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Pineda SS, Lee H, Ulloa-Navas MJ, Linville RM, Garcia FJ, Galani K, Engelberg-Cook E, Castanedes MC, Fitzwalter BE, Pregent LJ, Gardashli ME, DeTure M, Vera-Garcia DV, Hucke ATS, Oskarsson BE, Murray ME, Dickson DW, Heiman M, Belzil VV, Kellis M. Single-cell dissection of the human motor and prefrontal cortices in ALS and FTLD. Cell 2024; 187:1971-1989.e16. [PMID: 38521060 PMCID: PMC11086986 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) share many clinical, pathological, and genetic features, but a detailed understanding of their associated transcriptional alterations across vulnerable cortical cell types is lacking. Here, we report a high-resolution, comparative single-cell molecular atlas of the human primary motor and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices and their transcriptional alterations in sporadic and familial ALS and FTLD. By integrating transcriptional and genetic information, we identify known and previously unidentified vulnerable populations in cortical layer 5 and show that ALS- and FTLD-implicated motor and spindle neurons possess a virtually indistinguishable molecular identity. We implicate potential disease mechanisms affecting these cell types as well as non-neuronal drivers of pathogenesis. Finally, we show that neuron loss in cortical layer 5 tracks more closely with transcriptional identity rather than cellular morphology and extends beyond previously reported vulnerable cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sebastian Pineda
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Hyeseung Lee
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Raleigh M Linville
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Francisco J Garcia
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kyriakitsa Galani
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | | | | | - Brent E Fitzwalter
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Luc J Pregent
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | | | - Michael DeTure
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | | | - Andre T S Hucke
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | | | - Melissa E Murray
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Dennis W Dickson
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Myriam Heiman
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | | | - Manolis Kellis
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA.
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2
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Park SJ, Wang IH, Lee N, Jiang HC, Uemura T, Futai K, Kim D, Macosko E, Greer P. Combinatorial expression of neurexin genes regulates glomerular targeting by olfactory sensory neurons. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.01.587570. [PMID: 38617205 PMCID: PMC11014570 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.01.587570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Precise connectivity between specific neurons is essential for the formation of the complex neural circuitry necessary for executing intricate motor behaviors and higher cognitive functions. While trans -interactions between synaptic membrane proteins have emerged as crucial elements in orchestrating the assembly of these neural circuits, the synaptic surface proteins involved in neuronal wiring remain largely unknown. Here, using unbiased single-cell transcriptomic and mouse genetic approaches, we uncover that the neurexin family of genes enables olfactory sensory neuron (OSNs) axons to form appropriate synaptic connections with their mitral and tufted (M/T) cell synaptic partners, within the mammalian olfactory system. Neurexin isoforms are differentially expressed within distinct populations of OSNs, resulting in unique pattern of neurexin expression that is specific to each OSN type, and synergistically cooperate to regulate axonal innervation, guiding OSN axons to their designated glomeruli. This process is facilitated through the interactions of neurexins with their postsynaptic partners, including neuroligins, which have distinct expression patterns in M/T cells. Our findings suggest a novel mechanism underpinning the precise assembly of olfactory neural circuits, driven by the trans -interaction between neurexins and their ligands.
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Kebschull JM, Casoni F, Consalez GG, Goldowitz D, Hawkes R, Ruigrok TJH, Schilling K, Wingate R, Wu J, Yeung J, Uusisaari MY. Cerebellum Lecture: the Cerebellar Nuclei-Core of the Cerebellum. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 23:620-677. [PMID: 36781689 PMCID: PMC10951048 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-022-01506-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
The cerebellum is a key player in many brain functions and a major topic of neuroscience research. However, the cerebellar nuclei (CN), the main output structures of the cerebellum, are often overlooked. This neglect is because research on the cerebellum typically focuses on the cortex and tends to treat the CN as relatively simple output nuclei conveying an inverted signal from the cerebellar cortex to the rest of the brain. In this review, by adopting a nucleocentric perspective we aim to rectify this impression. First, we describe CN anatomy and modularity and comprehensively integrate CN architecture with its highly organized but complex afferent and efferent connectivity. This is followed by a novel classification of the specific neuronal classes the CN comprise and speculate on the implications of CN structure and physiology for our understanding of adult cerebellar function. Based on this thorough review of the adult literature we provide a comprehensive overview of CN embryonic development and, by comparing cerebellar structures in various chordate clades, propose an interpretation of CN evolution. Despite their critical importance in cerebellar function, from a clinical perspective intriguingly few, if any, neurological disorders appear to primarily affect the CN. To highlight this curious anomaly, and encourage future nucleocentric interpretations, we build on our review to provide a brief overview of the various syndromes in which the CN are currently implicated. Finally, we summarize the specific perspectives that a nucleocentric view of the cerebellum brings, move major outstanding issues in CN biology to the limelight, and provide a roadmap to the key questions that need to be answered in order to create a comprehensive integrated model of CN structure, function, development, and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justus M Kebschull
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Filippo Casoni
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - G Giacomo Consalez
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniel Goldowitz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Richard Hawkes
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Tom J H Ruigrok
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Karl Schilling
- Department of Anatomy, Anatomy & Cell Biology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, 53115, Bonn, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Richard Wingate
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Joshua Wu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Joanna Yeung
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Marylka Yoe Uusisaari
- Neuronal Rhythms in Movement Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-Son, Kunigami-Gun, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan.
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4
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A deep intronic TCTN2 variant activating a cryptic exon predicted by SpliceRover in a patient with Joubert syndrome. J Hum Genet 2023:10.1038/s10038-023-01143-3. [PMID: 36894704 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-023-01143-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
The recent introduction of genome sequencing in genetic analysis has led to the identification of pathogenic variants located in deep introns. Recently, several new tools have emerged to predict the impact of variants on splicing. Here, we present a Japanese boy of Joubert syndrome with biallelic TCTN2 variants. Exome sequencing identified only a heterozygous maternal nonsense TCTN2 variant (NM_024809.5:c.916C >T, p.(Gln306Ter)). Subsequent genome sequencing identified a deep intronic variant (c.1033+423G>A) inherited from his father. The machine learning algorithms SpliceAI, Squirls, and Pangolin were unable to predict alterations in splicing by the c.1033+423G>A variant. SpliceRover, a tool for splice site prediction using FASTA sequence, was able to detect a cryptic exon which was 85-bp away from the variant and within the inverted Alu sequence while SpliceRover scores for these splice sites showed slight increase (donor) or decrease (acceptor) between the reference and mutant sequences. RNA sequencing and RT-PCR using urinary cells confirmed inclusion of the cryptic exon. The patient showed major symptoms of TCTN2-related disorders such as developmental delay, dysmorphic facial features and polydactyly. He also showed uncommon features such as retinal dystrophy, exotropia, abnormal pattern of respiration, and periventricular heterotopia, confirming these as one of features of TCTN2-related disorders. Our study highlights usefulness of genome sequencing and RNA sequencing using urinary cells for molecular diagnosis of genetic disorders and suggests that database of cryptic splice sites predicted in introns by SpliceRover using the reference sequences can be helpful in extracting candidate variants from large numbers of intronic variants in genome sequencing.
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Li C, Wang X, Li F, Ding H, Liu L, Xiong Y, Yang C, Zhang Y, Wu J, Yin A. A novel non-sense variant in the OFD1 gene caused Joubert syndrome. Front Genet 2023; 13:1064762. [PMID: 36704348 PMCID: PMC9871390 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1064762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Joubert syndrome (JBS) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder associated with progressive renal, liver, and retinal involvement that exhibits heterogeneity in both clinical manifestations and genetic etiology. Therefore, it is difficult to make a definite prenatal diagnosis. Methods: Whole-exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing were performed to screen the causative gene variants in a suspected JBS family. RNA-seq and protein model prediction were performed to clarify the potential pathogenic mechanism. A more comprehensive review of previously reported cases with OFD1 variants is presented and may help to establish a genotype-phenotype. Results: We identified a novel non-sense variant in the OFD1 gene, OFD1 (NM_003611.3): c.2848A>T (p.Lys950Ter). Sanger sequencing confirmed cosegregation among this family. RNA-seq confirmed that partial degradation of mutant transcripts, which was predicted to be caused by the non-sense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) mechanism, may explain the reduction in the proportion of mutant transcripts. Protein structure prediction of the non-sense variant transcript revealed that this variant may lead to a change in the OFD1 protein structure. Conclusion: The genetic variation spectrum of JBS10 caused by OFD1 was broadened. The novel variants further deepened our insight into the molecular mechanism of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- Medical Genetic Center, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingwang Wang
- Medical Genetic Center, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fake Li
- Medical Genetic Center, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongke Ding
- Medical Genetic Center, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Medical Genetic Center, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- Medical Genetic Center, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chaoxiang Yang
- Medical Imaging Department, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Medical Genetic Center, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Medical Genetic Center, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Jing Wu, ; Aihua Yin,
| | - Aihua Yin
- Medical Genetic Center, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Jing Wu, ; Aihua Yin,
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6
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Moore ER. Primary Cilia: The New Face of Craniofacial Research. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121724. [PMID: 36551151 PMCID: PMC9776107 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium is a solitary, sensory organelle that extends from the surface of nearly every vertebrate cell, including craniofacial cells. This organelle converts chemical and physical external stimuli into intracellular signaling cascades and mediates several well-known signaling pathways simultaneously. Thus, the primary cilium is considered a cellular signaling nexus and amplifier. Primary cilia dysfunction directly results in a collection of diseases and syndromes that typically affect multiple organ systems, including the face and teeth. Despite this direct connection, primary cilia are largely unexplored in craniofacial research. In this review, I briefly summarize craniofacial abnormalities tied to the primary cilium and examine the existing information on primary cilia in craniofacial development and repair. I close with a discussion on preliminary studies that motivate future areas of exploration that are further supported by studies performed in long bone and kidney cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Moore
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Department of Developmental Biology, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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7
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Huang LX, Lu XG, Liu JX, Xu L, Shang N, Guo L, OuYang YC. Case report and a brief review: Analysis and challenges of prenatal imaging phenotypes and genotypes in Joubert syndrome. Front Genet 2022; 13:1038274. [DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1038274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal imaging phenotypes and genotypes were analyzed in 13 cases prenatally diagnosed with Joubert syndrome (JS), all of which underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, and genetic testing. Prenatal MRI diagnosed 10 cases as JS with a typical molar tooth sign (MTS), while prenatal ultrasound diagnosed or suspiciously diagnosed 11 cases as JS with typical or mild MTS in 10 cases. Mutations in JS-related genes and other prenatal JS imaging phenotypes were identified in 10 cases, including OFD1 in two cases [cerebellar vermis (CV) absence, posterior fossa dilation, ventriculomegaly, polydactyly, malformations of cortical development (MCD), and persistent left superior vena cava], TMEM67 in two cases (CV absence, polydactyly, hyperechoic kidneys or polycystic kidneys, posterior fossa dilation, and ventriculomegaly), CC2D2A in two cases (CV absence, polydactyly, MCD, agenesis of the corpus callosum, encephalocele and hydrocephalus, ventriculomegaly, and posterior fossa dilation), RPGRIP1L in one case (CV absence), TCTN3 in one case (CV absence, polydactyly, MCD, and posterior fossa dilation), CEP290 in one case (CV absence and polycystic kidney), and NPHP1 in one case (CV absence). The prenatal diagnosis of JS presents a number of challenges, including the variants of unknown significance, the lack of functional assessment in prenatal imaging, unclear phenotype–genotype relationships in prenatal evaluation, and the incorrect identification of the JS hallmark, the MTS, in prenatal imaging, especially on ultrasound. Although combined MRI, ultrasound, and exome sequencing could help improve the prenatal diagnosis of JS, there still exist significant challenges.
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8
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Stoufflet J, Caillé I. The Primary Cilium and Neuronal Migration. Cells 2022; 11:3384. [PMID: 36359777 PMCID: PMC9658458 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium (PC) is a microtubule-based tiny sensory organelle emanating from the centrosome and protruding from the surface of most eukaryotic cells, including neurons. The extremely severe phenotypes of ciliopathies have suggested their paramount importance for multiple developmental events, including brain formation. Neuronal migration is an essential step of neural development, with all neurons traveling from their site of birth to their site of integration. Neurons perform a unique type of cellular migration called cyclic saltatory migration, where their soma periodically jumps along with the stereotyped movement of their centrosome. We will review here how the role of the PC on cell motility was first described in non-neuronal cells as a guide pointing to the direction of migration. We will see then how these findings are extended to neuronal migration. In neurons, the PC appears to regulate the rhythm of cyclic saltatory neuronal migration in multiple systems. Finally, we will review recent findings starting to elucidate how extracellular cues sensed by the PC could be intracellularly transduced to regulate the machinery of neuronal migration. The PC of migrating neurons was unexpectedly discovered to display a rhythmic extracellular emergence during each cycle of migration, with this transient exposure to the external environment associated with periodic transduction of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling at the centrosome. The PC in migrating neurons thus uniquely appears as a beat maker, regulating the tempo of cyclic saltatory migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Stoufflet
- Laboratory of Molecular Regulation of Neurogenesis, GIGA-Stem Cells and GIGA-Neurosciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA-R), University of Liège, CHU Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Caillé
- Inserm U1130, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Neuroscience Paris Seine (NPS), Sorbonne University, CNRS UMR8246, 75005 Paris, France
- University of Paris Cité, 75020 Paris, France
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9
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Primary Cilia Influence Progenitor Function during Cortical Development. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182895. [PMID: 36139475 PMCID: PMC9496791 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticogenesis is an intricate process controlled temporally and spatially by many intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Alterations during this important process can lead to severe cortical malformations. Apical neuronal progenitors are essential cells able to self-amplify and also generate basal progenitors and/or neurons. Apical radial glia (aRG) are neuronal progenitors with a unique morphology. They have a long basal process acting as a support for neuronal migration to the cortical plate and a short apical process directed towards the ventricle from which protrudes a primary cilium. This antenna-like structure allows aRG to sense cues from the embryonic cerebrospinal fluid (eCSF) helping to maintain cell shape and to influence several key functions of aRG such as proliferation and differentiation. Centrosomes, major microtubule organising centres, are crucial for cilia formation. In this review, we focus on how primary cilia influence aRG function during cortical development and pathologies which may arise due to defects in this structure. Reporting and cataloguing a number of ciliary mutant models, we discuss the importance of primary cilia for aRG function and cortical development.
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10
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Van De Weghe JC, Gomez A, Doherty D. The Joubert-Meckel-Nephronophthisis Spectrum of Ciliopathies. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2022; 23:301-329. [PMID: 35655331 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-121321-093528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Joubert syndrome (JS), Meckel syndrome (MKS), and nephronophthisis (NPH) ciliopathy spectrum could be the poster child for advances and challenges in Mendelian human genetics over the past half century. Progress in understanding these conditions illustrates many core concepts of human genetics. The JS phenotype alone is caused by pathogenic variants in more than 40 genes; remarkably, all of the associated proteins function in and around the primary cilium. Primary cilia are near-ubiquitous, microtubule-based organelles that play crucial roles in development and homeostasis. Protruding from the cell, these cellular antennae sense diverse signals and mediate Hedgehog and other critical signaling pathways. Ciliary dysfunction causes many human conditions termed ciliopathies, which range from multiple congenital malformations to adult-onset single-organ failure. Research on the genetics of the JS-MKS-NPH spectrum has spurred extensive functional work exploring the broadly important role of primary cilia in health and disease. This functional work promises to illuminate the mechanisms underlying JS-MKS-NPH in humans, identify therapeutic targets across genetic causes, and generate future precision treatments. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics, Volume 23 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arianna Gomez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; .,Molecular Medicine and Mechanisms of Disease Program, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA;
| | - Dan Doherty
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; .,Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA;
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11
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Expanding the phenotype of males with OFD1 pathogenic variants-a case report and literature review. Eur J Med Genet 2022; 65:104496. [PMID: 35398350 PMCID: PMC10369588 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2022.104496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic variants in the OFD1 gene have been classically associated with the Orofaciodigital syndrome type 1 in females, a condition previously considered to be X-linked dominant with male embryonic lethality. However, an increasing number of males with pathogenic OFD1 variants who survived beyond the neonatal period have now been reported in the literature. Although each new report has added to the ever-broadening spectrum of clinical findings seen in males, many questions about genotype-phenotype correlations and disease mechanism remain. Herein, we describe a 9-year-old male child with a novel hemizygous pathogenic OFD1 variant identified by exome sequencing and a unique combination of findings, not previously reported, including presence of both a hypothalamic hamartoma and the molar tooth sign. His clinical features overlap multiple ciliopathy phenotypes, blurring the boundaries of distinct ciliopathy gene-disease relationships. This case provides further evidence for the consideration of a broad OFD1-relateddisorder spectrum in affected males rather than multiple distinct phenotypes. Additionally, a review of previously published cases of the disorder in males support the inclusion of the OFD1 gene in the differential diagnosis and work up for all individuals who present with primary ciliopathy-type features, regardless of their gender. We also highlight current information about OFD1 variant types and pathogenesis and explore how these could mechanistically drive some of the observed phenotypic differences.
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12
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Pezzella N, Bove G, Tammaro R, Franco B. OFD1: One gene, several disorders. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS. PART C, SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2022; 190:57-71. [PMID: 35112477 PMCID: PMC9303915 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The OFD1 protein is necessary for the formation of primary cilia and left–right asymmetry establishment but additional functions have also been ascribed to this multitask protein. When mutated, this protein results in a variety of phenotypes ranging from multiorgan involvement, such as OFD type I (OFDI) and Joubert syndromes (JBS10), and Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), to the engagement of single tissues such as in the case of retinitis pigmentosa (RP23). The inheritance pattern of these condition differs from X‐linked dominant male‐lethal (OFDI) to X‐linked recessive (JBS10, PCD, and RP23). Distinctive biological peculiarities of the protein, which can contribute to explain the extreme clinical variability and the genetic mechanisms underlying the different disorders are discussed. The extensive spectrum of clinical manifestations observed in OFD1‐mutated patients represents a paradigmatic example of the complexity of genetic diseases. The elucidation of the mechanisms underlying this complexity will expand our comprehension of inherited disorders and will improve the clinical management of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunziana Pezzella
- Scuola Superiore Meridionale, Naples, Italy.,Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Naples, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Bove
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Tammaro
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Naples, Italy
| | - Brunella Franco
- Scuola Superiore Meridionale, Naples, Italy.,Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Naples, Italy.,Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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13
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Chang CH, Chen TY, Tang TK. Using in vivo cerebellar electroporation to study neuronal cell proliferation and differentiation in a Joubert syndrome mouse model. Methods Cell Biol 2022; 175:235-249. [PMID: 36967143 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2022.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Joubert syndrome (JS) is an autosomal recessive ciliopathy that mainly affects the morphogenesis of the cerebellum and brain stem. To date, mutations in at least 39 genes have been identified in JS; all these gene-encoding proteins are involved in the biogenesis of the primary cilium and centrioles. Recent studies using the mouse model carrying deleted or mutated JS-related genes exhibited cerebellar hypoplasia with a reduction in neurogenesis; however, investigating specific neuronal behaviors during their development in vivo remains challenging. Here, we describe an in vivo cerebellar electroporation technique that can be used to deliver plasmids carrying GFP and/or shRNAs into the major cerebellar cell type, granule neurons, from their progenitor state to their maturation in a spatiotemporal-specific manner. By combining this method with cerebellar immunostaining and EdU incorporation, these approaches enable the investigation of the cell-autonomous effect of JS-related genes in granule neuron progenitors, including the pathogenesis of ectopic neurons and the defects in neuronal differentiation. This approach provides information toward understanding the multifaceted roles of JS-related genes during cerebellar development in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ting-Yu Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tang K Tang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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14
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Chang CH, Chen TY, Lu IL, Li RB, Tsai JJ, Lin PY, Tang TK. CEP120-mediated KIAA0753 recruitment onto centrioles is required for timely neuronal differentiation and germinal zone exit in the developing cerebellum. Genes Dev 2021; 35:1445-1460. [PMID: 34711653 PMCID: PMC8559671 DOI: 10.1101/gad.348636.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Here, Chang et al. report that CEP120, a JS-associated protein involved in centriole biogenesis and cilia assembly, regulates timely neuronal differentiation and the departure of granule neuron progenitors (GNPs) from their germinal zone during cerebellar development. Their findings reveal a close interplay between CEP120 and KIAA0753 for the germinal zone exit and timely neuronal differentiation of GNPs during cerebellar development, and mutations in CEP120 and KIAA0753 may participate in the heterotopia and cerebellar hypoplasia observed in JS patients. Joubert syndrome (JS) is a recessive ciliopathy in which all affected individuals have congenital cerebellar vermis hypoplasia. Here, we report that CEP120, a JS-associated protein involved in centriole biogenesis and cilia assembly, regulates timely neuronal differentiation and the departure of granule neuron progenitors (GNPs) from their germinal zone during cerebellar development. Our results show that depletion of Cep120 perturbs GNP cell cycle progression, resulting in a delay of cell cycle exit in vivo. To dissect the potential mechanism, we investigated the association between CEP120 interactome and the JS database and identified KIAA0753 (a JS-associated protein) as a CEP120-interacting protein. Surprisingly, we found that CEP120 recruits KIAA0753 to centrioles, and that loss of this interaction induces accumulation of GNPs in the germinal zone and impairs neuronal differentiation. Importantly, the replenishment of wild-type CEP120 rescues the above defects, whereas expression of JS-associated CEP120 mutants, which hinder KIAA0753 recruitment, does not. Together, our data reveal a close interplay between CEP120 and KIAA0753 for the germinal zone exit and timely neuronal differentiation of GNPs during cerebellar development, and mutations in CEP120 and KIAA0753 may participate in the heterotopia and cerebellar hypoplasia observed in JS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hsiang Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yu Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - I-Ling Lu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Bin Li
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Jhih-Jie Tsai
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Yeh Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Tang K Tang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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15
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Neissi M, Mabudi H, Mohammadi‐Asl J. AHI1 gene mutation in a consanguineous Iranian family affected by Joubert syndrome: A case report. Clin Case Rep 2021; 9:e05002. [PMID: 34721863 PMCID: PMC8538011 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.5002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This point of detected mutation could be considered as a novel mutational hotspot point that carried in patient ancestors. Moreover, the obtained results and family history suggest a precise genetic consulting and molecular prenatal evaluation for suspect individuals with a family history of mental and physical abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Neissi
- Department of GeneticsKhuzestan Science and Research BranchIslamic Azad UniversityAhvazIran
- Department of GeneticsAhvaz BranchIslamic Azad UniversityAhvazIran
| | - Hadideh Mabudi
- Department of GeneticsAhvaz BranchIslamic Azad UniversityAhvazIran
| | - Javad Mohammadi‐Asl
- Department of GeneticsAhvaz BranchIslamic Azad UniversityAhvazIran
- Department of Medical GeneticsSchool of MedicineAhvaz Jundishapur University of Medical SciencesAhvazIran
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16
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Chen S, Alhassen W, Vakil Monfared R, Vachirakorntong B, Nauli SM, Baldi P, Alachkar A. Dynamic Changes of Brain Cilia Transcriptomes across the Human Lifespan. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10387. [PMID: 34638726 PMCID: PMC8509004 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost all brain cells contain primary cilia, antennae-like microtubule sensory organelles, on their surface, which play critical roles in brain functions. During neurodevelopmental stages, cilia are essential for brain formation and maturation. In the adult brain, cilia play vital roles as signaling hubs that receive and transduce various signals and regulate cell-to-cell communications. These distinct roles suggest that cilia functions, and probably structures, change throughout the human lifespan. To further understand the age-dependent changes in cilia roles, we identified and analyzed age-dependent patterns of expression of cilia's structural and functional components across the human lifespan. We acquired cilia transcriptomic data for 16 brain regions from the BrainSpan Atlas and analyzed the age-dependent expression patterns using a linear regression model by calculating the regression coefficient. We found that 67% of cilia transcripts were differentially expressed genes with age (DEGAs) in at least one brain region. The age-dependent expression was region-specific, with the highest and lowest numbers of DEGAs expressed in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, respectively. The majority of cilia DEGAs displayed upregulation with age in most of the brain regions. The transcripts encoding cilia basal body components formed the majority of cilia DEGAs, and adjacent cerebral cortices exhibited large overlapping pairs of cilia DEGAs. Most remarkably, specific α/β-tubulin subunits (TUBA1A, TUBB2A, and TUBB2B) and SNAP-25 exhibited the highest rates of downregulation and upregulation, respectively, across age in almost all brain regions. α/β-tubulins and SNAP-25 expressions are known to be dysregulated in age-related neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. Our results support a role for the high dynamics of cilia structural and functional components across the lifespan in the normal physiology of brain circuits. Furthermore, they suggest a crucial role for cilia signaling in the pathophysiological mechanisms of age-related psychiatric/neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Chen
- Department of Computer Science, School of Information and Computer Sciences, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA; (S.C.); (P.B.)
- Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, School of Information and Computer Sciences, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | - Wedad Alhassen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA; (W.A.); (R.V.M.); (B.V.)
| | - Roudabeh Vakil Monfared
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA; (W.A.); (R.V.M.); (B.V.)
| | - Benjamin Vachirakorntong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA; (W.A.); (R.V.M.); (B.V.)
| | - Surya M. Nauli
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA;
| | - Pierre Baldi
- Department of Computer Science, School of Information and Computer Sciences, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA; (S.C.); (P.B.)
- Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, School of Information and Computer Sciences, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | - Amal Alachkar
- Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, School of Information and Computer Sciences, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA; (W.A.); (R.V.M.); (B.V.)
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17
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OFD Type I syndrome: lessons learned from a rare ciliopathy. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 48:1929-1939. [PMID: 32897366 DOI: 10.1042/bst20191029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The OFD1 gene was initially identified as the gene responsible for the X-linked dominant male lethal OFD type I syndrome, a developmental disorder ascribed to cilia disfunction. The transcript has been subsequently associated to four different X-linked recessive conditions, namely Joubert syndrome, retinitis pigmentosa, primary ciliary dyskinesia and Simpson-Golabi-Behmel type 2 syndrome. The centrosomal/basal body OFD1 protein has indeed been shown to be required for primary cilia formation and left-right asymmetry. The protein is also involved in other tasks, e.g. regulation of cellular protein content, constrain of the centriolar length, chromatin remodeling at DNA double strand breaks, control of protein quality balance and cell cycle progression, which might be mediated by non-ciliary activities. OFD1 represents a paradigmatic model of a protein that performs its diverse actions according to the cell needs and depending on the subcellular localization, the cell type/tissue and other possible factors still to be determined. An increased number of multitask protein, such as OFD1, may represent a partial explanation to human complexity, as compared with less complex organisms with an equal or slightly lower number of proteins.
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18
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Filippopulos FM, Brem C, Seelos K, Köglsperger T, Sonnenfeld S, Kellert L, Vollmar C. Uncrossed corticospinal tract in health and genetic disorders: Review, case report, and clinical implications. Eur J Neurol 2021; 28:2804-2811. [PMID: 33949047 DOI: 10.1111/ene.14897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Crossing pathologies of the corticospinal tract (CST) are rare and often associated with genetic disorders. However, they can be present in healthy humans and lead to ipsilateral motor deficits when a lesion to motor areas occurs. Here, we review historical and current literature of CST crossing pathologies and present a rare case of asymmetric crossing of the CST. METHODS Description of the case and systematic review of the literature were based on the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. The PubMed database was searched for peer-reviewed articles in English since 1950. All articles on ipsilateral stroke, uncrossed CST, and associated neurologic disorders were screened. Furthermore, a literature review between the years 1850 and 1980 including articles in other languages, books, opinions, and case studies was conducted. RESULTS Only a few descriptions of CST crossing pathologies exist in healthy humans, whereas they seem to be more common in genetic disorders such as horizontal gaze palsy with progressive scoliosis or congenital mirror movements. Our patient presented with aphasia and left-sided hemiparesis. Computed tomographic (CT) scan revealed a perfusion deficit in the left middle cerebral artery territory, which was confirmed by diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), so that thrombolysis was administered. Diffusion tensor imaging with fibre tracking revealed an asymmetric CST crossing. CONCLUSIONS The knowledge of CST crossing pathologies is essential if a motor deficit occurs ipsilateral to the lesion side. An ipsilateral deficit should not lead to exclusion or delay of therapeutic options in patients with suspected stroke. Here, a combined evaluation of CT perfusion imaging and MRI diffusion imaging may be of advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Brem
- Institute of Neuroradiology, University Hospital of the LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus Seelos
- Institute of Neuroradiology, University Hospital of the LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Köglsperger
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of the LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Sonnenfeld
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of the LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lars Kellert
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of the LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Vollmar
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of the LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Neuroradiology, University Hospital of the LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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19
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Liu S, Trupiano MX, Simon J, Guo J, Anton ES. The essential role of primary cilia in cerebral cortical development and disorders. Curr Top Dev Biol 2021; 142:99-146. [PMID: 33706927 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilium, first described in the 19th century in different cell types and organisms by Alexander Ecker, Albert Kolliker, Aleksandr Kowalevsky, Paul Langerhans, and Karl Zimmermann (Ecker, 1844; Kolliker, 1854; Kowalevsky, 1867; Langerhans, 1876; Zimmermann, 1898), play an essential modulatory role in diverse aspects of nervous system development and function. The primary cilium, sometimes referred to as the cell's 'antennae', can receive wide ranging inputs from cellular milieu, including morphogens, growth factors, neuromodulators, and neurotransmitters. Its unique structural and functional organization bequeaths it the capacity to hyper-concentrate signaling machinery in a restricted cellular domain approximately one-thousandth the volume of cell soma. Thus enabling it to act as a signaling hub that integrates diverse developmental and homestatic information from cellular milieu to regulate the development and function of neural cells. Dysfunction of primary cilia contributes to the pathophysiology of several brain malformations, intellectual disabilities, epilepsy, and psychiatric disorders. This review focuses on the most essential contributions of primary cilia to cerebral cortical development and function, in the context of neurodevelopmental disorders and malformations. It highlights the recent progress made in identifying the mechanisms underlying primary cilia's role in cortical progenitors, neurons and glia, in health and disease. A future challenge will be to translate these insights and advances into effective clinical treatments for ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siling Liu
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Mia X Trupiano
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Jeremy Simon
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Jiami Guo
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, and the Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - E S Anton
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
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20
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Zhang YW, Qu HB, Long N, Leng XY, Liu YQ, Yang Y. A rare mutant of OFD1 gene responsible for Joubert syndrome with significant phenotype variation. Mol Genet Genomics 2020; 296:33-40. [PMID: 32944789 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-020-01726-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Joubert syndrome (JBTS), a rare genetic disorder resulted from primary cilium defects or basal-body dysfunction, is characterized by agenesis of cerebellar vermis and abnormal brain stem. Both genotypes and phenotypes of JBTS are highly heterogeneous. The identification of pathogenic gene variation is essential for making a definite diagnosis on JBTS. Here, we found that hypoplasia of cerebellar vermis occurred in three male members in a Chinese family. Then, we performed whole exome sequencing to identify a novel missense mutation c.599T > C (p. L200P) in the OFD1 gene which is the candidate gene of X-linked JBTS (JBST10). The following analysis showed that the variant was absent in the 1000 Genomes, ExAC and the 200 female controls; the position 200 Leucine residue was highly conserved across species; the missense variant was predicted to be deleterious using PolyPhen-2, PROVEAN, SIFT and Mutation Taster. The OFD1 expression was heavily lower in the proband and an induced male fetus compared with a healthy male with a wild-type OFD1 gene. The in vitro expression analysis of transiently transfecting c.599T or c.599C plasmids into HEK-293T cells confirmed that the missense mutation caused OFD1 reduction at the protein level. And further the mutated OFD1 decreased the level of Gli1 protein, a read-out of Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling essential for development of central neural system. A known pathogenic variant c.515T > C (p. L172P) showed the similar results. All of these observations suggested that the missense mutation causes the loss function of OFD1, resulting in SHH signaling impairs and brain development abnormality. In addition, the three patients have Dandy-Walker malformation, macrogyria and tetralogy of Fallot, respectively, the latter two of which are firstly found in JBTS10 patients. In conclusion, our findings expand the context of genotype and phenotype in the JBTS10 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Department of Medical Genetics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Neurology, The Second Clinical Institute of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, China
| | - Hai-Bo Qu
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Department of Radiology, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ning Long
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Clinical Institute of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, China
| | - Xiang-You Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Department of Medical Genetics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yun-Qiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Department of Medical Genetics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Department of Medical Genetics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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21
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Zhang M, Chang Z, Tian Y, Wang L, Lu Y. Two novel TCTN2 mutations cause Meckel-Gruber syndrome. J Hum Genet 2020; 65:1039-1043. [PMID: 32655147 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-020-0804-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Meckel-Gruber syndrome (MKS) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous ciliopathy characterized by a triad of occipital encephalocele, polycystic kidneys, and postaxial polydactyly. Pathogenesis of MKS is related to dysfunction of primary cilia. However, reports on MKS caused by Tectonic2 (TCTN2) mutations are scanty whilst. There is no direct evidence of ciliogenesis in such MKS patients. Here, we identified two novel nonsense variants of TCTN2 (c.343G > T, p.E115*; c.1540C > T, p.Q514*) in a Chinese MKS fetus. Compared to reported TCTN2-causing MKS patients, our case represented an endocardial pad defect, which was not reported previously. We also found primary cilia protruded normally from the surface of epithelial cells in the affected fetal kidney tubules compared to controls, indicating TCTN2 is not necessary for ciliogenesis in the kidney. To our knowledge, this is the first case of MKS fetus caused by TCTN2 mutations from China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manli Zhang
- Translational Medicine Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, 100853, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijie Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, School of Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 30 Shuangqing Road, 100084, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaping Tian
- Translational Medicine Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, 100853, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Longxia Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, 100853, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yanping Lu
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, 100853, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Primary Cilia Signaling Promotes Axonal Tract Development and Is Disrupted in Joubert Syndrome-Related Disorders Models. Dev Cell 2020; 51:759-774.e5. [PMID: 31846650 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Appropriate axonal growth and connectivity are essential for functional wiring of the brain. Joubert syndrome-related disorders (JSRD), a group of ciliopathies in which mutations disrupt primary cilia function, are characterized by axonal tract malformations. However, little is known about how cilia-driven signaling regulates axonal growth and connectivity. We demonstrate that the deletion of related JSRD genes, Arl13b and Inpp5e, in projection neurons leads to de-fasciculated and misoriented axonal tracts. Arl13b deletion disrupts the function of its downstream effector, Inpp5e, and deregulates ciliary-PI3K/AKT signaling. Chemogenetic activation of ciliary GPCR signaling and cilia-specific optogenetic modulation of downstream second messenger cascades (PI3K, AKT, and AC3) commonly regulated by ciliary signaling receptors induce rapid changes in axonal dynamics. Further, Arl13b deletion leads to changes in transcriptional landscape associated with dysregulated PI3K/AKT signaling. These data suggest that ciliary signaling acts to modulate axonal connectivity and that impaired primary cilia signaling underlies axonal tract defects in JSRD.
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23
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Wang L, De Solis AJ, Goffer Y, Birkenbach KE, Engle SE, Tanis R, Levenson JM, Li X, Rausch R, Purohit M, Lee JY, Tan J, De Rosa MC, Doege CA, Aaron HL, Martins GJ, Brüning JC, Egli D, Costa R, Berbari N, Leibel RL, Stratigopoulos G. Ciliary gene RPGRIP1L is required for hypothalamic arcuate neuron development. JCI Insight 2019; 4:e123337. [PMID: 30728336 PMCID: PMC6413800 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.123337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intronic polymorphisms in the α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase gene (FTO) that are highly associated with increased body weight have been implicated in the transcriptional control of a nearby ciliary gene, retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator-interacting protein-1 like (RPGRIP1L). Previous studies have shown that congenital Rpgrip1l hypomorphism in murine proopiomelanocortin (Pomc) neurons causes obesity by increasing food intake. Here, we show by congenital and adult-onset Rpgrip1l deletion in Pomc-expressing neurons that the hyperphagia and obesity are likely due to neurodevelopmental effects that are characterized by a reduction in the Pomc/Neuropeptide Y (Npy) neuronal number ratio and marked increases in arcuate hypothalamic-paraventricular hypothalamic (ARH-PVH) axonal projections. Biallelic RPGRIP1L mutations result in fewer cilia-positive human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived (iPSC-derived) neurons and blunted responses to Sonic Hedgehog (SHH). Isogenic human ARH-like embryonic stem cell-derived (ESc-derived) neurons homozygous for the obesity-risk alleles at rs8050136 or rs1421085 have decreased RPGRIP1L expression and have lower numbers of POMC neurons. RPGRIP1L overexpression increases POMC cell number. These findings suggest that apparently functional intronic polymorphisms affect hypothalamic RPGRIP1L expression and impact development of POMC neurons and their derivatives, leading to hyperphagia and increased adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liheng Wang
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alain J. De Solis
- Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yossef Goffer
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center & Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kathryn E. Birkenbach
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center & Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Staci E. Engle
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Ross Tanis
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jacob M. Levenson
- University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Xueting Li
- Institute of Human Nutrition graduate program, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Richard Rausch
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center & Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Manika Purohit
- Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jen-Yi Lee
- Cancer Research Laboratory Molecular Imaging Center, University of California, Berkeley, 94720, USA
| | - Jerica Tan
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Maria Caterina De Rosa
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Claudia A. Doege
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Holly L. Aaron
- Cancer Research Laboratory Molecular Imaging Center, University of California, Berkeley, 94720, USA
| | | | - Jens C. Brüning
- Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- National Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Dieter Egli
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center & Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rui Costa
- Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nicolas Berbari
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Rudolph L. Leibel
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center & Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - George Stratigopoulos
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center & Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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24
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Baehr W, Hanke-Gogokhia C, Sharif A, Reed M, Dahl T, Frederick JM, Ying G. Insights into photoreceptor ciliogenesis revealed by animal models. Prog Retin Eye Res 2018; 71:26-56. [PMID: 30590118 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Photoreceptors are polarized neurons, with very specific subcellular compartmentalization and unique requirements for protein expression and trafficking. Each photoreceptor contains an outer segment, the site of photon capture that initiates vision, an inner segment that houses the biosynthetic machinery and a synaptic terminal for signal transmission to downstream neurons. Outer segments and inner segments are connected by a connecting cilium (CC), the equivalent of a transition zone (TZ) of primary cilia. The connecting cilium is part of the basal body/axoneme backbone that stabilizes the outer segment. This report will update the reader on late developments in photoreceptor ciliogenesis and transition zone formation, specifically in mouse photoreceptors, focusing on early events in photoreceptor ciliogenesis. The connecting cilium, an elongated and narrow structure through which all outer segment proteins and membrane components must traffic, functions as a gate that controls access to the outer segment. Here we will review genes and their protein products essential for basal body maturation and for CC/TZ genesis, sorted by phenotype. Emphasis is given to naturally occurring mouse mutants and gene knockouts that interfere with CC/TZ formation and ciliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Baehr
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA.
| | - Christin Hanke-Gogokhia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Ali Sharif
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Michelle Reed
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Tiffanie Dahl
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Jeanne M Frederick
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Guoxin Ying
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
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Diagnosis of Joubert Syndrome 10 in a Fetus with Suspected Dandy-Walker Variant by WES: A Novel Splicing Mutation in OFD1. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:4032543. [PMID: 30581852 PMCID: PMC6276521 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4032543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Joubert syndrome (JBTS) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of ciliary diseases. To date, 34 subtypes of JBTS have been classified due to different causative genes or extra clinical features. Most of them are autosomal recessive, while only the subtype 10 (JBTS10) is a quite rare X-linked recessive disorder caused by OFD1 mutations with few reports. In this study, by using whole exome sequencing (WES), a novel OFD1 splicing mutation (c.2488+2T>C) was identified in a male fetus with suspected Dandy-Walker variant (DWV) and syndactyly, for whom abnormal karyotype and pathogenic CNV have been excluded. This mutation was inherited from the mother who has experienced two similar pregnancies before. An abnormal skipping of exon 18 in OFD1 mRNA was confirmed by RT-PCR and sequencing. Result from quantitative RT-PCR also showed that total OFD1 mRNA in the index fetus was significantly lower than the control. After a combined analysis of genetic testing results and genotype-phenotype correlations, the novel mutation c.2488+2T>C in OFD1 was considered to be the genetic cause for the affected fetus. Thus the diagnosis should be JBTS10 rather than the primary clinical diagnosis of DWV. We report the first prenatal case of JBTS10 in Chinese population, which not only helps the family to predict recurrence risks for future pregnancies but also provides more information for understanding such a rare disease. The results also present evidence that WES is an effective method in prenatal diagnosis for those fetuses with Joubert syndrome.
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26
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Sakakibara N, Morisada N, Nozu K, Nagatani K, Ohta T, Shimizu J, Wada T, Shima Y, Yamamura T, Minamikawa S, Fujimura J, Horinouchi T, Nagano C, Shono A, Ye MJ, Nozu Y, Nakanishi K, Iijima K. Clinical spectrum of male patients with OFD1 mutations. J Hum Genet 2018; 64:3-9. [PMID: 30401917 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-018-0532-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Oral-facial-digital syndrome type 1 (OFD1) is a ciliopathy characterized by oral, facial, and digital malformations that are often accompanied by polycystic lesion of the kidney and central nervous involvement. OFD1 shows an X-linked recessive inheritance caused by mutation in the OFD1 gene (Xp22.2). The disease is generally considered embryonic lethal for hemizygous males. However, males with OFD1 mutations were recently reported. Here, we report four additional Japanese male patients with OFD1 variants and describe the variable clinical manifestation and disease severity among the four patients. Patient 1 with pathogenic indels including a 19-bp deletion and 4-bp insertion (c.2600-18_2600delinsACCT) had end-stage renal disease (ESRD) with bilateral cystic kidneys and sensory hearing loss. He showed neither intellectual disability nor facial or digital dysmorphism. Patient 2 with a missense variant in exon 7 (c.539 A > T, p.Asp180Val) presented head circumference enlargement, brachydactyly, high-arched palate, micropenis, severe global developmental delay, and ESRD. Patient 3 had a single base substitution at the splice donor site of intron 16 (c.2260 + 2 T > G) causing a 513-bp deletion at the transcript level. The patient had chronic kidney disease and speech delay, but no oral, facial, or digital dysmorphism. His uncle (patient 4) carried the same OFD1 variant and showed ESRD with extra-renal malformations including obesity and micropenis, which was previously diagnosed as Bardet-Biedl syndrome. The OFD1 mutations were not lethal in these four male patients, likely because the three mutations were in-frame or missense. This report provided insights into the onset mechanism and phenotype-genotype association in patients with OFD1 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Sakakibara
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Naoya Morisada
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan. .,Department of Clinical Genetics, Hyogo Prefectural Kobe Children's Hospital, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Kandai Nozu
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Koji Nagatani
- Department of Pediatrics, Uwajima City Hospital, Uwajima, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Ohta
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Hiroshima Prefectural Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Junya Shimizu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Okayama Medical Center, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takuzo Wada
- Department of Pediatrics, Kinan Hospital, Tanabe, Japan
| | - Yuko Shima
- Department of Pediatrics, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Yamamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shogo Minamikawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Junya Fujimura
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tomoko Horinouchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - China Nagano
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Akemi Shono
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ming Juan Ye
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Nozu
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Koichi Nakanishi
- Department of Child Health and Welfare (Pediatrics), Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara-cho, Japan
| | - Kazumoto Iijima
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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27
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Zalucki O, Harris L, Harvey TJ, Harkins D, Widagdo J, Oishi S, Matuzelski E, Yong XLH, Schmidt H, Anggono V, Burne THJ, Gronostajski RM, Piper M. NFIX-Mediated Inhibition of Neuroblast Branching Regulates Migration Within the Adult Mouse Ventricular–Subventricular Zone. Cereb Cortex 2018; 29:3590-3604. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Understanding the migration of newborn neurons within the brain presents a major challenge in contemporary biology. Neuronal migration is widespread within the developing brain but is also important within the adult brain. For instance, stem cells within the ventricular–subventricular zone (V-SVZ) and the subgranular zone of dentate gyrus of the adult rodent brain produce neuroblasts that migrate to the olfactory bulb and granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus, respectively, where they regulate key brain functions including innate olfactory responses, learning, and memory. Critically, our understanding of the factors mediating neuroblast migration remains limited. The transcription factor nuclear factor I X (NFIX) has previously been implicated in embryonic cortical development. Here, we employed conditional ablation of Nfix from the adult mouse brain and demonstrated that the removal of this gene from either neural stem and progenitor cells, or neuroblasts, within the V-SVZ culminated in neuroblast migration defects. Mechanistically, we identified aberrant neuroblast branching, due in part to increased expression of the guanylyl cyclase natriuretic peptide receptor 2 (Npr2), as a factor contributing to abnormal migration in Nfix-deficient adult mice. Collectively, these data provide new insights into how neuroblast migration is regulated at a transcriptional level within the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oressia Zalucki
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lachlan Harris
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Tracey J Harvey
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Danyon Harkins
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jocelyn Widagdo
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Sabrina Oishi
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Elise Matuzelski
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Xuan Ling Hilary Yong
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Hannes Schmidt
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Victor Anggono
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Thomas H J Burne
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, QLD, Australia
| | - Richard M Gronostajski
- Department of Biochemistry, Program in Genetics, Genomics and Bioinformatics, Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Michael Piper
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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28
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Adle-Biassette H, Golden JA, Harding B. Developmental and perinatal brain diseases. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 145:51-78. [PMID: 28987191 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-802395-2.00006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This chapter briefly describes the normal development of the nervous system, the neuropathology and pathophysiology of acquired and secondary disorders affecting the embryo, fetus, and child. They include CNS manifestations of chromosomal change; forebrain patterning defects; disorders of the brain size; cell migration and specification disorders; cerebellum, hindbrain and spinal patterning defects; hydrocephalus; secondary malformations and destructive pathologies; vascular malformations; arachnoid cysts and infectious diseases. The distinction between malformations and disruptions is important for pathogenesis and genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homa Adle-Biassette
- Department of Pathology, Lariboisière Hospital, APHP and Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
| | - Jeffery A Golden
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Brian Harding
- Department of Pathology/Neuropathology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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29
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Arrigoni F, Romaniello R, Peruzzo D, De Luca A, Parazzini C, Valente EM, Borgatti R, Triulzi F. Anterior Mesencephalic Cap Dysplasia: Novel Brain Stem Malformative Features Associated with Joubert Syndrome. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2017; 38:2385-2390. [PMID: 28838911 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a5360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In Joubert syndrome, the "molar tooth" sign can be associated with several additional supra- and infratentorial malformations. Here we report on 3 subjects (2 siblings, 8-14 years of age) with Joubert syndrome, showing an abnormal thick bulging of the anterior profile of the mesencephalon causing a complete obliteration of the interpeduncular fossa. DTI revealed that the abnormal tissue consisted of an ectopic white matter tract with a laterolateral transverse orientation. Tractographic reconstructions support the hypothesis of impaired axonal guidance mechanisms responsible for the malformation. The 2 siblings were compound heterozygous for 2 missense variants in the TMEM67 gene, while no mutations in a panel of 120 ciliary genes were detected in the third patient. The name "anterior mesencephalic cap dysplasia," referring to the peculiar aspect of the mesencephalon on sagittal MR imaging, is proposed for this new malformative feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Arrigoni
- From the Neuroimaging Lab (F.A., D.P., A.D.L.)
| | - R Romaniello
- Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R., R.B.), Scientific Institute Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientific Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - D Peruzzo
- From the Neuroimaging Lab (F.A., D.P., A.D.L.)
| | - A De Luca
- From the Neuroimaging Lab (F.A., D.P., A.D.L.)
- Department of Information Engineering (A.D.L.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - C Parazzini
- Department of Pediatric Radiology and Neuroradiology (C.P.), "V. Buzzi" Children's Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - E M Valente
- Department of Molecular Medicine (E.M.V.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Neurogenetics Unit (E.M.V.), Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientific Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - R Borgatti
- Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R., R.B.), Scientific Institute Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientific Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - F Triulzi
- Department of Neuroradiology (F.T.), Scientific Institute Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientific Cà Granda Foundation-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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30
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Novel OFD1 frameshift mutation in a Chinese boy with Joubert syndrome: a case report and literature review. Clin Dysmorphol 2017; 26:135-141. [PMID: 28505061 DOI: 10.1097/mcd.0000000000000183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Joubert syndrome (JBTS) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of ciliopathy with a key diagnostic feature of 'molar tooth sign' in brain MRI. So far, over 20 causative genes have been identified, but only one gene (OFD1) results in X-linked Joubert syndrome 10 (JBTS10). Six mutations in the OFD1 gene have been found to cause JBTS10. In this study, we identified a novel OFD1 mutation of c.2843_2844 delAA (p.Lys948ArgfsX) in a 3-month-old boy with a 'molar tooth sign' and clinical features of JBTS using targeted exome next-generation sequencing. The de-novo OFD1 mutation in exon 21 leads to a frameshift mutation generating a prematurely truncated protein and is predicted to partly reduce the function of the OFD1 protein. Our study expands the genotype-phenotype spectrum in JBTS and will have applications in prenatal and early diagnosis of the disorder. This is the first report of the OFD1 mutation causing JBTS in a Chinese population.
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31
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Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation in a Child with Joubert Syndrome. Case Rep Pediatr 2017; 2017:8076494. [PMID: 29138705 PMCID: PMC5613706 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8076494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Joubert syndrome (JS) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by brain malformation, hypotonia, breathing abnormalities, ataxia, oculomotor apraxia, and developmental delay. The purpose of this study was to report the efficiency of the physiotherapy and rehabilitation program in a child with JS. Materials and Methods Our case is a 19-month-old female child with mild clinical signs of JS. The pretreatment and posttreatment motor functioning level of the case was evaluated through the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM), whereas the independence level was evaluated through the Pediatric Functional Independence Measure (WeeFIM). The case was included in the rehabilitation program by the physiotherapist for one hour for five days a week throughout the period of 13 months in accordance with the neurodevelopmental treatment principles. Results The case was able to turn around from the supine position to the reverse direction by oneself, and she was able to rise on her forearms facedown and was able to sit, crawl, and walk independently. The GMFM score was 210, whereas WeeFIM score was 65. Discussion In the direction of those findings, in Joubert Syndrome, physiotherapy and rehabilitation can be effective in coping with the symptoms causing developmental delay.
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32
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Van De Weghe JC, Rusterholz TD, Latour B, Grout ME, Aldinger KA, Shaheen R, Dempsey JC, Maddirevula S, Cheng YHH, Phelps IG, Gesemann M, Goel H, Birk OS, Alanzi T, Rawashdeh R, Khan AO, Bamshad MJ, Nickerson DA, Neuhauss SC, Dobyns WB, Alkuraya FS, Roepman R, Bachmann-Gagescu R, Doherty D, Doherty D. Mutations in ARMC9, which Encodes a Basal Body Protein, Cause Joubert Syndrome in Humans and Ciliopathy Phenotypes in Zebrafish. Am J Hum Genet 2017. [PMID: 28625504 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Joubert syndrome (JS) is a recessive neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by hypotonia, ataxia, abnormal eye movements, and variable cognitive impairment. It is defined by a distinctive brain malformation known as the "molar tooth sign" on axial MRI. Subsets of affected individuals have malformations such as coloboma, polydactyly, and encephalocele, as well as progressive retinal dystrophy, fibrocystic kidney disease, and liver fibrosis. More than 35 genes have been associated with JS, but in a subset of families the genetic cause remains unknown. All of the gene products localize in and around the primary cilium, making JS a canonical ciliopathy. Ciliopathies are unified by their overlapping clinical features and underlying mechanisms involving ciliary dysfunction. In this work, we identify biallelic rare, predicted-deleterious ARMC9 variants (stop-gain, missense, splice-site, and single-exon deletion) in 11 individuals with JS from 8 families, accounting for approximately 1% of the disorder. The associated phenotypes range from isolated neurological involvement to JS with retinal dystrophy, additional brain abnormalities (e.g., heterotopia, Dandy-Walker malformation), pituitary insufficiency, and/or synpolydactyly. We show that ARMC9 localizes to the basal body of the cilium and is upregulated during ciliogenesis. Typical ciliopathy phenotypes (curved body shape, retinal dystrophy, coloboma, and decreased cilia) in a CRISPR/Cas9-engineered zebrafish mutant model provide additional support for ARMC9 as a ciliopathy-associated gene. Identifying ARMC9 mutations as a cause of JS takes us one step closer to a full genetic understanding of this important disorder and enables future functional work to define the central biological mechanisms underlying JS and other ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dan Doherty
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
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33
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Kane MS, Davids M, Bond MR, Adams CJ, Grout ME, Phelps IG, O'Day DR, Dempsey JC, Li X, Golas G, Vezina G, Gunay-Aygun M, Hanover JA, Doherty D, He M, Malicdan MCV, Gahl WA, Boerkoel CF. Abnormal glycosylation in Joubert syndrome type 10. Cilia 2017; 6:2. [PMID: 28344780 PMCID: PMC5364566 DOI: 10.1186/s13630-017-0048-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The discovery of disease pathogenesis requires systematic agnostic screening of multiple homeostatic processes that may become deregulated. We illustrate this principle in the evaluation and diagnosis of a 5-year-old boy with Joubert syndrome type 10 (JBTS10). He carried the OFD1 mutation p.Gln886Lysfs*2 (NM_003611.2: c.2656del) and manifested features of Joubert syndrome. METHODS We integrated exome sequencing, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analyses of plasma and cultured dermal fibroblasts glycomes, and full clinical evaluation of the proband. Analyses of cilia formation and lectin staining were performed by immunofluorescence. Measurement of cellular nucleotide sugar levels was performed with high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. Statistical analyses utilized the Student's and Fisher's exact t tests. RESULTS Glycome analyses of plasma and cultured dermal fibroblasts identified abnormal N- and O-linked glycosylation profiles. These findings replicated in two unrelated males with OFD1 mutations. Cultured fibroblasts from affected individuals had a defect in ciliogenesis. The proband's fibroblasts also had an abnormally elevated nuclear sialylation signature and increased total cellular levels of CMP-sialic acid. Ciliogenesis and each glycosylation anomaly were rescued by expression of wild-type OFD1. CONCLUSIONS The rescue of ciliogenesis and glycosylation upon reintroduction of WT OFD1 suggests that both contribute to the pathogenesis of JBTS10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan S Kane
- NIH Undiagnosed Disease Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, and National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA.,Inova Translational Medicine Institute, Inova Health System, Falls Church, VA USA
| | - Mariska Davids
- NIH Undiagnosed Disease Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, and National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Michelle R Bond
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Christopher J Adams
- NIH Undiagnosed Disease Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, and National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Megan E Grout
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Ian G Phelps
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Diana R O'Day
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | | | - Xeuli Li
- The Michael J Palmieri Metabolic Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Gretchen Golas
- NIH Undiagnosed Disease Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, and National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | | | - Meral Gunay-Aygun
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA.,Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA.,Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics and McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - John A Hanover
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Dan Doherty
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Miao He
- The Michael J Palmieri Metabolic Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - May Christine V Malicdan
- NIH Undiagnosed Disease Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, and National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - William A Gahl
- NIH Undiagnosed Disease Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, and National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Cornelius F Boerkoel
- NIH Undiagnosed Disease Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, and National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
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34
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Assis LHP, Silva-Junior RMP, Dolce LG, Alborghetti MR, Honorato RV, Nascimento AFZ, Melo-Hanchuk TD, Trindade DM, Tonoli CCC, Santos CT, Oliveira PSL, Larson RE, Kobarg J, Espreafico EM, Giuseppe PO, Murakami MT. The molecular motor Myosin Va interacts with the cilia-centrosomal protein RPGRIP1L. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43692. [PMID: 28266547 PMCID: PMC5339802 DOI: 10.1038/srep43692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Myosin Va (MyoVa) is an actin-based molecular motor abundantly found at the centrosome. However, the role of MyoVa at this organelle has been elusive due to the lack of evidence on interacting partners or functional data. Herein, we combined yeast two-hybrid screen, biochemical studies and cellular assays to demonstrate that MyoVa interacts with RPGRIP1L, a cilia-centrosomal protein that controls ciliary signaling and positioning. MyoVa binds to the C2 domains of RPGRIP1L via residues located near or in the Rab11a-binding site, a conserved site in the globular tail domain (GTD) from class V myosins. According to proximity ligation assays, MyoVa and RPGRIP1L can interact near the cilium base in ciliated RPE cells. Furthermore, we showed that RPE cells expressing dominant-negative constructs of MyoVa are mostly unciliated, providing the first experimental evidence about a possible link between this molecular motor and cilia-related processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H P Assis
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, National Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, SP, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Functional and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - R M P Silva-Junior
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - L G Dolce
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, National Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, SP, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Functional and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - M R Alborghetti
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, National Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - R V Honorato
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, National Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - A F Z Nascimento
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, National Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, SP, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Functional and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - T D Melo-Hanchuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - D M Trindade
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, National Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - C C C Tonoli
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, National Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - C T Santos
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - P S L Oliveira
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, National Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - R E Larson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - J Kobarg
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - E M Espreafico
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - P O Giuseppe
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, National Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - M T Murakami
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, National Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Trulioff A, Ermakov A, Malashichev Y. Primary Cilia as a Possible Link between Left-Right Asymmetry and Neurodevelopmental Diseases. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8020048. [PMID: 28125008 PMCID: PMC5333037 DOI: 10.3390/genes8020048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia have multiple functions in the development of the entire organism, and participate in the development and functioning of the central nervous system. In the last decade, studies have shown that they are implicated in the development of the visceral left-right asymmetry in different vertebrates. At the same time, some neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, autism, bipolar disorder, and dyslexia, are known to be associated with lateralization failure. In this review, we consider possible links in the mechanisms of determination of visceral asymmetry and brain lateralization, through cilia. We review the functions of seven genes associated with both cilia, and with neurodevelopmental diseases, keeping in mind their possible role in the establishment of the left-right brain asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Trulioff
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab., 7/9, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia.
| | - Alexander Ermakov
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab., 7/9, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia.
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Ecological Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, ul. Akad. Pavlov, 12, Saint Petersburg 197376, Russia.
| | - Yegor Malashichev
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab., 7/9, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia.
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Ecological Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, ul. Akad. Pavlov, 12, Saint Petersburg 197376, Russia.
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36
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Poretti A, Snow J, Summers AC, Tekes A, Huisman TAGM, Aygun N, Carson KA, Doherty D, Parisi MA, Toro C, Yildirimli D, Vemulapalli M, Mullikin JC, Cullinane AR, Vilboux T, Gahl WA, Gunay-Aygun M. Joubert syndrome: neuroimaging findings in 110 patients in correlation with cognitive function and genetic cause. J Med Genet 2017; 54:521-529. [PMID: 28087721 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2016-104425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Joubert syndrome is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous ciliopathy. Neuroimaging findings have not been systematically evaluated in a large cohort of patients with Joubert syndrome in correlation with molecular genetic cause and cognitive function. METHODS Brain MRI of 110 patients with Joubert syndrome was included in this study. A comprehensive evaluation of brain MRI studies for infratentorial and supratentorial morphological abnormalities was performed. Genetic cause was identified by whole-exome sequencing, and cognitive functions were assessed with age-appropriate neurocognitive tests in a subset of patients. RESULTS The cerebellar hemispheres were enlarged in 18% of the patients, mimicking macrocerebellum. The posterior fossa was enlarged in 42% of the patients, resembling Dandy-Walker malformation. Abnormalities of the brainstem, such as protuberance at the ventral contour of the midbrain, were present in 66% of the patients. Abnormalities of the supratentorial brain were present in approximately one-third of the patients, most commonly malrotation of the hippocampi. Mild ventriculomegaly, which typically did not require shunting, was present in 23% of the patients. No correlation between neuroimaging findings and molecular genetic cause was apparent. A novel predictor of outcome was identified; the more severe the degree of vermis hypoplasia, the worse the neurodevelopmental outcome was. CONCLUSIONS The spectrum of neuroimaging findings in Joubert syndrome is wide. Neuroimaging does not predict the genetic cause, but may predict the neurodevelopmental outcome. A high degree of vermis hypoplasia correlates with worse neurodevelopmental outcome. This finding is important for prognostic counselling in Joubert syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Poretti
- Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Division of Pediatric Radiology, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph Snow
- Intramural Research Program, Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Angela C Summers
- Intramural Research Program, Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Aylin Tekes
- Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Division of Pediatric Radiology, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Thierry A G M Huisman
- Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Division of Pediatric Radiology, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nafi Aygun
- Division of Neuroradiology, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kathryn A Carson
- Department of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Dan Doherty
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Melissa A Parisi
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Camilo Toro
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, NIH, Maryland, USA
| | - Deniz Yildirimli
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Meghana Vemulapalli
- NIH Intramural Sequencing Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jim C Mullikin
- NIH Intramural Sequencing Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Andrew R Cullinane
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington District of Columbia, USA
| | - Thierry Vilboux
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Inova Translational Medicine Institute, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
| | - William A Gahl
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, NIH, Maryland, USA.,Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Meral Gunay-Aygun
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Department of Pediatrics and McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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37
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Franco B, Thauvin-Robinet C. Update on oral-facial-digital syndromes (OFDS). Cilia 2016; 5:12. [PMID: 27141300 PMCID: PMC4852435 DOI: 10.1186/s13630-016-0034-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral-facial-digital syndromes (OFDS) represent a heterogeneous group of rare developmental disorders affecting the mouth, the face and the digits. Additional signs may involve brain, kidneys and other organs thus better defining the different clinical subtypes. With the exception of OFD types I and VIII, which are X-linked, the majority of OFDS is transmitted as an autosomal recessive syndrome. A number of genes have already found to be mutated in OFDS and most of the encoded proteins are predicted or proven to be involved in primary cilia/basal body function. Preliminary data indicate a physical interaction among some of those proteins and future studies will clarify whether all OFDS proteins are part of a network functionally connected to cilia. Mutations in some of the genes can also lead to other types of ciliopathies with partially overlapping phenotypes, such as Joubert syndrome (JS) and Meckel syndrome (MKS), supporting the concept that cilia-related diseases might be a continuous spectrum of the same phenotype with different degrees of severity. To date, seven of the described OFDS still await a molecular definition and two unclassified forms need further clinical and molecular validation. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) approaches are expected to shed light on how many OFDS geneticists should consider while evaluating oral-facial-digital cases. Functional studies will establish whether the non-ciliary functions of the transcripts mutated in OFDS might contribute to any of the phenotypic abnormalities observed in OFDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brunella Franco
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli, 80078 Naples, Italy ; Medical Genetics, Department of Medical Translational Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Christel Thauvin-Robinet
- EA GAD, IFR Santé-STIC, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France ; Centre de Référence Maladies Rares « Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes malformatifs » de l'Est, Centre de Génétique et Pédiatrie 1, Hôpital d'Enfants, CHU Dijon, Dijon, France
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38
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Casey JP, Brennan K, Scheidel N, McGettigan P, Lavin PT, Carter S, Ennis S, Dorkins H, Ghali N, Blacque OE, Mc Gee MM, Murphy H, Lynch SA. Recessive NEK9 mutation causes a lethal skeletal dysplasia with evidence of cell cycle and ciliary defects. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:1824-35. [PMID: 26908619 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal dysplasias are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of bone and cartilage disorders. Whilst >450 skeletal dysplasias have been reported, 30% are genetically uncharacterized. We report two Irish Traveller families with a previously undescribed lethal skeletal dysplasia characterized by fetal akinesia, shortening of all long bones, multiple contractures, rib anomalies, thoracic dysplasia, pulmonary hypoplasia and protruding abdomen. Single nucleotide polymorphism homozygosity mapping and whole exome sequencing identified a novel homozygous stop-gain mutation in NEK9 (c.1489C>T; p.Arg497*) as the cause of this disorder. NEK9 encodes a never in mitosis gene A-related kinase involved in regulating spindle organization, chromosome alignment, cytokinesis and cell cycle progression. This is the first disorder to be associated with NEK9 in humans. Analysis of NEK9 protein expression and localization in patient fibroblasts showed complete loss of full-length NEK9 (107 kDa). Functional characterization of patient fibroblasts showed a significant reduction in cell proliferation and a delay in cell cycle progression. We also provide evidence to support possible ciliary associations for NEK9. Firstly, patient fibroblasts displayed a significant reduction in cilia number and length. Secondly, we show that the NEK9 orthologue in Caenorhabditis elegans, nekl-1, is almost exclusively expressed in a subset of ciliated cells, a strong indicator of cilia-related functions. In summary, we report the clinical and molecular characterization of a lethal skeletal dysplasia caused by NEK9 mutation and suggest that this disorder may represent a novel ciliopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian P Casey
- Clinical Genetics, Children's University Hospital, Temple Street, Dublin 1, Ireland, UCD Academic Centre on Rare Diseases, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences,
| | - Kieran Brennan
- UCD School of Biomolecular & Biomedical Science, Conway Institute
| | - Noemie Scheidel
- UCD School of Biomolecular & Biomedical Science, Conway Institute
| | - Paul McGettigan
- UCD Academic Centre on Rare Diseases, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, UCD School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Paul T Lavin
- UCD School of Biomolecular & Biomedical Science, Conway Institute
| | - Stephen Carter
- UCD School of Biomolecular & Biomedical Science, Conway Institute
| | - Sean Ennis
- UCD Academic Centre on Rare Diseases, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences
| | - Huw Dorkins
- North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Northwick Park Hospital, London North West Healthcare NHS Trust, Watford Road, Harrow HA1 3UJ, UK, Leicestershire Genetics Service, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE1 5WW, UK, St Peter's College, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2DL, UK and
| | - Neeti Ghali
- North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Northwick Park Hospital, London North West Healthcare NHS Trust, Watford Road, Harrow HA1 3UJ, UK
| | - Oliver E Blacque
- UCD School of Biomolecular & Biomedical Science, Conway Institute
| | | | - Helen Murphy
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Genetic Medicine-University of Manchester, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Sally Ann Lynch
- Clinical Genetics, Children's University Hospital, Temple Street, Dublin 1, Ireland, UCD Academic Centre on Rare Diseases, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences
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Slaats GG, Isabella CR, Kroes HY, Dempsey JC, Gremmels H, Monroe GR, Phelps IG, Duran KJ, Adkins J, Kumar SA, Knutzen DM, Knoers NV, Mendelsohn NJ, Neubauer D, Mastroyianni SD, Vogt J, Worgan L, Karp N, Bowdin S, Glass IA, Parisi MA, Otto EA, Johnson CA, Hildebrandt F, van Haaften G, Giles RH, Doherty D. MKS1 regulates ciliary INPP5E levels in Joubert syndrome. J Med Genet 2016; 53:62-72. [PMID: 26490104 PMCID: PMC5060087 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2015-103250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Joubert syndrome (JS) is a recessive ciliopathy characterised by a distinctive brain malformation 'the molar tooth sign'. Mutations in >27 genes cause JS, and mutations in 12 of these genes also cause Meckel-Gruber syndrome (MKS). The goals of this work are to describe the clinical features of MKS1-related JS and determine whether disease causing MKS1 mutations affect cellular phenotypes such as cilium number, length and protein content as potential mechanisms underlying JS. METHODS We measured cilium number, length and protein content (ARL13B and INPP5E) by immunofluorescence in fibroblasts from individuals with MKS1-related JS and in a three-dimensional (3D) spheroid rescue assay to test the effects of disease-related MKS1 mutations. RESULTS We report MKS1 mutations (eight of them previously unreported) in nine individuals with JS. A minority of the individuals with MKS1-related JS have MKS features. In contrast to the truncating mutations associated with MKS, all of the individuals with MKS1-related JS carry ≥ 1 non-truncating mutation. Fibroblasts from individuals with MKS1-related JS make normal or fewer cilia than control fibroblasts, their cilia are more variable in length than controls, and show decreased ciliary ARL13B and INPP5E. Additionally, MKS1 mutant alleles have similar effects in 3D spheroids. CONCLUSIONS MKS1 functions in the transition zone at the base of the cilium to regulate ciliary INPP5E content, through an ARL13B-dependent mechanism. Mutations in INPP5E also cause JS, so our findings in patient fibroblasts support the notion that loss of INPP5E function, due to either mutation or mislocalisation, is a key mechanism underlying JS, downstream of MKS1 and ARL13B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela G. Slaats
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hester Y. Kroes
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hendrik Gremmels
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Glen R. Monroe
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ian G. Phelps
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Karen J. Duran
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan Adkins
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Integrated Cancer Genomics, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Sairam A. Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dana M. Knutzen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nine V. Knoers
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nancy J. Mendelsohn
- Department of Medical Genetics, Children’s Hospitals & Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - David Neubauer
- Department of Child, Adolescent and Developmental Neurology, University Children’s Hospital Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Julie Vogt
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lisa Worgan
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, Australia
| | - Natalya Karp
- Medical Genetics Program, Department of Pediatrics, London Health Science Centre, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah Bowdin
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ian A. Glass
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Melissa A. Parisi
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Edgar A. Otto
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Colin A. Johnson
- Section of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience, Leeds Institutes of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- Division of Nephrology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Gijs van Haaften
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rachel H. Giles
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dan Doherty
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
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40
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Zhang C, Zhang W, Lu Y, Yan X, Yan X, Zhu X, Liu W, Yang Y, Zhou T. NudC regulates actin dynamics and ciliogenesis by stabilizing cofilin 1. Cell Res 2015; 26:239-53. [PMID: 26704451 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2015.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging data indicate that actin dynamics is associated with ciliogenesis. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here we find that nuclear distribution gene C (NudC), an Hsp90 co-chaperone, is required for actin organization and dynamics. Depletion of NudC promotes cilia elongation and increases the percentage of ciliated cells. Further results show that NudC binds to and stabilizes cofilin 1, a key regulator of actin dynamics. Knockdown of cofilin 1 also facilitates ciliogenesis. Moreover, depletion of either NudC or cofilin 1 causes similar ciliary defects in zebrafish, including curved body, pericardial edema and defective left-right asymmetry. Ectopic expression of cofilin 1 significantly reverses the phenotypes induced by NudC depletion in both cultured cells and zebrafish. Thus, our data suggest that NudC regulates actin cytoskeleton and ciliogenesis by stabilizing cofilin 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xiaoyi Yan
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Xiumin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xueliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yuehong Yang
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Tianhua Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
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41
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Mitter C, Jakab A, Brugger PC, Ricken G, Gruber GM, Bettelheim D, Scharrer A, Langs G, Hainfellner JA, Prayer D, Kasprian G. Validation of In utero Tractography of Human Fetal Commissural and Internal Capsule Fibers with Histological Structure Tensor Analysis. Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:164. [PMID: 26732460 PMCID: PMC4689804 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and tractography offer the unique possibility to visualize the developing white matter macroanatomy of the human fetal brain in vivo and in utero and are currently under investigation for their potential use in the diagnosis of developmental pathologies of the human central nervous system. However, in order to establish in utero DTI as a clinical imaging tool, an independent comparison between macroscopic imaging and microscopic histology data in the same subject is needed. The present study aimed to cross-validate normal as well as abnormal in utero tractography results of commissural and internal capsule fibers in human fetal brains using postmortem histological structure tensor (ST) analysis. In utero tractography findings from two structurally unremarkable and five abnormal fetal brains were compared to the results of postmortem ST analysis applied to digitalized whole hemisphere sections of the same subjects. An approach to perform ST-based deterministic tractography in histological sections was implemented to overcome limitations in correlating in utero tractography to postmortem histology data. ST analysis and histology-based tractography of fetal brain sections enabled the direct assessment of the anisotropic organization and main fiber orientation of fetal telencephalic layers on a micro- and macroscopic scale, and validated in utero tractography results of corpus callosum and internal capsule fiber tracts. Cross-validation of abnormal in utero tractography results could be achieved in four subjects with agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC) and in two cases with malformations of internal capsule fibers. In addition, potential limitations of current DTI-based in utero tractography could be demonstrated in several brain regions. Combining the three-dimensional nature of DTI-based in utero tractography with the microscopic resolution provided by histological ST analysis may ultimately facilitate a more complete morphologic characterization of axon guidance disorders at prenatal stages of human brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Mitter
- Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of ViennaVienna, Austria; Institute of Neurology, Medical University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - András Jakab
- Computational Imaging Research Lab, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter C Brugger
- Department of Systematic Anatomy, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerda Ricken
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerlinde M Gruber
- Department of Systematic Anatomy, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Dieter Bettelheim
- Division of Obstetrics and Feto-maternal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Anke Scharrer
- Clinical Institute for Pathology, Medical University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Langs
- Computational Imaging Research Lab, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Daniela Prayer
- Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor Kasprian
- Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
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42
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Gazea M, Tasouri E, Tolve M, Bosch V, Kabanova A, Gojak C, Kurtulmus B, Novikov O, Spatz J, Pereira G, Hübner W, Brodski C, Tucker KL, Blaess S. Primary cilia are critical for Sonic hedgehog-mediated dopaminergic neurogenesis in the embryonic midbrain. Dev Biol 2015; 409:55-71. [PMID: 26542012 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons modulate various motor and cognitive functions, and their dysfunction or degeneration has been implicated in several psychiatric diseases. Both Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) and Wnt signaling pathways have been shown to be essential for normal development of mDA neurons. Primary cilia are critical for the development of a number of structures in the brain by serving as a hub for essential developmental signaling cascades, but their role in the generation of mDA neurons has not been examined. We analyzed mutant mouse lines deficient in the intraflagellar transport protein IFT88, which is critical for primary cilia function. Conditional inactivation of Ift88 in the midbrain after E9.0 results in progressive loss of primary cilia, a decreased size of the mDA progenitor domain, and a reduction in mDA neurons. We identified Shh signaling as the primary cause of these defects, since conditional inactivation of the Shh signaling pathway after E9.0, through genetic ablation of Gli2 and Gli3 in the midbrain, results in a phenotype basically identical to the one seen in Ift88 conditional mutants. Moreover, the expansion of the mDA progenitor domain observed when Shh signaling is constitutively activated does not occur in absence of Ift88. In contrast, clusters of Shh-responding progenitors are maintained in the ventral midbrain of the hypomorphic Ift88 mouse mutant, cobblestone. Despite the residual Shh signaling, the integrity of the mDA progenitor domain is severely disturbed, and consequently very few mDA neurons are generated in cobblestone mutants. Our results identify for the first time a crucial role of primary cilia in the induction of mDA progenitors, define a narrow time window in which Shh-mediated signaling is dependent upon normal primary cilia function for this purpose, and suggest that later Wnt signaling-dependent events act independently of primary cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Gazea
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Evangelia Tasouri
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marianna Tolve
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Viktoria Bosch
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Anna Kabanova
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Gojak
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of New Materials and Biosystems, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Bahtiyar Kurtulmus
- Molecular Biology of Centrosomes and Cilia, German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Orna Novikov
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Joachim Spatz
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of New Materials and Biosystems, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Gislene Pereira
- Molecular Biology of Centrosomes and Cilia, German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hübner
- Molecular Biophotonics, University of Bielefeld, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Claude Brodski
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Kerry L Tucker
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; University of New England, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA.
| | - Sandra Blaess
- University of New England, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA.
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Nulty J, Alsaffar M, Barry D. Radial glial cells organize the central nervous system via microtubule dependant processes. Brain Res 2015; 1625:171-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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44
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Kowal TJ, Falk MM. Primary cilia found on HeLa and other cancer cells. Cell Biol Int 2015; 39:1341-7. [PMID: 26074404 PMCID: PMC4609269 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
For many years now, researchers have known of a sensory appendage on the surface of most differentiated cell types called primary cilium. Primary cilia are both chemo- and mechano-sensory in function and have an obvious role in cell cycle control. Because of this, it has been thought that primary cilia are not found on rapidly proliferating cells, for example, cancer cells. Here we report using immunofluorescent staining for the ciliary protein Arl13b that primary cilia are frequently found on HeLa (human epithelial adenocarcinoma) and other cancer cell lines such as MG63 (human osteosarcoma) commonly used for cell culture studies and that the ciliated population is significantly higher (ave. 28.6% and 46.5%, respectively in starved and 15.7-18.6% in un-starved cells) than previously anticipated. Our finding impacts the current perception of primary cilia formed in highly proliferative cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthias M Falk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, 18015, Pennsylvania
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45
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Spontaneous malformations of the cerebellar vermis: Prevalence, inheritance, and relationship to lobule/fissure organization in the C57BL/6 lineage. Neuroscience 2015; 310:242-51. [PMID: 26383253 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The complex neuronal circuitry of the cerebellum is embedded within its lamina, folia, and lobules, which together play an important role in sensory and motor function. Studies in mouse models have demonstrated that both cerebellar lamination and lobule/fissure development are under genetic control. The cerebellar vermis of C57BL/6 mice exhibits spontaneous malformations of neuronal migration of posterior lobules (VIII-IX; molecular layer heterotopia); however, the extent to which other inbred mice also exhibit these malformations is unknown. Using seven different inbred mouse strains and two first filial generation (F1) hybrids, we show that only the C57BL/6 strain exhibits heterotopia. Furthermore, we observed heterotopia in consomic and recombinant inbred strains. These data indicate that heterotopia formation is a weakly penetrant trait requiring homozygosity of one or more C57BL/6 alleles outside of chromosome 1 and the sex chromosomes. Additional morphological analyses showed no relationship between heterotopia formation and other features of lobule/fissure organization. These data are relevant toward understanding normal cerebellar development and disorders affecting cerebellar foliation and lamination.
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46
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Damerla RR, Cui C, Gabriel GC, Liu X, Craige B, Gibbs BC, Francis R, Li Y, Chatterjee B, San Agustin JT, Eguether T, Subramanian R, Witman GB, Michaud JL, Pazour GJ, Lo CW. Novel Jbts17 mutant mouse model of Joubert syndrome with cilia transition zone defects and cerebellar and other ciliopathy related anomalies. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:3994-4005. [PMID: 25877302 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies identified a previously uncharacterized gene C5ORF42 (JBTS17) as a major cause of Joubert syndrome (JBTS), a ciliopathy associated with cerebellar abnormalities and other birth defects. Here we report the first Jbts17 mutant mouse model, Heart Under Glass (Hug), recovered from a forward genetic screen. Exome sequencing identified Hug as a S235P missense mutation in the mouse homolog of JBTS17 (2410089e03rik). Hug mutants exhibit multiple birth defects typical of ciliopathies, including skeletal dysplasia, polydactyly, craniofacial anomalies, kidney cysts and eye defects. Some Hug mutants exhibit congenital heart defects ranging from mild pulmonary stenosis to severe pulmonary atresia. Immunostaining showed JBTS17 is localized in the cilia transition zone. Fibroblasts from Hug mutant mice and a JBTS patient with a JBTS17 mutation showed ciliogenesis defects. Significantly, Hug mutant fibroblasts showed loss of not only JBTS17, but also NPHP1 and CEP290 from the cilia transition zone. Hug mutants exhibited reduced ciliation in the cerebellum. This was associated with reduction in cerebellar foliation. Using a fibroblast wound-healing assay, we showed Hug mutant cells cannot establish cell polarity required for directional cell migration. However, stereocilia patterning was grossly normal in the cochlea, indicating planar cell polarity is not markedly affected. Overall, we showed the JBTS pathophysiology is replicated in the Hug mutant mice harboring a Jbts17 mutation. Our findings demonstrate JBTS17 is a cilia transition zone component that acts upstream of other Joubert syndrome associated transition zone proteins NPHP1 and CEP290, indicating its importance in the pathogenesis of Joubert syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Rao Damerla
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Cheng Cui
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - George C Gabriel
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xiaoqin Liu
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Brian C Gibbs
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Richard Francis
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - You Li
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bishwanath Chatterjee
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jovenal T San Agustin
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA and
| | - Thibaut Eguether
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA and
| | - Ramiah Subramanian
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Gregory J Pazour
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA and
| | - Cecilia W Lo
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,
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Rachel RA, Yamamoto EA, Dewanjee MK, May-Simera HL, Sergeev YV, Hackett AN, Pohida K, Munasinghe J, Gotoh N, Wickstead B, Fariss RN, Dong L, Li T, Swaroop A. CEP290 alleles in mice disrupt tissue-specific cilia biogenesis and recapitulate features of syndromic ciliopathies. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:3775-91. [PMID: 25859007 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Distinct mutations in the centrosomal-cilia protein CEP290 lead to diverse clinical findings in syndromic ciliopathies. We show that CEP290 localizes to the transition zone in ciliated cells, precisely to the region of Y-linkers between central microtubules and plasma membrane. To create models of CEP290-associated ciliopathy syndromes, we generated Cep290(ko/ko) and Cep290(gt/gt) mice that produce no or a truncated CEP290 protein, respectively. Cep290(ko/ko) mice exhibit early vision loss and die from hydrocephalus. Retinal photoreceptors in Cep290(ko/ko) mice lack connecting cilia, and ciliated ventricular ependyma fails to mature. The minority of Cep290(ko/ko) mice that escape hydrocephalus demonstrate progressive kidney pathology. Cep290(gt/gt) mice die at mid-gestation, and the occasional Cep290(gt/gt) mouse that survives shows hydrocephalus and severely cystic kidneys. Partial loss of CEP290-interacting ciliopathy protein MKKS mitigates lethality and renal pathology in Cep290(gt/gt) mice. Our studies demonstrate domain-specific functions of CEP290 and provide novel therapeutic paradigms for ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jeeva Munasinghe
- National Institute of Neurological Disease and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA and
| | | | - Bill Wickstead
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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48
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Hunter JM, Kiefer J, Balak CD, Jooma S, Ahearn ME, Hall JG, Baumbach-Reardon L. Review of X-linked syndromes with arthrogryposis or early contractures-aid to diagnosis and pathway identification. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 167A:931-73. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse M. Hunter
- Integrated Functional Cancer Genomics; Translational Genomics Research Institute; Phoenix Arizona
| | - Jeff Kiefer
- Knowledge Mining; Translational Genomics Research Institute; Phoenix Arizona
| | - Christopher D. Balak
- Integrated Functional Cancer Genomics; Translational Genomics Research Institute; Phoenix Arizona
| | - Sonya Jooma
- Integrated Functional Cancer Genomics; Translational Genomics Research Institute; Phoenix Arizona
| | - Mary Ellen Ahearn
- Integrated Functional Cancer Genomics; Translational Genomics Research Institute; Phoenix Arizona
| | - Judith G. Hall
- Departments of Medical Genetics and Pediatrics; University of British Columbia and BC Children's Hospital Vancouver; British Columbia Canada
| | - Lisa Baumbach-Reardon
- Integrated Functional Cancer Genomics; Translational Genomics Research Institute; Phoenix Arizona
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49
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Waugh MG. PIPs in neurological diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:1066-82. [PMID: 25680866 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide (PIP) lipids regulate many aspects of cell function in the nervous system including receptor signalling, secretion, endocytosis, migration and survival. Levels of PIPs such as PI4P, PI(4,5)P2 and PI(3,4,5)P3 are normally tightly regulated by phosphoinositide kinases and phosphatases. Deregulation of these biochemical pathways leads to lipid imbalances, usually on intracellular endosomal membranes, and these changes have been linked to a number of major neurological diseases including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, epilepsy, stroke, cancer and a range of rarer inherited disorders including brain overgrowth syndromes, Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathies and neurodevelopmental conditions such as Lowe's syndrome. This article analyses recent progress in this area and explains how PIP lipids are involved, to varying degrees, in almost every class of neurological disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Brain Lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark G Waugh
- Lipid and Membrane Biology Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, UCL, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom.
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50
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Veland IR, Lindbæk L, Christensen ST. Linking the Primary Cilium to Cell Migration in Tissue Repair and Brain Development. Bioscience 2014; 64:1115-1125. [PMID: 26955067 PMCID: PMC4776690 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biu179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are unique sensory organelles that coordinate cellular signaling networks in vertebrates. Inevitably, defects in the formation or function of primary cilia lead to imbalanced regulation of cellular processes that causes multisystemic disorders and diseases, commonly known as ciliopathies. Mounting evidence has demonstrated that primary cilia coordinate multiple activities that are required for cell migration, which, when they are aberrantly regulated, lead to defects in organogenesis and tissue repair, as well as metastasis of tumors. Here, we present an overview on how primary cilia may contribute to the regulation of the cellular signaling pathways that control cyclic processes in directional cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iben Rønn Veland
- Iben Rønn Veland ( ) is a postdoctoral researcher from the Christensen Lab, at the University of Copenhagen, Denmark, and she studies the role of primary cilia in cell polarization and migration. Louise Lindbæk ( ) is a PhD student in the Christensen Lab, and she studies the function of primary cilia in neurogenesis and brain development. Søren Tvorup Christensen ( ) is a professor at the University of Copenhagen. He studies how primary cilia coordinate signaling pathways during development and in tissue homeostasis
| | - Louise Lindbæk
- Iben Rønn Veland ( ) is a postdoctoral researcher from the Christensen Lab, at the University of Copenhagen, Denmark, and she studies the role of primary cilia in cell polarization and migration. Louise Lindbæk ( ) is a PhD student in the Christensen Lab, and she studies the function of primary cilia in neurogenesis and brain development. Søren Tvorup Christensen ( ) is a professor at the University of Copenhagen. He studies how primary cilia coordinate signaling pathways during development and in tissue homeostasis
| | - Søren Tvorup Christensen
- Iben Rønn Veland ( ) is a postdoctoral researcher from the Christensen Lab, at the University of Copenhagen, Denmark, and she studies the role of primary cilia in cell polarization and migration. Louise Lindbæk ( ) is a PhD student in the Christensen Lab, and she studies the function of primary cilia in neurogenesis and brain development. Søren Tvorup Christensen ( ) is a professor at the University of Copenhagen. He studies how primary cilia coordinate signaling pathways during development and in tissue homeostasis
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