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Vigh-Larsen JF, Junge N, Cialdella-Kam L, Tomás R, Young L, Krustrup P, Mohr M, Nybo L. Testing in Intermittent Sports-Importance for Training and Performance Optimization in Adult Athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2024; 56:1505-1537. [PMID: 39004796 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Performance in intermittent sports relies on the interplay between multiple physiological systems determining the capacity to perform short explosive efforts as well as repeated intense actions with limited recovery over the course of an entire game. Testing should reflect these demands to allow for sport- and position-specific capacity analyses that eventually may translate into optimized training and improved performance. This may include individual load management and optimized training prescription, intensity targeting for specific positions or individual athletes, as well as benchmarking for monitoring of training progression and enhanced engagement of athletes. This review provides an overview of available tests in different exercise domains identified as relevant (from assessment of single explosive actions to intermittent endurance capacity), forming the basis for recommendations on how to compose a comprehensive yet feasible test battery that may be integrated into the seasonal competition and training plan. The test procedures should cover the performance spectrum of relevance for the individual athlete-also in team sports to account for positional differences. We emphasize the benefits of sport-specific tests, highlight parameters of importance for test standardization, and discuss how the applied test battery may be supplemented with secondary tests directed toward specific energy systems to allow for more in-depth analyses when required (e.g., in terms of an underperforming athlete). The synergy between testing and tracking of match performance (utilizing time-motion or global positioning systems) is highlighted, and although tracking cannot substitute for testing, combining the tools may provide a comprehensive overview of the physiological demands and performance during competition contextualized to the athletes' maximal exercise capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicklas Junge
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DENMARK
| | - Lynn Cialdella-Kam
- Warfighter Performance Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA
| | - Rita Tomás
- Portugal Football School, Federação Portuguesa de Futebol Avenida das Seleções, Oeiras, PORTUGAL
| | - Laura Young
- American College of Sports Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | | | | | - Lars Nybo
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DENMARK
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Szabó ZT, Derkács E, Deli B, Prémusz V, Vass L, Pusztafalvi H, Ács P. The effect of a 10-week TOCA Football System intervention program on sport-specific motor skills among junior footballers. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1339768. [PMID: 38812892 PMCID: PMC11136502 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1339768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The objective of our study was to examine, in addition to using the TOCA Football System tool and training method, the effect of a 10-week intervention on elite youth athletes in terms of their sport-specific motor skills and anthropometric variables. Methods The study covered a group of 32 young players practicing football (U14) (13.45 ± 0.64 years). The junior U14 footballers were randomly assigned to an intervention or TOCA group (TG, N = 15, 13.25 ± 0.58 years) and a control group (CG, N = 17, 13.63 ± 0.66 years). Before starting the test, we performed full anthropometric measurements and assessed the sample's agility with and without the ball and their sport-specific endurance. The measurements were then repeated after the 10-week intervention. Results Within-group analysis showed significant improvements in muscle mass (p < 0.001), sport-specific endurance (p < 0.001), (p < 0.004) and agility (in TG) both with and without the ball (p = 0.002), (p = 0.004) however, we did not find a significant change in body fat percentage in either group (p = 0.988, p = 0.288). In the CG, "agility with the ball" changed significantly only (p = 0.023). In the between-group analysis with a repeated-measures analysis of variance (mixed-design ANOVA), there was no significant interaction in any performance variables. The main findings of this study indicate that a TOCA Football training program in addition to normal training during the in-season period does not produce additional effects in anthropometric factors, sport-specific endurance and agility performance with the ball (dribbling) and without the ball in comparison with the control condition. Discussion From a practical point of view, the presented anthropometric and physical profiles of players can be useful for football coaches in optimizing soccer training. Overall, it also can be concluded that the device can be safely used in the sensitive age group in terms of the development of motor skills since we did not find any negative effects during the use of the device in terms of the parameters we examined. In addition to the expansion of the number of elements and the inclusion of other age groups, it is advisable to carry out further complex tests, as the TOCA Football System offers many research opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Tamás Szabó
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Physiotherapy and Sport Science, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Physical Activity Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Evelin Derkács
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Physiotherapy and Sport Science, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Physical Activity Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Balázs Deli
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Viktória Prémusz
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Physiotherapy and Sport Science, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Physical Activity Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Lívia Vass
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Henriette Pusztafalvi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Health Insurance, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Pongrác Ács
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Physiotherapy and Sport Science, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Physical Activity Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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Riansoi Y, Tongnillpant N, Thammawong S, Ribeiro J, Zacca R, Chainok P. Follow-Up Weekly Training Distribution and Accumulated Internal Load Effects on Young Football Players' Well-Being, Physical Fitness, and Technical Performance. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:23. [PMID: 38251297 PMCID: PMC10818362 DOI: 10.3390/sports12010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to quantify the relationships among internal training load, wellness, physiological, isokinetic profile, and technical performance and assessed changes before and after a six-week pre-season structured combining physical fitness, small-sided-game and skill-based training program in young soccer players. Forty-five national-level young male soccer players (16.8 ± 0.9 years) were evaluated. There were no significant correlations between the wellness index and the physiological, isokinetic, or specific soccer skill parameters. Moderate correlations were observed between fatigue and stress (r = 0.47, moderate, p < 0.01), fatigue and average muscle soreness (r = 0.38, moderate, p = 0.01), and a large correlation between average stress and muscle soreness (r = 0.53, large, p < 0.01) were presented. All physiological, isokinetic, and technical parameters improved after a six-week pre-season training program (0.1 to -61.0%). Significant alterations in the physiological domain were observed after a six-week period, particularly in the fatigue index of the Bangsbo sprint test, YO-YO IR1 performance, and YO-YO peak La- (p < 0.01; -61.0%, 25.3%, and -19.8%, respectively). As such, the implementation of structured training and the monitoring of stress responses can lead to appropriate adaptation and balancing in the psychological and physical well-being of young national-level soccer players, particularly in the pre-season period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutthana Riansoi
- Faculty of Science, Chandrakasem Rajabhat University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | | | - Sakdarin Thammawong
- Faculty of Sport Science and Health, Thailand National Sports University, Udonthani Campus, Udonthani 12110, Thailand;
| | - João Ribeiro
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sports (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Rodrigo Zacca
- Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto (FADEUP), 4099-002 Porto, Portugal;
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
| | - Phornpot Chainok
- Faculty of Sports Science, Burapha University, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
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Vigh-Larsen JF, Mohr M. The physiology of ice hockey performance: An update. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14284. [PMID: 36517860 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ice hockey is an intense team sport characterized by repeated bursts of fast-paced skating, rapid changes in speed and direction and frequent physical encounters. These are performed in on-ice shifts of ~30-80 s interspersed with longer sequences of passive recovery, resulting in about 15-25 min on-ice time per player. Nearly 50% of the distance is covered at high-intensity skating speeds and with an accentuated intense activity pattern in forwards compared to defensemen. During ice hockey match-play, both aerobic and anaerobic energy systems are significantly challenged, with the heart rate increasing toward maximum levels during each shift, and with great reliance on both glycolytic and phosphagen ATP provision. The high-intensity activity pattern favors muscle glycogen as fuel, leading to pronounced reductions despite the relatively brief playing time, including severe depletion of a substantial proportion of individual fast- and slow-twitch fibers. Player-tracking suggests that the ability to perform high-intensity skating is compromised in the final stages of a game, which is supported by post-game reductions in repeated-sprint ability. Muscle glycogen degradation, in particular in individual fibers, as well as potential dehydration and hyperthermia, may be prime candidates implicated in exacerbated fatigue during the final stages of a game, whereas multiple factors likely interact to impair exercise tolerance during each shift. This includes pronounced PCr degradation, with potential inadequate resynthesis in a proportion of fast-twitch fibers in situations of repeated intense actions. Finally, the recovery pattern is inadequately described, but seems less long-lasting than in other team sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeppe F Vigh-Larsen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Magni Mohr
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Centre of Health Sciences, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
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Martin M, Rampinini E, Bosio A, Azzalin A, McCall A, Ward P. Relationships Between Internal and External Load Measures and Fitness Level Changes in Professional Soccer Players. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2023; 94:760-772. [PMID: 35486417 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2022.2053646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Understanding the dose-response relationship between internal and external training load with changes in aerobic fitness and intermittent running capacity, during different periods of the season, may help in optimizing training process. The aim of the present study was to investigate the dose-response relationships between load measures and changes in aerobic fitness and intermittent running capacity among a large cohort of professional soccer players. Methods: Training load, aerobic fitness and intermittent running capacity of 52 male adult professional players from 3 elite teams were monitored across an entire season and analyzed employing linear mixed models, with a significance level set at p≤0.05. Results: Relationships between load measures (training and match duration, sRPE-TL, total distance, high and very high-speed running distances) and changes in physical qualities were stronger during the preparation period (PREP) for both aerobic fitness (d= 0.48 to 0.76, p<0.031) and intermittent running capacity (d= 0.46 to 1.89, p<0.046). The magnitude of the relationships reduced during the first competitive period (d= 0.43 to 0.56) and the relationships became trivial in the second competitive period (d= 0.06 to 0.41, p= 0.063 to 0.846). Conclusion: The moderate to large relationships found between all measures of load and changes in physical capacities suggest that training prescription during the PREP was effective in improving players' fitness. During the competitive phase small changes in aerobic and intermittent running capacities were found, highlighting that coaching staff pursue different aims during the competitive period, such as technical and tactical training and recovery. .
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Flórez Gil E, Rodríguez-Fernández A, Vaquera A, Suárez-Iglesias D, Scanlan AT. The discriminative, criterion, and longitudinal validity of small-sided games to assess physical fitness in female basketball players. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1498-1506. [PMID: 37947079 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2279819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The validity of small-sided games (SSG) for assessing physical fitness was evaluated in 21 female basketball players from senior (n = 8), under-18 years (n = 6), and under-16 years (n = 7) age categories. Players underwent fitness testing (countermovement jump [CMJ], agility T-test, repeated-sprint ability (RSA) test, and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test [YYIRT1]) and 3vs3-SSG before and after a 6-week preseason. Player demands were monitored during SSG using local positioning system and heart rate technology. Regarding discriminative validity, senior players produced better CMJ, agility T-test, and YYIRT1 performance (p < 0.05, effect size [ES] = 1.72-2.25), and more distance and PlayerLoad (p < 0.05, ES = 1.53-2.47) during SSG than under-18 players following the preseason. For criterion validity, total distance and distance completing high-intensity decelerations during SSG were significantly (p < 0.05) correlated with CMJ (r = 0.44-0.66), YYIRT1 (r = 0.43-0.63), agility T-test (total distance only, r=-0.51), and RSA test performance (r=-0.49 to -0.52) among all players combined following the preseason. Regarding longitudinal validity, significantly better agility T-test and YYIRT1 performance (p ≤ 0.001, ES = 0.88-0.93) alongside lower heart rate during SSG (p = 0.001, ES = 0.88) were evident for all players combined following the preseason. These results partially support the validity of 3vs3-SSG to assess physical fitness in female basketball players.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alejandro Rodríguez-Fernández
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, VALFIS Research Group, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Alejandro Vaquera
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, VALFIS Research Group, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, León, Spain
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK
| | - David Suárez-Iglesias
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, VALFIS Research Group, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Aaron T Scanlan
- School of Health, Medical, and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
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Erkudov VO, Rozumbetov KU, González-Fernández FT, Pugovkin AP, Nazhimov II, Matchanov AT, Ceylan Hİ. The Effect of Environmental Disasters on Endocrine Status, Hematology Parameters, Body Composition, and Physical Performance in Young Soccer Players: A Case Study of the Aral Sea Region. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1503. [PMID: 37511878 PMCID: PMC10381241 DOI: 10.3390/life13071503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Aral Sea region (Uzbekistan) is infamous because of the ecological disaster characterized by the disappearance of the Aral Sea due to excessive uncontrolled water intake for agriculture needs. A new desert occurrence, soil and climate aridization led to pesticide and toxic metals environment pollution. The impact of environmental conditions in some areas of Uzbekistan on the health of soccer players is not as noticeable as, for example, the effectiveness of training, so it is not widely discussed in scientific papers. The aim of the present study was to study the features of endocrine status, hematology parameters (e.g., red blood cells (RBC) and hemoglobin (Hb)), and their influence on body composition and physical fitness performance in local young soccer players of the Aral Sea region as the territory of ecological disaster. The study involved 60 male soccer players aged from 18 to 22 years. Participants were divided into two groups: the experimental group (EG), which consisted of 30 soccer players living on the territory of the Aral ecological disaster region, and the control group (CG), which included 30 soccer players, natives of the ecologically favorable region of Uzbekistan. All volunteers had anthropometric measurements, concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), total testosterone (TT), estradiol (E2), cortisol (C), RBC, and Hb count. Moreover, Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (YYIRT1) and professional skills tests such as dribbling shuttle test (DSt) and goal accuracy test (GAt) were assessed. When comparing the CG group to the EG group, it was observed that the EG group exhibited statistically significantly reduced levels of TT and E2 (p < 0.05). No significant statistical difference was observed between the two groups in terms of IGF-1 and C (p > 0.05). Regarding hematological parameters, Hb, Ht, and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) were found to be significantly lower in the EG compared with the CG (p < 0.05). Moreover, the distance covered in the YYIR1 test was found to be significantly lower in soccer players within the EG compared with the CG (p < 0.05). Additionally, it was determined that there was no significant difference between the groups in terms of DSt and GAt values (p > 0.05). Lastly, significant differences were observed between the EG and CG in terms of anthropometric characteristics (diameters, skinfold, and somatotype profile) (p < 0.05). The present study showed that the changes in evaluated characteristics might result from the complex influence of endocrine-disrupting chemicals, the content of which is high in the environment of the Aral Sea region. The results obtained may help monitor the health of athletes living in an environmentally unfriendly environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerii O Erkudov
- Department of Normal Physiology, St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, 194100 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Kenjabek U Rozumbetov
- Department of General Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Karakalpak State University, Nukus 230100, Uzbekistan
| | | | - Andrey P Pugovkin
- Department of Biotechnical Systems, Faculty of Information Measurement and Biotechnical Systems, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University «LETI», 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ilal I Nazhimov
- Department of General Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Karakalpak State University, Nukus 230100, Uzbekistan
| | - Azat T Matchanov
- Department of General Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Karakalpak State University, Nukus 230100, Uzbekistan
| | - Halil İbrahim Ceylan
- Physical Education and Sports Teaching Department, Kazim Karabekir Faculty of Education, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25240, Turkey
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Zemková E, Pacholek M. Performance in the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test May Improve with Repeated Trials: Does Practice Matter? J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:75. [PMID: 37367239 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8020075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The Yo-Yo Intermittent Test is frequently used to monitor changes in athletes' performance in response to different interventions. However, the question remains as to whether, and to what extent, retakes of this test would contribute to these changes. This case study sought to determine the magnitude of practice effects, involving test repetition, on performance in the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test. A recreational soccer player performed four attempts of the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test-Level 1 (YYIR1) with a week's rest in between. The same participant repeated this test protocol (four attempts of the YYIR1) again after six months. Changes in distance covered, level achieved, maximal oxygen uptake, and heart rate between the first and last attempt were assessed. The smallest worthwhile change (SWC), the coefficient of variation (CV), and the 2CV were calculated to identify a trivial, a possibly meaningful, and a certainly meaningful change in YYIR1 performance. The distance covered in the first set of measurements increased from 1320 m to 1560 m (15.4%), which corresponds to a 4.6% increase in the level achieved (from 16.6 to 17.4). Similarly, the distance covered in the second set of measurements increased from 1280 m to 1560 m (17.9%), which corresponds to a 5.5% increase in the level achieved (from 16.5 to 17.4). The participant's performance changes fell outside of the SWC and the CV, but not the 2CV during both sets of measurements. These improvements in YYIR1 performance may be ascribed to practice with repeated attempts of the test by improving running technique at the turning point and/or by simply increasing the linear speed. This fact should always be kept in mind when interpreting the effects of training. Practitioners should differentiate between practice effects associated with repeated test execution and adaptation induced by conducting sport-specific training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Zemková
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Comenius University in Bratislava, 81469 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, 91701 Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Martin Pacholek
- Health and Physical Education Department, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 12435, Saudi Arabia
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Thomakos P, Spyrou K, Katsikas C, Geladas ND, Bogdanis GC. Effects of Concurrent High-Intensity and Strength Training on Muscle Power and Aerobic Performance in Young Soccer Players during the Pre-Season. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:sports11030059. [PMID: 36976945 PMCID: PMC10099725 DOI: 10.3390/sports11030059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate two different intervention programs applied during a 4-week pre-season period. Twenty-nine players participated in this study and were divided into two groups. One group (BallTrain, n = 12, age: 17.8 ± 0.4 years, body mass: 73.9 ± 7.6 kg, height: 178 ± 0.1 cm, body fat: 9.6 ± 5.3%) performed a higher percentage of aerobic training with ball and strength training using plyometrics and exercises with body weight. The other group (HIITTrain, n = 17, age: 17.8 ± 0.7 years, body mass: 73.3 ± 5.0 kg, height: 179 ± 0.1 cm, body fat: 8.0 ± 2.3%) trained with high-intensity interval training (HIIT) without the ball and performed resistance training with weights in the same session. Both groups trained for strength (two times/week) and performed aerobic–anaerobic fitness without the ball, passing games, and tactical and small-sided games. Lower limb power (CMJ) and aerobic fitness (Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1-IR1) were evaluated before and after the four-week training program. Yo-Yo IR1 performance was improved in both groups, but the improvement was greater for the HIITTrain than BallTrain group (468 ± 180 vs. 183 ± 177 m, p = 0.07). CMJ showed a non-significant improvement in the BallTrain group (5.8 ± 8.8%, p = 0.16), but it decreased by 8.1 ± 9% (p = 0.001), in the HIITTrain group. In conclusion, we have shown that a short pre-season period of training results in improvements in aerobic fitness in both groups, with high-intensity interval training showing superior adaptations than training with the ball. However, CMJ performance was reduced in this group, possibly suggesting higher fatigue levels and overload, and/or showing the effects of concurrent HIITTrain and strength training in soccer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierros Thomakos
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Dafne, Greece
- Correspondence:
| | - Konstantinos Spyrou
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Catόlica de Murcia, 30005 Murcia, Spain
- Facultad de Deporte, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, 30005 Murcia, Spain
| | - Christos Katsikas
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Dafne, Greece
| | - Nikolaos D. Geladas
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Dafne, Greece
| | - Gregory C. Bogdanis
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Dafne, Greece
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Kryściak J, Podgórski T, Chmura P, Konefał M, Chmura J, Brazaitis M, Modric T, Andrzejewski M. Effects of short bout small-sided game training on acid-based balance markers in youth male soccer players. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3510. [PMID: 36864165 PMCID: PMC9981584 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30646-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the effects of 1 × 1 small-sided games (SSGs) with different bout durations on external (ETL) and internal training loads (ITL) in youth soccer players. Twenty U18 players were divided into two groups performing six 1 × 1 SSGs with 30 and 45 s bout durations on a playing field of 10 by 15 m. ITL indices, including the percentage of maximum heart rate (HR), blood lactate (BLa) level, pH, bicarbonate (HCO3-) level, and base excess (BE) level, were measured at rest, after each SSG bout, and 15 and 30 min after the entire exercise protocol. ETL (Global Positioning System metrics) was recorded during all six SSG bouts. The analysis showed that the 45 s SSGs had a greater volume (large effect) but a lower training intensity (small to large effect) than the 30 s SSGs. A significant time effect (p < 0.05) was observed in all ITL indices and a significant group effect (F1, 18 = 8.84, p = 0.0082, ƞ2 = 0.33) in the HCO3- level only. Finally, the changes in the HR and HCO3- level were smaller in the 45 s SSGs than in the 30 s SSGs. In conclusion, 30-s games, characterized by a higher intensity of training effort, are more physiologically demanding than 45-s games. Secondly during short-bout SSG training the HR and BLa level have limited diagnostic value for ITL. Extending ITL monitoring using other indicators, such as the HCO3- and BE levels, appears reasonable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Kryściak
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznań University of Physical Education, 61-871, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Podgórski
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznań University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznan, Poland
| | - Paweł Chmura
- grid.8505.80000 0001 1010 5103Department of Team Games, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marek Konefał
- grid.8505.80000 0001 1010 5103Department of Biological and Motor Sport Bases, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jan Chmura
- grid.8505.80000 0001 1010 5103Department of Biological and Motor Sport Bases, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marius Brazaitis
- grid.419313.d0000 0000 9487 602XInstitute of Sports Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Toni Modric
- grid.38603.3e0000 0004 0644 1675Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Marcin Andrzejewski
- Department of Methodology of Recreation, Poznań University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznan, Poland
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Pecho J, Kováčiková Z, Šiška Ľ, Mikulič M, Čurgali M, Štefan L, Zemková E. The Three-Level Model of Factors Contributing to High-Intensity Intermittent Performance in Male Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16402. [PMID: 36554282 PMCID: PMC9778677 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
High-intensity intermittent performance in soccer is widely assessed using the yo-yo intermittent recovery level 2 test (YYIR2). This test is usually associated with aerobic-anaerobic performance. However, less is known about the direct or indirect contributions of abilities, including the anaerobic component. This study aims to propose a three-level model of factors contributing to YYIR2 performance, based on the investigation of relationships with aerobic endurance, repeated-sprint ability (RSA), and the linear and change-of-direction speed and power variables. Eighteen soccer players performed the YYIR2, with a 20-m shuttle run test (20mSR), an RSA test with change-of-direction, 5-m and 20-m sprints, and a 505 test, countermovement jump, squat jump, and drop jump. The results showed a significant relationship between the YYIR2 distance and the 20mSR distance (r = 0.721, p = 0.001), as well as with the RSA test mean time (r = -0.594, p = 0.009). In the second level, the 20mSR distance performance was not associated with any of the speed and power variables. However, the RSA test mean time correlated with the 5-m sprint (r = 0.587, p = 0.010), 20-m sprint (r = 0.702, p = 0.001), and 505 test (r = 0.585 p = 0.011) performance. In the third level, the 20-m sprint time was related to the squat jump (r = -0.577 p = 0.012) and countermovement jump (r = -0.768 p < 0.001) heights. In addition to aerobic endurance, this study highlights the importance of the anaerobic component in YYIR2 performance. More specifically, aerobic endurance (52%) and RSA (36%) are the main determinants of YYIR2 performance. Subsequently, the RSA performance is determined by the linear (34-49%) and change-of-direction speed (35%), while the explosive power of lower limbs contributes to sprinting performance (33-59%). Coaches should focus on the development of these abilities to improve the high-intensity intermittent performance of soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Pecho
- JP Sports—Athletes Performance Assessment, 810 00 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Kováčiková
- Institute of Physical Education and Sport, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Ľuboslav Šiška
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education, Catholic University, 034 01 Ružomberok, Slovakia
| | - Martin Mikulič
- Department of Sports Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Comenius University, 814 69 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marcel Čurgali
- Institute of Physical Education and Sport, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Lovro Štefan
- Department of General and Applied Kinesiology, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Sport Motorics and Methodology in Kinathropology, Faculty of Sports Studies, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Recruitment and Examination (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Erika Zemková
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Comenius University, 814 69 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Marqués-Jiménez D, Calleja-González J, Arratibel-Imaz I, Terrados N. Match Loads May Predict Neuromuscular Fatigue and Intermittent-Running Endurance Capacity Decrement after a Soccer Match. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15390. [PMID: 36430106 PMCID: PMC9692713 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192215390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
How the match-derived load metrics relate to post-match fatigue in soccer is scarcely researched. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the associations between soccer match-related internal and external loads, neuromuscular performance decrease and intermittent-running endurance capacity decrement immediately post-match. Vertical jump (countermovement jump), straight-line sprinting (10- and 20-m sprint), change of direction ability (T-test) and intermittent-running endurance capacity (YO-YO intermittent recovery level 2) were measured one day before and immediately after a friendly match in male soccer players. During the match, players' internal and external loads were also monitored, including heart rate-derived indices, total distance at various speed thresholds, average running velocity, maximal running velocity, number of sprints and number of accelerations and decelerations at various intensity thresholds. The results show that match-induced fatigue was reflected on neuromuscular performance and intermittent-running endurance capacity immediately post-match (p < 0.05). The quantification of percentage change of match external-load metrics, particularly accelerations and decelerations, provides a useful non-invasive predictor of subsequent neuromuscular fatigue status in soccer players immediately post-match (p < 0.05). However, only internal load metrics present a practical application for predicting intermittent-running endurance capacity impairment (p < 0.05). In summary, internal and external load metrics may allow for predicting the extent of acute fatigue, and variability between halves may represent a valuable alternative to facilitate the analysis of match-related fatigue both for research and applied purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Marqués-Jiménez
- Valoración del Rendimiento Deportivo, Actividad Física y Salud y Lesiones Deportivas (REDAFLED), Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression, Faculty of Education, University of Valladolid, 42004 Soria, Spain
| | - Julio Calleja-González
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education & Sport, University of the Basque Country, 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Iñaki Arratibel-Imaz
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education & Sport, University of the Basque Country, 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Sports Medicine Center Tolosa Kirol Medikuntza, 20400 Tolosa, Spain
| | - Nicolás Terrados
- Regional Unit of Sports Medicine of the Principality of Asturias (URMD), 33401 Avilés, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
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Silva JR. The soccer season: performance variations and evolutionary trends. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14082. [PMID: 36217385 PMCID: PMC9547588 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiological demands of soccer challenge the entire spectrum of the response capacity of the biological systems and fitness requirements of the players. In this review we examined variations and evolutionary trends in body composition, neuromuscular and endurance-related parameters, as well as in game-related physical parameters of professional players. Further, we explore aspects relevant for training monitoring and we reference how different training stimulus and situational variables (e.g., competition exposure) affect the physiological and performance parameters of players. Generally, improvements of small magnitude in non- (non-CMJ) and countermovement-based jumps (CMJBased) and in the sprint acceleration (ACCPhase) and maximal velocity phase (MVPhase) are observed from start of preparation phase (PPS) to beginning of competition phase (BCP). A greater magnitude of increases is observed in physiological and endurance performance measures within this period; moderate magnitude in sub-maximal intensity exercise (velocity at fixed blood lactate concentrations; V2-4mmol/l) and large magnitude in VO2max, maximal aerobic speed (MAS) and intense intermittent exercise performance (IE). In the middle of competition phase (MCP), small (CMJBased and ACCPhase), moderate (non-CMJ; MVPhase; VO2max; sub-maximal exercise) and large (MAS and IE) improvements were observed compared to PPS. In the end of competition period (ECP), CMJBased and MVPhase improve to a small extent with non-CMJ, and ACCPhase, VO2max, MAS, sub-maximal intensity exercise and IE revealing moderate increments compared to PPS. Although less investigated, there are generally observed alterations of trivial magnitude in neuromuscular and endurance-related parameters between in-season assessments; only substantial alterations are examined for IE and sub-maximal exercise performance (decrease and increase of small magnitude, respectively) from BCP to MCP and in VO2max and IE (decrements of small magnitude) from MCP to ECP. Match performance may vary during the season. Although, the variability between studies is clear for TD, VHSR and sprint, all the studies observed substantial increments in HSR between MCP and ECP. Finally, studies examining evolutionary trends by means of exercise and competition performance measures suggests of a heightened importance of neuromuscular factors. In conclusion, during the preseason players "recover" body composition profile and neuromuscular and endurance competitive capacity. Within in-season, and more robustly towards ECP, alterations in neuromuscular performance seem to be force-velocity dependent, and in some cases, physiological determinants and endurance performance may be compromised when considering other in-season moments. Importantly, there is a substantial variability in team responses that can be observed during in-season. Consequently, this informs on the need to both provide a regular training stimulus and adequate monitorization throughout the season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao Renato Silva
- Center for Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal
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Rampinini E, Martin M, Bosio A, Donghi F, Carlomagno D, Riggio M, Coutts AJ. Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on professional soccer players' match physical activities. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2022; 5:44-52. [PMID: 35077319 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2021.1995033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM The COVID-19 pandemic forced the 2019-20 Italian Serie A competition to stop and players went into lockdown. During lockdown, players only trained at home, likely having a detrimental effect on players' physical fitness and capacity. This study investigated the effect of the COVID-19 lockdown on professional soccer players' match physical activities. METHODS Match activities of 265 male professional soccer players were assessed in two periods prior to (PRE1 and PRE2) and one period following the lockdown (POST) using a video tracking system. Linear mixed models were used to examine differences between-periods in total (TD), very high-speed (VHS), sprint (SPR), high-acceleration (ACC) and high-deceleration (DEC) distances, considering full match data and data from six 15-min intervals. RESULTS TD and VHS during POST were lower than the two other competitive periods (p < 0.001, d small-moderate). SPR did not show differences between periods (p > 0.636). ACC and DEC during POST were lower than PRE2 (p < 0.015, d small). Declines in most 15-min intervals after lockdown were observed in TD and VHS. CONCLUSIONS There were small differences in the temporal distribution of SPR, ACC and DEC at POST. After the COVID-19 lockdown, soccer players' higher-intensity running activities were similar to those of games played before the lockdown, but TD and VHS decreased, both considering the entire match and 15-min intervals. The temporal distribution of running activities was mostly stable throughout the season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ermanno Rampinini
- Human Performance Laboratory, MAPEI Sport Research Centre, Varese, Italy
| | - Marco Martin
- Human Performance Laboratory, MAPEI Sport Research Centre, Varese, Italy.,School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, College of Human Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Wales, UK
| | - Andrea Bosio
- Human Performance Laboratory, MAPEI Sport Research Centre, Varese, Italy
| | - Federico Donghi
- Human Performance Laboratory, MAPEI Sport Research Centre, Varese, Italy
| | | | | | - Aaron J Coutts
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Human Performance Research Centre, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney (Uts), New South Wales, Australia
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Applicability of Field Aerobic Fitness Tests in Soccer: Which One to Choose? J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2021; 6:jfmk6030069. [PMID: 34449680 PMCID: PMC8395732 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk6030069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A desire to make fitness testing cheaper and easier to conduct in a team-sport setting has led to the development of numerous field aerobic fitness tests. This has contributed to a growing confusion among strength and conditioning coaches about which one to use. The main aim of this narrative review was to examine the reliability, validity, sensitivity and usefulness of the commonly used field aerobic fitness tests and to provide practical guidelines for their use in soccer. The University of Montreal track test (UMTT) and Vam Eval test seem the best options for estimation of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) while the highest signal-to-noise ratio of the 30-15 intermittent fitness test (30-15IFT) suggests its superior sensitivity to track changes in fitness. The UMTT and 30-15IFT are the best solutions for prescription of long and short high-intensity interval training sessions, respectively. All field tests mostly present with marginal usefulness, but the smallest worthwhile change for UMTT or Vam Eval test, Yo-YoIRT2 and 30-15IFT are smaller than their stage increment making the improvement of only one stage in the test performance already worthwhile. Strength and conditioning coaches are advised to choose the test based on their specific purpose of testing.
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Vigh-Larsen JF, Haverinen MT, Panduro J, Ermidis G, Andersen TB, Overgaard K, Krustrup P, Parkkari J, Avela J, Kyröläinen H, Mohr M. On-Ice and Off-Ice Fitness Profiles of Elite and U20 Male Ice Hockey Players of Two Different National Standards. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 34:3369-3376. [PMID: 33009345 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Vigh-Larsen, JF, Haverinen, MT, Panduro, J, Ermidis, G, Andersen, TB, Overgaard, K, Krustrup, P, Parkkari, J, Avela, J, Kyröläinen, H, and Mohr, M. On-ice and off-ice fitness profiles of elite and U20 male ice hockey players of two different national standards. J Strength Cond Res 34(12): 3369-3376, 2020-Differences in body composition and performance were investigated between elite and U20 male ice hockey players of 2 different national standards. One hundred seventy-nine players were recruited from the highest Finnish (n = 82) and Danish (n = 61) national level, as well as from 1 U20 team from Finland (n = 19) and Denmark (n = 17). Body composition and countermovement jump performance (CMJ) were measured off-ice in addition to on-ice assessments of agility, 10- and 30-m sprint performance, and endurance capacity (the maximal Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 Ice Hockey Test, Yo-Yo IR1-IHmax). Large differences in on-ice performances were demonstrated between Finnish and Danish elite players for agility, 10- and 30-m sprint performance (2-3%, P ≤ 0.05), and Yo-Yo IR1-IHmax performance (15%, P ≤ 0.05). By contrast, no differences (P > 0.05) were present between elite players for CMJ ability or body composition. However, elite players possessed more body and muscle mass than U20 players. Finally, the Finnish U20 cohort had a similar performance level as the Danish elite players and superior 10-m sprint performance, whereas the Danish U20 level was inferior to the other groups in every performance assessment (P ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, on-ice speed and endurance differ markedly between elite players of 2 different national standards with no distinction in body composition or CMJ ability. Moreover, the most consistent difference between U20 and senior elite players was related to body and muscle mass. These results highlight the usefulness of on-ice assessments and suggest the importance of on-ice high-intensity training in elite players in addition to training targeted the development of lean body mass in youth prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeppe F Vigh-Larsen
- Research Unit for Exercise Biology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marko T Haverinen
- Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Varala Sports Institute, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jeppe Panduro
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Georgios Ermidis
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Movement Sciences and Wellness, "Parthenope" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Thomas B Andersen
- Research Unit for Exercise Biology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kristian Overgaard
- Research Unit for Exercise Biology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Shanghai University of Sport (SUS), Shanghai, China.,Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Jari Parkkari
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland
| | - Janne Avela
- Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Neuromuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland; and
| | - Heikki Kyröläinen
- Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Neuromuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland; and
| | - Magni Mohr
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Center of Health Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
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Cardiovascular fitness and health effects of various types of team sports for adult and elderly inactive individuals - a brief narrative review. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2020; 63:709-722. [PMID: 33328098 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recreational team sports offer an alternative form of exercise to inactive individuals across the lifespan and sexes. Soccer is the most investigated recreational team sport reporting a wide range of health benefits, including cardiovascular (CV) health. The quest for novel paradigms to promote exercise in the general population, recently extended its interest to other team sports besides soccer. The available research supports the importance of recreational team handball, floorball, basketball, touch rugby, futsal and volleyball as training paradigms to improve CV fitness and other health-related variables in inactive individuals across ages and sexes. In most cases, recreational team sports programs assume the form of small-sided games, eliciting mean heart rates of 72-85% of the individual maximal. The majority of the training interventions were carried out for 12weeks with a reported mean attendance of 2 times 40-60min per week. Maximal oxygen uptake improvements were different in magnitude across the recreational team sports, with recreational team handball providing significant and clinically relevant increases (>3.5ml·kg-1·min-1). Game format, training exposure and pre-intervention health and fitness status are issues that need further investigation with the aim to optimize recreational team sports exercise programs implementation. Furthermore, the nature and effects of grassroots team sports should be further studied in order to provide as many as possible effective training tools for former practitioners and for the general population that has none or little experience of sport. Given the potential positive impact of recreational team sports practice on world population's health, large-scale randomized controlled trials are warranted.
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de Albuquerque Freire L, Tannure M, Sampaio M, Slimani M, Znazen H, Bragazzi NL, Aedo-Muñoz E, Sobarzo Soto DA, Brito CJ, Miarka B. COVID-19-Related Restrictions and Quarantine COVID-19: Effects on Cardiovascular and Yo-Yo Test Performance in Professional Soccer Players. Front Psychol 2020; 11:589543. [PMID: 33391113 PMCID: PMC7775546 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.589543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to verify the quarantine's effects during a serious viral outbreak on the cardiovascular and performance associated with the Yo-Yo test in a sample of professional soccer players. 20 high-level soccer players (n = 20; age: 26 ± 4 years-old; weight: 76.85 ± 6.7 kg; height: 179 ± 6 cm) participated in this study. The intermittent Yo-Yo test was performed pre- and post- COVID-19 quarantine in a random order. During each test, the soccer players' running performance outcomes were monitored using a portable 5-Hz GPS with a 100 Hz accelerometer and a paired t-test was conducted at a p-value of ≤ 0.05. The main results demonstrated significant differences between pre- versus post-COVID-19 quarantine in the following variables: relative distance (161.7 ± 5.9 > 141.1 ± 33.8 m/min), maximal speed (18.7 ± 0.9 > 18.2 ± 0.6 km/h), acceleration (60 ± 20 frequency > 52 ± 16 frequency), deceleration (34 ± 13 frequency > 27 ± 6 frequency), sprints > 19 km/h [0.8 (0.2;3)% >0.5 (0;0.5)%], and in high intensity running distance [16.48 (2.68;41.64)m > 0.827 (0.164;3.0)m]. We concluded that COVID-19-related restrictions and quarantine COVID-19 demonstrated adverse effects on professional soccer players' Yo-Yo tests performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas de Albuquerque Freire
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, School of Physical Education and Sports, Department of Fights, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Márcio Tannure
- Brazilian Society of Orthopedics and Traumatology, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Márcio Sampaio
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, School of Physical Education and Sports, Department of Fights, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maamer Slimani
- Postgraduate School of Public Health, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), Genoa University, Genoa, Italy
| | - Hela Znazen
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, College of Education, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Esteban Aedo-Muñoz
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Chilean High Performance Center, Physical Activity, Sport and Health Sciences Laboratory, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Ciro José Brito
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Bianca Miarka
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, School of Physical Education and Sports, Department of Fights, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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The Effects of a Soccer-Specific Fitness Test on Eccentric Knee Flexor Strength. J Sport Rehabil 2020; 30:568-572. [PMID: 33217730 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2019-0532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Physiological fitness testing, such as the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test (YYIR) is a key requirement of the Elite Player Performance Plan, introduced by the English Premier League. Eccentric hamstring strength has been identified as a risk factor for hamstring injuries in soccer players, with fatigue highlighted to further exasperate this issue. OBJECTIVE The aim of the current study was to examine the effect of the YYIR level 1 (YYIR1) on eccentric knee flexor strength assessed using the NordBord in youth soccer players. DESIGN Experimental design. SETTING Soccer club academy. PARTICIPANTS A total of 67 male academy soccer players (age = 16.58 [0.57] y; height = 175.45 [5.85] cm; mass = 66.30 [8.21] kg) volunteered to participate in the current study during the English competitive soccer season. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Participants conducted eccentric hamstring strength assessments using the NordBord prior to and immediately postcompletion of the YYIR1, with outcome measures of peak force and peak force relative to body mass recorded. RESULTS Paired t tests highlighted increased absolute eccentric knee flexor strength values (P < .001) immediately post-YYIR1 for both the dominant and nondominant limbs, with the same trend (P < .001) observed for eccentric strength relative to body mass. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicate that the YYIR1 does not induce eccentric knee flexor fatigue and as such is not a valid assessment method to assess the effects of fatigue on hamstring function. However, results do suggest that the NordBord may be considered a viable and more accessible alternative to detect pre-post fitness test/fatigue protocol differences in eccentric knee flexor peak strength while working in the field.
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Energetic Profiles of the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Tests 1 and 2. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:1400-1405. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To analyze the energetic profiles of the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Tests 1 and 2 (YYIR1 and YYIR2). Methods: Intermittent running distance (IR1D and IR2D), time to exhaustion (IR1T and IR2T), and total recovery time between shuttles (IR1R and IR2R) were measured in 10 well-trained male athletes (age 24.4 [2.0] y, height 182 [1] cm, weight 75.8 [7.9] kg). Respiratory gases and blood lactate (BLC) were obtained preexercise, during exercise, and until 15 min postexercise. Metabolic energy, average metabolic power , and energy share (percentage of aerobic [WAER], anaerobic lactic [WBLC], and anaerobic alactic energy system [WPCr]) were calculated using the PCr-La-O2 method. Results: Peak oxygen consumption was possibly higher in YYIR2 (60.3 [5.1] mL·kg−1·min−1) than in YYIR1 (P = .116, 57.7 [4.5] mL·kg−1·min−1, d = −0.58). IR1D, IR1T, and IR1R were very likely higher than IR2D, IR2T, and IR2R, respectively (P < .001, 1876 [391] vs 672 [132] m, d = −2.83; P < .001, 916 [175] vs 304 [57] s, d = −3.03; and P < .001, 460 [100] vs 150 [40] s, d = −2.83). Metabolic energy was most likely lower in YYIR2 than in YYIR1 (P < .001, 493.5 [118.1] vs 984.8 [171.7] kJ, d = 3.24). Average metabolic power was most likely higher in YYIR2 than in YYIR1 (P < .001, 21.5 [1.7] vs 14.5 [2.2] W·kg−1, d = 3.54). When considering aerobic phosphocreatine restoration during breaks between shuttles, WAER (P = .693, 49% [10%] vs 48% [5%], d = −0.16) was similar, WPCr (P = .165, 47% [11%] vs 42% [6%], d = −0.54) possibly higher, and WBLC (P < .001, 4% [1%] vs 10% [3%], d = 1.95) almost certainly lower in YYIR1 than in YYIR2. Conclusions: WAER and WPCr are predominant in YYIR1 and YYIR2 with almost identical WAER. Higher IR1D and IR1T in YYIR1 result in higher metabolic energy but lower average metabolic power and slightly lower peak oxygen consumption. Higher IR1R allows for higher reliance on WPCr in YYIR1, while YYIR2 requires a higher fraction of WBLC.
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Schmitz B, Pfeifer C, Thorwesten L, Krüger M, Klose A, Brand SM. Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 Test for Estimation of Peak Oxygen Uptake: Use Without Restriction? RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2020; 91:478-487. [PMID: 32004114 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2019.1684432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: This study analyzed the physiological response during Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 (YYIR1) test and re-test by in-field ergospirometry and time-series analyses of respiratory parameters. Methods: Ten moderately trained males (23.4 ± 2.01 years, VO2peak= 56.81 ± 10.75 mL·kg-1·min-1) completed three running trials including two separate YYIR1 tests and an independent maximal performance running test with time-series analyses of gas exchange parameters. Physiological response was assessed during all tests by determination of blood lactate levels (including calculation of individual lactate threshold), heart rate, oxygen consumption and respiratory exchange ratio (RER). Results: Modeling of YYIR1 test mean VO2 uptake kinetics over all participants revealed that VO2 increased rapidly after the individual lactate threshold (11.49 ± 0.66 km∙h-1 at 3.83 ± 0.42 mmol∙L-1) was reached with ~95% VO2peak at ~50% of the test duration (test, VO2 50%= 95.17 ± 8.74% of VO2peak; re-test, VO2 50%= 96.78 ± 7.04% of VO2peak). However, and despite identical YYIR1 test performance (1568 ± 364.6 m vs. 1568 ± 449.7 m, CV = 4.59%), mean VO2peak during YYIR1 test was 8.81 ± 5.6% higher than YYIR1 re-test (p = .027). Importantly, correlation of VO2peak with YYIR1 test performance was weak (R2 = 0.28, p = .115). Conclusions: We conclude that the YYIR1 test should not be used to estimate VO2peak. Further studies on direct determination of gas exchange parameters during different YYI test variants are warranted.
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Castagna C, D'Ottavio S, Gabrielli PR, Póvoas S. Sprint Endurance Abilities in Elite Female Soccer Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:1168-1174. [PMID: 32470919 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To profile sprint endurance performance of elite-level female soccer players. METHODS Twenty-five female national-team soccer players (age 25.1 [2.7] y, body mass 59.6 [3.6] kg, height 168.5 [4.1] cm) were tested for sprint endurance, performing 5 maximal sprints, interspersed with 30 seconds of active recovery (5 × 30 m) and a 30-second all-out shuttle run in a soccer pitch. The Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test level 1 (YYIR1) evaluated intermittent high-intensity endurance under the same field-testing conditions. Maximal anaerobic capacity was assessed while participants performed three 10-second all-out bouts separated by 20 seconds of passive recovery (3 × 10 s) on a nonmotorized treadmill. RESULTS Huge interplayer variability was observed for sprint decrements in 3 × 10 seconds (coefficient of variation = 37%) and 5 × 30 m (coefficient of variation = 62%). The 3 × 10 performance was largely associated with 5 × 30-m mean and best time and very largely with 30 seconds. A very large and nearly perfect correlation was observed between 30 seconds and 5 × 30 mMean (r = -.86) and 5 × 30 mBest (r = -.92), respectively. The YYIR1 was moderately to largely associated with 5 × 30-m variables and 30 seconds, respectively. A nearly perfect association was observed between 5 × 30 mBest and 5 × 30 mMean (r = .97). CONCLUSIONS Elite female soccer players' sprint endurance variables are characterized by remarkable variability. Associations between sprint endurance variables suggest physiological interdependence and a likelihood of a general ability in sustaining sprinting in this population.
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Ferioli D, Bosio A, Zois J, La Torre A, Rampinini E. Seasonal changes in physical capacities of basketball players according to competitive levels and individual responses. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230558. [PMID: 32191740 PMCID: PMC7082009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to quantify changes in physical capacities of thirty-eight basketball players selected from different teams, as well as from varying competitive levels (i.e. Division I, Division II and Division III) during the preparation and in-season periods. Methods Pre (T1) and post (T2) preparation period and during regular season (T3), the players completed a Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery test—level 1. Following a 3 to 8 days-break, players performed a 6-min continuous running test (Mognoni’s test), a counter-movement jump test and a 5-min high-intensity intermittent running test. Results Blood lactate concentration measured after the Mognoni’s test was significantly reduced from T1 to T2, and from T2 to T3 (P<0.001, ƞ2 = 0.424). The distance covered during the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery test was significantly increased only from T1 to T2 in Division II and III (P<0.001, ƞ2 = 0.789). Similarly, the physiological responses to high-intensity intermittent running test were improved only from T1 to T2 (all P<0.001, ƞ2 = 0.495 to 0.652). Despite significant changes observed in running tests from T1 to T2, at individual level 35–55% of players did not show a very likely improvement. Relative peak power produced during vertical jumps at T3 by Division I players was increased compared to T1 (ANOVA interaction, P = 0.037, ƞ2 = 0.134). Conclusions The main improvements in physical capacities occurred during the preparation period, when the aerobic fitness and the ability to sustain high-intensity intermittent efforts were moderately-to-largely improved. However, it appears that the preparation period does not consistently impact on vertical jump variables. Aerobic fitness and force/power production during vertical jumps appear to improve across the competitive season (slightly-to-moderately). Physical tests should be used to identify weaknesses in physical performance of players and to monitor their fatigue status, with the aim to develop individualized training programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ferioli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Human Performance Laboratory, MAPEI Sport Research Centre, Olgiate Olona, Varese, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Andrea Bosio
- Human Performance Laboratory, MAPEI Sport Research Centre, Olgiate Olona, Varese, Italy
| | - James Zois
- Institute of Health and Sport, College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Antonio La Torre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- IRCSS, Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy
| | - Ermanno Rampinini
- Human Performance Laboratory, MAPEI Sport Research Centre, Olgiate Olona, Varese, Italy
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Ferley DD, Scholten S, Vukovich MD. Combined Sprint Interval, Plyometric, and Strength Training in Adolescent Soccer Players: Effects on Measures of Speed, Strength, Power, Change of Direction, and Anaerobic Capacity. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:957-968. [PMID: 31977836 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ferley, DD, Scholten, S, and Vukovich, MD. Combined sprint interval, plyometric, and strength training in adolescent soccer players: effects on measures of speed, strength, power, change of direction, and anaerobic capacity. J Strength Cond Res 34(4): 957-968, 2020-During winter, many soccer players train indoors to improve the aerobic and anaerobic demands of their sport. Sprint interval training (SIT) performed on a treadmill using level and graded conditions represents a viable alternative to traditional endurance conditioning. To date, little research exists contrasting the effects of these conditions. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation included examining the effects of 2 approaches combining SIT, plyometrics, and strength training on performance measures in soccer players aged 13-18 years over 8 weeks. Forty-six subjects were divided into 3 groups. Group 1 performed SIT using predominantly inclined treadmill conditions combined with resistance and plyometric training (INC, n = 17). Group 2 performed SIT using level treadmill grades and completed the same resistance and plyometric training (LEV, n = 14). Group 3 was a control group representing various sports who continued their normal training (CON, n = 15). Pre- and posttests assessed speed, strength, change of direction, and anaerobic capacity, including sprint speed (9.1 and 18.3 m sprint), unilateral triple hop for distance (3HOP_L and 3HOP_R), pro agility change of direction (PA); treadmill running to exhaustion on a 20% grade (CFMod), and hip flexor maximum strength (HF_1RM). After training, INC and LEV improved more in all measures compared with CON. Furthermore, INC improved significantly more compared with LEV in 9.1- and 18.3-m sprint, 3HOP_L and 3HOP_R, PA, CFMod, and HF_1RM (p < 0.05). We conclude that strength and plyometric training combined with incline-based SIT is more effective than a similar training approach using level-grade SIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek D Ferley
- Avera McKennan Hospital and University Health Center, Avera Sports Institute, Sioux Falls, South Dakota
| | - Shane Scholten
- Augustana University, Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Sioux Falls, South Dakota; and
| | - Matthew D Vukovich
- College of Education and Human Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota
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Castagna C, Krustrup P, Póvoas S. Yo-Yo intermittent tests are a valid tool for aerobic fitness assessment in recreational football. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:137-147. [PMID: 31707477 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04258-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the suitability of three versions and two levels of the Yo-Yo intermittent tests for assessing and tracking aerobic fitness status development in male recreational football players. Sixty-six untrained participants (age 39 ± 6 years, VO2max 41.2 ± 6.2 ml kg-1 min-1, body mass 81.9 ± 10.8 kg, height 173.2 ± 6.4 cm) partook in a 12-week recreational football training program. They were evaluated during the Yo-Yo intermittent endurance level 1 (YYIE1) and 2 (YYIE2) tests and the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 test (YYIR1), and during a treadmill test for VO2max assessment, at baseline. Thirty-two out of these 66 participants replicated all these tests at post-intervention. An additional group of 30 male age-matched recreational football players that afterwards started the 12-week recreational football program (age 39 ± 6 years, VO2max 45.3 ± 5.8 ml kg-1 min-1, body mass 82.5 ± 7.8 kg, height 172.8 ± 5.4 cm) was evaluated at baseline to test cross-validation. RESULTS The Yo-Yo tests showed very large associations with VO2max at baseline (r = 0.75-0.77; P < 0.0001) and at post-intervention (r = 0.76-0.82; P < 0.0005). Post-training, very large associations were found between YYIE2 performance and VO2max (r = 0.65, P < 0.0001). Cross-validation revealed small to large differences between the observed and estimated VO2max values (1.5-2.96 ml kg-1 min-1) with moderate typical error of estimation (7.9-8.7%) across the tests. Performance in the YYIE1, YYIE2 and YYIR1 tests of ≥ 1760, 480 and 600 m, respectively, indicated good to excellent VO2max values. CONCLUSIONS The Yo-Yo tests considered here showed robust and consistent criterion validity. The YYIE2 could be a more accurate option to track aerobic fitness development in recreational football players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Castagna
- Fitness Training and Biomechanics Laboratory, Technical Department, Italian Football Federation (FIGC), Coverciano, Florence, Italy
- University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Susana Póvoas
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University Institute of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal.
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Torma F, Gombos Z, Jokai M, Takeda M, Mimura T, Radak Z. High intensity interval training and molecular adaptive response of skeletal muscle. SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2019; 1:24-32. [PMID: 35782463 PMCID: PMC9219277 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased cardiovascular fitness, V˙O2max, is associated with enhanced endurance capacity and a decreased rate of mortality. High intensity interval training (HIIT) is one of the best methods to increase V˙O2max and endurance capacity for top athletes and for the general public as well. Because of the high intensity of this type of training, the adaptive response is not restricted to Type I fibers, as found for moderate intensity exercise of long duration. Even with a short exercise duration, HIIT can induce activation of AMPK, PGC-1α, SIRT1 and ROS pathway as well as by the modulation of Ca2+ homeostasis, leading to enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis, and angiogenesis. The present review summarizes the current knowledge of the adaptive response of HIIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc Torma
- Research Center of Molecular Exercise Science, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Gombos
- Research Center of Molecular Exercise Science, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Matyas Jokai
- Research Center of Molecular Exercise Science, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Masaki Takeda
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Mimura
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Osaka Sangyo University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Zsolt Radak
- Research Center of Molecular Exercise Science, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary
- Corresponding author. Alkotas u. 44, Budapest, H-1123, Hungary.
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Modric T, Versic S, Sekulic D, Liposek S. Analysis of the Association between Running Performance and Game Performance Indicators in Professional Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16204032. [PMID: 31640271 PMCID: PMC6843975 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16204032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Running performance (RP) and game performance indicators (GPI) are important determinants of success in soccer (football), but there is an evident lack of knowledge about the possible associations between RP and GPI. This study aimed to identify associations between RP and GPI in professional soccer players and to compare RP and GPI among soccer playing positions. One hundred one match performances were observed over the course of half of a season at the highest level of national competition in Croatia. Players (mean ± SD, age: 23.85 ± 2.88 years; body height: 183.05 ± 8.88 cm; body mass: 78.69 ± 7.17 kg) were classified into five playing positions (central defenders (n = 26), full-backs (n = 24), central midfielders (n = 33), wide midfielders (n = 10), and forwards (n = 8). RP, as measured by global positioning system, included the total distance covered, distance covered in five speed categories (walking, jogging, running, high-speed running, and maximal sprinting), total number of accelerations, number of high-intensity accelerations, total number of decelerations, and number of high-intensity decelerations. The GPI were collected by the position-specific performance statistics index (InStat index). The average total distance was 10,298.4 ± 928.7 m, with central defenders having the shortest and central midfielders having the greatest covered distances. The running (r = 0.419, p = 0.03) and high-intensity accelerations (r = 0.493, p = 0.01) were correlated with the InStat index for central defenders. The number of decelerations of full-backs (r = −0.43, p = 0.04) and the distance covered during sprinting of forwards (r = 0.80, p = 0.02) were associated with their GPI obtained by InStat index. The specific correlations between RP and GPI should be considered during the conditioning process in soccer. The soccer training should follow the specific requirements of the playing positions established herein, which will allow players to meet the game demands and to perform successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Modric
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia.
- HNK Hajduk Split, 21000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Sime Versic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia.
- HNK Hajduk Split, 21000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Damir Sekulic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia.
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The Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance Level 2 Test: Reliability of Performance Scores, Physiological Responses and Overload Characteristics in Competitive Soccer, Basketball and Volleyball Players. J Hum Kinet 2019; 67:223-233. [PMID: 31523320 PMCID: PMC6714357 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2018-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability and reproducibility of the physiological and overload features of the Yo-Yo intermittent endurance test level 2 (Yo-Yo IE2) in competitive male soccer (n = 20), basketball (n = 11), and volleyball players (n = 10). The participants completed Yo-Yo IE2 tests on three separate occasions with assessment of performance, heart rate, running speed, accelerations, decelerations and body load using GPS instrumentation. The intra-class correlation coefficient index, confidence intervals and coefficients of variation were calculated to assess the reliability of the test. Intra-class correlation coefficients for test-retest trials in the total sample ranged from large to nearly perfect (total distance: 0.896; mean speed: 0.535; maximum speed: 0.715; mean HR: 0.876; maximum HR: 0.866; body load: 0.865). The coefficients of variation for distance, mean speed, HR response, as well as acceleration and deceleration scores for test-retest trials ranged from 1.2 to 12.5% with no differences observed among particular sport disciplines. The CV for shuttles performed ranged from 4.4 to 5.5% in all sports. Similar results were obtained for the three different categories of players tested. These results suggest that the Yo-Yo IE2 test appears to be a reliable alternative for evaluating the ability to perform intermittent high-intensity running in different outdoor and indoor team sports. Players may need one or two familiarization tests to ensure valid assessment of intermittent endurance capacity. It appears that the Yo-Yo IE2 test incorporates accelerations and decelerations in a consistent and reproducible fashion.
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Cavar M, Marsic T, Corluka M, Culjak Z, Cerkez Zovko I, Müller A, Tschakert G, Hofmann P. Effects of 6 Weeks of Different High-Intensity Interval and Moderate Continuous Training on Aerobic and Anaerobic Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:44-56. [PMID: 30142132 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cavar, M, Marsic, T, Corluka, M, Culjak, Z, Cerkez Zovko, I, Müller, A, Tschakert, G, and Hofmann, P. Effects of 6 weeks of different high-intensity interval and moderate continuous training on aerobic and anaerobic performance. J Strength Cond Res 33(1): 44-56, 2019-To provide practical data, we compared the training effects of 3 different programs, using a shuttle run stimulus, on aerobic and anaerobic performance, measured using the 20-m maximal shuttle run (Beep) test and 300-yd shuttle run, respectively. Forty-five physically trained men, with a mean age of 21.1 ± 1.8 years, participated. The 6-week, 12-session training programs included 2 high-intensity interval training (HIIT) protocols, with either a short (SH) or long (LH) shuttle run interval, and a continuous shuttle run (CON), which was used as a control. The training intensity was based on the maximal shuttle run speed (MASS), measured on the Beep test, to elicit the relevant values of the time to exhaustion (TTE). Short (SH) training was performed at 115-120%(MASS), with a 10-second work to 10-second rest scheme, and the number of repetitions to be completed set to 70% of each participant's maximum (∼15 repetitions). LH training was performed at an intensity of 90-95%(MASS), with the duration set to 70%(TTE) (∼4 minutes). For both SH and LH, 3 sets were completed at each session, with a 2-3 minutes of rest between sets. CON training consisted of continuous shuttle running for 35 minutes at an intensity of 70%(MASS). Both SH and LH yielded a large training effect (p < 0.01), with SH preferentially improving anaerobic performance and LH preferentially improving aerobic performance. No effect of CON training was identified. Our findings indicate that these different training protocols cannot be used interchangeably and that the Beep test is useful in prescribing the intensity and duration of HIIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mile Cavar
- Department of Physical Culture, Faculty of Natural Science, Mathematics and Education, University of Mostar, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Toso Marsic
- Department of Physical Culture, Faculty of Natural Science, Mathematics and Education, University of Mostar, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina.,Faculty of Kineseology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marin Corluka
- Department of Physical Culture, Faculty of Natural Science, Mathematics and Education, University of Mostar, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Zoran Culjak
- Department of Physical Culture, Faculty of Natural Science, Mathematics and Education, University of Mostar, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Ivana Cerkez Zovko
- Department of Physical Culture, Faculty of Natural Science, Mathematics and Education, University of Mostar, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Alex Müller
- Exercise Physiology, Training & Training Therapy Research Group, Institute of Sports Science, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gerhard Tschakert
- Exercise Physiology, Training & Training Therapy Research Group, Institute of Sports Science, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Hofmann
- Exercise Physiology, Training & Training Therapy Research Group, Institute of Sports Science, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding soccer players' match-related fatigue and recovery profiles likely helps with developing conditioning programs that increase team performance and reduce injuries and illnesses. In order to improve match recovery (the return-to-play process and ergogenic interventions) it is also pivotal to determine if match simulation protocols and actual match-play lead to similar responses. OBJECTIVES (1) To thoroughly describe the development of fatigue during actual soccer match play and its recovery time course in terms of physiological, neuromuscular, technical, biochemical and perceptual responses, and (2) to determine similarities of recovery responses between actual competition (11 vs. 11) and match simulations. METHODS A first screening phase consisted of a systematic search on PubMed (MEDLINE) and SportDiscus databases until March 2016. Inclusion criteria were: longitudinal study with soccer players; match or validated protocol; duration > 45 min; and published in English. RESULTS A total of 77 eligible studies (n = 1105) were used to compute 1196 effect sizes (ES). Half-time assessments revealed small to large alterations in immunological parameters (e.g. leukocytes, ES = 1.9), a moderate decrement in insulin concentration (ES = - 0.9) and a small to moderate impairment in lower-limb muscle function (ES = - 0.5 to - 0.7) and physical performance measures (e.g. linear sprint, ES = - 0.3 to - 1.0). All the systematically analyzed fatigue-related markers were substantially altered at post-match. Hamstrings force production capacity (ES = - 0.7), physical performance (2-4%, ES = 0.3-0.5), creatine kinase (CK, ES = 0.4), well-being (ES = 0.2-0.4) and delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS, ES = 0.6-1.3) remained substantially impaired at G + 72 h. Compared to simulation protocols, 11 vs. 11 match format (CK, ES = 1.8) induced a greater magnitude of change in muscle damage (i.e. CK, ES = 1.8 vs. 0.7), inflammatory (IL-6, ES = 2.6 vs. 1.1) and immunological markers and DOMS (ES = 1.5 vs. 0.7) than simulation protocols at post-assessments. Neuromuscular performances at post-match did not differ between protocols. CONCLUSION While some parameters are fully recovered (e.g. hormonal and technical), our systematic review shows that a period of 72 h post-match play is not long enough to completely restore homeostatic balance (e.g. muscle damage, physical and well-being status). The extent of the recovery period post-soccer game cannot consist of a 'one size fits all approach'. Additionally, the 'real match' (11 vs. 11 format) likely induces greater magnitudes of perceptual (DOMS) and biochemical alterations (e.g. muscle damage), while neuromuscular alterations were essentially similar. Overall, coaches must adjust the structure and content of the training sessions during the 72-h post-match intervention to effectively manage the training load within this time-frame.
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Chiu CJ, Chi CW, Hsieh HR, Huang YC, Wu HJ, Chen YJ. Modulation of macrophage polarization by level-1 Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test in young football players. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e12739. [PMID: 30334958 PMCID: PMC6212288 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000012739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of the level-1 Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (YYIRT1) on polarization of macrophages in young football players.Fourteen male football players (19.9 ± 1.4 years old) were enrolled in this study. YYIRT1 was performed with 20-meter shuttle runs at increasing speeds and 10-second active recovery in a 5-meter distance between runs till exhaustion. Fasting blood samples were collected before and immediately after YYIRT1. Analysis for macrophage polarization by flow cytometry, reactive oxygen species (ROS) by flow cytometry, biochemical parameters by chemical reactions, and serum cytokines by ELISA were performed. The rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and cardiovascular parameters were recorded.The time to exhaustion was 714.1 ± 114.4 seconds. The oxygen uptake ((Equation is included in full-text article.)) was 48.7 ± 5.6 mL/min/kg, RPE scale was 19 ± 1, resting heart rate and maximal heart rate were 64.9 ± 8.8 beat/min and 181.9 ± 9.3 beat/min, respectively, indicating a high level of cardiopulmonary fitness. The expression of macrophage-specific CD14 and M1 marker HLA-ABC, but not M2 marker CD206, was down-regulated after YYIRT1. The intracellular ROS levels in macrophages had no significant change. In biochemical profile, the serum levels of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), a marker of muscle damage, increased after YYIRT1 whereas no significant alteration was noted in creatine phosphokinase (CPK), blood urine nitrogen, creatinine, aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and C-reactive protein. The serum levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α had no significant change.The YYIRT1 may induce muscle damage accompanied by modulation of macrophage polarization toward suppression of M1 phenotype in young football players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Jan Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Sport Coaching Science, Chinese Culture University, Taipei
| | - Chih-Wen Chi
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City
| | - Hui-Ru Hsieh
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City
| | - Yu-Chuen Huang
- Department of Chinese Medicine
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung
| | - Huey-June Wu
- Graduate Institute of Sport Coaching Science, Chinese Culture University, Taipei
| | - Yu-Jen Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Datson N, Drust B, Weston M, Gregson W. Repeated high-speed running in elite female soccer players during international competition. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2018.1508880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Datson
- Institute of Sport, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
| | - Barry Drust
- Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matthew Weston
- Department of Psychology, Sport and Exercise, School of Social Sciences, Humanities and Law, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Warren Gregson
- Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Ferioli D, Bosio A, La Torre A, Carlomagno D, Connolly DR, Rampinini E. Different Training Loads Partially Influence Physiological Responses to the Preparation Period in Basketball. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:790-797. [PMID: 28146032 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ferioli, D, Bosio, A, La Torre, A, Carlomagno, D, Connolly, DR, and Rampinini, E. Different training loads partially influence physiological responses to preparation period in basketball. J Strength Cond Res 32(3): 790-797, 2018-The aim of this study was to compare the session rating of perceived exertion training load (sRPE-TL), training volume (TV), and the changes in physical fitness between professional (n = 14) and semiprofessional (n = 18) basketball players during the preparation period. Furthermore, relationships between sRPE-TL and TV with changes in physical fitness level were investigated. The players performed the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test-level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1) before and after the preparation period. In addition, physiological responses to a standardized 6-minute continuous running test (Mognoni's test) and to a standardized 5-minute high-intensity intermittent running test (HIT) were measured. Session rating of perceived exertion-TL and TV were greater for professional (5,241 ± 1787 AU; 914 ± 122 minutes) compared with semiprofessional players (2,408 ± 487 AU; 583 ± 65 minutes). Despite these differences, Yo-Yo IR1 performance improvements (∼30%) and physiological adaptations to the Mognoni's test were similar between the 2 groups. Furthermore, physiological adaptations to HIT were slightly greater for professional compared with semiprofessional players; however, the magnitude of these effects was only small/moderate. No clear relationships were found between sRPE-TL and changes in Yo-Yo IR1 performance and Mognoni's test (rs ± 90% confidence interval [CI]: Yo-Yo IR1, 0.18 ± 0.30; Mognoni's test, -0.14 ± 0.29). Only moderate relationships were found between sRPE-TL and changes in HIT (rs ± 90% CI: [La], -0.48 ± 0.23; [H], -0.42 ± 0.25). These results raise doubts on the effectiveness of using high sRPE-TL and TV during the preparation period to improve the physical fitness level of players. The Yo-Yo IR1 seems to be sensitive to monitor changes induced by the preparation period; however, its use is not recommended to discriminate between adult basketball players of different competitive level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ferioli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Bosio
- Human Performance Laboratory, MAPEI Sport Research Center, Olgiate Olona, Varese, Italy
| | - Antonio La Torre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Domenico Carlomagno
- Human Performance Laboratory, MAPEI Sport Research Center, Olgiate Olona, Varese, Italy
| | | | - Ermanno Rampinini
- Human Performance Laboratory, MAPEI Sport Research Center, Olgiate Olona, Varese, Italy
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Energetic Profile of the Basketball Exercise Simulation Test in Junior Elite Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:810-815. [PMID: 29182413 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2017-0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze the energetic profile of the Basketball Exercise Simulation Test (BEST). METHODS Ten male elite junior basketball players (age 15.5 [0.6] y, height 180 [9] cm, and body mass 66.1 [11.2] kg) performed a modified BEST (20 circuits consisting of jumping, sprinting, jogging, shuffling, and short breaks) simulating professional basketball game play. Circuit time, sprint time, sprint decrement, oxygen uptake (VO2), heart rate, and blood lactate concentration (blc) were obtained. Metabolic energy and metabolic power above rest (Wtot and Ptot), as well as energy share in terms of aerobic (Waer), glycolytic (Wblc), and high-energy phosphates (WPCr), were calculated from VO2 during exercise, net lactate production, and the fast component of postexercise VO2 kinetics, respectively. RESULTS Waer, Wblc, and WPCr reflect 89% (2%), 5% (1%), and 6% (1%) of total energy needed, respectively. Assuming an aerobic replenishment of PCr energy stores during short breaks, the adjusted energy share yielded Waer 66% (4%), Wblc 5% (1%), and WPCr 29% (1%). Waer and WPCr were negatively correlated (-0.72 and -0.59) with sprint time, which was not the case for Wblc. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with general findings on energy system interaction during repeated high-intensity exercise bouts, the intermittent profile of the BEST relies primarily on aerobic energy combined with repetitive supplementation by anaerobic utilization of high-energy phosphates.
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Schmitz B, Pfeifer C, Kreitz K, Borowski M, Faldum A, Brand SM. The Yo-Yo Intermittent Tests: A Systematic Review and Structured Compendium of Test Results. Front Physiol 2018; 9:870. [PMID: 30026706 PMCID: PMC6041409 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Although Yo-Yo intermittent tests are frequently used in a variety of sports and research studies to determine physical fitness, no structured reference exists for comparison and rating of test results. This systematic review of the most common Yo-Yo tests aimed to provide reference values for test results by statistical aggregation of published data. Methods: A systematic literature search for articles published until August 2017 was performed in MEDLINE, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus and Google Scholar. Original reports on healthy females and males ≥16 years were eligible for the analysis. Sub-maximal test versions and the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 Children's test (YYIR1C) were not included. Results: 248 studies with 9,440 participants were included in the structured analysis. The Yo-Yo test types most frequently used were the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 (YYIR1, 57.7%), the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 2 (YYIR2, 28.0%), the Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance Level 2 (YYIE2, 11.4%), and the Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance Level 1 (YYIE1, 2.9%) test. For each separate test, reference values (global means and percentiles) for sports at different levels and both genders were calculated. Conclusions: Our analysis provides evidence that Yo-Yo intermittent tests reference values differ with respect to the type and level of sport performed.The presented results may be used by practitioners, trainers and athletes to rate Yo-Yo intermittent test performance levels and monitor training effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Schmitz
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Molecular Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Carina Pfeifer
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Molecular Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Kiana Kreitz
- Institute of Biostatistics and Clinical Research, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Matthias Borowski
- Institute of Biostatistics and Clinical Research, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Andreas Faldum
- Institute of Biostatistics and Clinical Research, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Stefan-Martin Brand
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Molecular Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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Lockie RG, Risso FG, Giuliano DV, Orjalo AJ, Jalilvand F. Practical Fitness Profiling Using Field Test Data for Female Elite-Level Collegiate Soccer Players: A Case Analysis of a Division I Team. Strength Cond J 2018. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ferioli D, Rampinini E, Bosio A, La Torre A, Azzolini M, Coutts AJ. The physical profile of adult male basketball players: Differences between competitive levels and playing positions. J Sports Sci 2018; 36:2567-2574. [PMID: 29697296 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1469241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the physical differences in adult male basketball players of different competitive level and playing position using a large cohort. In the middle of the regular season, 129 players from four different Divisions completed a Yo-YoIR1 and, after 3-to-8 days, they performed a 6-min continuous running test (Mognoni's test), a counter-movement jump (CMJ) test and a 5-min High-intensity Intermittent running test (HIT). Magnitude-based inferences revealed that differences in HIT were very likely moderate between Division I and II and likely small between Division II and III. The differences in absolute peak power and force produced during CMJs between Division I and II and between Division II and III were possibly small. Differences in Yo-YoIR1 and Mognoni's test were very likely-to-almost certain moderate/large between Division III and VI. We observed possibly-to-likely small differences in HIT and Mognoni's test between guards and forwards and almost certainly moderate differences in absolute peak power and force during CMJs between guards and centres. The ability to sustain high-intensity intermittent efforts (i.e. HIT) and strength/power characteristics can differentiate between competitive level, while strength/power characteristics discriminate guards from forwards/centres. These findings inform practitioners on the development of identification programs and training activities in basketball.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ferioli
- a Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
| | - Ermanno Rampinini
- b Human Performance Laboratory , MAPEI Sport Research Centre , Olgiate Olona , VA , Italy
| | - Andrea Bosio
- b Human Performance Laboratory , MAPEI Sport Research Centre , Olgiate Olona , VA , Italy
| | - Antonio La Torre
- a Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
| | - Matteo Azzolini
- a Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy.,b Human Performance Laboratory , MAPEI Sport Research Centre , Olgiate Olona , VA , Italy
| | - Aaron J Coutts
- c Sport and Exercise Discipline Group , University of Technology Sydney (UTS) , Sydney , Australia
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Kotsis Y, Mikellidi A, Aresti C, Persia E, Sotiropoulos A, Panagiotakos DB, Antonopoulou S, Nomikos T. A low-dose, 6-week bovine colostrum supplementation maintains performance and attenuates inflammatory indices following a Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test in soccer players. Eur J Nutr 2018; 57:1181-1195. [PMID: 28285432 PMCID: PMC5861165 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-017-1401-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of a 6-week, low-dose bovine colostrum (BC) supplementation on exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) and performance decline in soccer players following the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST) during a competitive season period. METHODS In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled design, two groups of soccer players were allocated to a 3.2 g/day of whey protein (WP, N = 8) or BC (N = 10) and performed a pre- and a post-supplementation LIST. Maximum isometric voluntary contraction, squat jump (SQJ), countermovement jump, muscle soreness, blood cell counts, creatine kinase (CK), C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were monitored for 2, 24, 48, 72 h post-LIST. RESULTS LIST induced transient increases in leukocytes, granulocytes, CK, muscle soreness, CRP, IL-6 and declines in lymphocytes and performance indices. Supplementation resulted in a faster recovery of SQJ, CK and CRP compared to pre-supplementation kinetics (trial × time: p = 0.001, 0.056, 0.014, respectively) and lower incremental area under the curve (iAUC) for IL-6, only in the BC group [pre-: 31.1 (6.78-46.9), post-: 14.0 (-0.16 to 23.5) pg h/ml, p = 0.034]. Direct comparison of the two groups after supplementation demonstrated higher iAUC of SQJ [WP: -195.2 (-229.0 to (-52.5)), BC: -15.8 (-93.2 to 16.8) cm h, p = 0.034], a trend for lower iAUC of CK in the BC group [WP: 18,785 (4651-41,357), BC: 8842 (4807-14,802) U h/L, p = 0.081] and a significant intervention × time interaction for CRP (p = 0.038) in favor of BC. CONCLUSIONS Post-exercise EIMD may be reduced and performance better maintained by a low dose of BC administration following LIST in soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiannis Kotsis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, Eleftheriou Venizelou 70, 17671, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Mikellidi
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, Eleftheriou Venizelou 70, 17671, Athens, Greece
| | - Cleopatra Aresti
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, Eleftheriou Venizelou 70, 17671, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Persia
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, Eleftheriou Venizelou 70, 17671, Athens, Greece
| | - Aristomenis Sotiropoulos
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Demosthenes B Panagiotakos
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, Eleftheriou Venizelou 70, 17671, Athens, Greece
| | - Smaragdi Antonopoulou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, Eleftheriou Venizelou 70, 17671, Athens, Greece
| | - Tzortzis Nomikos
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, Eleftheriou Venizelou 70, 17671, Athens, Greece.
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Lockie RG, Jalilvand F, Moreno MR, Orjalo AJ, Risso FG, Nimphius S. Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 2 and Its Relationship With Other Typical Soccer Field Tests in Female Collegiate Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:2667-2677. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Higino WP, Sorroche ADS, de Mattos Falqueiro PG, Suzuki Lima YC, Higa CL. Determination of Aerobic Performance in Youth Soccer Players: Effect of Direct And Indirect Methods. J Hum Kinet 2017; 56:109-118. [PMID: 28469749 PMCID: PMC5384058 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2017-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to correlate and compare values for variables determined in indirect tests with the values determined directly in youth soccer players. The study subjects were 27 youth soccer players (age 16.77 ± 0.75 years; body mass 63.29 ± 7.37 kg; body height 174.14 ± 8.46 cm) playing in the basic categories of a first division team at the regional level of Brazilian soccer. Each subject was evaluated with the following tests: a) a treadmill test to directly determine values of VO2max and Vamax (Treadmill); b) an indirect Shuttle Run Test (SRT); c) an indirect Carminatti’s test (TCar). VO2max showed significantly different values in the Treadmill and the SRT (59.21 ± 5.88 and 50.67 ± 3.58 ml⋅kg−1⋅min−1, respectively). Similarly, values obtained for VPeak in the treadmill test and for Vamax in TCar were different from values for SRT VPeak (15.01 ± 1.10, 14.92 ± 0.87 and 12.64 ± 0.62 km⋅h−1, respectively). A correlation analysis showed a moderate relationship between values for VPeak TCar and VO2max determined on a treadmill (r = 0.46) and Vamax determined on a treadmill (r = 0.54). The analysis also showed a high correlation between values of VO2max determined on the treadmill and VO2max evaluated in the SRT (r = 0.69), as well as VPeak determined in the SRT and VO2max tested on the treadmill (r = 0.71), as well as between VPeak determined in the SRT and VO2max evaluated on the treadmill (r = 0.77). We concluded that the SRT underestimated values of VO2max and Vamax. Additionally, VPeak TCar showed no difference compared to Vamax, although it did show a low correlation with it. In addition the SRT, even with high correlations, did not seem to be a great predictor of aerobic fitness in youth soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonder Passoni Higino
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Sul de Minas Gerais - Campus Muzambinho - Curso de Educação Física, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Camila Lie Higa
- Universidade Estadual Paulista - Campus Rio Claro - Departamento de Educação Física, Brazil
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Lago-Peñas C, Gomez MÁ, Pollard R. Home advantage in elite soccer matches. A transient effect? INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1304024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Lago-Peñas
- Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Miguel-Ángel Gomez
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Polytechnic University of Madrid, Calle Ramiro de Maeztu, Madrid, Spain
| | - Richard Pollard
- Statistics Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
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Relationships and Predictive Capabilities of Jump Assessments to Soccer-Specific Field Test Performance in Division I Collegiate Players. Sports (Basel) 2016; 4:sports4040056. [PMID: 29910304 PMCID: PMC5968899 DOI: 10.3390/sports4040056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leg power is an important characteristic for soccer, and jump tests can measure this capacity. Limited research has analyzed relationships between jumping and soccer-specific field test performance in collegiate male players. Nineteen Division I players completed tests of: leg power (vertical jump (VJ), standing broad jump (SBJ), left- and right-leg triple hop (TH)); linear (30 m sprint; 0–5 m, 5–10 m, 0–10, 0–30 m intervals) and change-of-direction (505) speed; soccer-specific fitness (Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 2); and 7 × 30-m sprints to measure repeated-sprint ability (RSA; total time (TT), performance decrement (PD)). Pearson’s correlations (r) determined jump and field test relationships; stepwise regression ascertained jump predictors of the tests (p < 0.05). All jumps correlated with the 0–5, 0–10, and 0–30 m sprint intervals (r = −0.65–−0.90). VJ, SBJ, and left- and right-leg TH correlated with RSA TT (r = −0.51–−0.59). Right-leg TH predicted the 0–5 and 0–10 m intervals (R2 = 0.55–0.81); the VJ predicted the 0–30 m interval and RSA TT (R2 = 0.41–0.84). Between-leg TH asymmetry correlated with and predicted left-leg 505 and RSA PD (r = −0.68–0.62; R2 = 0.39–0.46). Improvements in jumping ability could contribute to faster speed and RSA performance in collegiate soccer players.
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Doncaster G, Marwood S, Iga J, Unnithan V. Influence of oxygen uptake kinetics on physical performance in youth soccer. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:1781-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3431-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Harper LD, Clifford T, Briggs MA, McNamee G, West DJ, Stevenson E, Russell M. The Effects of 120 Minutes of Simulated Match Play on Indices of Acid-Base Balance in Professional Academy Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:1517-24. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Rogan S. Comparison of Two Kinds of Endurance Training Programs on the Effects of the Ability to Recover in Amateur Soccer Players. Asian J Sports Med 2015; 6:e22585. [PMID: 26448831 PMCID: PMC4592755 DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.6(2)2015.22585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: High intensity intermittent aerobic exercise is an elementary endurance training exercise to build soccer endurance. Many studies exist with professional soccer players. But limited research has been conducted with amateur soccer players. Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare and assess the effects of the shuttle-run method and the Hoff-track method on the ability to recover in amateur soccer players within three weeks. Patients and Methods: Two amateur soccer teams were randomly assigned to shuttle-run group (n = 24; SRG) (SRG: shuttle-run group) or Hoff-track group (n = 18; HTG) (HTG: hoff-track group). They performed 2 times/week over three weeks their program. SRG performed a 20 m high speed shuttle-run until exhaustion and HTG covered at their highest speed level an obstacle track. Before and after training the yo-yo intermittent recovery test level 2 (YYIRTL2) was conducted. Results: Significant differences were observed within (P < 0.05) and between the groups (P = 0.06; ES = 0.50) in distance covering during YYIRTL2. Conclusions: Both training methods seem to improve the ability to recover in amateur soccer players within a short time period during the competition season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slavko Rogan
- Department of Health, Discipline Physiotherapy, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Bern, Switzerland
- Academy for Integrative Physiotherapy and Training Education (AfiPT), Grenzach-Wyhlen, Germany
- Corresponding author: Slavko Rogan, Department of Health, Discipline Physiotherapy, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Bern, Switzerland. Tel: +41-318483536, Fax: +41-318483521, E-mail:
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Sanchis-Gomar F, Alis R, Rampinini E, Bosio A, Ferioli D, La Torre A, Xu J, Sansoni V, Perego S, Romagnoli M, Lombardi G. Adropin and apelin fluctuations throughout a season in professional soccer players: Are they related with performance? Peptides 2015; 70:32-6. [PMID: 25981336 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Myokines are likely to be involved in the whole-body metabolic adaptive changes that occur in response to regular exercise. We aimed to investigate the association of the two myokines (adropin and apelin) with physical performance in professional soccer players. To this purpose, we analyzed the fluctuations of circulating levels of both adropin and apelin in professional soccer players during a season and evaluated the possible association of these myokines with the performance level. Creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity as well as iron, transferrin and high-sensitivity C-Reactive protein (hsCRP), ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), free testosterone/cortisol ratio (FTCR), total iron binding capacity (TIBC) were also determined. Fifteen male professional soccer players from an Italian Serie A team were included in this study. Regarding the results of the biochemical analyses, the patterns of changes in the biomarkers of fatigue and inflammation, i.e., HsCRP, CK and LDH reflected the effects of the training throughout the season. No significant changes were observed in adropin, while apelin exhibited variations that seem not to be related with performance. In addition, both adropin and apelin did not represent valuable strategy to assist in the performance assessment of professional soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael Alis
- Research Institute "Dr. Viña Giner", Molecular and Mitochondrial Medicine, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain; School of Medicine, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Andrea Bosio
- Human Performance Laboratory, MAPEI Sport Research Center, Italy
| | - Davide Ferioli
- Human Performance Laboratory, MAPEI Sport Research Center, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Antonio La Torre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Jincheng Xu
- Sport Rehabilitation Department, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Veronica Sansoni
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Perego
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Romagnoli
- Research Institute of the Hospital 12 de Octubre ("i+12"), Madrid, Spain; Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Giovanni Lombardi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy
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Kilic-Toprak E, Yapici A, Kilic-Erkek O, Koklu Y, Tekin V, Alemdaroglu U, Bor-Kucukatay M. Acute effects of Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (Yo-YoIR1) on hemorheological parameters in female volleyball players. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2015; 60:191-9. [DOI: 10.3233/ch-141844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emine Kilic-Toprak
- Pamukkale University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Kinikli, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Ayşegül Yapici
- Pamukkale University, School of Sport Science and Technology, Kinikli, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Ozgen Kilic-Erkek
- Pamukkale University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Kinikli, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Koklu
- Pamukkale University, School of Sport Science and Technology, Kinikli, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Volkan Tekin
- Pamukkale University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Kinikli, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Utku Alemdaroglu
- Pamukkale University, School of Sport Science and Technology, Kinikli, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Melek Bor-Kucukatay
- Pamukkale University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Kinikli, Denizli, Turkey
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Carvalho HM, Bidaurrazaga-Letona I, Lekue JA, Amado M, Figueiredo AJ, Gil SM. Physical growth and changes in intermittent endurance run performance in young male Basque soccer players. Res Sports Med 2015; 22:408-24. [PMID: 25295478 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2014.944301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The present 4-year longitudinal study examined physical growth and development of intermittent endurance run performance in young Basque soccer players aged 10-15 years applying multilevel regression modeling. Anthropometry, predicted adult stature and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery level 1 test (Yo-Yo IR1) of players from the under-11 teams from the Athletic Club of Bilbao were measured at pre- and end-season (two measurements per year of study, n = 33 considered for analysis). A non-linear effect of age on intermittent endurance run was observed, with significantly higher increases in Yo-Yo IR1 between 10-11 year-old and 14-15 year-old players. The development of Yo-Yo IR1 performance in all the years of the study was influenced positively by training exposure during the seasons (P < 0.01) and independent of maturity status and body size (P > 0.05). The steady development of intermittent endurance run performance during pubertal years in adolescent Basque soccer players is partially influenced by training exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto M Carvalho
- a Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education , University of Coimbra , Portugal
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Boullosa DA, Abreu L. Dr. Boullosa's forgotten pieces don't fit the puzzle: a response to Dr. Buchheit and Dr. Laursen. Sports Med 2015; 44:1625-8. [PMID: 25288508 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-014-0271-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Boullosa
- Post-Graduate Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia, QS 07, LT1 S/N-Sala 111-Bloco G, 71966-700, Águas Claras, DF, Brazil,
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