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Veeravalli KK. Implications of MMP-12 in the pathophysiology of ischaemic stroke. Stroke Vasc Neurol 2024; 9:97-107. [PMID: 37336584 PMCID: PMC11103161 DOI: 10.1136/svn-2023-002363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This article focuses on the emerging role of matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP-12) in ischaemic stroke (IS). MMP-12 expression in the brain increases dramatically in animal models of IS, and its suppression reduces brain damage and promotes neurological, sensorimotor and cognitive functional outcomes. Thus, MMP-12 could represent a potential target for the management of IS. This article provides an overview of MMP-12 upregulation in the brain following IS, its deleterious role in the post-stroke pathogenesis (blood-brain barrier disruption, inflammation, apoptosis and demyelination), possible molecular interactions and mechanistic insights, its involvement in post-ischaemic functional deficits and recovery as well as the limitations, perspectives, challenges and future directions for further research. Prior to testing any MMP-12-targeted therapy in patients with acute IS, additional research is needed to establish the effectiveness of MMP-12 suppression against IS in older animals and in animals with comorbidities. This article also examines the clinical implications of suppressing MMP-12 alone or in combination with MMP-9 for extending the currently limited tissue plasminogen activator therapy time window. Targeting of MMP-12 is expected to have a profound influence on the therapeutic management of IS in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Kumar Veeravalli
- Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, Illinois, USA
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2
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Stanley ER, Biundo F, Gökhan Ş, Chitu V. Differential regulation of microglial states by colony stimulating factors. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1275935. [PMID: 37964794 PMCID: PMC10642290 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1275935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have emphasized the role of microglia in the progression of many neurodegenerative diseases. The colony stimulating factors, CSF-1 (M-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage CSF (GM-CSF) and granulocyte CSF (G-CSF) regulate microglia through different cognate receptors. While the receptors for GM-CSF (GM-CSFR) and G-CSF (G-CSFR) are specific for their ligands, CSF-1 shares its receptor, the CSF-1 receptor-tyrosine kinase (CSF-1R), with interleukin-34 (IL-34). All four cytokines are expressed locally in the CNS. Activation of the CSF-1R in macrophages is anti-inflammatory. In contrast, the actions of GM-CSF and G-CSF elicit different activated states. We here review the roles of each of these cytokines in the CNS and how they contribute to the development of disease in a mouse model of CSF-1R-related leukodystrophy. Understanding their roles in this model may illuminate their contribution to the development or exacerbation of other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Richard Stanley
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Fabrizio Biundo
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Şölen Gökhan
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Institute for Brain Disorders and Neural Regeneration, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Violeta Chitu
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
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3
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Sun W, Wang Q, Zhang R, Zhang N. Ketogenic diet attenuates neuroinflammation and induces conversion of M1 microglia to M2 in an EAE model of multiple sclerosis by regulating the NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway and inhibiting HDAC3 and P2X7R activation. Food Funct 2023; 14:7247-7269. [PMID: 37466915 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo00122a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by demyelination and neurodegeneration in the central nervous system (CNS); severe symptoms lead MS patients to use complementary treatments. Ketogenic diet (KD) shows wide neuroprotective effects, but the precise mechanisms underlying the therapeutic activity of KD in MS are unclear. The present study established a continuous 24 days experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model with or without KD. The changes in motor function, pathological hallmarks of EAE, the status of microglia, neuroinflammatory response and intracellular signaling pathways in mice were detected by the rotarod test, histological analysis, real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and western blotting. Our results showed that KD could prevent motor deficiency, reduce clinical scores, inhibit demyelination, improve pathological lesions and suppress microglial activation in the spinal cord of EAE mice. Meanwhile, KD shifted microglial polarization toward the protective M2 phenotype and modified the inflammatory milieu by downregulating the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, as well as upregulating the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as TGF-β. Furthermore, KD decreased the expression levels of CCL2, CCR2, CCL3, CCR1, CCR5, CXCL10 and CXCR3 in the spinal cord and spleen with reduced monocyte/macrophage infiltration in the CNS. In addition, KD inhibits NLRP3 activation in the microglia, as revealed by the significantly decreased co-expression of NLRP3+ and Iba-1+ in the KD + EAE group. Further studies demonstrated that KD suppresses inflammatory response and M1 microglial polarization by inhibiting the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway, the JAK1/STAT1 pathway, HDAC3 and P2X7R activation, as well as up-regulation of JAK3/STAT6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, China.
| | - Qingpeng Wang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, China.
| | - Ruiyan Zhang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, China.
| | - Ning Zhang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, China.
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Challa SR, Nalamolu KR, Fornal CA, Wang BC, Martin RC, Olson EA, Ujjainwala AL, Pinson DM, Klopfenstein JD, Veeravalli KK. Therapeutic efficacy of matrix metalloproteinase-12 suppression on neurological recovery after ischemic stroke: Optimal treatment timing and duration. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1012812. [PMID: 36267234 PMCID: PMC9577328 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1012812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently showed that the post-ischemic induction of matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP-12) in the brain degrades tight junction proteins, increases MMP-9 and TNFα expression, and contributes to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, apoptosis, demyelination, and infarct volume development. The objectives of this study were to (1) determine the effect of MMP-12 suppression by shRNA-mediated gene silencing on neurological/functional recovery, (2) establish the optimal timing of MMP-12shRNA treatment that provides maximum therapeutic benefit, (3) compare the effectiveness of acute versus chronic MMP-12 suppression, and (4) evaluate potential sex-related differences in treatment outcomes. Young male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion. Cohorts of rats were administered either MMP-12shRNA or scrambled shRNA sequence (control) expressing plasmids (1 mg/kg; i.v.) formulated as nanoparticles. At designated time points after reperfusion, rats from various groups were subjected to a battery of neurological tests to assess their reflex, balance, sensory, and motor functions. Suppression of MMP-12 promoted the neurological recovery of stroke-induced male and female rats, although the effect was less apparent in females. Immediate treatment after reperfusion resulted in a better recovery of sensory and motor function than delayed treatments. Chronic MMP-12 suppression neither enhanced nor diminished the therapeutic effects of acute MMP-12 suppression, indicating that a single dose of plasmid may be sufficient. We conclude that suppressing MMP-12 after an ischemic stroke is a promising therapeutic strategy for promoting the recovery of neurological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva Reddy Challa
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, United States,Department of Pharmacology, KVSR Siddhartha College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vijayawada, India
| | - Koteswara Rao Nalamolu
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, United States
| | - Casimir A. Fornal
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, United States
| | - Billy C. Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, United States,Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, United States,Children’s Hospital of Illinois, OSF HealthCare Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria, IL, United States
| | - Ryan C. Martin
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, United States
| | - Elsa A. Olson
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, United States
| | - Ammar L. Ujjainwala
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, United States
| | - David M. Pinson
- Department of Health Sciences Education and Pathology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, United States
| | - Jeffrey D. Klopfenstein
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, United States,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, United States,OSF HealthCare Saint Francis Medical Center, Illinois Neurological Institute, Peoria, IL, United States
| | - Krishna Kumar Veeravalli
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, United States,Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, United States,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, United States,Department of Neurology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, United States,*Correspondence: Krishna Kumar Veeravalli,
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Allnoch L, Leitzen E, Zdora I, Baumgärtner W, Hansmann F. Astrocyte depletion alters extracellular matrix composition in the demyelinating phase of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270239. [PMID: 35714111 PMCID: PMC9205503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes produce extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoproteins contributing to the blood-brain barrier and regulating the immune response in the central nervous system (CNS). The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of astrocyte depletion upon the clinical outcome and the composition of ECM glycoproteins in a virus-induced animal model of demyelination. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-thymidine-kinase transgenic SJL (GFAP-knockout) and wildtype mice were infected with Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV). Astrocyte depletion was induced during the progressive, demyelinating disease phase by ganciclovir administration once daily between 56 and 77 days post infection (dpi). At 77 dpi GFAP-knockout mice showed a significant deterioration of clinical signs associated with a reduction of azan and picrosirius red stained ECM-molecules in the thoracic spinal cord. Basement-membrane-associated ECM-molecules including laminin, entactin/nidogen-1 and Kir4.1 as well as non-basement membrane-associated ECM-molecules like collagen I, decorin, tenascin-R and CD44 were significantly reduced in the spinal cord of GFAP-knockout mice. The reduction of the investigated ECM-molecules demonstrates that astrocytes play a key role in the production of ECM-molecules. The present findings indicate that the detected loss of Kir4.1 and CD44 as well as the disruption of the integrity of perineuronal nets led to the deterioration of clinical signs in GFAP-knockout mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Allnoch
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Eva Leitzen
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Isabel Zdora
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Florian Hansmann
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
- Institute for Veterinary Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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Domowicz MS, Chan WC, Claudio-Vázquez P, Gonzalez T, Schwartz NB. Brain transcriptome analysis of a CLN2 mouse model as a function of disease progression. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:262. [PMID: 34749772 PMCID: PMC8576919 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02302-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses, (NCLs or Batten disease) are a group of inherited, early onset, fatal neurodegenerative diseases associated with mutations in 13 genes. All forms of the disease are characterized by lysosomal accumulation of fluorescent storage material, as well as profound neurodegeneration, but the relationship of the various genes’ function to a single biological process is not obvious. In this study, we used a well-characterized mouse model of classical late infantile NCL (cLINCL) in which the tripeptidyl peptidase 1 (Tpp1) gene is disrupted by gene targeting, resulting in loss of detectable TPP1 activity and leading to progressive neurological phenotypes including ataxia, increased motor deficiency, and early death. Methods In order to identify genes and pathways that may contribute to progression of the neurodegenerative process, we analyzed forebrain/midbrain and cerebellar transcriptional differences at 1, 2, 3 and 4 months of age in control and TPP1-deficient mice by global RNA-sequencing. Results Progressive neurodegenerative inflammatory responses involving microglia, astrocytes and endothelial cells were observed, accompanied by activation of leukocyte extravasation signals and upregulation of nitric oxide production and reactive oxygen species. Several astrocytic (i.e., Gfap, C4b, Osmr, Serpina3n) and microglial (i.e., Ctss, Itgb2, Itgax, Lyz2) genes were identified as strong markers for assessing disease progression as they showed increased levels of expression in vivo over time. Furthermore, transient increased expression of choroid plexus genes was observed at 2 months in the lateral and fourth ventricle, highlighting an early role for the choroid plexus and cerebrospinal fluid in the disease pathology. Based on these gene expression changes, we concluded that neuroinflammation starts, for the most part, after 2 months in the Tpp1−/− brain and that activation of microglia and astrocytes occur more rapidly in cerebellum than in the rest of the brain; confirming increased severity of inflammation in this region. Conclusions These findings have led to a better understanding of cLINCL pathological onset and progression, which may aid in development of future therapeutic treatments for this disease. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02302-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam S Domowicz
- Department of Pediatrics, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC 5058, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Wen-Ching Chan
- Center for Research Informatics, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Patricia Claudio-Vázquez
- Department of Pediatrics, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC 5058, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Tatiana Gonzalez
- Department of Pediatrics, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC 5058, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Nancy B Schwartz
- Department of Pediatrics, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC 5058, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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7
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Chitu V, Biundo F, Stanley ER. Colony stimulating factors in the nervous system. Semin Immunol 2021; 54:101511. [PMID: 34743926 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2021.101511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Although traditionally seen as regulators of hematopoiesis, colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) have emerged as important players in the nervous system, both in health and disease. This review summarizes the cellular sources, patterns of expression and physiological roles of the macrophage (CSF-1, IL-34), granulocyte-macrophage (GM-CSF) and granulocyte (G-CSF) colony stimulating factors within the nervous system, with a particular focus on their actions on microglia. CSF-1 and IL-34, via the CSF-1R, are required for the development, proliferation and maintenance of essentially all CNS microglia in a temporal and regional specific manner. In contrast, in steady state, GM-CSF and G-CSF are mainly involved in regulation of microglial function. The alterations in expression of these growth factors and their receptors, that have been reported in several neurological diseases, are described and the outcomes of their therapeutic targeting in mouse models and humans are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Chitu
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | - Fabrizio Biundo
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | - E Richard Stanley
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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8
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Ulbrich P, Khoshneviszadeh M, Jandke S, Schreiber S, Dityatev A. Interplay between perivascular and perineuronal extracellular matrix remodelling in neurological and psychiatric diseases. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:3811-3830. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Ulbrich
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Magdeburg Germany
- Department of Neurology Otto‐von‐Guericke University Magdeburg Germany
| | - Mahsima Khoshneviszadeh
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Magdeburg Germany
- Department of Neurology Otto‐von‐Guericke University Magdeburg Germany
| | - Solveig Jandke
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Magdeburg Germany
- Department of Neurology Otto‐von‐Guericke University Magdeburg Germany
| | - Stefanie Schreiber
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Magdeburg Germany
- Department of Neurology Otto‐von‐Guericke University Magdeburg Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS) Magdeburg Germany
| | - Alexander Dityatev
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Magdeburg Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS) Magdeburg Germany
- Medical Faculty Otto‐von‐Guericke University Magdeburg Germany
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9
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Gorter RP, Baron W. Matrix metalloproteinases shape the oligodendrocyte (niche) during development and upon demyelination. Neurosci Lett 2020; 729:134980. [PMID: 32315713 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The oligodendrocyte lineage cell is crucial to proper brain function. During central nervous system development, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) migrate and proliferate to populate the entire brain and spinal cord, and subsequently differentiate into mature oligodendrocytes that wrap neuronal axons in an insulating myelin layer. When damage occurs to the myelin sheath, OPCs are activated and recruited to the demyelinated site, where they differentiate into oligodendrocytes that remyelinate the denuded axons. The process of OPC attraction and differentiation is influenced by a multitude of factors from the cell's niche. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are powerful and versatile enzymes that do not only degrade extracellular matrix proteins, but also cleave cell surface receptors, growth factors, signaling molecules, proteases and other precursor proteins, leading to their activation or degradation. MMPs are markedly upregulated during brain development and upon demyelinating injury, where their broad functions influence the behavior of neural progenitor cells (NPCs), OPCs and oligodendrocytes. In this review, we focus on the role of MMPs in (re)myelination. We will start out in the developing brain with describing the effects of MMPs on NPCs, OPCs and eventually oligodendrocytes. Then, we will outline their functions in oligodendrocyte process extension and developmental myelination. Finally, we will review their potential role in demyelination, describe their significance in remyelination and discuss the evidence for a role of MMPs in remyelination failure, focusing on multiple sclerosis. In conclusion, MMPs shape the oligodendrocyte (niche) both during development and upon demyelination, and thus are important players in directing the fate and behavior of oligodendrocyte lineage cells throughout their life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rianne P Gorter
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wia Baron
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Chitu V, Biundo F, Shlager GGL, Park ES, Wang P, Gulinello ME, Gokhan Ş, Ketchum HC, Saha K, DeTure MA, Dickson DW, Wszolek ZK, Zheng D, Croxford AL, Becher B, Sun D, Mehler MF, Stanley ER. Microglial Homeostasis Requires Balanced CSF-1/CSF-2 Receptor Signaling. Cell Rep 2020; 30:3004-3019.e5. [PMID: 32130903 PMCID: PMC7370656 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
CSF-1R haploinsufficiency causes adult-onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia (ALSP). Previous studies in the Csf1r+/- mouse model of ALSP hypothesized a central role of elevated cerebral Csf2 expression. Here, we show that monoallelic deletion of Csf2 rescues most behavioral deficits and histopathological changes in Csf1r+/- mice by preventing microgliosis and eliminating most microglial transcriptomic alterations, including those indicative of oxidative stress and demyelination. We also show elevation of Csf2 transcripts and of several CSF-2 downstream targets in the brains of ALSP patients, demonstrating that the mechanisms identified in the mouse model are functional in humans. Our data provide insights into the mechanisms underlying ALSP. Because increased CSF2 levels and decreased microglial Csf1r expression have also been reported in Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis, we suggest that the unbalanced CSF-1R/CSF-2 signaling we describe in the present study may contribute to the pathogenesis of other neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Chitu
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Fabrizio Biundo
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Gabriel G L Shlager
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Eun S Park
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Maria E Gulinello
- Behavioral Core Facility, Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Şölen Gokhan
- Institute for Brain Disorders and Neural Regeneration, Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Harmony C Ketchum
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Kusumika Saha
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Michael A DeTure
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Dennis W Dickson
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | | | - Deyou Zheng
- The Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, and Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | | | - Burkhard Becher
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Daqian Sun
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Mark F Mehler
- Institute for Brain Disorders and Neural Regeneration, Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - E Richard Stanley
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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11
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de Jong JM, Wang P, Oomkens M, Baron W. Remodeling of the interstitial extracellular matrix in white matter multiple sclerosis lesions: Implications for remyelination (failure). J Neurosci Res 2020; 98:1370-1397. [PMID: 31965607 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) provides protection, rigidity, and structure toward cells. It consists, among others, of a wide variety of glycoproteins and proteoglycans, which act together to produce a complex and dynamic environment, most relevant in transmembrane events. In the brain, the ECM occupies a notable proportion of its volume and maintains the homeostasis of central nervous system (CNS). In addition, remodeling of the ECM, that is transient changes in ECM proteins regulated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), is an important process that modulates cell behavior upon injury, thereby facilitating recovery. Failure of ECM remodeling plays an important role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS), a neurodegenerative demyelinating disease of the CNS with an inflammatory response against protective myelin sheaths that surround axons. Remyelination of denuded axons improves the neuropathological conditions of MS, but this regeneration process fails over time, leading to chronic disease progression. In this review, we uncover abnormal ECM remodeling in MS lesions by discussing ECM remodeling in experimental demyelination models, that is when remyelination is successful, and compare alterations in ECM components to the ECM composition and MMP expression in the parenchyma of demyelinated MS lesions, that is when remyelination fails. Inter- and intralesional differences in ECM remodeling in the distinct white matter MS lesions are discussed in terms of consequences for oligodendrocyte behavior and remyelination (failure). Hence, the review will aid to understand how abnormal ECM remodeling contributes to remyelination failure in MS lesions and assists in developing therapeutic strategies to promote remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody M de Jong
- Section Molecular Neurobiology, Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Peng Wang
- Section Molecular Neurobiology, Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Michelle Oomkens
- Section Molecular Neurobiology, Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wia Baron
- Section Molecular Neurobiology, Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Jin W, Leitzen E, Goebbels S, Nave KA, Baumgärtner W, Hansmann F. Comparison of Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus Induced Spinal Cord and Peripheral Nerve Lesions Following Intracerebral and Intraspinal Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205134. [PMID: 31623261 PMCID: PMC6834305 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hallmarks of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV)-induced demyelinating disease (TMEV-IDD) include spinal cord (SC) inflammation, demyelination and axonal damage occurring approximately 5-8 weeks after classical intracerebral (i.c.) infection. The aim of this study was to elucidate the consequences of intraspinal (i.s.) TMEV infection and a direct comparison of classical i.c. and intraspinal infection. Swiss Jim Lambert (SJL)-mice were i.s. infected with the BeAn strain of TMEV. Clinical investigations including a scoring system and rotarod analysis were performed on a regular basis. Necropsies were performed at 3, 7, 14, 28 and 63 days post infection (dpi) following i.s. and at 4, 7, 14, 28, 56, 98, 147 and 196 dpi following i.c. infection. Serial sections of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded SC and peripheral nerves (PN) were investigated using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and immunohistochemistry. I.s. infected mice developed clinical signs and a deterioration of motor coordination approximately 12 weeks earlier than i.c. infected animals. SC inflammation, demyelination and axonal damage occurred approximately 6 weeks earlier in i.s. infected animals. Interestingly, i.s. infected mice developed PN lesions, characterized by vacuolation, inflammation, demyelination and axonal damage, which was not seen following i.c. infection. The i.s. infection model offers the advantage of a significantly earlier onset of clinical signs, inflammatory and demyelinating SC lesions and additionally enables the investigation of virus-mediated PN lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jin
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Eva Leitzen
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Sandra Goebbels
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute for experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute for experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Florian Hansmann
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
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13
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Allnoch L, Baumgärtner W, Hansmann F. Impact of Astrocyte Depletion upon Inflammation and Demyelination in a Murine Animal Model of Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20163922. [PMID: 31409036 PMCID: PMC6719128 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes play a key role in demyelinating diseases, like multiple sclerosis (MS), although many of their functions remain unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of astrocyte depletion upon de- and remyelination, inflammation, axonal damage, and virus distribution in Theiler`s murine encephalomyelitis (TME). Groups of two to six glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-thymidine-kinase transgenic SJL mice and SJL wildtype mice were infected with TME virus (TMEV) or mock (vehicle only). Astrocyte depletion was induced by the intraperitoneal administration of ganciclovir during the early and late phase of TME. The animals were clinically investigated while using a scoring system and a rotarod performance test. Necropsies were performed at 46 and 77 days post infection. Cervical and thoracic spinal cord segments were investigated using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), luxol fast blue-cresyl violet (LFB), immunohistochemistry targeting Amigo2, aquaporin 4, CD3, CD34, GFAP, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1), myelin basic protein (MBP), non-phosphorylated neurofilaments (np-NF), periaxin, S100A10, TMEV, and immunoelectron microscopy. The astrocyte depleted mice showed a deterioration of clinical signs, a downregulation and disorganization of aquaporin 4 in perivascular astrocytes accompanied by vascular leakage. Furthermore, astrocyte depleted mice showed reduced inflammation and lower numbers of TMEV positive cells in the spinal cord. The present study indicates that astrocyte depletion in virus triggered CNS diseases contributes to a deterioration of clinical signs that are mediated by a dysfunction of perivascular astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Allnoch
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Florian Hansmann
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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14
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Delayed Astrogliosis Associated with Reduced M1 Microglia Activation in Matrix Metalloproteinase 12 Knockout Mice during Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071702. [PMID: 30959793 PMCID: PMC6480673 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis (TME) represents a versatile animal model for studying the pathogenesis of demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Hallmarks of TME are demyelination, astrogliosis, as well as inflammation. Previous studies showed that matrix metalloproteinase 12 knockout (Mmp12−/−) mice display an ameliorated clinical course associated with reduced demyelination. The present study aims to elucidate the impact of MMP12 deficiency in TME with special emphasis on astrogliosis, macrophages infiltrating the central nervous system (CNS), and the phenotype of microglia/macrophages (M1 or M2). SJL wild-type and Mmp12−/− mice were infected with TME virus (TMEV) or vehicle (mock) and euthanized at 28 and 98 days post infection (dpi). Immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence of cervical and thoracic spinal cord for detecting glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1), chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2), CD107b, CD16/32, and arginase I was performed and quantitatively evaluated. Statistical analyses included the Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Mann–Whitney U post hoc tests. TMEV-infected Mmp12−/− mice showed transiently reduced astrogliosis in association with a strong trend (p = 0.051) for a reduced density of activated/reactive microglia/macrophages compared with wild-type mice at 28 dpi. As astrocytes are an important source of cytokine production, including proinflammatory cytokines triggering or activating phagocytes, the origin of intralesional microglia/macrophages as well as their phenotype were determined. Only few phagocytes in wild-type and Mmp12−/− mice expressed CCR2, indicating that the majority of phagocytes are represented by microglia. In parallel to the reduced density of activated/reactive microglia at 98 dpi, TMEV-infected Mmp12−/− showed a trend (p = 0.073) for a reduced density of M1 (CD16/32- and CD107b-positive) microglia, while no difference regarding the density of M2 (arginase I- and CD107b-positive) cells was observed. However, a dominance of M1 cells was detected in the spinal cord of TMEV-infected mice at all time points. Reduced astrogliosis in Mmp12−/− mice was associated with a reduced density of activated/reactive microglia and a trend for a reduced density of M1 cells. This indicates that MMP12 plays an important role in microglia activation, polarization, and migration as well as astrogliosis and microglia/astrocyte interaction.
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15
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Leitzen E, Raddatz BB, Jin W, Goebbels S, Nave KA, Baumgärtner W, Hansmann F. Virus-triggered spinal cord demyelination is followed by a peripheral neuropathy resembling features of Guillain-Barré Syndrome. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4588. [PMID: 30872675 PMCID: PMC6418285 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40964-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV)-induces a demyelinating disease in the spinal cord (SC) of susceptible but not in resistant (B6) mouse strains. The aim of the present study was to induce SC demyelination and a peripheral neuropathy in resistant mice by switching the infection site from cerebrum to SC. B6 mice were intraspinally inoculated with TMEV. Infected mice showed clinical signs starting at 7 days post infection (dpi). Histopathology revealed a mononuclear myelitis, centred on the injection site at 3 dpi with subsequent antero- and retrograde spread, accompanied by demyelination and axonal damage within the SC. Virus protein was detected in the SC at all time points. SC inflammation decreased until the end of the investigation period (28 dpi). Concurrent with the amelioration of SC inflammation, the emergence of a peripheral neuropathy, characterized by axonal damage, demyelination and macrophage infiltration, contributing to persistent clinical sings, was observed. Intraspinal TMEV infection of resistant mice induced inflammation, demyelination and delayed viral clearance in the spinal cord and more interestingly, subsequent, virus-triggered inflammation and degeneration within the PN associated with dramatic and progressive clinical signs. The lesions observed in the PN resemble important features of Guillain-Barré syndrome, especially of acute motor/motor-sensory axonal forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Leitzen
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Barbara B Raddatz
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wen Jin
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sandra Goebbels
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute for Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Straße 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute for Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Straße 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany. .,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Florian Hansmann
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
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16
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Comparison of Reported Spinal Cord Lesions in Progressive Multiple Sclerosis with Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus Induced Demyelinating Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040989. [PMID: 30823515 PMCID: PMC6413032 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord (SC) lesions in Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus induced demyelinating disease (TMEV-IDD) resemble important features of brain lesions in progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) including inflammation, demyelination, and axonal damage. The aim of the present study was a comparison of SC lesions in MS and TMEV-IDD focusing on spatial and temporal distribution of demyelination, inflammation, SC atrophy (SCA), and axonal degeneration/loss in major descending motor pathways. METHODS TMEV and mock-infected mice were investigated clinically once a week. SC tissue was collected at 42, 98, 147, and 196 days post infection, and investigated using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, immunohistochemistry targeting myelin basic protein (demyelination), Mac3 (microglia/macrophages), phosphorylated neurofilaments (axonal damage) and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS Demyelination prevailed in SC white matter in TMEV-IDD, contrasting a predominant gray matter involvement in MS. TMEV-infected mice revealed a significant loss of axons similar to MS. Ultrastructural analysis in TMEV-IDD revealed denuded axons, degenerative myelin changes, axonal degeneration, as well as remyelination. SCA is a consistent finding in the SC of MS patients and was also detected at a late time point in TMEV-IDD. CONCLUSION This comparative study further indicates the suitability of TMEV-IDD as animal model also for the investigation of progressive SC lesions in MS.
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Forestier-Román IS, López-Rivas A, Sánchez-Vázquez MM, Rohena-Rivera K, Nieves-Burgos G, Ortiz-Zuazaga H, Torres-Ramos CA, Martínez-Ferrer M. Andrographolide induces DNA damage in prostate cancer cells. Oncotarget 2019; 10:1085-1101. [PMID: 30800220 PMCID: PMC6383681 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common diagnosed cancer and is the third cause of cancer mortality in men in the USA. Andrographolide, a diterpenoid lactone isolated from Andrographis paniculata, has shown to possess anticarcinogenic activity in a variety of cancer cells. In this study, we examined the efficacy of Andrographolide in PCa using in vitro and in vivo models. Androgen-independent (PC3) and androgen-dependent (22RV1) cell lines were treated with Andrographolide to determine the effect in cell motility, cell proliferation and apoptosis. Andrographolide decreased PCa cell migration, decreased invasion, and increased cell apoptosis in vitro. Tumor growth was evaluated using an orthotopic xenograft model in which the prostates of SCID mice were injected with 22RV1, and mice were treated three times per week with Andrographolide 10 mg/kg. Andrographolide decreased tumor volume, MMP11 expression and blood vessels formation in vivo. Gene expression analysis identified cellular compromise, cell cycle, and “DNA recombination, replication and repair” as the major molecular and cellular functions altered in tumors treated with Andrographolide. Within DNA repair genes we confirmed increased expression of genes involved in DNA double strand break repair. Consistent with this observation we detected increased γH2AX in Andrographolide treated tumors and in cells in culture. Taken together, these data suggest that Andrographolide inhibits PCa by promoting DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid S Forestier-Román
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA.,University of Puerto Rico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Cancer Biology, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Andrés López-Rivas
- University of Puerto Rico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Cancer Biology, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - María M Sánchez-Vázquez
- University of Puerto Rico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Cancer Biology, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Krizia Rohena-Rivera
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA.,University of Puerto Rico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Cancer Biology, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Gretchen Nieves-Burgos
- University of Puerto Rico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Cancer Biology, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Humberto Ortiz-Zuazaga
- Department of Computer Sciences, University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Carlos A Torres-Ramos
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Magaly Martínez-Ferrer
- University of Puerto Rico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Cancer Biology, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA
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18
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Gerhauser I, Hansmann F, Ciurkiewicz M, Löscher W, Beineke A. Facets of Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus-Induced Diseases: An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020448. [PMID: 30669615 PMCID: PMC6358740 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV), a naturally occurring, enteric pathogen of mice is a Cardiovirus of the Picornaviridae family. Low neurovirulent TMEV strains such as BeAn cause a severe demyelinating disease in susceptible SJL mice following intracerebral infection. Furthermore, TMEV infections of C57BL/6 mice cause acute polioencephalitis initiating a process of epileptogenesis that results in spontaneous recurrent epileptic seizures in approximately 50% of affected mice. Moreover, C3H mice develop cardiac lesions after an intraperitoneal high-dose application of TMEV. Consequently, TMEV-induced diseases are widely used as animal models for multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, and myocarditis. The present review summarizes morphological lesions and pathogenic mechanisms triggered by TMEV with a special focus on the development of hippocampal degeneration and seizures in C57BL/6 mice as well as demyelination in the spinal cord in SJL mice. Furthermore, a detailed description of innate and adaptive immune responses is given. TMEV studies provide novel insights into the complexity of organ- and mouse strain-specific immunopathology and help to identify factors critical for virus persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Gerhauser
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Florian Hansmann
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
- Center for System Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Malgorzata Ciurkiewicz
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
- Center for System Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Löscher
- Center for System Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
- Center for System Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
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19
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Castellazzi M, Ligi D, Contaldi E, Quartana D, Fonderico M, Borgatti L, Bellini T, Trentini A, Granieri E, Fainardi E, Mannello F, Pugliatti M. Multiplex Matrix Metalloproteinases Analysis in the Cerebrospinal Fluid Reveals Potential Specific Patterns in Multiple Sclerosis Patients. Front Neurol 2018; 9:1080. [PMID: 30619040 PMCID: PMC6305439 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.01080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are pleiotropic enzymes involved in extracellular protein degradation and turnover. MMPs are implicated in the pathogenesis of many neurological diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Objective: To search the level of MMPs in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of MS patients and detect possible disease-specific patterns. Methods: CSF samples from 32 MS patients and, from 15 control subjects with other inflammatory neurological diseases (OIND) were analyzed. The Bio-Plex Pro Human MMP 9-Plex Panel (Bio-Rad) was used for the quantification of MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-7, MMP-8, MMP-9, MMP-10, MMP-12, and MMP-13. Results: CSF MMP-1 and MMP-12 levels were significantly reduced in MS as compared with OIND. In MS patients' CSF: (i) MMP-1 levels were significantly higher in women vs. men; (ii) MMP-10 concentrations were higher in patients with CSF-restricted IgG oligoclonal bands, and (iii) MMP-7 levels were increased in patients with longer disease duration. In the OIND group MMP-7 and MMP-12 levels significantly and directly correlated with age. Conclusions: Our study contributes to investigating the role of MMPs in MS, with regard to CSF immunological features and disease duration. Sex-specific differences were also detected in MMPs CSF levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Castellazzi
- Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Interdepartmental Research Center for the Study of Multiple Sclerosis and Inflammatory and Degenerative Diseases of the Nervous System, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Daniela Ligi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University "Carlo Bo" of Urbino, Urbino, Italy
| | - Elena Contaldi
- Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Davide Quartana
- Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Luca Borgatti
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Tiziana Bellini
- Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Interdepartmental Research Center for the Study of Multiple Sclerosis and Inflammatory and Degenerative Diseases of the Nervous System, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,University Center for Studies on Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Trentini
- Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Enrico Granieri
- Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Enrico Fainardi
- Interdepartmental Research Center for the Study of Multiple Sclerosis and Inflammatory and Degenerative Diseases of the Nervous System, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Mannello
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University "Carlo Bo" of Urbino, Urbino, Italy
| | - Maura Pugliatti
- Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Interdepartmental Research Center for the Study of Multiple Sclerosis and Inflammatory and Degenerative Diseases of the Nervous System, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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20
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Thomas L, Pasquini LA. Galectin-3-Mediated Glial Crosstalk Drives Oligodendrocyte Differentiation and (Re)myelination. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:297. [PMID: 30258354 PMCID: PMC6143789 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is the only chimeric protein in the galectin family. Gal-3 structure comprises unusual tandem repeats of proline and glycine-rich short stretches bound to a carbohydrate-recognition domain (CRD). The present review summarizes Gal-3 functions in the extracellular and intracellular space, its regulation and its internalization and secretion, with a focus on the current knowledge of Gal-3 role in central nervous system (CNS) health and disease, particularly oligodendrocyte (OLG) differentiation, myelination and remyelination in experimental models of multiple sclerosis (MS). During myelination, microglia-expressed Gal-3 promotes OLG differentiation by binding glycoconjugates present only on the cell surface of OLG precursor cells (OPC). During remyelination, microglia-expressed Gal-3 favors an M2 microglial phenotype, hence fostering myelin debris phagocytosis through TREM-2b phagocytic receptor and OLG differentiation. Gal-3 is necessary for myelin integrity and function, as evidenced by myelin ultrastructural and behavioral studies from LGALS3-/- mice. Mechanistically, Gal-3 enhances actin assembly and reduces Erk 1/2 activation, leading to early OLG branching. Gal-3 later induces Akt activation and increases MBP expression, promoting gelsolin release and actin disassembly and thus regulating OLG final differentiation. Altogether, findings indicate that Gal-3 mediates the glial crosstalk driving OLG differentiation and (re)myelination and may be regarded as a target in the design of future therapies for a variety of demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Thomas
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Institute of Chemistry and Biological Physicochemistry (IQUIFIB), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura Andrea Pasquini
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Institute of Chemistry and Biological Physicochemistry (IQUIFIB), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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21
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Hansmann F, Jungwirth N, Zhang N, Skripuletz T, Stein VM, Tipold A, Stangel M, Baumgärtner W. Beneficial and detrimental impact of transplanted canine adipose-derived stem cells in a virus-induced demyelinating mouse model. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 202:130-140. [PMID: 30078587 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In recent years stem cell therapies have been broadly applied in various disease models specifically immune mediated and degenerative diseases. Whether adipose-derived stem cells might represent a useful therapeutic option in virus-triggered central nervous system diseases has not been investigated so far. Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis (TME) and canine distemper encephalitis are established, virus-mediated animal models sharing many similarities with multiple sclerosis (MS). Canine adipose-derived stem cells (ASC) were selected since dogs might serve as an important translational model for further therapeutic applications. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether canine ASC influence clinical signs, axonal damage, demyelination and inflammation during TME. ASC were transplanted intravenously (iv) or intra-cerebroventricularly (icv) at 7 (early) or 42 (late) days post infection (dpi) in TME virus (TMEV) infected mice. TMEV/ASC iv animals transplanted at 7dpi displayed a transient clinical deterioration in rotarod performance compared to TMEV/control animals. Worsening of clinical signs was associated with significantly increased numbers of microglia/macrophages and demyelination in the spinal cord. In contrast, late transplantation had no influence on clinical findings of TMEV-infected animals. However, late TMEV/ASC iv transplanted animals showed reduced axonal damage compared to TMEV/control animals. Screening of spinal cord and peripheral organs for transplanted ASC revealed no positive cells. Surprisingly, iv transplanted animals showed pulmonary follicular aggregates consisting of T- and B-lymphocytes. Thus, our data suggest that following intravenous application, the lung as priming organ for lymphocytes seems to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of TME. Consequences of T-lymphocyte priming in the lung depend on the disease phase and may be responsible for disease modifying effects of ASC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Hansmann
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Bünteweg 2, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nicole Jungwirth
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Bünteweg 2, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Bünteweg 2, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Skripuletz
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Veronika Maria Stein
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany; Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 128, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Tipold
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Bünteweg 2, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Stangel
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Bünteweg 2, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Bünteweg 2, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
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22
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Mesenchymal Stem Cells Form 3D Clusters Following Intraventricular Transplantation. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 65:60-73. [PMID: 29705933 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1070-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are regarded as an immune privileged cell type with numerous regeneration-promoting effects. The in vivo behavior of MSC and underlying mechanisms leading to their regenerative effects are largely unknown. The aims of this study were to comparatively investigate the in vivo behavior of canine (cMSC), human (hMSC), and murine MSC (mMSC) following intra-cerebroventricular transplantation. At 7 days post transplantation (dpt), clusters of cMSC, hMSC, and mMSC were detected within the ventricular system. At 49 dpt, cMSC-transplanted mice showed clusters mostly consisting of extracellular matrix lacking transplanted MSC. Similarly, hMSC-transplanted mice lacked MSC clusters at 49 dpt. Xenogeneic MSC transplantation was associated with a local T lymphocyte-dominated immune reaction at both time points. Interestingly, no associated inflammation was observed following syngeneic mMSC transplantation. In conclusion, transplanted MSC formed intraventricular cell clusters and exhibited a short life span in vivo. Xenogeneically in contrast to syngeneically transplanted MSC triggered a T cell-mediated graft rejection indicating that MSCs are not as immune privileged as previously assumed. However, MSC may mediate their effects by a "hit and run" mechanism and future studies will show whether syngeneically or xenogeneically transplanted MSCs exert better therapeutic effects in animals with CNS disease.
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23
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Raddatz BB, Spitzbarth I, Matheis KA, Kalkuhl A, Deschl U, Baumgärtner W, Ulrich R. Microarray-Based Gene Expression Analysis for Veterinary Pathologists: A Review. Vet Pathol 2017. [PMID: 28641485 DOI: 10.1177/0300985817709887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput, genome-wide transcriptome analysis is now commonly used in all fields of life science research and is on the cusp of medical and veterinary diagnostic application. Transcriptomic methods such as microarrays and next-generation sequencing generate enormous amounts of data. The pathogenetic expertise acquired from understanding of general pathology provides veterinary pathologists with a profound background, which is essential in translating transcriptomic data into meaningful biological knowledge, thereby leading to a better understanding of underlying disease mechanisms. The scientific literature concerning high-throughput data-mining techniques usually addresses mathematicians or computer scientists as the target audience. In contrast, the present review provides the reader with a clear and systematic basis from a veterinary pathologist's perspective. Therefore, the aims are (1) to introduce the reader to the necessary methodological background; (2) to introduce the sequential steps commonly performed in a microarray analysis including quality control, annotation, normalization, selection of differentially expressed genes, clustering, gene ontology and pathway analysis, analysis of manually selected genes, and biomarker discovery; and (3) to provide references to publically available and user-friendly software suites. In summary, the data analysis methods presented within this review will enable veterinary pathologists to analyze high-throughput transcriptome data obtained from their own experiments, supplemental data that accompany scientific publications, or public repositories in order to obtain a more in-depth insight into underlying disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara B Raddatz
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,2 Center of Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ingo Spitzbarth
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,2 Center of Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katja A Matheis
- 3 Department of Nonclinical Drug Safety, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach (Riß), Germany
| | - Arno Kalkuhl
- 3 Department of Nonclinical Drug Safety, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach (Riß), Germany
| | - Ulrich Deschl
- 3 Department of Nonclinical Drug Safety, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach (Riß), Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,2 Center of Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,2 Center of Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.,4 Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Greifswald, Germany
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24
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Psachoulia K, Chamberlain KA, Heo D, Davis SE, Paskus JD, Nanescu SE, Dupree JL, Wynn TA, Huang JK. IL4I1 augments CNS remyelination and axonal protection by modulating T cell driven inflammation. Brain 2016; 139:3121-3136. [PMID: 27797811 PMCID: PMC5382940 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
SEE PLUCHINO AND PERUZZOTTI-JAMETTI DOI101093/AWW266 FOR A SCIENTIFIC COMMENTARY ON THIS ARTICLE: Myelin regeneration (remyelination) is a spontaneous process that occurs following central nervous system demyelination. However, for reasons that remain poorly understood, remyelination fails in the progressive phase of multiple sclerosis. Emerging evidence indicates that alternatively activated macrophages in central nervous system lesions are required for oligodendrocyte progenitor differentiation into remyelinating oligodendrocytes. Here, we show that an alternatively activated macrophage secreted enzyme, interleukin-four induced one (IL4I1), is upregulated at the onset of inflammation resolution and remyelination in mouse central nervous system lesions after lysolecithin-induced focal demyelination. Focal demyelination in mice lacking IL4I1 or interleukin 4 receptor alpha (IL4Rα) results in increased proinflammatory macrophage density, remyelination impairment, and axonal injury in central nervous system lesions. Conversely, recombinant IL4I1 administration into central nervous system lesions reduces proinflammatory macrophage density, enhances remyelination, and rescues remyelination impairment in IL4Rα deficient mice. We find that IL4I1 does not directly affect oligodendrocyte differentiation, but modulates inflammation by reducing interferon gamma and IL17 expression in lesioned central nervous system tissues, and in activated T cells from splenocyte cultures. Remarkably, intravenous injection of IL4I1 into mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis at disease onset significantly reversed disease severity, resulting in recovery from hindlimb paralysis. Analysis of post-mortem tissues reveals reduced axonal dystrophy in spinal cord, and decreased CD4+ T cell populations in spinal cord and spleen tissues. These results indicate that IL4I1 modulates inflammation by regulating T cell expansion, thereby permitting the formation of a favourable environment in the central nervous system tissue for remyelination. Therefore, IL4I1 is a potentially novel therapeutic for promoting central nervous system repair in multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dongeun Heo
- 1 Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Stephanie E Davis
- 1 Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Jeremiah D Paskus
- 1 Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Sonia E Nanescu
- 1 Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Dupree
- 2 Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Thomas A Wynn
- 3 Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jeffrey K Huang
- 1 Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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25
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Xu J, E C, Yao Y, Ren S, Wang G, Jin H. Matrix metalloproteinase expression and molecular interaction network analysis in gastric cancer. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:2403-2408. [PMID: 27698806 PMCID: PMC5038516 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common types of cancer of the digestive tract. Invasion of tumor cells into surrounding tissue and metastasis are among the most significant checkpoints in tumor progression. It is known that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in these processes; however, knowledge of their molecular interaction networks is still limited. Investigation of these networks could provide a more comprehensive picture of the function of MMPs in tumorigenesis. Furthermore, it could be used to develop new approaches to targeted anticancer therapy. In this study, we performed microarray analysis, and 1666 genes that were aberrantly expressed in GC tissues were identified (fold change >2, P<0.05). In addition, quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis has confirmed that MMP1, MMP3, MMP7, MMP10, MMP11 and MMP12 expression is upregulated in GC. In addition, the MMP3 expression level was negatively correlated with GC differentiation (P<0.05). By integrating the microarray information and BioGRID and STRING databases, we constructed an MMP-related molecular interaction network and observed that 18 genes (including MMPs) were highly expressed in GC tissues. The most enriched of these 18 genes in the Gene Oncology (GO) and pathway analysis were in extracellular matrix disassembly (GO biological process) and extracellular matrix-receptor interaction (KEGG pathway), which are closely correlated with cancer invasion and metastasis. Collectively, our results suggest that the MMP-related interaction network has a role in GC progression, and therefore further studies are required in order to investigate these network interactions in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianting Xu
- Cancer Centre, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Changyong E
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Yongfang Yao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Shuangchun Ren
- Department of Pathogenobiology, Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Guoqing Wang
- Department of Pathogenobiology, Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Haofan Jin
- Cancer Centre, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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26
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Uhde AK, Herder V, Akram Khan M, Ciurkiewicz M, Schaudien D, Teich R, Floess S, Baumgärtner W, Huehn J, Beineke A. Viral Infection of the Central Nervous System Exacerbates Interleukin-10 Receptor Deficiency-Mediated Colitis in SJL Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161883. [PMID: 27611574 PMCID: PMC5017624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Theiler´s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV)-infection is a widely used animal model for studying demyelinating disorders, including multiple sclerosis (MS). The immunosuppressive cytokine Interleukin (IL)-10 counteracts hyperactive immune responses and critically controls immune homeostasis in infectious and autoimmune disorders. In order to investigate the effect of signaling via Interleukin-10 receptor (IL-10R) in infectious neurological diseases, TMEV-infected SJL mice were treated with IL-10R blocking antibody (Ab) in the acute and chronic phase of the disease. The findings demonstrate that (i) Ab-mediated IL-10 neutralization leads to progressive colitis with a reduction in Foxp3+ regulatory T cells and increased numbers of CD8+CD44+ memory T cells as well as activated CD4+CD69+ and CD8+CD69+ T cells in uninfected mice. (ii) Concurrent acute TMEV-infection worsened enteric disease-mediated by IL-10R neutralization. Virus-triggered effects were associated with an enhanced activation of CD4+ T helper cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes and augmented cytokine expression. By contrast, (iii) IL-10R neutralization during chronic TMEV-infection was not associated with enhanced peripheral immunopathology but an increased CD3+ T cell influx in the spinal cord. IL-10R neutralization causes a breakdown in peripheral immune tolerance in genetically predisposed mice, which leads to immune-mediated colitis, resembling inflammatory bowel disease. Hyperactive immune state following IL-10R blockade is enhanced by central nervous system-restricted viral infection in a disease phase-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Uhde
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Vanessa Herder
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Muhammad Akram Khan
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, PMAS—Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Malgorzata Ciurkiewicz
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dirk Schaudien
- Fraunhofer—Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Hannover, Germany
| | - René Teich
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Floess
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jochen Huehn
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
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27
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Rempe RG, Hartz AMS, Bauer B. Matrix metalloproteinases in the brain and blood-brain barrier: Versatile breakers and makers. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:1481-507. [PMID: 27323783 PMCID: PMC5012524 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16655551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases are versatile endopeptidases with many different functions in the body in health and disease. In the brain, matrix metalloproteinases are critical for tissue formation, neuronal network remodeling, and blood-brain barrier integrity. Many reviews have been published on matrix metalloproteinases before, most of which focus on the two best studied matrix metalloproteinases, the gelatinases MMP-2 and MMP-9, and their role in one or two diseases. In this review, we provide a broad overview of the role various matrix metalloproteinases play in brain disorders. We summarize and review current knowledge and understanding of matrix metalloproteinases in the brain and at the blood-brain barrier in neuroinflammation, multiple sclerosis, cerebral aneurysms, stroke, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and brain cancer. We discuss the detrimental effects matrix metalloproteinases can have in these conditions, contributing to blood-brain barrier leakage, neuroinflammation, neurotoxicity, demyelination, tumor angiogenesis, and cancer metastasis. We also discuss the beneficial role matrix metalloproteinases can play in neuroprotection and anti-inflammation. Finally, we address matrix metalloproteinases as potential therapeutic targets. Together, in this comprehensive review, we summarize current understanding and knowledge of matrix metalloproteinases in the brain and at the blood-brain barrier in brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf G Rempe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Anika M S Hartz
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Björn Bauer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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28
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Sevastou I, Pryce G, Baker D, Selwood DL. Characterisation of Transcriptional Changes in the Spinal Cord of the Progressive Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Biozzi ABH Mouse Model by RNA Sequencing. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157754. [PMID: 27355629 PMCID: PMC4927105 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating immune-mediated neurological disorder affecting young adults. MS is primarily relapsing-remitting, but neurodegeneration and disability accumulate from disease onset. The most commonly used mouse MS models exhibit a monophasic immune response with fast accumulation of neurological damage that does not allow the study of progressive neurodegeneration. The chronic relapsing and secondary progressive EAE (pEAE) Biozzi ABH mouse model of MS exhibits a reproducible relapsing-remitting disease course that slowly accumulates permanent neurological deficit and develops a post-relapsing progressive disease that permits the study of demyelination and neurodegeneration. RNA sequencing (RNAseq) was used to explore global gene expression in the pEAE Biozzi ABH mouse. Spinal cord tissue RNA from pEAE Biozzi ABH mice and healthy age-matched controls was sequenced. 2,072 genes were differentially expressed (q<0.05) from which 1,397 were significantly upregulated and 675 were significantly downregulated. This hypothesis-free investigation characterised the genomic changes that describe the pEAE mouse model. The differentially expressed genes revealed a persistent immunoreactant phenotype, combined with downregulation of the cholesterol biosynthesis superpathway and the LXR/RXR activation pathway. Genes differentially expressed include the myelination genes Slc17a7, Ugt8A and Opalin, the neuroprotective genes Sprr1A, Osm and Wisp2, as well as genes identified as MS risk factors, including RGs14 and Scap2. Novel genes with unestablished roles in EAE or MS were also identified. The identification of differentially expressed novel genes and genes involved in MS pathology, opens the door to their functional study in the pEAE mouse model which recapitulates some of the important clinical features of progressive MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Sevastou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, UCL Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Science, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Pryce
- Neuroimmmunology Unit, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, E1 2AT, United Kingdom
| | - David Baker
- Neuroimmmunology Unit, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, E1 2AT, United Kingdom
| | - David L. Selwood
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, UCL Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Science, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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29
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Hoyos HC, Marder M, Ulrich R, Gudi V, Stangel M, Rabinovich GA, Pasquini LA, Pasquini JM. The Role of Galectin-3: From Oligodendroglial Differentiation and Myelination to Demyelination and Remyelination Processes in a Cuprizone-Induced Demyelination Model. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 949:311-332. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-40764-7_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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30
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Li L, Ulrich R, Baumgärtner W, Gerhauser I. Interferon-stimulated genes-essential antiviral effectors implicated in resistance to Theiler's virus-induced demyelinating disease. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:242. [PMID: 26703877 PMCID: PMC4690264 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0462-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Experimental infection of mice with Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) is used as an animal model of human multiple sclerosis. TMEV persists in susceptible mouse strains and causes a biphasic disease consisting of acute polioencephalomyelitis and chronic demyelinating leukomyelitis. In contrast, resistant mice eliminate the virus within 2 to 4 weeks, which seems to be based on a strong antiviral innate immune response including the activation of the type I interferon (IFN) pathway. Several interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) such as IFN-stimulated protein of 15 kDa (ISG15), protein kinase R (PKR), and 2′5′-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) function as antiviral effectors and might contribute to virus elimination. Nevertheless, detailed investigations of the type I IFN pathway during TMEV-induced demyelinating disease (TMEV-IDD) are lacking. Methods The present study evaluated microarray data of the spinal cord obtained from susceptible SJL/J mice after TMEV infection focusing on IFN-related genes. Moreover, ISG gene and protein expression was determined in mock- and TMEV-infected SJL/J mice and compared to its expression in resistant C57BL/6 mice using real- time PCR, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. Results Interestingly, despite of increased ISG gene expression during TMEV-IDD, ISG protein expression was impaired in SJL/J mice and mainly restricted to demyelinated lesions. In contrast, high ISG protein levels were found in spinal cord gray and white matter of C57BL/6 compared to SJL/J mice in the acute and chronic phase of TMEV-IDD. In both mouse strains, ISG15 was mainly found in astrocytes and endothelial cells, whereas PKR was predominantly expressed by microglia/macrophages, oligodendrocytes, and neurons. Only few cells were immunopositive for OAS proteins. Conclusions High levels of antiviral ISG15 and PKR proteins in the spinal cord of C57BL/6 mice might block virus replication and play an important role in the resistance to TMEV-IDD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-015-0462-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany. .,Center of Systems Neuroscience Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany. .,Center of Systems Neuroscience Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany. .,Center of Systems Neuroscience Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Ingo Gerhauser
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
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31
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Skripuletz T, Salinas Tejedor L, Prajeeth CK, Hansmann F, Chhatbar C, Kucman V, Zhang N, Raddatz BB, Detje CN, Sühs KW, Pul R, Gudi V, Kalinke U, Baumgärtner W, Stangel M. The antiviral drug ganciclovir does not inhibit microglial proliferation and activation. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14935. [PMID: 26447351 PMCID: PMC4597339 DOI: 10.1038/srep14935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ganciclovir is effective in the treatment of human infections with viruses of the Herpesviridae family. Beside antiviral properties, recently ganciclovir was described to inhibit microglial proliferation and disease severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an inflammatory model of multiple sclerosis. Microglial activation and proliferation are main characteristics of neuroinflammatory CNS diseases and inhibition of microglial functions might be beneficial in autoimmune diseases, or detrimental in infectious diseases. The objective of this study was to determine potential inhibitory effects of ganciclovir in three different murine animal models of CNS neuroinflammation in which microglia play an important role: Theiler´s murine encephalomyelitis, the cuprizone model of de- and remyelination, and the vesicular stomatitis virus encephalitis model. In addition, in vitro experiments with microglial cultures were performed to test the hypothesis that ganciclovir inhibits microglial proliferation. In all three animal models, neither microglial proliferation or recruitment nor disease activity was changed by ganciclovir. In vitro experiments confirmed that microglial proliferation was not affected by ganciclovir. In conclusion, our results show that the antiviral drug ganciclovir does not inhibit microglial activation and proliferation in the murine CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Salinas Tejedor
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Florian Hansmann
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Chintan Chhatbar
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research; a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Valeria Kucman
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ning Zhang
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Barbara B Raddatz
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Claudia N Detje
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research; a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Refik Pul
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Viktoria Gudi
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research; a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Stangel
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
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32
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Raddatz BB, Sun W, Brogden G, Sun Y, Kammeyer P, Kalkuhl A, Colbatzky F, Deschl U, Naim HY, Baumgärtner W, Ulrich R. Central Nervous System Demyelination and Remyelination is Independent from Systemic Cholesterol Level in Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis. Brain Pathol 2015; 26:102-19. [PMID: 25959295 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
High dietary fat and/or cholesterol intake is a risk factor for multiple diseases and has been debated for multiple sclerosis. However, cholesterol biosynthesis is a key pathway during myelination and disturbances are described in demyelinating diseases. To address the possible interaction of dyslipidemia and demyelination, cholesterol biosynthesis gene expression, composition of the body's major lipid repositories and Paigen diet-induced, systemic hypercholesterolemia were examined in Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis (TME) using histology, immunohistochemistry, serum clinical chemistry, microarrays and high-performance thin layer chromatography. TME-virus (TMEV)-infected mice showed progressive loss of motor performance and demyelinating leukomyelitis. Gene expression associated with cholesterol biosynthesis was overall down-regulated in the spinal cord of TMEV-infected animals. Spinal cord levels of galactocerebroside and sphingomyelin were reduced on day 196 post TMEV infection. Paigen diet induced serum hypercholesterolemia and hepatic lipidosis. However, high dietary fat and cholesterol intake led to no significant differences in clinical course, inflammatory response, astrocytosis, and the amount of demyelination and remyelination in the spinal cord of TMEV-infected animals. The results suggest that down-regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis is a transcriptional marker for demyelination, quantitative loss of myelin-specific lipids, but not cholesterol occurs late in chronic demyelination, and serum hypercholesterolemia exhibited no significant effect on TMEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara B Raddatz
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wenhui Sun
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Graham Brogden
- Fish Disease Research Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Yanyong Sun
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Patricia Kammeyer
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Arno Kalkuhl
- Department of Non-Clinical Drug Safety, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach (Riß), Germany
| | - Florian Colbatzky
- Department of Non-Clinical Drug Safety, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach (Riß), Germany
| | - Ulrich Deschl
- Department of Non-Clinical Drug Safety, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach (Riß), Germany
| | - Hassan Y Naim
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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33
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Liao G, Wang Z, Lee E, Moreno S, Abuelnasr O, Baudry M, Bi X. Enhanced expression of matrix metalloproteinase-12 contributes to Npc1 deficiency-induced axonal degeneration. Exp Neurol 2015; 269:67-74. [PMID: 25864931 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) disease is a genetic disorder associated with intracellular cholesterol accumulation in the brain and other organs, and neurodegeneration is generally believed to be the fatal cause of the disease. In view of the emerging role of matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP-12) in neuronal injury, we investigated its expression and potential roles in axonal degeneration in Npc1-/- mouse brain. Microarray and quantitative real-time reversed transcription PCR analysis indicated a marked increase in MMP-12 mRNA levels in cerebellum of 3 week-old Npc1-/- mice, as compared to wild-type littermates. Western blots showed that the ratio of mature MMP-12 over pro-MMP-12 was significantly increased in cerebellum of Npc1-/-, as compared to wild-type mice. Immunohistochemical studies confirmed that MMP-12 expression was increased, especially in the cell bodies of Purkinje neurons in Npc1-/- mice. Neuritic growth was significantly reduced by Npc1 siRNA knockdown in nerve growth factor-differentiated PC-12 cells, and this effect was completely reversed by treatment with an MMP-12 specific inhibitor. Furthermore, in vivo experiments showed that chronic treatment with the MMP-12 inhibitor ameliorated Npc1 deficiency-induced axonal pathology in the striatum. Our results indicate that abnormal neuronal expression of MMP-12 may contribute to axonal degeneration in NPC disease, thus providing a potential novel target for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghong Liao
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, COMP, Western University of Health Sciences, 701 E. Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Zhuangjun Wang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, COMP, Western University of Health Sciences, 701 E. Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Erik Lee
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, COMP, Western University of Health Sciences, 701 E. Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Stephanie Moreno
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, COMP, Western University of Health Sciences, 701 E. Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Omar Abuelnasr
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, COMP, Western University of Health Sciences, 701 E. Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Michel Baudry
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, 701 E. Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Xiaoning Bi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, COMP, Western University of Health Sciences, 701 E. Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766, USA.
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Sun Y, Lehmbecker A, Kalkuhl A, Deschl U, Sun W, Rohn K, Tzvetanova ID, Nave KA, Baumgärtner W, Ulrich R. STAT3 represents a molecular switch possibly inducing astroglial instead of oligodendroglial differentiation of oligodendroglial progenitor cells in Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2015; 41:347-70. [DOI: 10.1111/nan.12133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyong Sun
- Department of Pathology; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; Hannover Germany
- Centre for Systems Neuroscience Hannover; Hannover Germany
| | - Annika Lehmbecker
- Department of Pathology; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; Hannover Germany
- Centre for Systems Neuroscience Hannover; Hannover Germany
| | - Arno Kalkuhl
- Department of Non-Clinical Drug Safety; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma; Biberach (Riß) Germany
| | - Ulrich Deschl
- Department of Non-Clinical Drug Safety; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma; Biberach (Riß) Germany
| | - Wenhui Sun
- Department of Pathology; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; Hannover Germany
- Centre for Systems Neuroscience Hannover; Hannover Germany
| | - Karl Rohn
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; Hannover Germany
| | - Iva D. Tzvetanova
- Department of Neurogenetics; Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine; Göttingen Germany
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics; Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine; Göttingen Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; Hannover Germany
- Centre for Systems Neuroscience Hannover; Hannover Germany
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- Department of Pathology; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; Hannover Germany
- Centre for Systems Neuroscience Hannover; Hannover Germany
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35
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Transcriptional analysis of glial cell differentiation in the postnatal murine spinal cord. Int J Dev Neurosci 2015; 42:24-36. [PMID: 25702526 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Postnatal murine spinal cord represents a good model system to study mammalian central nervous system myelination in vivo as a basis for further studies in demyelinating diseases. Transcriptional changes were analyzed in SJL/J mice on postnatal day 0, 14, 49 and 231 (P0, P14, P49, P231) employing Affymetrix GeneChip Mouse Genome 430 2.0 Arrays. Additionally, marker gene signatures for astrocyte and oligodendrocyte lineage-stages were defined to study their gene expression in more detail. In addition, immunohistochemistry was used to quantify the abundance of commonly used glial cell markers. 6092 differentially regulated genes (DEGs) were identified. The up-regulated DEGs at P14, P49 and P231 compared to P0 exhibited significantly enriched associations to gene ontology terms such as myelination and lipid metabolic transport and down-regulated DEGs to neurogenesis and axonogenesis. Expression values of marker gene signatures for neural stem cells, oligodendrocyte precursor cells, and developing astrocytes were constantly decreasing, whereas myelinating oligodendrocyte and mature astrocyte markers showed a steady increase. Molecular findings were substantiated by immunohistochemical observations. The transcriptional changes observed are an important reference for future analysis of degenerative and inflammatory conditions in the spinal cord.
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36
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Lee EJ, Han JE, Woo MS, Shin JA, Park EM, Kang JL, Moon PG, Baek MC, Son WS, Ko YT, Choi JW, Kim HS. Matrix metalloproteinase-8 plays a pivotal role in neuroinflammation by modulating TNF-α activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:2384-93. [PMID: 25049354 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play important roles in normal brain development and synaptic plasticity, although aberrant expression of MMPs leads to brain damage, including blood-brain barrier disruption, inflammation, demyelination, and neuronal cell death. In this article, we report that MMP-8 is upregulated in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells and primary cultured microglia, and treatment of MMP-8 inhibitor (M8I) or MMP-8 short hairpin RNA suppresses proinflammatory molecules, particularly TNF-α secretion. Subsequent experiments showed that MMP-8 exhibits TNF-α-converting enzyme (TACE) activity by cleaving the prodomain of TNF-α (A(74)/Q(75), A(76)/V(77) residues) and, furthermore, that M8I inhibits TACE activity more efficiently than TAPI-0, a general TACE inhibitor. Biochemical analysis of the underlying anti-inflammatory mechanisms of M8I revealed that it inhibits MAPK phosphorylation, NF-κB/AP-1 activity, and reactive oxygen species production. Further support for the proinflammatory role of microglial MMP-8 was obtained from an in vivo animal model of neuroinflammatory disorder. MMP-8 is upregulated in septic conditions, particularly in microglia. Administration of M8I or MMP-8 short hairpin RNA significantly inhibits microglial activation and expression/secretion of TNF-α in brain tissue, serum, and cerebrospinal fluid of LPS-induced septic mice. These results demonstrate that MMP-8 critically mediates microglial activation by modulating TNF-α activity, which may explain neuroinflammation in septic mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jung Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Global Top 5 Research Program, Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, Ewha Womans University Medical School, Seoul 158-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Eun Han
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 406-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Sook Woo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Global Top 5 Research Program, Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, Ewha Womans University Medical School, Seoul 158-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin A Shin
- Department of Pharmacology, Ewha Womans University Medical School, Seoul 158-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Mi Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Ewha Womans University Medical School, Seoul 158-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihee Lee Kang
- Department of Physiology, Ewha Womans University Medical School, Seoul 158-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Pyong Gon Moon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Kyongbuk National University, Daegu 700-842, Republic of Korea; and
| | - Moon-Chang Baek
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Kyongbuk National University, Daegu 700-842, Republic of Korea; and
| | - Woo-Sung Son
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Pocheon-si 487-010, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Tag Ko
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 406-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Woong Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 406-799, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hee-Sun Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Global Top 5 Research Program, Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, Ewha Womans University Medical School, Seoul 158-710, Republic of Korea;
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Kegler K, Imbschweiler I, Ulrich R, Kovermann P, Fahlke C, Deschl U, Kalkuhl A, Baumgärnter W, Wewetzer K. CNS Schwann cells display oligodendrocyte precursor-like potassium channel activation and antigenic expression in vitro. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2014; 121:569-81. [PMID: 24487976 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-014-1163-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) injury triggers production of myelinating Schwann cells from endogenous oligodendrocyte precursors (OLPs). These CNS Schwann cells may be attractive candidates for novel therapeutic strategies aiming to promote endogenous CNS repair. However, CNS Schwann cells have been so far mainly characterized in situ regarding morphology and marker expression, and it has remained enigmatic whether they display functional properties distinct from peripheral nervous system (PNS) Schwann cells. Potassium channels (K+) have been implicated in progenitor and glial cell proliferation after injury and may, therefore, represent a suitable pharmacological target. In the present study, we focused on the function and expression of voltage-gated K+ channels Kv(1-12) and accessory β-subunits in purified adult canine CNS and PNS Schwann cell cultures using electrophysiology and microarray analysis and characterized their antigenic phenotype. We show here that K+ channels differed significantly in both cell types. While CNS Schwann cells displayed prominent K D-mediated K+ currents, PNS Schwann cells elicited K(D-) and K(A-type) K+ currents. Inhibition of K+ currents by TEA and Ba2+ was more effective in CNS Schwann cells. These functional differences were not paralleled by differential mRNA expression of Kv(1-12) and accessory β-subunits. However, O4/A2B5 and GFAP expressions were significantly higher and lower, respectively, in CNS than in PNS Schwann cells. Taken together, this is the first evidence that CNS Schwann cells display specific properties not shared by their peripheral counterpart. Both Kv currents and increased O4/A2B5 expression were reminiscent of OLPs suggesting that CNS Schwann cells retain OLP features during maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristel Kegler
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
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Miyamoto N, Pham LDD, Seo JH, Kim KW, Lo EH, Arai K. Crosstalk between cerebral endothelium and oligodendrocyte. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 71:1055-66. [PMID: 24132511 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1488-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
It is now relatively well accepted that the cerebrovascular system does not merely provide inert pipes for blood delivery to the brain. Cerebral endothelial cells may compose an embedded bunker of trophic factors that contribute to brain homeostasis and function. Recent findings suggest that soluble factors from cerebral endothelial cells nourish neighboring cells, such as neurons and astrocytes. Although data are strongest in supporting mechanisms of endothelial-neuron and/or endothelial-astrocyte trophic coupling, it is likely that similar interactions also exist between cerebral endothelial cells and oligodendrocyte lineage cells. In this mini-review, we summarize current advances in the field of endothelial-oligodendrocyte trophic coupling. These endothelial-oligodendrocyte interactions may comprise the oligovascular niche to maintain their cellular functions and sustain ongoing angiogenesis/oligodendrogenesis. Importantly, it should be noted that the cell-cell interactions are not static-the trophic coupling is disturbed under acute phase after brain injury, but would be recovered in the chronic phase to promote brain remodeling and repair. Oligodendrocyte lineage cells play critical roles in white matter function, and under pathological conditions, oligodendrocyte dysfunction lead to white matter damage. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of endothelial-oligodendrocyte trophic coupling may lead to new therapeutic approaches for white matter-related diseases, such as stroke or vascular dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobukazu Miyamoto
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, MGH East 149-2401, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
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Machado GF, Melo GD, Souza MS, Machado AA, Migliolo DS, Moraes OC, Nunes CM, Ribeiro ES. Zymographic patterns of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the CSF and cerebellum of dogs with subacute distemper leukoencephalitis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 154:68-74. [PMID: 23639293 PMCID: PMC7127742 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2012] [Revised: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Distemper leukoencephalitis is a disease caused by the canine distemper virus (CDV) infection. It is a demyelinating disease affecting mainly the white matter of the cerebellum and areas adjacent to the fourth ventricle; the enzymes of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) group, especially MMP-2 and MMP-9 have a key role in the myelin basic protein fragmentation and in demyelination, as well as in leukocyte traffic into the nervous milieu. To evaluate the involvement of MMPs during subacute distemper leukoencephalitis, we measured the levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 by zymography in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and in the cerebellum of 14 dogs naturally infected with CDV and 10 uninfected dogs. The infected dogs presented high levels of pro-MMP-2 in the CSF and elevated levels of pro-MMP-2 and pro-MMP-9 in the cerebellar tissue. Active MMP-2 was detected in the CSF of some infected dogs. As active MMP-2 and MMP-9 are required for cellular migration across the blood-brain barrier and any interference between MMPs and their inhibitors may result in an amplification of demyelination, this study gives additional support to the involvement of MMPs during subacute distemper leukoencephalitis and suggests that MMP-2 and MMP-9 may take part in the brain inflammatory changes of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisele F Machado
- Department of Animal Clinics, Surgery and Reproduction, College of Veterinary Medicine, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Liu Y, Zhang M, Hao W, Mihaljevic I, Liu X, Xie K, Walter S, Fassbender K. Matrix metalloproteinase-12 contributes to neuroinflammation in the aged brain. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:1231-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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41
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Sohet F, Daneman R. Genetic mouse models to study blood-brain barrier development and function. Fluids Barriers CNS 2013; 10:3. [PMID: 23305182 PMCID: PMC3675378 DOI: 10.1186/2045-8118-10-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a complex physiological structure formed by the blood vessels of the central nervous system (CNS) that tightly regulates the movement of substances between the blood and the neural tissue. Recently, the generation and analysis of different genetic mouse models has allowed for greater understanding of BBB development, how the barrier is regulated during health, and its response to disease. Here we discuss: 1) Genetic mouse models that have been used to study the BBB, 2) Available mouse genetic tools that can aid in the study of the BBB, and 3) Potential tools that if generated could greatly aid in our understanding of the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Sohet
- UCSF Department of Anatomy, 513 Parnassus Ave HSW1301, San Francisco, 94117, California, USA.
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