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Perry JC, Vann SD. Reduction in neurons immunoreactive for calcium-binding proteins in the anteroventral thalamic nuclei of individuals with Down syndrome. Neuroscience 2024; 557:56-66. [PMID: 39127343 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
The anterior thalamic nuclei are important for cognition, and memory in particular. However, little is known about how the anterior thalamic nuclei are affected in many neurological disorders partly due to difficulties in selective segmentation in in vivo scans, due to their size and location. Post-mortem studies, therefore, remain a valuable source of information about the status of the anterior thalamic nuclei. We used post-mortem tissue to assess the status of the anteroventral thalamic nucleus in Down syndrome using samples from males and females ranging from 22-65 years in age and comparing to tissue from age matched controls. As expected, there was increased beta-amyloid plaque expression in the Down syndrome group. While there was a significant increase in neuronal density in the Down syndrome group, the values showed more variation consistent with a heterogeneous population. The surface area of the anteroventral thalamic nucleus was smaller in the Down syndrome group suggesting the increased neuronal density was due to greater neuronal packing but likely fewer overall neurons. There was a marked reduction in the proportion of neurons immunoreactive for the calcium-binding proteins calbindin, calretinin, and parvalbumin in individuals with Down syndrome. These findings highlight the vulnerability of calcium-binding proteins in the anteroventral nucleus in Down syndrome, which could both be driven by, and exacerbate, Alzheimer-related pathology in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Perry
- School of Psychology & Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Seralynne D Vann
- School of Psychology & Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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2
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Shang C, Su Y, Ma J, Li Z, Wang P, Ma H, Song J, Zhang Z. Huanshaodan regulates microglial glucose metabolism reprogramming to alleviate neuroinflammation in AD mice through mTOR/HIF-1α signaling pathway. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1434568. [PMID: 39130642 PMCID: PMC11310104 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1434568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Abnormal glucose metabolism in microglial is closely associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Reprogramming of microglial glucose metabolism is centered on regulating the way in which microglial metabolize glucose to alter microglial function. Therefore, reprogramming microglial glucose metabolism is considered as a therapeutic strategy for AD. Huanshaodan (HSD) is a Chinese herbal compound which shows significant efficacy in treating AD, however, the precise mechanism by which HSD treats AD remains unclear. This study is aim to investigate whether HSD exerts anti-AD effects by regulating the metabolic reprogramming of microglial through the mTOR/HIF-1α signaling pathway. SAMP8 mice and BV2 cells were used to explore the alleviative effect of HSD on AD and the molecular mechanism in vivo and in vitro. The pharmacodynamic effects of HSD was evaluated by behavioral tests. The pathological deposition of Aβ in brain of mice was detected by immunohistochemistry. ELISA method was used to measure the activity of HK2 and the expression of PKM2, IL-6 and TNF-α in hippocampus and cortex tissues of mice. Meanwhile, proteins levels of p-mTOR, mTOR, HIF-1α, CD86, Arg1 and IL-1β were detected by Western-blot. LPS-induced BV2 cells were treated with HSD-containing serum. The analysis of the expression profiles of the CD86 and CD206 markers by flow cytometry allows us to distinguish the BV2 polarization. Glucose, lactic acid, ATP, IL-6 and TNF-α levels, as well as lactate dehydrogenase and pyruvate dehydrogenase activities were evaluated in the BV2. Western-blot analysis was employed to detect mTOR, p-mTOR, HIF-1α and IL-1β levels in BV2. And the mTOR agonist MHY1485 (MHY) was chosen to reverse validate. In this study, it is found that HSD improved cognitive impairment in SAMP8 mice and reduced Aβ deposition, suppressed the levels of glycolysis and neuroinflammation in mice. In LPS-induced BV2 cells, HSD also regulated glycolysis and neuroinflammation, and suppressed the mTOR/HIF-1α signaling pathway. More importantly, these effects were reversed by MHY. It is demonstrated that HSD regulated microglial glucose metabolism reprogramming by inhibiting the mTOR/HIF-1α signaling pathway, alleviated neuroinflammation, and exerted anti-AD effects. This study provided scientific evidence for the clinical application of HSD for treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Shang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Research and Development on the Whole Industry Chain of Yu-Yao, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yunfang Su
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Research and Development on the Whole Industry Chain of Yu-Yao, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinlian Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Research and Development on the Whole Industry Chain of Yu-Yao, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhonghua Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Research and Development on the Whole Industry Chain of Yu-Yao, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Pan Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Research and Development on the Whole Industry Chain of Yu-Yao, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Huifen Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Research and Development on the Whole Industry Chain of Yu-Yao, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Junying Song
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Research and Development on the Whole Industry Chain of Yu-Yao, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhenqiang Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Research and Development on the Whole Industry Chain of Yu-Yao, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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3
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Libard S, Hodik M, Cesarini KG, Dragomir A, Alafuzoff I. The Compartmentalization of Amyloid-β in Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus Brain Biopsies. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 99:729-737. [PMID: 38669551 PMCID: PMC11191527 DOI: 10.3233/jad-240167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Background Amyloid-β (Aβ) is one of the hallmark lesions of Alzheimer's disease (AD). During the disease process, Aβ undergoes biochemical changes, producing toxic Aβ variants, proposed to be detected within the neurons. Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) causes cognitive impairment, gait, and urinary symptoms in elderly, that can be reversed by a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt. Majority of iNPH subjects display different Aβ variants in their brain biopsies, obtained during shunting. Objective To study the cellular compartmentalization of different Aβ variants in brain biopsies from iNPH subjects. Methods We studied the cellular localization of different proteoforms of Aβ using antibodies towards different amino acid sequences or post-translational modifications of Aβ, including clones 4G8, 6F/3D, unmodified- (7H3D6), pyroglutamylated- (N3pE), phosphorylated-(1E4E11) Aβ and Aβ protein precursor (AβPP), in brain biopsies from 3 iNPH subjects, using immunohistochemistry and light microscopy (LM), light microscopy on semi-thin sections (LMst), and electron microscopy (EM). Results In LM all Aβ variants were detected. In LMst and EM, the Aβ 4G8, 6F/3D, and the pyroglutamylated Aβ were detected. The AβPP was visualized by all methods. The Aβ labelling was located extracellularly with no specific signal within the intracellular compartment, whereas the AβPP was seen both intra- and extracellularly. Conclusions The Aβ markers displayed extracellular localization when visualized by three assessment techniques, reflecting the pathological extracellular accumulation of Aβ in the human brain. No intracellular Aβ pathology was seen. AβPP was visualized in intra- and extracellularly, which corresponds to the localization of the protein in the membranes of cells and organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Libard
- Department of Pathology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Monika Hodik
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- BioVis Platform, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Anca Dragomir
- Department of Pathology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Irina Alafuzoff
- Department of Pathology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
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Kemeh MM, Lazo ND. Modulation of the Activity of the Insulin-Degrading Enzyme by Aβ Peptides. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:2935-2943. [PMID: 37498802 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) is an evolutionarily conserved protease implicated in the degradation of insulin and amyloidogenic peptides. Most of the biochemical and biophysical characterization of IDE's catalytic activity has been conducted using solutions containing a single substrate, i.e., insulin or Aβ(1-40). IDE's activity toward a particular substrate, however, is likely to be influenced by the presence of other substrates. Here, we show by a kinetic assay based on insulin's helical circular dichroic signal and MALDI TOF mass spectrometry that Aβ peptides modulate IDE's activity toward insulin in opposing ways. Aβ(1-40) enhances IDE-dependent degradation of insulin, whereas Aβ(pyroE3-42), the most pathogenic pyroglutamate-modified Aβ peptide in AD, inhibits IDE's activity. Intriguingly, Aβ(pyroE3-42) also inhibits IDE's ability to degrade Aβ(1-40). Together, our results implicate Aβ peptides in the abnormal catabolism of IDE's key substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merc M Kemeh
- Gustaf H. Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts 01610, United States
| | - Noel D Lazo
- Gustaf H. Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts 01610, United States
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5
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Conti Filho CE, Loss LB, Marcolongo-Pereira C, Rossoni Junior JV, Barcelos RM, Chiarelli-Neto O, da Silva BS, Passamani Ambrosio R, Castro FCDAQ, Teixeira SF, Mezzomo NJ. Advances in Alzheimer's disease's pharmacological treatment. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1101452. [PMID: 36817126 PMCID: PMC9933512 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1101452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia in the elderly. Several hypotheses emerged from AD pathophysiological mechanisms. However, no neuronal protective or regenerative drug is available nowadays. Researchers still work in drug development and are finding new molecular targets to treat AD. Therefore, this study aimed to summarize main advances in AD pharmacological therapy. Clinical trials registered in the National Library of Medicine database were selected and analyzed accordingly to molecular targets, therapeutic effects, and safety profile. The most common outcome was the lack of efficacy. Only seven trials concluded that tested drugs were safe and induced any kind of therapeutic improvement. Three works showed therapeutic effects followed by toxicity. In addition to aducanumab recent FDA approval, antibodies against amyloid-β (Aβ) showed no noteworthy results. 5-HT6 antagonists, tau inhibitors and nicotinic agonists' data were discouraging. However, anti-Aβ vaccine, BACE inhibitor and anti-neuroinflammation drugs showed promising results.
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6
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Li X, Ospitalieri S, Robberechts T, Hofmann L, Schmid C, Rijal Upadhaya A, Koper MJ, von Arnim CAF, Kumar S, Willem M, Gnoth K, Ramakers M, Schymkowitz J, Rousseau F, Walter J, Ronisz A, Balakrishnan K, Thal DR. Seeding, maturation and propagation of amyloid β-peptide aggregates in Alzheimer’s disease. Brain 2022; 145:3558-3570. [PMID: 36270003 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease is neuropathologically characterized by the deposition of the amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) as amyloid plaques. Aβ plaque pathology starts in the neocortex before it propagates into further brain regions. Moreover, Aβ aggregates undergo maturation indicated by the occurrence of post-translational modifications. Here, we show that propagation of Aβ plaques is led by presumably non-modified Aβ followed by Aβ aggregate maturation. This sequence was seen neuropathologically in human brains and in amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice receiving intracerebral injections of human brain homogenates from cases varying in Aβ phase, Aβ load and Aβ maturation stage. The speed of propagation after seeding in mice was best related to the Aβ phase of the donor, the progression speed of maturation to the stage of Aβ aggregate maturation. Thus, different forms of Aβ can trigger propagation/maturation of Aβ aggregates, which may explain the lack of success when therapeutically targeting only specific forms of Aβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohang Li
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, Laboratory of Neuropathology, Leuven Brain Institute, KU-Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Simona Ospitalieri
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, Laboratory of Neuropathology, Leuven Brain Institute, KU-Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Tessa Robberechts
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, Laboratory of Neuropathology, Leuven Brain Institute, KU-Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Linda Hofmann
- Institute of Pathology, Laboratory of Neuropathology, Ulm University , Ulm , Germany
| | - Christina Schmid
- Institute of Pathology, Laboratory of Neuropathology, Ulm University , Ulm , Germany
| | - Ajeet Rijal Upadhaya
- Institute of Pathology, Laboratory of Neuropathology, Ulm University , Ulm , Germany
| | - Marta J Koper
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, Laboratory of Neuropathology, Leuven Brain Institute, KU-Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurosciences, KU-Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven Brain Institute , Leuven , Belgium
- Center for Brain and Disease Research, VIB , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Christine A F von Arnim
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University , Ulm , Germany
- Division of Geriatrics, University Medical Center Göttingen , Göttingen , Germany
| | - Sathish Kumar
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany
| | - Michael Willem
- Chair of Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Kathrin Gnoth
- Department of Drug Design and Target Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology , Halle , Germany
| | - Meine Ramakers
- Center for Brain and Disease Research, VIB , Leuven , Belgium
- Switch Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU-Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Joost Schymkowitz
- Center for Brain and Disease Research, VIB , Leuven , Belgium
- Switch Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU-Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Frederic Rousseau
- Center for Brain and Disease Research, VIB , Leuven , Belgium
- Switch Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU-Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Jochen Walter
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany
| | - Alicja Ronisz
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, Laboratory of Neuropathology, Leuven Brain Institute, KU-Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Karthikeyan Balakrishnan
- Institute of Pathology, Laboratory of Neuropathology, Ulm University , Ulm , Germany
- Department of Gene Therapy, Ulm University , Ulm , Germany
| | - Dietmar Rudolf Thal
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, Laboratory of Neuropathology, Leuven Brain Institute, KU-Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
- Institute of Pathology, Laboratory of Neuropathology, Ulm University , Ulm , Germany
- Department of Pathology, UZ-Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
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7
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Donanemab detects a minor fraction of amyloid-β plaques in post-mortem brain tissue of patients with Alzheimer's disease and Down syndrome. Acta Neuropathol 2022; 143:601-603. [PMID: 35429251 PMCID: PMC9038931 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-022-02418-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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8
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Smith BJ, Carregari VC. Post-Translational Modifications During Brain Development. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1382:29-38. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-05460-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Matuszyk MM, Garwood CJ, Ferraiuolo L, Simpson JE, Staniforth RA, Wharton SB. Biological and methodological complexities of beta-amyloid peptide: Implications for Alzheimer's disease research. J Neurochem 2021; 160:434-453. [PMID: 34767256 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Although controversial, the amyloid cascade hypothesis remains central to the Alzheimer's disease (AD) field and posits amyloid-beta (Aβ) as the central factor initiating disease onset. In recent years, there has been an increase in emphasis on studying the role of low molecular weight aggregates, such as oligomers, which are suggested to be more neurotoxic than fibrillary Aβ. Other Aβ isoforms, such as truncated Aβ, have also been implicated in disease. However, developing a clear understanding of AD pathogenesis has been hampered by the complexity of Aβ biochemistry in vitro and in vivo. This review explores factors contributing to the lack of consistency in experimental approaches taken to model Aβ aggregation and toxicity and provides an overview of the different techniques available to analyse Aβ, such as electron and atomic force microscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, dye-based assays, size exclusion chromatography, mass spectrometry and SDS-PAGE. The review also explores how different types of Aβ can influence Aβ aggregation and toxicity, leading to variation in experimental outcomes, further highlighting the need for standardisation in Aβ preparations and methods used in current research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna M Matuszyk
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Claire J Garwood
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Laura Ferraiuolo
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Julie E Simpson
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Stephen B Wharton
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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10
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Freire-Cobo C, Edler MK, Varghese M, Munger E, Laffey J, Raia S, In SS, Wicinski B, Medalla M, Perez SE, Mufson EJ, Erwin JM, Guevara EE, Sherwood CC, Luebke JI, Lacreuse A, Raghanti MA, Hof PR. Comparative neuropathology in aging primates: A perspective. Am J Primatol 2021; 83:e23299. [PMID: 34255875 PMCID: PMC8551009 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
While humans exhibit a significant degree of neuropathological changes associated with deficits in cognitive and memory functions during aging, non-human primates (NHP) present with more variable expressions of pathological alterations among individuals and species. As such, NHP with long life expectancy in captivity offer an opportunity to study brain senescence in the absence of the typical cellular pathology caused by age-related neurodegenerative illnesses commonly seen in humans. Age-related changes at neuronal population, single cell, and synaptic levels have been well documented in macaques and marmosets, while age-related and Alzheimer's disease-like neuropathology has been characterized in additional species including lemurs as well as great apes. We present a comparative overview of existing neuropathologic observations across the primate order, including classic age-related changes such as cell loss, amyloid deposition, amyloid angiopathy, and tau accumulation. We also review existing cellular and ultrastructural data on neuronal changes, such as dendritic attrition and spine alterations, synaptic loss and pathology, and axonal and myelin pathology, and discuss their repercussions on cellular and systems function and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Freire-Cobo
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Melissa K Edler
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
- Department of Anthropology, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
| | - Merina Varghese
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Emily Munger
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
- Department of Anthropology, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
| | - Jessie Laffey
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sophia Raia
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Selena S In
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bridget Wicinski
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Maria Medalla
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sylvia E Perez
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Elliott J Mufson
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Joseph M Erwin
- Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Elaine E Guevara
- Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Chet C Sherwood
- Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Jennifer I Luebke
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Agnès Lacreuse
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mary A Raghanti
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
- Department of Anthropology, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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11
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Hoffmann T, Rahfeld JU, Schenk M, Ponath F, Makioka K, Hutter-Paier B, Lues I, Lemere CA, Schilling S. Combination of the Glutaminyl Cyclase Inhibitor PQ912 (Varoglutamstat) and the Murine Monoclonal Antibody PBD-C06 (m6) Shows Additive Effects on Brain Aβ Pathology in Transgenic Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111791. [PMID: 34769222 PMCID: PMC8584206 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Compelling evidence suggests that pyroglutamate-modified Aβ (pGlu3-Aβ; AβN3pG) peptides play a pivotal role in the development and progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Approaches targeting pGlu3-Aβ by glutaminyl cyclase (QC) inhibition (Varoglutamstat) or monoclonal antibodies (Donanemab) are currently in clinical development. Here, we aimed at an assessment of combination therapy of Varoglutamstat (PQ912) and a pGlu3-Aβ-specific antibody (m6) in transgenic mice. Whereas the single treatments at subtherapeutic doses show moderate (16–41%) but statistically insignificant reduction of Aβ42 and pGlu-Aβ42 in mice brain, the combination of both treatments resulted in significant reductions of Aβ by 45–65%. Evaluation of these data using the Bliss independence model revealed a combination index of ≈1, which is indicative for an additive effect of the compounds. The data are interpreted in terms of different pathways, in which the two drugs act. While PQ912 prevents the formation of pGlu3-Aβ in different compartments, the antibody is able to clear existing pGlu3-Aβ deposits. The results suggest that combination of the small molecule Varoglutamstat and a pE3Aβ-directed monoclonal antibody may allow a reduction of the individual compound doses while maintaining the therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Hoffmann
- Vivoryon Therapeutics N.V., Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle, Germany;
- Correspondence: (T.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Jens-Ulrich Rahfeld
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department of Drug Design and Target Validation, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle, Germany; (J.-U.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Mathias Schenk
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department of Drug Design and Target Validation, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle, Germany; (J.-U.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Falk Ponath
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 60 Fenwood Rd., Boston, MA 02115, USA; (F.P.); (K.M.); (C.A.L.)
| | - Koki Makioka
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 60 Fenwood Rd., Boston, MA 02115, USA; (F.P.); (K.M.); (C.A.L.)
| | - Birgit Hutter-Paier
- QPS Austria GmbH, Department of Neuropharmacology, Parkring 12, A-8074 Grambach, Austria;
| | - Inge Lues
- Vivoryon Therapeutics N.V., Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle, Germany;
| | - Cynthia A. Lemere
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 60 Fenwood Rd., Boston, MA 02115, USA; (F.P.); (K.M.); (C.A.L.)
| | - Stephan Schilling
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department of Drug Design and Target Validation, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle, Germany; (J.-U.R.); (M.S.)
- Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, Bernburger Straße 55, 06366 Köthen, Germany
- Correspondence: (T.H.); (S.S.)
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12
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Chen TB, Lin KJ, Lin SY, Lee YJ, Lin YC, Wang CY, Chen JP, Wang PN. Prediction of Cerebral Amyloid Pathology Based on Plasma Amyloid and Tau Related Markers. Front Neurol 2021; 12:619388. [PMID: 34671305 PMCID: PMC8520900 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.619388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Pyroglutamate-modified β-amyloid peptide (AβpE) is crucial for AD pathophysiological process. The potential associations of plasma AβpE and total tau (t-tau) with brain Aβ burden and cognitive performance remain to be clarified. Methods: Forty-six subjects with unimpaired cognition, mild cognitive impairment, or very mild dementia were enrolled. Plasma levels of AβpE3−40, t-tau, and Aβ42 were quantified by immunomagnetic reduction (IMR) assays. We analyzed individual and combined biomarker correlations with neuropsychological scores and Aβ positivity determined by 18F-florbetapir positron emission tomography (PET). Results: Both plasma AβpE3−40 levels and AβpE3−40/t-tau ratios correlated negatively with short-term memory and global cognition scores, while correlating positively with PET standardized uptake value ratios (SUVRs). Among the biomarkers analyzed, the combination of AβpE3−40 in a ratio with t-tau had the best discriminatory ability for Aβ PET positivity. Likewise, logistic regression analysis showed that AβpE3−40/t-tau was a highly robust predictor of Aβ PET positivity after controlling for relevant demographic covariates. Conclusion: Plasma AβpE3−40/t-tau ratios correlate with cognitive function and cerebral Aβ burden. The suitability of AβpE3−40/t-tau as a candidate clinical biomarker of AD pathology in the brain should be examined further in larger studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Bin Chen
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Dementia Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Ju Lin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Healthy Aging Research Center and Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Ying Lin
- Taipei Municipal Gan-Dau Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jung Lee
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Taipei City Hospital Renai Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Cheng Lin
- Taipei Municipal Gan-Dau Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Life Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yu Wang
- Division of General Neurology, Department of Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Peng Chen
- Biostatistics Task Force of Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ning Wang
- Division of General Neurology, Department of Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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13
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All Roads Lead to Rome: Different Molecular Players Converge to Common Toxic Pathways in Neurodegeneration. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092438. [PMID: 34572087 PMCID: PMC8468417 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Huntington’s disease (HD) are being suggested to have common cellular and molecular pathological mechanisms, characterized mainly by protein misfolding and aggregation. These large inclusions, most likely, represent an end stage of a molecular cascade; however, the soluble misfolded proteins, which take part in earlier steps of this cascade, are the more toxic players. These pathological proteins, which characterize each specific disease, lead to the selective vulnerability of different neurons, likely resulting from a combination of different intracellular mechanisms, including mitochondrial dysfunction, ER stress, proteasome inhibition, excitotoxicity, oxidative damage, defects in nucleocytoplasmic transport, defective axonal transport and neuroinflammation. Damage within these neurons is enhanced by damage from the nonneuronal cells, via inflammatory processes that accelerate the progression of these diseases. In this review, while acknowledging the hallmark proteins which characterize the most common NDDs; we place specific focus on the common overlapping mechanisms leading to disease pathology despite these different molecular players and discuss how this convergence may occur, with the ultimate hope that therapies effective in one disease may successfully translate to another.
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14
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Xu C, Wang YN, Wu H. Glutaminyl Cyclase, Diseases, and Development of Glutaminyl Cyclase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2021; 64:6549-6565. [PMID: 34000808 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pyroglutamate (pE) modification, catalyzed mainly by glutaminyl cyclase (QC), is prevalent throughout nature and is particularly important in mammals including humans for the maturation of hormones, peptides, and proteins. In humans, the upregulation of QC is involved in multiple diseases and conditions including Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, melanomas, thyroid carcinomas, accelerated atherosclerosis, septic arthritics, etc. This upregulation catalyzes the generation of modified mediators such as pE-amyloid beta (Aß) and pE-chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) peptides. Not surprisingly, QC has emerged as a reasonable target for the development of therapeutics to combat these diseases and conditions. In this manuscript the deleterious effects of upregulated QC resulting in disease manifestation are reviewed, along with progress on the development of QC inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenshu Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yi-Nan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Haiqiang Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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15
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Libard S, Walter J, Alafuzoff I. In vivo Characterization of Biochemical Variants of Amyloid-β in Subjects with Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus and Alzheimer's Disease Neuropathological Change. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 80:1003-1012. [PMID: 33612546 PMCID: PMC8150506 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Stepwise occurrence of biochemically modified amyloid-β (Aβ) in the brain of subjects with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been suggested to be of significance for cognitive impairment. Our previous reports have shown that Aβ is observed in 63% of all subjects with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) suggesting that the majority of iNPH subjects with Aβ are indeed also suffering from AD. Objective: We assessed the occurrence of biochemically modified Aβ variants, in vivo, in subjects with iNPH and in a cohort of postmortem brain samples from patients with dementia. Methods: We assessed Aβ proteins in 127 diagnostic brain biopsies obtained from subjects with iNPH and in a cohort of subjects with dementia by means of immunohistochemistry. Results: The pyroglutamylated Aβ (pyAβ) precedes the aggregation of phosphorylated Aβ (pAβ) during the AD neuropathological change progression; moreover, these modified variants of Aβ correlate with hyperphosphorylated tau in the frontal cortical area of human brain. Our results confirm the existence of the suggested biochemical stages of Aβ aggregation that might be of significance for neurodegeneration leading to cognitive impairment. Conclusion: The observation that both pyAβ and pAβ are seen in vivo in iNPH subjects is intriguing. It has been reported that most of the iNPH subjects with Aβ in the brain biopsy indeed develop AD with time. Based on our current and previous results, it is clinically merited to obtain a diagnostic biopsy from a subject with iNPH. When Aβ is observed in the biopsy, the biochemical characterization is of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Libard
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Pathology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jochen Walter
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Irina Alafuzoff
- Department of Pathology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
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16
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Mukherjee S, Perez KA, Lago LC, Klatt S, McLean CA, Birchall IE, Barnham KJ, Masters CL, Roberts BR. Quantification of N-terminal amyloid-β isoforms reveals isomers are the most abundant form of the amyloid-β peptide in sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab028. [PMID: 33928245 PMCID: PMC8062259 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Plaques that characterize Alzheimer's disease accumulate over 20 years as a result of decreased clearance of amyloid-β peptides. Such long-lived peptides are subjected to multiple post-translational modifications, in particular isomerization. Using liquid chromatography ion mobility separations mass spectrometry, we characterized the most common isomerized amyloid-β peptides present in the temporal cortex of sporadic Alzheimer's disease brains. Quantitative assessment of amyloid-β N-terminus revealed that > 80% of aspartates (Asp-1 and Asp-7) in the N-terminus was isomerized, making isomerization the most dominant post-translational modification of amyloid-β in Alzheimer's disease brain. Total amyloid-β1-15 was ∼85% isomerized at Asp-1 and/or Asp-7 residues, with only 15% unmodified amyloid-β1-15 left in Alzheimer's disease. While amyloid-β4-15 the next most abundant N-terminus found in Alzheimer's disease brain, was only ∼50% isomerized at Asp-7 in Alzheimer's disease. Further investigations into different biochemically defined amyloid-β-pools indicated a distinct pattern of accumulation of extensively isomerized amyloid-β in the insoluble fibrillar plaque and membrane-associated pools, while the extent of isomerization was lower in peripheral membrane/vesicular and soluble pools. This pattern correlated with the accumulation of aggregation-prone amyloid-β42 in Alzheimer's disease brains. Isomerization significantly alters the structure of the amyloid-β peptide, which not only has implications for its degradation, but also for oligomer assembly, and the binding of therapeutic antibodies that directly target the N-terminus, where these modifications are located.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Mukherjee
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Keyla A Perez
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Larissa C Lago
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Stephan Klatt
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Catriona A McLean
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Ian E Birchall
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Kevin J Barnham
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Colin L Masters
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Blaine R Roberts
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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17
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Abedin F, Tatulian SA. Mutual structural effects of unmodified and pyroglutamylated amyloid β peptides during aggregation. J Pept Sci 2021; 27:e3312. [PMID: 33631839 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid β (Aβ) peptide aggregates are linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Posttranslationally pyroglutamylated Aβ (pEAβ) occurs in AD brains in significant quantities and is hypertoxic, but the underlying structural and aggregation properties remain poorly understood. Here, the structure and aggregation of Aβ1-40 and pEAβ3-40 are analyzed separately and in equimolar combination. Circular dichroism data show that Aβ1-40 , pEAβ3-40 , and their combination assume α-helical structure in dry state and transition to unordered structure in aqueous buffer. Aβ1-40 and the 1:1 combination gradually acquire β-sheet structure while pEAβ3-40 adopts an α-helix/β-sheet conformation. Thioflavin-T fluorescence studies suggest that the two peptides mutually inhibit fibrillogenesis. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy identifies the presence of β-turn and α-helical structures in addition to β-sheet structure in peptides in aqueous buffer. The kinetics of transitions from the initial α-helical structure to β-sheet structure were resolved by slow hydration of dry peptides by D2 O vapor, coupled with isotope-edited FTIR. These data confirmed the mutual suppression of β-sheet formation by the two peptides. Remarkably, pEAβ3-40 maintained a significant fraction of α-helical structure in the combined sample, implying a reduced β-sheet propensity of pEAβ3-40 . Altogether, the data imply that the combination of unmodified and pyroglutamylated Aβ peptides resists fibrillogenesis and favors the prefibrillar state, which may underlie hypertoxicity of pEAβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Abedin
- Physics Graduate Program, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Suren A Tatulian
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
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18
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Neddens J, Daurer M, Flunkert S, Beutl K, Loeffler T, Walker L, Attems J, Hutter-Paier B. Correlation of pyroglutamate amyloid β and ptau Ser202/Thr205 levels in Alzheimer's disease and related murine models. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235543. [PMID: 32645028 PMCID: PMC7347153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Senile plaques frequently contain Aβ-pE(3), a N-terminally truncated Aβ species that is more closely linked to AD compared to other Aβ species. Tau protein is highly phosphorylated at several residues in AD, and specifically phosphorylation at Ser202/Thr205 is known to be increased in AD. Several studies suggest that formation of plaques and tau phosphorylation might be linked to each other. To evaluate if Aβ-pE(3) and ptau Ser202/Thr205 levels correlate in human and transgenic AD mouse models, we analyzed human cortical and hippocampal brain tissue of different Braak stages as well as murine brain tissue of two transgenic mouse models for levels of Aβ-pE(3) and ptau Ser202/Thr205 and correlated the data. Our results show that Aβ-pE(3) formation is increased at early Braak stages while ptau Ser202/Thr205 mostly increases at later stages. Further analyses revealed strongest correlations between the two pathologies in the temporal, frontal, cingulate, and occipital cortex, however correlation in the hippocampus was weaker. Evaluation of murine transgenic brain tissue demonstrated a slow but steady increase of Aβ-pE(3) from 6 to 12 months of age in the cortex and hippocampus of APPSL mice, and a very early and strong Aβ-pE(3) increase in 5xFAD mice. ptau Ser202/Thr205 levels increased at the age of 9 months in APPSL mice and at 6 months in 5xFAD mice. Our results show that Aβ-pE(3) and ptau Ser202/Thr205 levels strongly correlate in human as well as murine tissues, suggesting that tau phosphorylation might be amplified by Aβ-pE(3).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kerstin Beutl
- QPS Austria GmbH, Grambach, Austria
- FH Joanneum Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Lauren Walker
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute and Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Johannes Attems
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute and Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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19
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Acero G, Garay C, Venegas D, Ortega E, Gevorkian G. Novel monoclonal antibody 3B8 specifically recognizes pyroglutamate-modified amyloid β 3-42 peptide in brain of AD patients and 3xTg-AD transgenic mice. Neurosci Lett 2020; 724:134876. [PMID: 32114116 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In addition to the full-length beta-amyloid peptides (Aβ 1-40/42), several Aβ variants, truncated at their N- or C-termini and bearing different post-translational modifications, have been detected in the brain of Alzheimer´s disease (AD) patients. AβN3(pE), an Aβ peptide bearing an amino-terminal pyroglutamate at position 3, is a significant constituent of intracellular, extracellular and vascular Aβ deposits in brain tissue from individuals with AD and Down syndrome. Pioneering immunotherapy studies have primarily focused on the full-length Aβ peptide, disregarding the presence of N-truncated/modified species. However, in recent years, increasing attention has been directed towards AβN3(pE), in both pre-clinical studies and clinical trials. In the present study, we generated and characterized an anti-AβN3(pE) mouse monoclonal antibody (3B8) that recognizes amyloid aggregates in brain tissue from AD patients and in 3xTg-AD transgenic mice. To identify the epitope recognized by 3B8, a library of random heptapeptides fused to the minor coat protein of M13 phage was screened. Results from screening, along with those from ELISA assays against distinct Aβ fragments, suggest recognition of two conformational epitopes present in AβN3(pE) and Aβ 3-42, regardless of the glutamate-pyroglutamate modification. The novel 3B8 antibody may be useful in future therapeutic and diagnostic applications for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Acero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70228, Cuidad Universitaria, CDMX, CP, 04510, Mexico
| | - Claudia Garay
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70228, Cuidad Universitaria, CDMX, CP, 04510, Mexico
| | - David Venegas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70228, Cuidad Universitaria, CDMX, CP, 04510, Mexico
| | - Enrique Ortega
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70228, Cuidad Universitaria, CDMX, CP, 04510, Mexico
| | - Goar Gevorkian
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70228, Cuidad Universitaria, CDMX, CP, 04510, Mexico.
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20
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Wirths O, Zampar S. Emerging roles of N- and C-terminally truncated Aβ species in Alzheimer’s disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2019; 23:991-1004. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1702972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Wirths
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Molecular Psychiatry, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Silvia Zampar
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Molecular Psychiatry, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
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21
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Abstract
A diverse range of N-terminally truncated and modified forms of amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers have been discovered in Alzheimer’s disease brains, including the pyroglutamate-Aβ (AβpE3). AβpE3 species are shown to be more neurotoxic when compared with the full-length Aβ peptide. Findings visibly suggest that glutaminyl cyclase (QC) catalyzed the generation of cerebral AβpE3, and therapeutic effects are achieved by reducing its activity. In recent years, efforts to effectively develop QC inhibitors have been pursued worldwide. The inhibitory activity of current QC inhibitors is mainly triggered by zinc-binding groups that coordinate Zn2+ ion in the active site and other common features. Herein, we summarized the current state of discovery and evolution of QC inhibitors as a potential Alzheimer’s disease-modifying strategy.
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22
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Schlenzig D, Cynis H, Hartlage-Rübsamen M, Zeitschel U, Menge K, Fothe A, Ramsbeck D, Spahn C, Wermann M, Roßner S, Buchholz M, Schilling S, Demuth HU. Dipeptidyl-Peptidase Activity of Meprin β Links N-truncation of Aβ with Glutaminyl Cyclase-Catalyzed pGlu-Aβ Formation. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 66:359-375. [PMID: 30320570 DOI: 10.3233/jad-171183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The formation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides is causally involved in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). A significant proportion of deposited Aβ is N-terminally truncated and modified at the N-terminus by a pGlu-residue (pGlu-Aβ). These forms show enhanced neurotoxicity compared to full-length Aβ. Although the truncation may occur by aminopeptidases after formation of Aβ, recently discovered processing pathways of amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) by proteases such as meprin β may also be involved. Here, we assessed a role of meprin β in forming Aβ3-40/42, which is the precursor of pGlu-Aβ3-40/42 generated by glutaminyl cyclase (QC). Similar to QC, meprin β mRNA is significantly upregulated in postmortem brain from AD patients. A histochemical analysis supports the presence of meprin β in neurons and astrocytes in the vicinity of pGlu-Aβ containing deposits. Cleavage of AβPP-derived peptides by meprin β in vitro results in peptides Aβ1-x, Aβ2-x, and Aβ3-x. The formation of N-truncated Aβ by meprin β was also corroborated in cell culture. A subset of the generated peptides was converted into pGlu-Aβ3-40 by an addition of glutaminyl cyclase, supporting the preceding formation of Aβ3-40. Further analysis of the meprin β cleavage revealed a yet unknown dipeptidyl-peptidase-like activity specific for the N-terminus of Aβ1-x. Thus, our data suggest that meprin β contributes to the formation of N-truncated Aβ by endopeptidase and exopeptidase activity to generate the substrate for QC-catalyzed pGlu-Aβ formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Schlenzig
- Department of Molecular Drug Design and Target Validation Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Holger Cynis
- Department of Molecular Drug Design and Target Validation Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | | | - Katja Menge
- Department of Molecular Drug Design and Target Validation Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Anja Fothe
- Department of Molecular Drug Design and Target Validation Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Daniel Ramsbeck
- Department of Molecular Drug Design and Target Validation Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Claudia Spahn
- Department of Molecular Drug Design and Target Validation Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Michael Wermann
- Department of Molecular Drug Design and Target Validation Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Steffen Roßner
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mirko Buchholz
- Department of Molecular Drug Design and Target Validation Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Stephan Schilling
- Department of Molecular Drug Design and Target Validation Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Demuth
- Department of Molecular Drug Design and Target Validation Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Halle (Saale), Germany
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23
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Fiorini M, Bongianni M, Benedetti MD, Monaco S, Zanusso G. Reappraisal of Aβ40 and Aβ42 Peptides Measurements in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 66:219-227. [PMID: 30282368 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers are currently included in the diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer's disease (AD), in particular, decreased concentrations of amyloid-β peptide 1-42 (Aβ42) in the CSF, coupled with increased levels of tau and phosphorylated tau proteins, are supportive of AD diagnosis. To date, the quantification of Aβ42 levels with antibody-dependent immunoassay shows a marked variability among different laboratories and is also affected by different pre-analytical factors, suggesting that part of Aβ42 peptides might be aggregated and thus undetected by antibodies. To bypass an antibody-dependent measurement, we determined the Aβ40 and Aβ42 levels by immunoblot. We analyzed CSF samples from 35 patients with clinical diagnosis of probable AD and from 15 age-matched normal controls; CSF Aβ levels were determined by two different ELISA kits and by immunoblot analysis. Aβ40 levels measured by ELISA were comparable to those obtained by immunoblot, whereas CSF concentrations of Aβ42 measured by ELISA were significantly lower compared to values obtained by immunoblot quantification. Biochemical analysis, following 1D- and 2D-PAGE analysis, showed that the qualitative composition of Aβ peptides in the CSF is similar in AD and controls but different from that of AD brain tissues. Moreover, sedimentation velocity in sucrose gradient of CSF and brain homogenate from AD demonstrated that Aβ42 in CSF is different from Aβ42 in brain in terms of solubility and aggregation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Fiorini
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Matilde Bongianni
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Maria Donata Benedetti
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Salvatore Monaco
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Zanusso
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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24
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Warmack RA, Boyer DR, Zee CT, Richards LS, Sawaya MR, Cascio D, Gonen T, Eisenberg DS, Clarke SG. Structure of amyloid-β (20-34) with Alzheimer's-associated isomerization at Asp23 reveals a distinct protofilament interface. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3357. [PMID: 31350392 PMCID: PMC6659688 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11183-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) harbors numerous posttranslational modifications (PTMs) that may affect Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Here we present the 1.1 Å resolution MicroED structure of an Aβ 20-34 fibril with and without the disease-associated PTM, L-isoaspartate, at position 23 (L-isoAsp23). Both wild-type and L-isoAsp23 protofilaments adopt β-helix-like folds with tightly packed cores, resembling the cores of full-length fibrillar Aβ structures, and both self-associate through two distinct interfaces. One of these is a unique Aβ interface strengthened by the isoaspartyl modification. Powder diffraction patterns suggest a similar structure may be adopted by protofilaments of an analogous segment containing the heritable Iowa mutation, Asp23Asn. Consistent with its early onset phenotype in patients, Asp23Asn accelerates aggregation of Aβ 20-34, as does the L-isoAsp23 modification. These structures suggest that the enhanced amyloidogenicity of the modified Aβ segments may also reduce the concentration required to achieve nucleation and therefore help spur the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeccah A Warmack
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
| | - David R Boyer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
| | - Chih-Te Zee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
| | - Logan S Richards
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
| | - Michael R Sawaya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA.,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1570, USA.,UCLA-DOE Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1570, USA
| | - Duilio Cascio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA.,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1570, USA.,UCLA-DOE Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1570, USA
| | - Tamir Gonen
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1570, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1570, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1737, USA.,Department of Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1751, USA
| | - David S Eisenberg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA.,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1570, USA.,UCLA-DOE Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1570, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1570, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1737, USA
| | - Steven G Clarke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA. .,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1570, USA.
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25
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Abstract
This chapter describes the main neuropathological features of the most common age associated neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Lewy body diseases, vascular dementia and the various types of frontotemporal lobar degeneration. In addition, the more recent concepts of primary age-related tauopathy and ageing-related tau astrogliopathy as well as chronic traumatic encephalopathy are briefly described. One section is dedicated to cerebral multi-morbidity as it is becoming increasingly clear that the old brain is characterised by the presence of multiple pathologies (to varying extent) rather than by one single, disease specific pathology alone. The main aim of this chapter is to inform the reader about the neuropathological basics of age associated neurodegenerative diseases as we feel this is crucial to meaningfully interpret the vast literature that is published in the broad field of dementia research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Walker
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Kirsty E McAleese
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Daniel Erskine
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Johannes Attems
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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26
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Relationship Between Tau, β Amyloid and α-Synuclein Pathologies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1184:169-176. [PMID: 32096037 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9358-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
It is becoming increasing clear that multiple pathological lesions co-exist in the brains of the demented and non-demented elderly, and with putative interactions revealed at the molecular level in addition to the cumulative effects on brain damage, mounting evidence suggests manifestation of multiple protein aggregates will have implications for the clinical course of many neurodegenerative diseases associated with dementia. In this section we will discuss how the presence of multiple pathological lesions can affect the pathological and clinical phenotype of neurodegenerative disorders.
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27
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Keogh MJ, Wei W, Aryaman J, Walker L, van den Ameele J, Coxhead J, Wilson I, Bashton M, Beck J, West J, Chen R, Haudenschild C, Bartha G, Luo S, Morris CM, Jones NS, Attems J, Chinnery PF. High prevalence of focal and multi-focal somatic genetic variants in the human brain. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4257. [PMID: 30323172 PMCID: PMC6189186 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06331-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic mutations during stem cell division are responsible for several cancers. In principle, a similar process could occur during the intense cell proliferation accompanying human brain development, leading to the accumulation of regionally distributed foci of mutations. Using dual platform >5000-fold depth sequencing of 102 genes in 173 adult human brain samples, we detect and validate somatic mutations in 27 of 54 brains. Using a mathematical model of neurodevelopment and approximate Bayesian inference, we predict that macroscopic islands of pathologically mutated neurons are likely to be common in the general population. The detected mutation spectrum also includes DNMT3A and TET2 which are likely to have originated from blood cell lineages. Together, these findings establish developmental mutagenesis as a potential mechanism for neurodegenerative disorders, and provide a novel mechanism for the regional onset and focal pathology in sporadic cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Keogh
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Juvid Aryaman
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Lauren Walker
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Campus for Aging and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Jelle van den Ameele
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Jon Coxhead
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Central Parkway, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Ian Wilson
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Central Parkway, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Matthew Bashton
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Jon Beck
- Personalis Inc, 1330O'Brien Dr, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - John West
- Personalis Inc, 1330O'Brien Dr, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Richard Chen
- Personalis Inc, 1330O'Brien Dr, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | | | - Gabor Bartha
- Personalis Inc, 1330O'Brien Dr, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Shujun Luo
- Personalis Inc, 1330O'Brien Dr, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Chris M Morris
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Campus for Aging and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Nick S Jones
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- EPSRC Centre for Mathematics of Precision Healthcare, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Johannes Attems
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Campus for Aging and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Patrick F Chinnery
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK.
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28
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Madsen JB, Folke J, Pakkenberg B. Stereological Quantification of Plaques and Tangles in Neocortex from Alzheimer’s Disease Patients. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 64:723-734. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-180105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jes Buster Madsen
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, Denmark
| | - Jonas Folke
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, Denmark
| | - Bente Pakkenberg
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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29
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Demuth HU, Dijkhuizen RM, Farr TD, Gelderblom M, Horsburgh K, Iadecola C, Mcleod DD, Michalski D, Murphy TH, Orbe J, Otte WM, Petzold GC, Plesnila N, Reiser G, Reymann KG, Rueger MA, Saur D, Savitz SI, Schilling S, Spratt NJ, Turner RJ, Vemuganti R, Vivien D, Yepes M, Zille M, Boltze J. Recent progress in translational research on neurovascular and neurodegenerative disorders. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2018; 35:87-103. [PMID: 28059802 PMCID: PMC5302043 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-160690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The already established and widely used intravenous application of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator as a re-opening strategy for acute vessel occlusion in ischemic stroke was recently added by mechanical thrombectomy, representing a fundamental progress in evidence-based medicine to improve the patient’s outcome. This has been paralleled by a swift increase in our understanding of pathomechanisms underlying many neurovascular diseases and most prevalent forms of dementia. Taken together, these current advances offer the potential to overcome almost two decades of marginally successful translational research on stroke and dementia, thereby spurring the entire field of translational neuroscience. Moreover, they may also pave the way for the renaissance of classical neuroprotective paradigms. This review reports and summarizes some of the most interesting and promising recent achievements in neurovascular and dementia research. It highlights sessions from the 9th International Symposium on Neuroprotection and Neurorepair that have been discussed from April 19th to 22nd in Leipzig, Germany. To acknowledge the emerging culture of interdisciplinary collaboration and research, special emphasis is given on translational stories ranging from fundamental research on neurode- and -regeneration to late stage translational or early stage clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Ulrich Demuth
- Department of Drug Design and Target Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI-MWT), Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Rick M Dijkhuizen
- Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tracy D Farr
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mathias Gelderblom
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Karen Horsburgh
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Costantino Iadecola
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Damian D Mcleod
- University of Newcastle, Hunter Medical Research Institute and Hunter New England Local Health District, Newcastle, Australia
| | | | - Tim H Murphy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Josune Orbe
- Atherothrombosis Laboratory, Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Willem M Otte
- Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Nikolaus Plesnila
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University of Munich Medical Center; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (Synergy), LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Georg Reiser
- Institute for Neurobiochemistry, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Klaus G Reymann
- Neuropharmacology Lab, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Maria A Rueger
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dorothee Saur
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sean I Savitz
- Department of Neurology, UTHealth Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stephan Schilling
- Department of Drug Design and Target Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI-MWT), Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Neil J Spratt
- University of Newcastle, Hunter Medical Research Institute and Hunter New England Local Health District, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Renée J Turner
- Adelaide Medical School and Adelaide Centre for Neuroscience Research, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Deptartment of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin and William S. Middleton VA Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Denis Vivien
- Cell Biology and Clinical Research Department, Medical Center, Université Caen-Normandie, GIP Cyceron; Inserm, Inserm UMR-S U919, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the neurovascular Unit, Caen, France
| | - Manuel Yepes
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Marietta Zille
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, The Burke Medical Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, White Plains, NY, USA
| | - Johannes Boltze
- Department of Medical Cell Technology, Fraunhofer Research Institution for Marine Biotechnology; Institute for Medical and Marine Biotechnology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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30
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Nelson PT, Abner EL, Patel E, Anderson S, Wilcock DM, Kryscio RJ, Van Eldik LJ, Jicha GA, Gal Z, Nelson RS, Nelson BG, Gal J, Azam MT, Fardo DW, Cykowski MD. The Amygdala as a Locus of Pathologic Misfolding in Neurodegenerative Diseases. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2018; 77:2-20. [PMID: 29186501 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlx099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the course of most common neurodegenerative diseases the amygdala accumulates pathologically misfolded proteins. Misfolding of 1 protein in aged brains often is accompanied by the misfolding of other proteins, suggesting synergistic mechanisms. The multiplicity of pathogenic processes in human amygdalae has potentially important implications for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease, Lewy body diseases, chronic traumatic encephalopathy, primary age-related tauopathy, and hippocampal sclerosis, and for the biomarkers used to diagnose those diseases. Converging data indicate that the amygdala may represent a preferential locus for a pivotal transition from a relatively benign clinical condition to a more aggressive disease wherein multiple protein species are misfolded. Thus, understanding of amygdalar pathobiology may yield insights relevant to diagnoses and therapies; it is, however, a complex and imperfectly defined brain region. Here, we review aspects of amygdalar anatomy, connectivity, vasculature, and pathologic involvement in neurodegenerative diseases with supporting data from the University of Kentucky Alzheimer's Disease Center autopsy cohort. Immunohistochemical staining of amygdalae for Aβ, Tau, α-synuclein, and TDP-43 highlight the often-coexisting pathologies. We suggest that the amygdala may represent an "incubator" for misfolded proteins and that it is possible that misfolded amygdalar protein species are yet to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Nelson
- Division of Neuropathology; Sanders-Brown Center on Aging; Department of Pathology; Department of Epidemiology; Department of Physiology; Department of Statistics; Department of Neurology; Department of Neuroscience; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry; Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; and Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Erin L Abner
- Division of Neuropathology; Sanders-Brown Center on Aging; Department of Pathology; Department of Epidemiology; Department of Physiology; Department of Statistics; Department of Neurology; Department of Neuroscience; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry; Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; and Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Ela Patel
- Division of Neuropathology; Sanders-Brown Center on Aging; Department of Pathology; Department of Epidemiology; Department of Physiology; Department of Statistics; Department of Neurology; Department of Neuroscience; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry; Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; and Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Sonya Anderson
- Division of Neuropathology; Sanders-Brown Center on Aging; Department of Pathology; Department of Epidemiology; Department of Physiology; Department of Statistics; Department of Neurology; Department of Neuroscience; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry; Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; and Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Donna M Wilcock
- Division of Neuropathology; Sanders-Brown Center on Aging; Department of Pathology; Department of Epidemiology; Department of Physiology; Department of Statistics; Department of Neurology; Department of Neuroscience; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry; Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; and Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Richard J Kryscio
- Division of Neuropathology; Sanders-Brown Center on Aging; Department of Pathology; Department of Epidemiology; Department of Physiology; Department of Statistics; Department of Neurology; Department of Neuroscience; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry; Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; and Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Linda J Van Eldik
- Division of Neuropathology; Sanders-Brown Center on Aging; Department of Pathology; Department of Epidemiology; Department of Physiology; Department of Statistics; Department of Neurology; Department of Neuroscience; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry; Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; and Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Gregory A Jicha
- Division of Neuropathology; Sanders-Brown Center on Aging; Department of Pathology; Department of Epidemiology; Department of Physiology; Department of Statistics; Department of Neurology; Department of Neuroscience; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry; Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; and Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Zsombor Gal
- Division of Neuropathology; Sanders-Brown Center on Aging; Department of Pathology; Department of Epidemiology; Department of Physiology; Department of Statistics; Department of Neurology; Department of Neuroscience; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry; Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; and Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Ruth S Nelson
- Division of Neuropathology; Sanders-Brown Center on Aging; Department of Pathology; Department of Epidemiology; Department of Physiology; Department of Statistics; Department of Neurology; Department of Neuroscience; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry; Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; and Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Bela G Nelson
- Division of Neuropathology; Sanders-Brown Center on Aging; Department of Pathology; Department of Epidemiology; Department of Physiology; Department of Statistics; Department of Neurology; Department of Neuroscience; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry; Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; and Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Jozsef Gal
- Division of Neuropathology; Sanders-Brown Center on Aging; Department of Pathology; Department of Epidemiology; Department of Physiology; Department of Statistics; Department of Neurology; Department of Neuroscience; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry; Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; and Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Md Tofial Azam
- Division of Neuropathology; Sanders-Brown Center on Aging; Department of Pathology; Department of Epidemiology; Department of Physiology; Department of Statistics; Department of Neurology; Department of Neuroscience; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry; Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; and Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - David W Fardo
- Division of Neuropathology; Sanders-Brown Center on Aging; Department of Pathology; Department of Epidemiology; Department of Physiology; Department of Statistics; Department of Neurology; Department of Neuroscience; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry; Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; and Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Matthew D Cykowski
- Division of Neuropathology; Sanders-Brown Center on Aging; Department of Pathology; Department of Epidemiology; Department of Physiology; Department of Statistics; Department of Neurology; Department of Neuroscience; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry; Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; and Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
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Moro ML, Phillips AS, Gaimster K, Paul C, Mudher A, Nicoll JAR, Boche D. Pyroglutamate and Isoaspartate modified Amyloid-Beta in ageing and Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2018; 6:3. [PMID: 29298722 PMCID: PMC5753481 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-017-0505-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia among older adults. Accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) in the brain is considered central in AD pathogenesis and its understanding crucial for developing new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Recent literature suggests that ageing may induce post translational modifications in Aβ, in the form of spontaneous amino acid modifications, which enhance its pathogenic properties, contributing to its aggregation.In this study, we have investigated whether the isoaspartate (IsoD-Aβ) and pyroglutamate (pE3-Aβ) modified forms of Aβ are significantly associated with AD pathology or represent markers of ageing. Cerebral neocortex of 27 AD cases, 32 old controls (OC) and 11 young controls (YC) was immunostained for pE3-Aβ and IsoD-Aβ, quantified as protein load and correlated with other Aβ forms and p-TAU. IsoD-Aβ and pE3-Aβ were detected at low levels in non-demented controls, and significantly increased in AD (p ≤ 0.001), with a characteristic deposition of IsoD-Aβ in blood vessel walls and pE3-Aβ within neurons. Both AD and OC showed positive associations between IsoD-Aβ and Aβ (p = 0.003 in AD and p = 0.001 in OC) and between IsoD-Aβ and pE3-Aβ (p = 0.001 in AD and OC). This last association was the only significant pE3-Aβ correlation identified in AD, whereas in the control cohorts pE3-Aβ also correlated with Aβ and AβPP (p = 0.001 in OC and p = 0.010 in YC).Our analyses suggest that IsoD-Aβ accumulation starts with ageing; whereas pE3-Aβ deposition is more closely linked to AD. Our findings support the importance of age-related modifications of Aβ in AD pathogenesis.
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32
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Shinohara M, Koga S, Konno T, Nix J, Shinohara M, Aoki N, Das P, Parisi JE, Petersen RC, Rosenberry TL, Dickson DW, Bu G. Distinct spatiotemporal accumulation of N-truncated and full-length amyloid-β42 in Alzheimer's disease. Brain 2017; 140:3301-3316. [PMID: 29161341 PMCID: PMC5841214 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of amyloid-β peptides is a dominant feature in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease; however, it is not clear how individual amyloid-β species accumulate and affect other neuropathological and clinical features in the disease. Thus, we compared the accumulation of N-terminally truncated amyloid-β and full-length amyloid-β, depending on disease stage as well as brain area, and determined how these amyloid-β species respectively correlate with clinicopathological features of Alzheimer's disease. To this end, the amounts of amyloid-β species and other proteins related to amyloid-β metabolism or Alzheimer's disease were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) or theoretically calculated in 12 brain regions, including neocortical, limbic and subcortical areas from Alzheimer's disease cases (n = 19), neurologically normal elderly without amyloid-β accumulation (normal ageing, n = 13), and neurologically normal elderly with cortical amyloid-β accumulation (pathological ageing, n = 15). We observed that N-terminally truncated amyloid-β42 and full-length amyloid-β42 accumulations distributed differently across disease stages and brain areas, while N-terminally truncated amyloid-β40 and full-length amyloid-β40 accumulation showed an almost identical distribution pattern. Cortical N-terminally truncated amyloid-β42 accumulation was increased in Alzheimer's disease compared to pathological ageing, whereas cortical full-length amyloid-β42 accumulation was comparable between Alzheimer's disease and pathological ageing. Moreover, N-terminally truncated amyloid-β42 were more likely to accumulate more in specific brain areas, especially some limbic areas, while full-length amyloid-β42 tended to accumulate more in several neocortical areas, including frontal cortices. Immunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometry analysis showed that several N-terminally truncated amyloid-β42 species, represented by pyroglutamylated amyloid-β11-42, were enriched in these areas, consistent with ELISA results. N-terminally truncated amyloid-β42 accumulation showed significant regional association with BACE1 and neprilysin, but not PSD95 that regionally associated with full-length amyloid-β42 accumulation. Interestingly, accumulations of tau and to a greater extent apolipoprotein E (apoE, encoded by APOE) were more strongly correlated with N-terminally truncated amyloid-β42 accumulation than those of other amyloid-β species across brain areas and disease stages. Consistently, immunohistochemical staining and in vitro binding assays showed that apoE co-localized and bound more strongly with pyroglutamylated amyloid-β11-x fibrils than full-length amyloid-β fibrils. Retrospective review of clinical records showed that accumulation of N-terminally truncated amyloid-β42 in cortical areas was associated with disease onset, duration and cognitive scores. Collectively, N-terminally truncated amyloid-β42 species have spatiotemporal accumulation patterns distinct from full-length amyloid-β42, likely due to different mechanisms governing their accumulations in the brain. These truncated amyloid-β species could play critical roles in the disease by linking other clinicopathological features of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shunsuke Koga
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Takuya Konno
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Jeremy Nix
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Naoya Aoki
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Pritam Das
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Joseph E Parisi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | | | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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34
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Bridel C, Hoffmann T, Meyer A, Durieux S, Koel-Simmelink MA, Orth M, Scheltens P, Lues I, Teunissen CE. Glutaminyl cyclase activity correlates with levels of Aβ peptides and mediators of angiogenesis in cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer's disease patients. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2017; 9:38. [PMID: 28587659 PMCID: PMC5461753 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-017-0266-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Pyroglutamylation of truncated Aβ peptides, which is catalysed by enzyme glutaminyl cyclase (QC), generates pE-Aβ species with enhanced aggregation propensities and resistance to most amino-peptidases and endo-peptidases. pE-Aβ species have been identified as major constituents of Aβ plaques and reduction of pE-Aβ species is associated with improvement of cognitive tasks in animal models of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Pharmacological inhibition of QC has thus emerged as a promising therapeutic approach for AD. Here, we question whether cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) QC enzymatic activity differs between AD patients and controls and whether inflammatory or angiogenesis mediators, some of which are potential QC substrates, and/or Aβ peptides may serve as pharmacodynamic read-outs for QC inhibition. Methods QC activity, Aβ peptides and inflammatory or angiogenesis mediators were measured in CSF of a clinically well-characterized cohort of 20 mild AD patients, 20 moderate AD patients and 20 subjective memory complaints (SMC) controls. Correlation of these parameters with core diagnostic CSF AD biomarkers (Aβ42, tau and p-tau) and clinical features was evaluated. Results QC activity shows a tendency to decrease with AD progression (p = 0.129). The addition of QC activity to biomarkers tau and p-tau significantly increases diagnostic power (ROC-AUCTAU = 0.878, ROC-AUCTAU&QC = 0.939 and ROC-AUCpTAU = 0.820, ROC-AUCpTAU&QC = 0.948). In AD and controls, QC activity correlates with Aβ38 (r = 0.83, p < 0.0001) and Aβ40 (r = 0.84, p < 0.0001), angiogenesis mediators (Flt1, Tie2, VEGFD, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1, r > 0.5, p < 0.0001) and core diagnostic biomarkers (r > 0.35, p = <0.0057). QC activity does not correlate with MMSE or ApoE genotype. Conclusions Aβ38, Aβ40 and angiogenesis mediators (Flt1, Tie2, VEGFD, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1) are potential pharmacodynamic markers of QC inhibition, because their levels closely correlate with QC activity in AD patients. The addition of QC activity to core diagnostic CSF biomarkers may be of specific interest in clinical cases with discordant imaging and biochemical biomarker results. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13195-017-0266-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Bridel
- Neurochemistry Lab and Biobank, Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | - Sisi Durieux
- Neurochemistry Lab and Biobank, Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen A Koel-Simmelink
- Neurochemistry Lab and Biobank, Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Philip Scheltens
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Inge Lues
- Probiodrug AG, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Charlotte E Teunissen
- Neurochemistry Lab and Biobank, Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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35
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Barykin EP, Mitkevich VA, Kozin SA, Makarov AA. Amyloid β Modification: A Key to the Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease? Front Genet 2017; 8:58. [PMID: 28555154 PMCID: PMC5430028 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny P Barykin
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of SciencesMoscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Mitkevich
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of SciencesMoscow, Russia
| | - Sergey A Kozin
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of SciencesMoscow, Russia
| | - Alexander A Makarov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of SciencesMoscow, Russia
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36
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Hoffmann T, Meyer A, Heiser U, Kurat S, Böhme L, Kleinschmidt M, Bühring KU, Hutter-Paier B, Farcher M, Demuth HU, Lues I, Schilling S. Glutaminyl Cyclase Inhibitor PQ912 Improves Cognition in Mouse Models of Alzheimer's Disease-Studies on Relation to Effective Target Occupancy. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 362:119-130. [PMID: 28446518 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.240614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies suggest that the majority of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides deposited in Alzheimer's disease (AD) are truncated and post-translationally modified at the N terminus. Among these modified species, pyroglutamyl-Aβ (pE-Aβ, including N3pE-Aβ40/42 and N11pE-Aβ40/42) has been identified as particularly neurotoxic. The N-terminal modification renders the peptide hydrophobic, accelerates formation of oligomers, and reduces degradation by peptidases, leading ultimately to the accumulation of the peptide and progression of AD. It has been shown that the formation of pyroglutamyl residues is catalyzed by glutaminyl cyclase (QC). Here, we present data about the pharmacological in vitro and in vivo efficacy of the QC inhibitor (S)-1-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)-5-(4-propoxyphenyl)imidazolidin-2-one (PQ912), the first-in-class compound that is in clinical development. PQ912 inhibits human, rat, and mouse QC activity, with Ki values ranging between 20 and 65 nM. Chronic oral treatment of hAPPSLxhQC double-transgenic mice with approximately 200 mg/kg/day via chow shows a significant reduction of pE-Aβ levels and concomitant improvement of spatial learning in a Morris water maze test paradigm. This dose results in a brain and cerebrospinal fluid concentration of PQ912 which relates to a QC target occupancy of about 60%. Thus, we conclude that >50% inhibition of QC activity in the brain leads to robust treatment effects. Secondary pharmacology experiments in mice indicate a fairly large potency difference for Aβ cyclization compared with cyclization of physiologic substrates, suggesting a robust therapeutic window in humans. This information constitutes an important translational guidance for predicting the therapeutic dose range in clinical studies with PQ912.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Hoffmann
- Probiodrug AG, Halle, Germany (T.H., A.M., U.H., L.B., K.-U.B., I.L.); QPS Austria, Grambach, Austria (S.K., B.H.-P., M.F.); and Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department for Drug Design and Target Validation, Halle, Germany (M.K., H.-U.D., S.S.)
| | - Antje Meyer
- Probiodrug AG, Halle, Germany (T.H., A.M., U.H., L.B., K.-U.B., I.L.); QPS Austria, Grambach, Austria (S.K., B.H.-P., M.F.); and Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department for Drug Design and Target Validation, Halle, Germany (M.K., H.-U.D., S.S.)
| | - Ulrich Heiser
- Probiodrug AG, Halle, Germany (T.H., A.M., U.H., L.B., K.-U.B., I.L.); QPS Austria, Grambach, Austria (S.K., B.H.-P., M.F.); and Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department for Drug Design and Target Validation, Halle, Germany (M.K., H.-U.D., S.S.)
| | - Stephan Kurat
- Probiodrug AG, Halle, Germany (T.H., A.M., U.H., L.B., K.-U.B., I.L.); QPS Austria, Grambach, Austria (S.K., B.H.-P., M.F.); and Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department for Drug Design and Target Validation, Halle, Germany (M.K., H.-U.D., S.S.)
| | - Livia Böhme
- Probiodrug AG, Halle, Germany (T.H., A.M., U.H., L.B., K.-U.B., I.L.); QPS Austria, Grambach, Austria (S.K., B.H.-P., M.F.); and Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department for Drug Design and Target Validation, Halle, Germany (M.K., H.-U.D., S.S.)
| | - Martin Kleinschmidt
- Probiodrug AG, Halle, Germany (T.H., A.M., U.H., L.B., K.-U.B., I.L.); QPS Austria, Grambach, Austria (S.K., B.H.-P., M.F.); and Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department for Drug Design and Target Validation, Halle, Germany (M.K., H.-U.D., S.S.)
| | - Karl-Ulrich Bühring
- Probiodrug AG, Halle, Germany (T.H., A.M., U.H., L.B., K.-U.B., I.L.); QPS Austria, Grambach, Austria (S.K., B.H.-P., M.F.); and Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department for Drug Design and Target Validation, Halle, Germany (M.K., H.-U.D., S.S.)
| | - Birgit Hutter-Paier
- Probiodrug AG, Halle, Germany (T.H., A.M., U.H., L.B., K.-U.B., I.L.); QPS Austria, Grambach, Austria (S.K., B.H.-P., M.F.); and Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department for Drug Design and Target Validation, Halle, Germany (M.K., H.-U.D., S.S.)
| | - Martina Farcher
- Probiodrug AG, Halle, Germany (T.H., A.M., U.H., L.B., K.-U.B., I.L.); QPS Austria, Grambach, Austria (S.K., B.H.-P., M.F.); and Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department for Drug Design and Target Validation, Halle, Germany (M.K., H.-U.D., S.S.)
| | - Hans-Ulrich Demuth
- Probiodrug AG, Halle, Germany (T.H., A.M., U.H., L.B., K.-U.B., I.L.); QPS Austria, Grambach, Austria (S.K., B.H.-P., M.F.); and Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department for Drug Design and Target Validation, Halle, Germany (M.K., H.-U.D., S.S.)
| | - Inge Lues
- Probiodrug AG, Halle, Germany (T.H., A.M., U.H., L.B., K.-U.B., I.L.); QPS Austria, Grambach, Austria (S.K., B.H.-P., M.F.); and Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department for Drug Design and Target Validation, Halle, Germany (M.K., H.-U.D., S.S.)
| | - Stephan Schilling
- Probiodrug AG, Halle, Germany (T.H., A.M., U.H., L.B., K.-U.B., I.L.); QPS Austria, Grambach, Austria (S.K., B.H.-P., M.F.); and Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department for Drug Design and Target Validation, Halle, Germany (M.K., H.-U.D., S.S.)
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37
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Goldblatt G, Cilenti L, Matos JO, Lee B, Ciaffone N, Wang QX, Tetard L, Teter K, Tatulian SA. Unmodified and pyroglutamylated amyloid β peptides form hypertoxic hetero-oligomers of unique secondary structure. FEBS J 2017; 284:1355-1369. [PMID: 28294556 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid β (Aβ) peptide plays a major role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and occurs in multiple forms, including pyroglutamylated Aβ (AβpE). Identification and characterization of the most cytotoxic Aβ species is necessary for advancement in AD diagnostics and therapeutics. While in brain tissue multiple Aβ species act in combination, structure/toxicity studies and immunotherapy trials have been focused on individual forms of Aβ. As a result, the molecular composition and the structural features of "toxic Aβ oligomers" have remained unresolved. Here, we have used a novel approach, hydration from gas phase coupled with isotope-edited Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, to identify the prefibrillar assemblies formed by Aβ and AβpE and to resolve the structures of both peptides in combination. The peptides form unusual β-sheet oligomers stabilized by intramolecular H-bonding as opposed to intermolecular H-bonding in the fibrils. Time-dependent morphological changes in peptide assemblies have been visualized by atomic force microscopy. Aβ/AβpE hetero-oligomers exert unsurpassed cytotoxic effect on PC12 cells as compared to oligomers of individual peptides or fibrils. These findings lead to a novel concept that Aβ/AβpE hetero-oligomers, not just Aβ or AβpE oligomers, constitute the main neurotoxic conformation. The hetero-oligomers thus present a new biomarker that may be targeted for development of more efficient diagnostic and immunotherapeutic strategies to combat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Goldblatt
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Lucia Cilenti
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Jason O Matos
- Biotechnology Graduate Program, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Briana Lee
- Nanotechnology Graduate Program, NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Nicholas Ciaffone
- Nanotechnology Graduate Program, NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Qing X Wang
- Physics Graduate Program, College of Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Laurene Tetard
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.,Department of Physics, College of Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Ken Teter
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Suren A Tatulian
- Department of Physics, College of Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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38
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Abstract
Peptide antibodies, with their high specificities and affinities, are invaluable reagents for peptide and protein recognition in biological specimens. Depending on the application and the assay, in which the peptide antibody is to used, several factors influence successful antibody production, including peptide selection and antibody screening. Peptide antibodies have been used in clinical laboratory diagnostics with great success for decades, primarily because they can be produced to multiple targets, recognizing native wildtype proteins, denatured proteins, and newly generated epitopes. Especially mutation-specific peptide antibodies have become important as diagnostic tools in the detection of various cancers. In addition to their use as diagnostic tools in malignant and premalignant conditions, peptide antibodies are applied in all other areas of clinical laboratory diagnostics, including endocrinology, hematology, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, infectious diseases, and amyloidoses.
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39
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Urbanc B. Flexible N‐Termini of Amyloid β‐Protein Oligomers: A Link between Structure and Activity? Isr J Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201600097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brigita Urbanc
- Department of Physics Drexel University Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics Jadranska ulica 19 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
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40
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Koss DJ, Jones G, Cranston A, Gardner H, Kanaan NM, Platt B. Soluble pre-fibrillar tau and β-amyloid species emerge in early human Alzheimer's disease and track disease progression and cognitive decline. Acta Neuropathol 2016; 132:875-895. [PMID: 27770234 PMCID: PMC5106509 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-016-1632-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Post-mortem investigations of human Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have largely failed to provide unequivocal evidence in support of the original amyloid cascade hypothesis, which postulated deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregates to be the cause of a demented state as well as inductive to tau neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Conflicting evidence suggests, however, that Aβ plaques and NFTs, albeit to a lesser extent, are present in a substantial subset of non-demented individuals. Hence, a range of soluble tau and Aβ species has more recently been implicated as the disease-relevant toxic entities. Despite the incorporation of soluble proteins into a revised amyloid cascade hypothesis, a detailed characterization of these species in the context of human AD onset, progression and cognitive decline has been lacking. Here, lateral temporal lobe samples (Brodmann area 21) of 46 human cases were profiled via tau and Aβ Western blot and native state dot blot protocols. Elevations in phospho-tau (antibodies: CP13, AT8 and PHF-1), pathological tau conformations (MC-1) and oligomeric tau (TOC1) agreed with medical diagnosis (non-AD cf. AD) and Braak stage classification (low, intermediate and high), alongside elevations in soluble Aβ species (MOAB-2 and pyro-glu Aβ) and a decline in levels of the amyloid precursor protein. Strong correlations were observed between individual Braak stages and multiple cognitive measures with all tau markers as well as total soluble Aβ. In contrast to previous reports, SDS-stable Aβ oligomers (*56) were not found to be reliable for all classifications and appeared likely to be a technical artefact. Critically, the robust predictive value of total soluble Aβ was dependent on native state quantification. Elevations in tau and Aβ within soluble fractions (Braak stage 2–3 cf. 0) were evident earlier than previously established in fibril-focused disease progression scales. Together, these data provide strong evidence that soluble forms of tau and Aβ co-localise early in AD and are closely linked to disease progression and cognitive decline.
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41
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Galante D, Ruggeri FS, Dietler G, Pellistri F, Gatta E, Corsaro A, Florio T, Perico A, D'Arrigo C. A critical concentration of N-terminal pyroglutamylated amyloid beta drives the misfolding of Ab1-42 into more toxic aggregates. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 79:261-270. [PMID: 27592450 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A wide consensus based on robust experimental evidence indicates pyroglutamylated amyloid-β isoform (AβpE3-42) as one of the most neurotoxic peptides involved in the onset of Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, AβpE3-42 co-oligomerized with excess of Aβ1-42, produces oligomers and aggregates that are structurally distinct and far more cytotoxic than those made from Aβ1-42 alone. Here, we investigate quantitatively the influence of AβpE3-42 on biophysical properties and biological activity of Aβ1-42. We tested different ratios of AβpE3-42/Aβ1-42 mixtures finding a correlation between the biological activity and the structural conformation and morphology of the analyzed mixtures. We find that a mixture containing 5% AβpE3-42, induces the highest disruption of intracellular calcium homeostasis and the highest neuronal toxicity. These data correlate to an high content of relaxed antiparallel β-sheet structure and the coexistence of a population of big spheroidal aggregates together with short fibrils. Our experiments provide also evidence that AβpE3-42 causes template-induced misfolding of Aβ1-42 at ratios below 33%. This means that there exists a critical concentration required to have seeding on Aβ1-42 aggregation, above this threshold, the seed effect is not possible anymore and AβpE3-42 controls the total aggregation kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Galante
- Institute for Macromolecular Studies, National Research Council, 16149 Genova, Italy; Section of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine and Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Francesco Simone Ruggeri
- Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPLF), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CB21EW, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni Dietler
- Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPLF), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Elena Gatta
- Department of Physics, University of Genova, 16100 Genova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Corsaro
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine and Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Tullio Florio
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine and Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Angelo Perico
- Institute for Macromolecular Studies, National Research Council, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - Cristina D'Arrigo
- Institute for Macromolecular Studies, National Research Council, 16149 Genova, Italy.
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42
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Goldblatt G, Matos JO, Gornto J, Tatulian SA. Isotope-edited FTIR reveals distinct aggregation and structural behaviors of unmodified and pyroglutamylated amyloid β peptides. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016. [PMID: 26214017 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp03343h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid β peptide (Aβ) is causatively associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and N-terminally truncated and pyroglutamylated Aβ peptides (AβpE) exert hypertoxic effect by an unknown mechanism. Recent evidence has identified the prefibrillar oligomers of Aβ, not the fibrils, as the prevalent cytotoxic species. Structural characterization of Aβ and AβpE oligomers is therefore important for better understanding of their toxic effect. Here we have used isotope-edited Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to identify the conformational changes in Aβ(1-42) and AβpE(3-42) upon aggregation, individually and in 1 : 1 molar combination. During the first two hours of exposure to aqueous buffer, the peptides undergo transition from mostly α-helical to mostly β-sheet structure. Data on peptides (13)C,(15)N-labeled at K(16)L(17)V(18) or V(36)G(37)G(38)V(39) allowed construction of structural models for the monomer and early oligomers. The peptide monomer comprises a β-hairpin that involves residues upstream of the K(16)L(17)V(18) sequence and an N-terminal α-helix. The oligomers form by non-H-bonding interactions between the β-strands of neighboring β-hairpins, in lateral or staggered manner, with the strands running parallel or antiparallel. Relative α-helical and β-sheet propensities of Aβ(1-42) and AβpE(3-42) depend on the ionic strength of the buffer, emphasizing the importance of ionic interactions in Aβ peptide structure and aggregation. It is inferred that N-terminal modification of AβpE(3-42) affects the helix stability and thereby modulates β-sheet oligomer formation. The data thus provide new insight into the molecular mechanism of Aβ oligomerization by emphasizing the role of the N-terminal transient α-helical structure and by identifying structural constraints for molecular organization of the oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Goldblatt
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Jason O Matos
- Biotechnology Graduate Program, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Jeremy Gornto
- Undergraduate student, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Suren A Tatulian
- Department of Physics, Physical Sciences Room 456, University of Central Florida, 4111 Libra Drive, Orlando, Florida 32816-2385, USA.
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Khundakar AA, Hanson PS, Erskine D, Lax NZ, Roscamp J, Karyka E, Tsefou E, Singh P, Cockell SJ, Gribben A, Ramsay L, Blain PG, Mosimann UP, Lett DJ, Elstner M, Turnbull DM, Xiang CC, Brownstein MJ, O'Brien JT, Taylor JP, Attems J, Thomas AJ, McKeith IG, Morris CM. Analysis of primary visual cortex in dementia with Lewy bodies indicates GABAergic involvement associated with recurrent complex visual hallucinations. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2016; 4:66. [PMID: 27357212 PMCID: PMC4928325 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-016-0334-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) patients frequently experience well formed recurrent complex visual hallucinations (RCVH). This is associated with reduced blood flow or hypometabolism on imaging of the primary visual cortex. To understand these associations in DLB we used pathological and biochemical analysis of the primary visual cortex to identify changes that could underpin RCVH. Alpha-synuclein or neurofibrillary tangle pathology in primary visual cortex was essentially absent. Neurone density or volume within the primary visual cortex in DLB was also unchanged using unbiased stereology. Microarray analysis, however, demonstrated changes in neuropeptide gene expression and other markers, indicating altered GABAergic neuronal function. Calcium binding protein and GAD65/67 immunohistochemistry showed preserved interneurone populations indicating possible interneurone dysfunction. This was demonstrated by loss of post synaptic GABA receptor markers including gephyrin, GABARAP, and Kif5A, indicating reduced GABAergic synaptic activity. Glutamatergic neuronal signalling was also altered with vesicular glutamate transporter protein and PSD-95 expression being reduced. Changes to the primary visual cortex in DLB indicate that reduced GABAergic transmission may contribute to RCVH in DLB and treatment using targeted GABAergic modulation or similar approaches using glutamatergic modification may be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad A Khundakar
- Edwardson Building, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Westgate Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Peter S Hanson
- Medical Toxicology Centre, Newcastle University, Wolfson Building, Claremont Place, Newcastle, NE2 4AA, UK
| | - Daniel Erskine
- Edwardson Building, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Westgate Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
- Medical Toxicology Centre, Newcastle University, Wolfson Building, Claremont Place, Newcastle, NE2 4AA, UK
| | - Nichola Z Lax
- Edwardson Building, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Westgate Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Joseph Roscamp
- Medical Toxicology Centre, Newcastle University, Wolfson Building, Claremont Place, Newcastle, NE2 4AA, UK
| | - Evangelia Karyka
- Medical Toxicology Centre, Newcastle University, Wolfson Building, Claremont Place, Newcastle, NE2 4AA, UK
| | - Eliona Tsefou
- Medical Toxicology Centre, Newcastle University, Wolfson Building, Claremont Place, Newcastle, NE2 4AA, UK
| | - Preeti Singh
- Medical Toxicology Centre, Newcastle University, Wolfson Building, Claremont Place, Newcastle, NE2 4AA, UK
| | - Simon J Cockell
- Bioinformatics Support Unit, Newcastle University, Leech Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Andrew Gribben
- Medical Toxicology Centre, Newcastle University, Wolfson Building, Claremont Place, Newcastle, NE2 4AA, UK
| | - Lynne Ramsay
- Edwardson Building, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Westgate Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Peter G Blain
- Medical Toxicology Centre, Newcastle University, Wolfson Building, Claremont Place, Newcastle, NE2 4AA, UK
| | - Urs P Mosimann
- University Hospital of Old Age Psychiatry, University Bern, CH 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Deborah J Lett
- Edwardson Building, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Westgate Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Matthias Elstner
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Academic Hospital Bogenhausen, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Douglass M Turnbull
- Edwardson Building, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Westgate Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Charles C Xiang
- Laboratory of Genetics at the National Institute of Mental Health/National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, MD20892, USA
| | - Michael J Brownstein
- Laboratory of Genetics at the National Institute of Mental Health/National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, MD20892, USA
| | - John T O'Brien
- Biomedical Research Building, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle University, Westgate Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 189, Level E4 Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, UK
| | - John-Paul Taylor
- Biomedical Research Building, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle University, Westgate Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Johannes Attems
- Edwardson Building, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Westgate Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Alan J Thomas
- Biomedical Research Building, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle University, Westgate Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Ian G McKeith
- Biomedical Research Building, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle University, Westgate Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Christopher M Morris
- Edwardson Building, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Westgate Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK.
- Medical Toxicology Centre, Newcastle University, Wolfson Building, Claremont Place, Newcastle, NE2 4AA, UK.
- Laboratory of Genetics at the National Institute of Mental Health/National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, MD20892, USA.
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Erskine D, Taylor JP, Firbank MJ, Patterson L, Onofrj M, O'Brien JT, McKeith IG, Attems J, Thomas AJ, Morris CM, Khundakar AA. Changes to the lateral geniculate nucleus in Alzheimer's disease but not dementia with Lewy bodies. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2016; 42:366-76. [PMID: 25967384 PMCID: PMC4913748 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Complex visual hallucinations occur in 70% of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) cases and significantly affect patient well-being. Visuo-cortical and retinal abnormalities have been recorded in DLB and may play a role in visual hallucinations. The present study aimed to investigate the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), a visual relay centre between the retina and visual cortex, to see if changes to this structure underlie visual hallucinations in DLB. METHODS Fifty-one [17 probable DLB, 19 control and 15 probable Alzheimer's disease (AD)] cases were recruited for a functional magnetic resonance imaging study, in which patients' response to a flashing checkerboard stimulus was detected and measured in the LGN, before comparison across experimental groups. Additionally, post mortem LGN tissue was acquired for a cross-sectional study using 20 (six DLB, seven control and seven AD) cases and analysed using stereology. α-Synuclein, phosphorylated tau and amyloid-β pathology was also assessed in all cases. RESULTS DLB cases did not significantly differ from controls on neuroimaging, morphometry or pathology. However, a significant increase in amyloid-β pathology, a reduction in number of parvocellular neurones and magnocellular gliosis was found in AD cases compared with control and DLB cases. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the early visual system is relatively spared in DLB, which implies that upstream visual structures may be largely responsible for the generation of hallucinatory percepts. The significance of the degeneration of the LGN in AD cases is uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Erskine
- Institute of Neuroscience, Ageing Research Laboratories, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Medical Toxicology Centre, Wolfson Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - John Paul Taylor
- Institute of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Michael J Firbank
- Institute of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Lina Patterson
- Institute of Neuroscience, Ageing Research Laboratories, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Marco Onofrj
- Clinical Neurology, Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, Chieti Scalo, Italy
| | - John T O'Brien
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ian G McKeith
- Institute of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Johannes Attems
- Institute of Neuroscience, Ageing Research Laboratories, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Alan J Thomas
- Institute of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Chris M Morris
- Institute of Neuroscience, Ageing Research Laboratories, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Medical Toxicology Centre, Wolfson Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ahmad Adam Khundakar
- Institute of Neuroscience, Ageing Research Laboratories, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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45
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Forloni G, Artuso V, La Vitola P, Balducci C. Oligomeropathies and pathogenesis of Alzheimer and Parkinson's diseases. Mov Disord 2016; 31:771-81. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.26624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Forloni
- Departement of Neuroscience; IRCCS, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri,”; Milano Italy
| | | | - Pietro La Vitola
- Departement of Neuroscience; IRCCS, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri,”; Milano Italy
| | - Claudia Balducci
- Departement of Neuroscience; IRCCS, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri,”; Milano Italy
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46
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Sandoval-Hernández AG, Buitrago L, Moreno H, Cardona-Gómez GP, Arboleda G. Role of Liver X Receptor in AD Pathophysiology. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145467. [PMID: 26720273 PMCID: PMC4697813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the major cause of dementia worldwide. The pharmacological activation of nuclear receptors (Liver X receptors: LXRs or Retinoid X receptors: RXR) has been shown to induce overexpression of the ATP-Binding Cassette A1 (ABCA1) and Apolipoprotein E (ApoE), changes that are associated with improvement in cognition and reduction of amyloid beta pathology in amyloidogenic AD mouse models (i.e. APP, PS1: 2tg-AD). Here we investigated whether treatment with a specific LXR agonist has a measurable impact on the cognitive impairment in an amyloid and Tau AD mouse model (3xTg-AD: 12-months-old; three months treatment). The data suggests that the LXR agonist GW3965 is associated with increased expression of ApoE and ABCA1 in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex without a detectable reduction of the amyloid load. We also report that most cells overexpressing ApoE (86±12%) are neurons localized in the granular cell layer of the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. In the GW3965 treated 3xTg-AD mice we also observed reduction in astrogliosis and increased number of stem and proliferating cells in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus. Additionally, we show that GW3965 rescued hippocampus long term synaptic plasticity, which had been disrupted by oligomeric amyloid beta peptides. The effect of GW3965 on synaptic function was protein synthesis dependent. Our findings identify alternative functional/molecular mechanisms by which LXR agonists may exert their potential benefits as a therapeutic strategy against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luna Buitrago
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology/Pharmacology, The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Herman Moreno
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology/Pharmacology, The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Gloria Patricia Cardona-Gómez
- Área de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70, No. 52–21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Gonzalo Arboleda
- Grupo de Muerte Celular, Instituto de Genética Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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Gunn AP, Wong BX, Johanssen T, Griffith JC, Masters CL, Bush AI, Barnham KJ, Duce JA, Cherny RA. Amyloid-β Peptide Aβ3pE-42 Induces Lipid Peroxidation, Membrane Permeabilization, and Calcium Influx in Neurons. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:6134-45. [PMID: 26697885 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.655183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyroglutamate-modified amyloid-β (pE-Aβ) is a highly neurotoxic amyloid-β (Aβ) isoform and is enriched in the brains of individuals with Alzheimer disease compared with healthy aged controls. Pyroglutamate formation increases the rate of Aβ oligomerization and alters the interactions of Aβ with Cu(2+) and lipids; however, a link between these properties and the toxicity of pE-Aβ peptides has not been established. We report here that Aβ3pE-42 has an enhanced capacity to cause lipid peroxidation in primary cortical mouse neurons compared with the full-length isoform (Aβ(1-42)). In contrast, Aβ(1-42) caused a significant elevation in cytosolic reactive oxygen species, whereas Aβ3pE-42 did not. We also report that Aβ3pE-42 preferentially associates with neuronal membranes and triggers Ca(2+) influx that can be partially blocked by the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist MK-801. Aβ3pE-42 further caused a loss of plasma membrane integrity and remained bound to neurons at significantly higher levels than Aβ(1-42) over extended incubations. Pyroglutamate formation was additionally found to increase the relative efficiency of Aβ-dityrosine oligomer formation mediated by copper-redox cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P Gunn
- From the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
| | - Bruce X Wong
- From the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
| | | | - James C Griffith
- Materials Characterisation and Fabrication Platform, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne 3010, Australia and
| | | | - Ashley I Bush
- From the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Departments of Pathology and
| | - Kevin J Barnham
- From the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, and
| | - James A Duce
- From the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Departments of Pathology and the School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A Cherny
- From the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health,
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48
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Frost JL, Liu B, Rahfeld JU, Kleinschmidt M, O'Nuallain B, Le KX, Lues I, Caldarone BJ, Schilling S, Demuth HU, Lemere CA. An anti-pyroglutamate-3 Aβ vaccine reduces plaques and improves cognition in APPswe/PS1ΔE9 mice. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:3187-3199. [PMID: 26453001 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Pyroglutamate-3 amyloid-beta (pGlu-3 Aβ) is an N-terminally truncated Aβ isoform likely playing a decisive role in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Here, we describe a prophylactic passive immunization study in APPswe/PS1ΔE9 mice using a novel pGlu-3 Aβ immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) monoclonal antibody, 07/1 (150 and 500 μg, intraperitoneal, weekly) and compare its efficacy with a general Aβ IgG1 monoclonal antibody, 3A1 (200 μg, intraperitoneal, weekly) as a positive control. After 28 weeks of treatment, plaque burden was reduced and cognitive performance of 07/1-immunized Tg mice, especially at the higher dose, was normalized to wild-type levels in 2 hippocampal-dependent tests and partially spared compared with phosphate-buffered saline-treated Tg mice. Mice that received 3A1 had reduced plaque burden but showed no cognitive benefit. In contrast with 3A1, treatment with 07/1 did not increase the concentration of Aβ in plasma, suggesting different modes of Aβ plaque clearance. In conclusion, early selective targeting of pGlu-3 Aβ by immunotherapy may be effective in lowering cerebral Aβ plaque burden and preventing cognitive decline in the clinical setting. Targeting this pathologically modified form of Aβ thereby is unlikely to interfere with potential physiologic function(s) of Aβ that have been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Frost
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Brian O'Nuallain
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevin X Le
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Inge Lues
- Probiodrug AG, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Barbara J Caldarone
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center NeuroBehavior Laboratory Core, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Cynthia A Lemere
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Neuropathologically mixed Alzheimer's and Lewy body disease: burden of pathological protein aggregates differs between clinical phenotypes. Acta Neuropathol 2015; 129:729-48. [PMID: 25758940 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-015-1406-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Multiple different pathological protein aggregates are frequently seen in human postmortem brains and hence mixed pathology is common. Mixed dementia on the other hand is less frequent and neuropathologically should only be diagnosed if criteria for more than one full blown disease are met. We quantitatively measured the amount of hyperphosphorylated microtubule associated tau (HP-τ), amyloid-β protein (Aβ) and α-synuclein (α-syn) in cases that were neuropathologically diagnosed as mixed Alzheimer's disease (AD) and neocortical Lewy body disease (LBD) but clinically presented either as dementia due to AD or LBD, the latter including dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD). Our study group consisted of 28 cases (mean age, 76.11 SE: ±1.29 years; m:f, 17:11) of which 19 were neuropathologically diagnosed as mixed AD/DLB. Clinically, 8 mixed AD/DLB cases were diagnosed as AD (cAD), 8 as DLB (cDLB) and 3 as PDD (cPDD). In addition, we investigated cases that were both clinically and neuropathologically diagnosed as either AD (pure AD; n = 5) or DLB/neocortical LBD (pure DLB; n = 4). Sections from neocortical, limbic and subcortical areas were stained with antibodies against HP-τ, Aβ and α-syn. The area covered by immunopositivity was measured using image analysis. cAD cases had higher HP-τ loads than both cDLB and cPDD and the distribution of HP-τ in cAD was similar to the one observed in pure AD whilst cDLB showed comparatively less hippocampal HP-τ load. cPDD cases showed lower HP-τ and Aβ loads and higher α-syn loads. Here, we show that in neuropathologically mixed AD/DLB cases both the amount and the topographical distribution of pathological protein aggregates differed between distinct clinical phenotypes. Large-scale clinicopathological correlative studies using a quantitative methodology are warranted to further elucidate the neuropathological correlate of clinical symptoms in cases with mixed pathology.
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50
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Oberstein TJ, Spitzer P, Klafki HW, Linning P, Neff F, Knölker HJ, Lewczuk P, Wiltfang J, Kornhuber J, Maler JM. Astrocytes and microglia but not neurons preferentially generate N-terminally truncated Aβ peptides. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 73:24-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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