relative harmfulness of the different products. E-cigs are not tobacco products and are not used as medications. For this reason, a specific regulatory scheme is needed, separate from tobacco or medicinal products regulation. Regulation should implement specific quality criteria for products, rules for the exclusion of chemicals of reasonable concern, and appropriate testing for possible contaminants. Additionally, manufacturing standards derived from the food industry should be implemented and adjusted for specific conditions related to e-cigs. Finding the appropriate balance between safety and acceptability of use by smokers will be important in achieving the maximum public health benefit. Labeling should be specified, with warnings about exposure to skin or through ingestion and discouragement of use by nonsmokers, related to the presence of nicotine. Finally, advertising and marketing should not be banned, but appropriately regulated in order to encourage use by the intended population while avoiding use by never-smokers. E-cigs should be appealing to smokers (but not to nonsmokers), while availability and pricing should be strong competitive advantages of e-cigs relative to tobacco cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos E Farsalinos
- Department of Cardiology, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Kallithea, Greece ; Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Jacques Le Houezec
- Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England, UK ; Addiction Research Unit, INSERM 1178 (Mental and Public Health), Paris, France
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Cunningham A, Sommarström J, Camacho OM, Sisodiya AS, Prasad K. A longitudinal study of smokers' exposure to cigarette smoke and the effects of spontaneous product switching. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 72:8-16. [PMID: 25777840 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A challenge in investigating the effect of public health policies on cigarette consumption and exposure arises from variation in a smoker's exposure from cigarette to cigarette and the considerable differences between smokers. In addition, limited data are available on the effects of spontaneous product switching on a smoker's cigarette consumption and exposure to smoke constituents. Over 1000 adult smokers of the same commercial 10mg International Organization for Standardization (ISO) tar yield cigarette were recruited into the non-residential, longitudinal study across 10 cities in Germany. Cigarette consumption, mouth level exposure to tar and nicotine and biomarkers of exposure to nicotine and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone were measured every 6months over a 3 and a half year period. Cigarette consumption remained stable through the study period and did not vary significantly when smokers spontaneously switched products. Mouth level exposure decreased for smokers (n=111) who switched to cigarettes of 7mg ISO tar yield or lower. In addition, downward trends in mouth level exposure estimates were observed for smokers who did not switch cigarettes. Data from this study illustrate some of the challenges in measuring smokers' long-term exposure to smoke constituents in their everyday environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Cunningham
- Group Research and Development, British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd., Southampton SO15 8TL, United Kingdom.
| | - Johan Sommarström
- Group Research and Development, British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd., Southampton SO15 8TL, United Kingdom
| | - Oscar M Camacho
- Group Research and Development, British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd., Southampton SO15 8TL, United Kingdom
| | - Ajit S Sisodiya
- Group Research and Development, British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd., Southampton SO15 8TL, United Kingdom
| | - Krishna Prasad
- Group Research and Development, British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd., Southampton SO15 8TL, United Kingdom
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Grebenstein PE, Burroughs D, Roiko SA, Pentel PR, LeSage MG. Predictors of the nicotine reinforcement threshold, compensation, and elasticity of demand in a rodent model of nicotine reduction policy. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 151:181-93. [PMID: 25891231 PMCID: PMC4447604 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The FDA is considering reducing the nicotine content in tobacco products as a population-based strategy to reduce tobacco addiction. Research is needed to determine the threshold level of nicotine needed to maintain smoking and the extent of compensatory smoking that could occur during nicotine reduction. Sources of variability in these measures across sub-populations also need to be identified so that policies can take into account the risks and benefits of nicotine reduction in vulnerable populations. METHODS The present study examined these issues in a rodent nicotine self-administration model of nicotine reduction policy to characterize individual differences in nicotine reinforcement thresholds, degree of compensation, and elasticity of demand during progressive reduction of the unit nicotine dose. The ability of individual differences in baseline nicotine intake and nicotine pharmacokinetics to predict responses to dose reduction was also examined. RESULTS Considerable variability in the reinforcement threshold, compensation, and elasticity of demand was evident. High baseline nicotine intake was not correlated with the reinforcement threshold, but predicted less compensation and less elastic demand. Higher nicotine clearance predicted low reinforcement thresholds, greater compensation, and less elastic demand. Less elastic demand also predicted lower reinforcement thresholds. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that baseline nicotine intake, nicotine clearance, and the essential value of nicotine (i.e. elasticity of demand) moderate the effects of progressive nicotine reduction in rats and warrant further study in humans. They also suggest that smokers with fast nicotine metabolism may be more vulnerable to the risks of nicotine reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia E. Grebenstein
- Department of Medicine, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, 701 Park Ave., Minneapolis, MN, 55415,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, 420 Delaware St. SE Minneapolis, MN, 55455
| | - Danielle Burroughs
- Department of Medicine, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, 701 Park Ave., Minneapolis, MN, 55415
| | - Samuel A. Roiko
- Department of Neuroscience, Gillette Children’s Specialty Healthcare, 183 University Ave E Saint Paul, MN 55101
| | - Paul R. Pentel
- Department of Medicine, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, 701 Park Ave., Minneapolis, MN, 55415,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, 420 Delaware St. SE Minneapolis, MN, 55455,Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, 6-120 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455
| | - Mark G. LeSage
- Department of Medicine, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, 701 Park Ave., Minneapolis, MN, 55415,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, 420 Delaware St. SE Minneapolis, MN, 55455,Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, N218 Elliot Hall, 75 E River Rd., Minneapolis, MN, 55455
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Abstract
In olfaction, odors typically engage the lungs on the way to the nose to evoke retronasal smell. This is most notable when the lung has a first pass effect during smoking/vaping, but also upon exhaling after sniffing an odor. The lungs act as a sink for odors, which can both reduce the retronasal odor concentration and the odor mixture makeup. Lung retention is a simple measure that quantifies the effectiveness of the sink. Lung retention has been studied in the context of environmental toxicology and is known for many volatile organic compounds. Available data on human lung retention suggests that the lungs may have a large impact on odor perception, and that this may depend heavily on the specifics of active sampling such as sniffing, smoking and vaping. Suggestions are included for transient measures and models of lung retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justus V Verhagen
- The John B. Pierce Laboratory, 209 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT 06519, USA ; Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Theophilus EH, Coggins CRE, Chen P, Schmidt E, Borgerding MF. Magnitudes of biomarker reductions in response to controlled reductions in cigarettes smoked per day: a one-week clinical confinement study. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 71:225-34. [PMID: 25572415 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco toxicant-related exposure reduction is an important tool in harm reduction. Cigarette per day reduction (CPDR) occurs as smokers migrate from smoking cigarettes to using alternative tobacco/nicotine products, or quit smoking. Few reports characterize the dose-response relationships between CPDR and effects on exposure biomarkers, especially at the low end of CPD exposure (e.g., 5 CPD). We present data on CPDR by characterizing magnitudes of biomarker reductions. We present data from a well-controlled, one-week clinical confinement study in healthy smokers who were switched from smoking 19-25 CPD to smoking 20, 10, 5 or 0 CPD. Biomarkers were measured in blood, plasma, urine, and breath, and included smoke-related toxicants, urine mutagenicity, smoked cigarette filter analyses (mouth level exposure), and vital signs. Many of the biomarkers (e.g., plasma nicotine) showed strong CPDR dose-response reductions, while others (e.g., plasma thiocyanate) showed weaker dose-response reductions. Factors that lead to lower biomarker reductions include non-CPD related contributors to the measured response (e.g., other exposure sources from environment, life style, occupation; inter-individual variability). This study confirms CPDR dose-responsive biomarkers and suggests that a one-week design is appropriate for characterizing exposure reductions when smokers switch from cigarettes to new tobacco products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia H Theophilus
- R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 950 Reynolds Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27105, United States.
| | | | - Peter Chen
- R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 950 Reynolds Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27105, United States
| | - Eckhardt Schmidt
- R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 950 Reynolds Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27105, United States
| | - Michael F Borgerding
- R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 950 Reynolds Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27105, United States
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Abstract
It is important to characterize the learning processes governing tobacco-seeking in order to understand how best to treat this behavior. Most drug learning theories have adopted a Pavlovian framework wherein the conditioned response is the main motivational process. We favor instead a hierarchical instrumental decision account, wherein expectations about the instrumental contingency between voluntary tobacco-seeking and the receipt of nicotine reward determines the probability of executing this behavior. To support this view, we review titration and nicotine discrimination research showing that internal signals for deprivation/satiation modulate expectations about the current incentive value of smoking, thereby modulating the propensity of this behavior. We also review research on cue-reactivity which has shown that external smoking cues modulate expectations about the probability of the tobacco-seeking response being effective, thereby modulating the propensity of this behavior. Economic decision theory is then considered to elucidate how expectations about the value and probability of response-nicotine contingency are integrated to form an overall utility estimate for that option for comparison with qualitatively different, nonsubstitute reinforcers, to determine response selection. As an applied test for this hierarchical instrumental decision framework, we consider how well it accounts for individual liability to smoking uptake and perseveration, pharmacotherapy, cue-extinction therapies, and plain packaging. We conclude that the hierarchical instrumental account is successful in reconciling this broad range of phenomenon precisely because it accepts that multiple diverse sources of internal and external information must be integrated to shape the decision to smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Hogarth
- School of Psychology, University of Exeter, Washington Singer Building, Perry Road, Exeter Ex4 4QG, UK,
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