1
|
Lievens E, Van de Casteele F, De Block F, Van Vossel K, Vandenbogaerde T, Sandford GN, Bellinger P, Minahan C, Bourgois JG, Stellingwerff T, Mujika I, Derave W. Estimating Muscle Fiber-Type Composition in Elite Athletes: A Survey on Current Practices and Perceived Merit. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:1197-1208. [PMID: 39209287 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2024-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To gather information on practices and perceptions of high-performance experts regarding their athletes' muscle fiber-type composition (MFTC) and its estimation. METHODS A questionnaire on the noninvasive versus invasive estimation of MFTC was completed by 446 experts including coaches and sport-science/sports-medicine staff. Moreover, the perceived importance of MFTC for training and performance optimization was assessed. Differences between sport types (individual and team sports) were analyzed using chi-square tests. RESULTS Forty percent of the experts implemented MFTC assessment in pursuit of performance optimization, while 50% did not know their athletes' MFTC but expressed a desire to implement it if they would be able to assess MFTC. Ten percent did not perceive value in MFTC assessment. Only 18% of experts believed that their athletes would undergo a muscle biopsy, leading to the adoption of alternative noninvasive techniques. Experts primarily relied on their experience to estimate MFTC (65%), with experts working in individual sports using their experience more frequently than those working in team sports (68% vs 51%; P = .009). Jump tests emerged as the second-most commonly employed method for estimating MFTC (56%). When only considering experts who are currently using MFTC, 87% use MFTC to individualize training volume and 84% to individualize training intensity. CONCLUSIONS Experts value MFTC assessment primarily to individualize training but mainly rely on noninvasive methods to estimate MFTC. Some of these methods lack scientific validity, suggesting a continuing need for education and further research in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eline Lievens
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Fien De Block
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kim Van Vossel
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | - Phillip Bellinger
- Griffith Sports Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Clare Minahan
- Griffith Sports Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Australian Institute of Sport, Australian Sports Commission, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Jan G Bourgois
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Trent Stellingwerff
- Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Exercise Science, Physical & Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Iñigo Mujika
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Basque Country
- Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Wim Derave
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Delhaye C, Rozier-Delgado P, Vonderscher M, Di Domenico H, Bowen M, Millet G, Morin JB, Samozino P, Morel B. Submaximal force-velocity relationships during mountain ultramarathon: Data from the field. J Sports Sci 2024:1-9. [PMID: 39396192 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2413715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 09/30/2024] [Indexed: 10/14/2024]
Abstract
This study presents a novel method for evaluating the submaximal velocity-force (V(F)) relationship in mountain ultramarathon races using crowdsourced data from Strava.com. The dataset includes positional data from 408 participants of the 171-km UTMB® 2023 race (9,850-m D+). The race was divided into 100-m segments. The mean net propulsive force and velocity were computed for each segment to describe the submaximal V(F) relationship as a rational function of three parameters. F1: propulsive force at 1 m · s-1; V0: theoretical maximum velocity on flat terrain; C: curvature parameter (the lower C, the more linear the V(F) relationship). The V(F) profile parameters were found to be F1 = 1.80 ± 0.33 N · kg-1, V0 = 2.36 ± 0.42 m · s-1, and C = 0.66 ± 1.81, with good independence between the parameters within a group of homogeneous performance. The best athletes had the highest F1, V0, and C values. V(F) parameters were affected by fatigue during the race, with decreases of 20.9%, 32.0%, and 59.8% between the first and second parts of the race respectively. These findings suggest that the V(F) relationship is an interesting original approach for studying performance and fatigability during mountain ultra-endurance races.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clément Delhaye
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Sciences, University Savoie Mont Blanc, Chambéry, EA, France
| | - Pablo Rozier-Delgado
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Sciences, University Savoie Mont Blanc, Chambéry, EA, France
| | - Mylène Vonderscher
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Sciences, University Savoie Mont Blanc, Chambéry, EA, France
| | - Hervé Di Domenico
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Sciences, University Savoie Mont Blanc, Chambéry, EA, France
| | - Maximilien Bowen
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Sciences, University Savoie Mont Blanc, Chambéry, EA, France
| | - Guillaume Millet
- Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Sciences, University Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Saint-Étienne, EA, France
| | - Jean-Benoit Morin
- Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Sciences, University Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Saint-Étienne, EA, France
| | - Pierre Samozino
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Sciences, University Savoie Mont Blanc, Chambéry, EA, France
| | - Baptiste Morel
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Sciences, University Savoie Mont Blanc, Chambéry, EA, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Singh U, Ramachandran AK, Baxter BA, Allen SJ. The correlation of force-velocity-power relationship of a whole-body movement with 20 m and 60 m sprint performance. Sports Biomech 2024; 23:1526-1539. [PMID: 34286663 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1951344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Sprinting ability is important for successful performance in sports. The aim of this study was to examine the correlation between force-velocity-power relationship of a whole-body movement and sprint performance. Twelve male participants performed maximal squat jumps with additional loads ranging from 0% to 100% body weight to obtain force-velocity profiles. The mean force and velocity were calculated during the push-off phase for each jump, which resulted in a force-velocity curve. The theoretical maximal force (F0), theoretical maximal velocity (V0) and theoretical maximum power (P0) were computed via extrapolation of the force and velocity data. In the second session, participants performed two 60 m sprints and the time to cover 20 m (t20), time to cover 60 m (t60), and maximum sprint velocity (Vmax) were calculated from the best 60 m trial. Correlation analyses revealed strong and significant correlations between V0 and t20 (r = -0.60), V0 and t60 (r = -0.60), P0 and t20 (r = -0.75) and P0 and t60 (r = -0.78). Multiple linear regression indicated that P0 explained 56%, 61% and 60% of the variability in t20, t60 and Vmax, respectively. Our results emphasise the importance of developing power production capabilities to improve sprint performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Utkarsh Singh
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | | | - Brett A Baxter
- Centre for Physical Activity and Life Sciences, University of Northampton, Northampton, UK
| | - Sam J Allen
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhou JY, Wang X, Hao L, Ran XW, Wei W. Meta-analysis of the effect of plyometric training on the athletic performance of youth basketball players. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1427291. [PMID: 39376898 PMCID: PMC11457583 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1427291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 10/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the effects of Plyometric Training (PT) on the athletic performance of youth basketball players (age 5-17.99) and to provide a theoretical basis for applying PT in basketball training practice. Method PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, EBSCO and other data platforms were searched, and Meta-analysis was performed using STATA 16.0 software. Result A total of 24 studies were included, with a sample size of 738 participants. The results showed that PT improved jumping, linear sprinting, change of direction (COD) speed, and balance in youth basketball players (p < 0.05) but did not significantly improve lower limb strength (p > 0.05). The results of subgroup analyses showed that:1) Regarding the effect of PT on different aspects of athletic performance, enhancements were found for vertical jump, 5-10 m, 20-30 m sprinting ability, velocity-oriented and force-oriented COD speed, and dynamic balance ability of youth basketball players. 2) When analyzing different participant subgroups, basketball players aged 5 to 10.99 and 11-14.99 years appeared to improve their jump, sprinting ability, and COD speed through PT training, whereas no improvements in sprinting ability and COD speed were found for players aged 15 to 17.99. Male and female youth basketball players could improve their jumping through PT, in contrast, straight-line sprinting ability and COD speed were significantly improved only by male youth basketball players, and balance ability was significantly improved only by female youth basketball players. 3) Regarding different training protocols, high-frequency PT (>2 times/week) with a low-volume (jumping ≤150 times/week) and Single-type PT (one specific movement) improved only jumping ability. In contrast, low-frequency PT (1-2 times/week) with a high-volume (jumping >150 times/week) and mixed-type PT (varied jumping drills) protocols significantly improved jumping, linear sprinting, COD speed, and balancing abilities. Conclusion PT can enhance the jumping, linear sprinting, COD speed, and balance of youth basketball players, but it does not affect lower limb strength. It is recommended that coaches make full use of the training-sensitive periods of young athletes by incorporating low-frequency, high-volume, and mixed-type PT into their regular training routines over the long term.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yi Zhou
- College of Physical Education and Sport, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Hebei Oriental University, School of Humanities, Langfang, China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Physical Education, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lei Hao
- Department of Ultrasound, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Ran
- College of Physical Education and Sport, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wei
- College of Physical Education and Sport, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Stutter LR, Huynh M, Driller MW, Davids CJ, James LP. Pairwise Comparison of Heavy Dynamic Strength and Fast Dynamic Strength Interventions on Sprint Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:1675-1686. [PMID: 38958937 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Pairwise comparison of heavy dynamic strength and fast dynamic strength interventions on sprint performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res 38(9): 1675-1686, 2024-Previous studies have shown that both heavy dynamic strength (HDS) and fast dynamic strength (FDS) training can be used to improve sprint performance; however, a review and meta-analysis investigating pairwise studies that compare these two training interventions have not been performed. The aims of the study were to systematically review and analyze HDS and FDS training methodologies and evaluate their effect size difference, in pairwise comparison studies to determine and compare their effects on sprint performance. Databases were systematically searched using Boolean phrasing to identify eligible articles, and meta-analyses were performed on the extracted data. Seven studies met the inclusion criteria, which resulted in data from 138 subjects across 24 separate sprint assessments. Overall, there was a small effect in favor of FDS (standardized mean difference = 0.27, 95% confidence intervals [-0.07; 0.60], 95% prediction intervals [-1.01; 1.55]), but this was deemed not significant because of the wide-ranging prediction intervals. There is no distinguishable difference between HDS and FDS training on sprint performance. The wide-ranging prediction intervals suggest the variability is too great to determine whether one training type is more effective than the other. Practitioners should consider the individual needs of their athletes when deciding which training type to use for long-term sprint development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luke R Stutter
- Sport, Performance, and Nutrition Research Group, School of Allied Health, Human Services, & Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Oleksy Ł, Mika A, Kuchciak M, Stolarczyk A, Adamska O, Szczudło M, Kielnar R, Wolański P, Deszczyński JM, Reichert P. Relationship between Countermovement Jump and Sprint Performance in Professional Football Players. J Clin Med 2024; 13:4581. [PMID: 39124847 PMCID: PMC11312931 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13154581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between the countermovement jump (CMJ) and sprint performance of professional football players, and to determine which strength and speed elements assessed by the CMJ translate into effective running. Methods: The research sample comprised 87 male professional football players (age 23.7 ± 4.20 years; body mass 82.33 ± 6.56 kg; body height 1.86 ± 0.05 m) who performed the CMJ on a dual-force platform, as well as the 30 m sprint test. The time and velocity of the run were recorded by photocells at 0, 5, 10, and 30 m of the distance. Results: No significant differences were noted in the time or velocity of the sprint over the initial 5 m between the groups of football players with a higher and lower braking rate of force development (RFD) in the CMJ (p > 0.05). However, at subsequent intervals (5-10 m and 10-30 m), players with a higher braking RFD achieved significantly better time and velocity than those with a lower RFD. Significant correlations in the group with a lower braking RFD between the CMJ and sprint variables occurred in the propulsion phase of the CMJ and most of them were in the first interval (0-5 m). In the group with a higher braking RFD, significant relationships were visible in both the propulsion (concentric) and braking (eccentric) phases of the CMJ, mainly during the second and third intervals of the sprint test. Conclusions: The noted observations may suggest that the relationship between strength and running performance is more complex than previously indicated, and that higher strength in the CMJ does not fully correlate with better sprinting. Therefore, it has been hypothesized that training aimed at generally increasing strength may not always be fully beneficial for running performance in football players and hence specific training guidelines are suggested for targeted strengthening of the required muscle performance characteristics. This may possibly contribute to reducing the unnecessary muscle overload during both training and matches, thereby preventing sports-related injuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Oleksy
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College Kraków, 31-008 Krakow, Poland;
- Department of Orthopedics, Traumatology and Hand Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Oleksy Medical & Sport Sciences, 37-100 Łańcut, Poland
| | - Anna Mika
- Institute of Clinical Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education in Kraków, 31-571 Kraków, Poland
| | - Maciej Kuchciak
- Department of Physical Education, University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Artur Stolarczyk
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (A.S.); (J.M.D.)
| | - Olga Adamska
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Miłosz Szczudło
- Centre of Sport and Recreation, University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Renata Kielnar
- Institute of Health Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszów University, 35-315 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Paweł Wolański
- Department of Physiology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdańsk, Poland;
- Football Club, Academy Lechia Gdańsk, 80-560 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jarosław Michał Deszczyński
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (A.S.); (J.M.D.)
| | - Paweł Reichert
- Department of Orthopedics, Traumatology and Hand Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Vigh-Larsen JF, Junge N, Cialdella-Kam L, Tomás R, Young L, Krustrup P, Mohr M, Nybo L. Testing in Intermittent Sports-Importance for Training and Performance Optimization in Adult Athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2024; 56:1505-1537. [PMID: 39004796 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Performance in intermittent sports relies on the interplay between multiple physiological systems determining the capacity to perform short explosive efforts as well as repeated intense actions with limited recovery over the course of an entire game. Testing should reflect these demands to allow for sport- and position-specific capacity analyses that eventually may translate into optimized training and improved performance. This may include individual load management and optimized training prescription, intensity targeting for specific positions or individual athletes, as well as benchmarking for monitoring of training progression and enhanced engagement of athletes. This review provides an overview of available tests in different exercise domains identified as relevant (from assessment of single explosive actions to intermittent endurance capacity), forming the basis for recommendations on how to compose a comprehensive yet feasible test battery that may be integrated into the seasonal competition and training plan. The test procedures should cover the performance spectrum of relevance for the individual athlete-also in team sports to account for positional differences. We emphasize the benefits of sport-specific tests, highlight parameters of importance for test standardization, and discuss how the applied test battery may be supplemented with secondary tests directed toward specific energy systems to allow for more in-depth analyses when required (e.g., in terms of an underperforming athlete). The synergy between testing and tracking of match performance (utilizing time-motion or global positioning systems) is highlighted, and although tracking cannot substitute for testing, combining the tools may provide a comprehensive overview of the physiological demands and performance during competition contextualized to the athletes' maximal exercise capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicklas Junge
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DENMARK
| | - Lynn Cialdella-Kam
- Warfighter Performance Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA
| | - Rita Tomás
- Portugal Football School, Federação Portuguesa de Futebol Avenida das Seleções, Oeiras, PORTUGAL
| | - Laura Young
- American College of Sports Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | | | | | - Lars Nybo
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DENMARK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Moiroux-Sahraoui A, Mazeas J, Jhingoor JM, Douryang M, Bouzerkraoui Alaoui I, Forelli F. Relationship Between Force-Velocity Characteristics and Sprint Performance in Elite Sprinters: A Pilot Study. Cureus 2024; 16:e65944. [PMID: 39221303 PMCID: PMC11365460 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.65944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sprinting is a type of running that consists of producing a short and intense effort in order to perform maximal speed in a short period of time. Sprinting is widely investigated because of the multiple and complex mechanisms involved. Sprint studies are now focusing on how to improve performance by focusing their analyses on the mechanic variables. The hamstrings are part of the most important muscle groups during sprinting because of their role of stabilization and propulsion, but they must be able to produce the maximum strength during a short moment, this ability is characterized by rate of torque development (RTD). The main of this study was to investigate the association between hamstring RTD (Nm.s-1.kg-1) and mechanical variables composed of maximal power output (Pmax) (W.kg-1), maximal theoretical velocity (V0) (m.s-1), and maximal horizontal force production (F0) (N.kg-1) on short sprints in elite sprinters. METHODS For this clinical trial, we used a research method based on data collection. A single group composed of four male and one female elite sprinters (age: 17.2 ± 1.79 years) has been included in this study. The sprinters performed a hamstring strength test, which included five trials of four seconds for each leg. This test required a portable dynamometer, the Kforce®, to collect 100 and 200 milliseconds RTD. Then the subjects were submitted to a sprint test. My Sprint® application has been used to collect the sprint mechanical variables. The sprint test included two trials; a starting block has been used for this test. A linear regression analysis was used between the rates of torque development and mechanical variables composed of maximal power output (Pmax) (W.kg-1), maximal theoretical velocity (V0) (m. s-1), and maximal horizontal force production (F0) (N.kg-1). RESULTS No significant correlation was observed between 100 and 200 ms hamstring RTD and sprint biomechanical variables: maximal power output (Pmax) (W.kg-1), maximal theoretical velocity (V0) (m. s-1), and horizontal force production (F0) (N.kg-1). However, 100 and 200 ms RTD collected on the dominant leg tends to be more correlated with maximal theoretical velocity (spearman's rho = 0.80; p-value = 0.13) and Pmax output (spearman's rho = 0.70; p-value = 0.23) while for non-dominant leg, RTD tends to be more correlated with maximal power output (spearman's rho = 0.60; p-value = 0.35) and horizontal force production (spearman's rho = 0.70; p-value = 0.23). CONCLUSIONS Hamstring RTD is not correlated with sprint biomechanical variables in elite sprinters. Further investigations must be made to study the observed trends in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayrton Moiroux-Sahraoui
- Sports Rehabilitation, Orthosport Rehab Center, Domont, FRA
- Orthopaedic Surgery, Clinic of Domont Ramsay Healthcare, Domont, FRA
| | - Jean Mazeas
- Sports Rehabilitation, Orthosport Rehab Center, Domont, FRA
- Orthopaedic Surgery, Clinic of Domont Ramsay Healthcare, Domont, FRA
| | | | - Maurice Douryang
- Physiotherapy and Physical Medicine, University of Dschang, Dschang, CMR
| | - Ismail Bouzerkraoui Alaoui
- Research Unit, Mohammed VI Center for Research and Innovation, Rabat, MAR
- Faculty of Nursing and Allied Health Professions, Mohammed VI University of Sciences and Health, Casablanca, MAR
| | - Florian Forelli
- Sports Rehabilitation, Orthosport Rehab Center, Domont, FRA
- Orthopaedic Surgery, Clinic of Domont Ramsay Healthcare, Domont, FRA
- Research Unit, Société Française des Masseurs Kinésithérapeutes du Sport (SFMKS) Lab, Pierrefite sur Seine, FRA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ellens S, Carey DL, Gastin PB, Varley MC. Effect of Data-Processing Methods on Acceleration Summary Metrics of GNSS Devices in Elite Australian Football. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:4383. [PMID: 39001161 PMCID: PMC11244311 DOI: 10.3390/s24134383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to measure the differences in commonly used summary acceleration metrics during elite Australian football games under three different data processing protocols (raw, custom-processed, manufacturer-processed). Estimates of distance, speed and acceleration were collected with a 10-Hz GNSS tracking technology device from fourteen matches of 38 elite Australian football players from one team. Raw and manufacturer-processed data were exported from respective proprietary software and two common summary acceleration metrics (number of efforts and distance within medium/high-intensity zone) were calculated for the three processing methods. To estimate the effect of the three different data processing methods on the summary metrics, linear mixed models were used. The main findings demonstrated that there were substantial differences between the three processing methods; the manufacturer-processed acceleration data had the lowest reported distance (up to 184 times lower) and efforts (up to 89 times lower), followed by the custom-processed distance (up to 3.3 times lower) and efforts (up to 4.3 times lower), where raw data had the highest reported distance and efforts. The results indicated that different processing methods changed the metric output and in turn alters the quantification of the demands of a sport (volume, intensity and frequency of the metrics). Coaches, practitioners and researchers need to understand that various processing methods alter the summary metrics of acceleration data. By being informed about how these metrics are affected by processing methods, they can better interpret the data available and effectively tailor their training programs to match the demands of competition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Matthew C. Varley
- Sport, Performance, and Nutrition Research Group, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3000, Australia; (S.E.); (D.L.C.); (P.B.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang Z, Xie L, Ji H, Chen L, Gao C, He J, Lu M, Yang Q, Sun J, Li D. Effects of different work-to-rest ratios of high-intensity interval training on physical performance and physiological responses in male college judo athletes. J Exerc Sci Fit 2024; 22:245-253. [PMID: 38577388 PMCID: PMC10990747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2024.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Zhang
- Digitalized Strength and Conditioning Training Laboratory, Guang Zhou Sport of University, Guang Zhou, China
| | - Lin Xie
- Digitalized Strength and Conditioning Training Laboratory, Guang Zhou Sport of University, Guang Zhou, China
| | - Hongshen Ji
- School of Athletic Training, Guangzhou Sport University, Guang Zhou, China
| | - Lunxin Chen
- Digitalized Strength and Conditioning Training Laboratory, Guang Zhou Sport of University, Guang Zhou, China
| | - Chong Gao
- School of Athletic Training, Guangzhou Sport University, Guang Zhou, China
| | - Jiaxin He
- School of Athletic Training, Guangzhou Sport University, Guang Zhou, China
| | - Min Lu
- School of Athletic Training, Guangzhou Sport University, Guang Zhou, China
| | - Qun Yang
- School of Athletic Training, Guangzhou Sport University, Guang Zhou, China
| | - Jian Sun
- School of Athletic Training, Guangzhou Sport University, Guang Zhou, China
| | - Duanying Li
- School of Athletic Training, Guangzhou Sport University, Guang Zhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Möck S, Del Vecchio A. Investigation of motor unit behavior in exercise and sports physiology: challenges and perspectives. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2024; 49:547-553. [PMID: 38100752 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Several methods are in use to record and analyze neuronal activation, each with specific advantages and challenges. New developments like the decomposition of high-density surface electromyography (HDsEMG) have enabled novel insights into discharge characteristics noninvasively in laboratory settings but face certain challenges to be applied in sports physiology in a broader scope. Several challenges can be accounted for by methodological considerations, others require further technological developments to allow this technology to be used in more applied settings. This paper aims to describe the developments of surface electromyography and identify the challenges and perspectives of HDsEMG in the context of an application in sports physiology. We further discuss methodological possibilities to overcome some of the challenges to investigate specific research questions and identify areas that require further advancements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Möck
- Department of Exercise Science, Olympic Training and Testing Center of Hessen, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alessandro Del Vecchio
- Department of Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering, Neuromuscular Physiology and Neural Interfacing Group, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Prince C, Guex K, Lachaux-Couttet G, Samozino P, Edouard P. Current warm-up practices before maximal sprinting in track-and-field (athletics). J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2024; 64:319-327. [PMID: 37955929 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.23.15243-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Warm-up is commonly performed by track-and-field athletes before performing maximal sprinting activities. Whilst some warm-up strategies may enhance athletes' physical and mental readiness, less is known about the current athletes' behaviors and warm-up practices in track and field. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the warm-up practices in a population of athletes performing in sprinting disciplines. METHODS A cross-sectional exploratory study was performed in which track-and-field athletes, performing in athletics at a competitive level in disciplines requiring maximal acceleration and sprinting were recruited. We collected, using an online survey, information about 1) "General and Anthropometric data;" 2) "Athletics training practices" questioning the level of practices and the training frequency; and 3) "Athletics warm-up practices before maximal sprinting" questioning warm-up structure, duration and specific content. RESULTS A total of 114 athletes replied to the survey. They reported a mean weekly training duration of 10.5 (±4.0) hours and a pre-maximal sprint warm-up duration of 40.5 (±13.5) minutes. During warm-up, they were engaged in five principal activities: predominantly moderate jogging (95% participation, 8±3.3 minutes), succeeded by dynamic and/or ballistic stretching (78% participation, 9±4.3 minutes), followed by athletic drills (96% participation, 15±5.4 minutes), culminating in accelerations (100% participation) along with high-speed running (77% participation). Warm-up duration and composition differed across athletes' levels of practice and disciplines. CONCLUSIONS Most of the participants' warm-up practices were typically structured in a three-phase manner, comprising jogging, stretching, and specific training (athletic drills and accelerations). Most athletes followed scientific-based warm-up recommendations there are some areas where the evidence is limited, and more research is needed to determine the optimal warm-up routine for athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Prince
- Université Savoie Mont Blanc, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Chambéry, France -
- Physiotherapy Department and Motion Analysis Lab, Swiss Olympic Medical Center, La Tour Hospital, Meyrin, Switzerland -
- Société Française des Masseurs Kinésithérapeute du Sport, SFMKS-Lab, Pierrefitte-sur-Seine, France -
| | - Kenny Guex
- School of Health Sciences (HESAV), HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Sprints, Hurdles and Relays, Swiss Athletics, Haus des Sports, Ittigen, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Lachaux-Couttet
- Physiotherapy Department and Motion Analysis Lab, Swiss Olympic Medical Center, La Tour Hospital, Meyrin, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Samozino
- Université Savoie Mont Blanc, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Chambéry, France
| | - Pascal Edouard
- UJM-Saint-Etienne, Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, Saint-Etienne, France
- Unit of Sports Medicine, Department of Clinical and Exercise Physiology, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Faculty of Medicine, Saint-Etienne, France
- European Athletics Medical and Anti-Doping Commission, European Athletics Association (EAA), Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bertochi GFA, Tasinafo Júnior MF, Santos IA, Sasaki JE, Mota GR, Jordão GG, Puggina EF. The use of wearable resistance and weighted vest for sprint performance and kinematics: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5453. [PMID: 38443408 PMCID: PMC10915135 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54282-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Wearable resistance (WR) and weighted vests (WV) can be used in almost all training conditions to enhance sprint performance; however, positioning and additional mass are different in WV and WR strategies, affecting performance and kinematics differently. We aimed to systematically review the literature, searching for intervention studies that reported the acute or chronic kinematic and performance impact of WV and WR and comparing them. We analyzed Pubmed, Embase, Scopus, and SPORTDiscuss databases for longitudinal and cross-over studies investigating sprint performance or kinematics using an inverse-variance with a random-effect method for meta-analysis. After the eligibility assessment, 25 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Cross-over WR and WV studies found significantly higher sprint times and higher ground contact times (CT) compared to unloaded (UL) conditions. However, WR presented a lower step frequency (SF) compared to UL, whereas WV presented a lower step length (SL). Only one study investigated the chronic adaptations for WR, indicating a superiority of the WR group on sprint time compared to the control group. However, no difference was found chronically for WV regarding sprint time, CT, and flight time (FT). Our findings suggest that using WV and WR in field sports demonstrates overload sprint gesture through kinematic changes, however, WR can be more suitable for SF-reliant athletes and WV for SL-reliant athletes. Although promising for chronic performance improvement, coaches and athletes should carefully consider WV and WR use since there is no supporting evidence that WV or WR will impact sprint performance, CT, and FT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Felipe Arantes Bertochi
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Izabela A Santos
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Jeffer Eidi Sasaki
- Exercise Science, Health and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Sport Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Gustavo R Mota
- Exercise Science, Health and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Sport Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Gregorutti Jordão
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Enrico Fuini Puggina
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang X, Zhang K, Samsudin SB, Hassan MZB, Yaakob SSNB, Dong D. Effects of Plyometric Training on Physical Fitness Attributes in Handball Players: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Sports Sci Med 2024; 23:177-195. [PMID: 38455436 PMCID: PMC10915623 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2024.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
This meta-analysis aimed to examine the effects of plyometric training on physical fitness attributes in handball players. A systematic literature search across PubMed, SCOPUS, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science identified 20 studies with 563 players. Plyometric training showed significant medium-to-large effects on various attributes: countermovement jump with arms (ES = 1.84), countermovement jump (ES = 1.33), squat jump (ES = 1.17), and horizontal jump (ES = 0.83), ≤ 10-m linear sprint time (ES = -1.12), > 10-m linear sprint time (ES = -1.46), repeated sprint ability with change-of-direction time (ES = -1.53), agility (ES = -1.60), maximal strength (ES = 0.52), and force-velocity (muscle power) (ES = 1.13). No significant impact on balance was found. Subgroup analysis indicated more pronounced agility improvements in players ≤ 66.6 kg compared to > 66.6 kg (ES = -1.93 vs. -0.23, p = 0.014). Additionally, greater improvements were observed in linear sprint and repeat sprint ability when comparing training durations of > 8 weeks with those ≤ 8 weeks (ES = -2.30 to -2.89 vs. ES = -0.92 to -0.97). In conclusion, plyometric training effectively improves various physical fitness attributes, including jump performance, linear sprint ability, maximal strength, muscle power and agility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Wang
- Department of Sport Studies, Faculty of Educational Studies, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kaiqi Zhang
- Department of Physical Education, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Shamsulariffin Bin Samsudin
- Department of Sport Studies, Faculty of Educational Studies, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Zarif Bin Hassan
- Department of Language and Humanities Education, Faculty of Educational Studies, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sam Shor Nahar Bin Yaakob
- Department of Recreation & Ecotourism, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Delong Dong
- Department of Physical Education, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sugisaki N, Tsuchie H, Takai Y, Kobayashi K, Yoshimoto T, Kanehisa H. Validity of spatiotemporal and ground reaction force estimates during resisted sprinting with a motorized loading device. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14597. [PMID: 38445516 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
We aimed to examine the validity of estimating spatiotemporal and ground reaction force (GRF) parameters during resisted sprinting using a robotic loading device (1080 Sprint). Twelve male athletes (age: 20.9 ± 2.2 years; height: 174.6 ± 4.2 cm; weight: 69.4 ± 6.1 kg; means ± SDs) performed maximal resisted sprinting with three different loads using the device. The step frequency and length and step-averaged velocity, anteroposterior GRF (Fap ), and the ratio of Fap to resultant GRF (RF) were estimated using the velocity and towing force data measured using the device. Simultaneously, the corresponding values were measured using a 50-m force plate system. The proportional and fixed biases of the estimated values against those measured using the force plate system were determined using ordinary least product (OLP) regression analysis. Proportional and fixed biases were observed for most variables. However, the proportional bias was small or negligible except for the step frequency. Conversely, the fixed bias was small for step-averaged velocity (0.11 m/s) and step length (0.04 m), whereas it was large for step frequency (0.54 step/s), Fap (16N), and RF (2.22%). For all variables except step frequency, the prediction intervals in the OLP regression dramatically decreased when the corresponding values were smoothed using a two-step moving average. These results indicate that by using the velocity and force data recorded in the loading device, most of the spatiotemporal and GRF variables during resisted sprinting can be estimated with some correction of the fixed bias and data smoothing using the two-step moving average.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yohei Takai
- Faculty of Sports and Life Science, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kanoya, Japan
| | - Kai Kobayashi
- Faculty of Information Sciences and Arts, Toyo University, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Takaya Yoshimoto
- Faculty of Welfare Society, The International University of Kagoshima, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kanehisa
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kanoya, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ward C, Catháin CÓ, Chéilleachair NN, Grassick S, Kelly DT. Does Resisted Sprint Training Improve the Sprint Performance of Field-Based Invasion Team Sport Players? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2024; 54:659-672. [PMID: 37897636 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01952-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developing the sprint performance of field-based invasion team sport (FITS) players is considered an essential training goal for FITS coaching practitioners, and thus numerous training methods are employed to elicit improvements. Although interest in resisted sprint training (RST) has grown considerably in recent times, there remains a lack of clarity around its utility in FITS, particularly regarding the use and effectiveness of heavier RST loads. OBJECTIVES The aims of this review were to (1) compare RST to unresisted sprinting, (2) examine if RST can improve sprint performance and (3) investigate if external load and the method of load prescription influence the impact of RST in FITS players. METHODS The systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted in compliance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The search strategy included terms for RST, RST modalities and FITS, and was applied to PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science and OpenGrey databases. Methodological quality and risk of bias associated with each study were assessed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale (PEDro) and Cochrane Risk of Bias assessment tool respectively. RESULTS Twenty-one studies met the inclusion criteria for this review and were included in the final analysis. The primary between-group analysis revealed no differences between RST and unresisted sprinting for developing the early acceleration, late acceleration and maximum velocity sprint phases. Secondly, a within-group analysis found significant improvements for resisted sprint training in the early acceleration (standardised mean difference [SMD] - 0.80) and late acceleration (SMD - 0.28) sprint phases, with no change detected for the maximum velocity phase. Finally, significant moderate improvements were found for light (SMD - 0.69) and very heavy (SMD - 1.01) loads during early acceleration. CONCLUSIONS Resisted sprint training achieved similar improvements in sprint performance to those found for unresisted sprinting during the acceleration and maximum velocity sprint phases. Within-group findings show RST is an effective method for improving early acceleration and late acceleration performance of FITS players. Finally, a subgroup analysis supports the use of light and very heavy loads for increasing early acceleration performance, while also highlighting greater benefits associated with using the percentage velocity decrement loading method. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION Open Science Framework, https://osf.io/thms7/ .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cormac Ward
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technological University of the Shannon, Athlone, N37 HD68, Ireland.
| | - Ciarán Ó Catháin
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technological University of the Shannon, Athlone, N37 HD68, Ireland
| | - Niamh Ní Chéilleachair
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technological University of the Shannon, Athlone, N37 HD68, Ireland
| | - Shaun Grassick
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technological University of the Shannon, Athlone, N37 HD68, Ireland
| | - David T Kelly
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technological University of the Shannon, Athlone, N37 HD68, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Jouira G, Alexe DI, Tohănean DI, Alexe CI, Tomozei RA, Sahli S. The Relationship between Dynamic Balance, Jumping Ability, and Agility with 100 m Sprinting Performance in Athletes with Intellectual Disabilities. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:58. [PMID: 38393278 PMCID: PMC10892889 DOI: 10.3390/sports12020058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Sprinting is a competitive event in athletics that requires a combination of speed, power, agility, and balance. This study investigated the relationship between dynamic balance, jumping ability, and agility with 100 m sprinting performance in athletes with intellectual disabilities, addressing an underexplored connection. A sample of 27 sprinters with intellectual disabilities participated in this study and completed 100 m sprint and various tests, including the Y Balance Test (YBT), the Crossover hop test, squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), and t-test to evaluate their dynamic balance, jumping ability, and agility, respectively. The findings revealed significant negative correlations between the YBT, Crossover hop test, SJ, and CMJ and 100 m sprint performance (r range: -0.41 to -0.79, p < 0.05). Regression analysis identified these variables as significant predictors (R2 = 0.69; p < 0.01). SJ exhibited the strongest association with 100 m sprint performance, (R2 = 0.62, p < 0.01). The agility t-test did not show a significant association. The combination of the YBT ANT and SJ demonstrated a predictive capability for 100 m sprint performance (R2 = 0.67, p < 0.001). In conclusion, this study revealed predictive capabilities between dynamic balance, jumping ability, and 100 m sprint performance in sprinters with intellectual disabilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghada Jouira
- Research Laboratory Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé (EM2S) LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia; (G.J.); (S.S.)
| | - Dan Iulian Alexe
- Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacău, 600115 Bacău, Romania
| | - Dragoș Ioan Tohănean
- Department of Motric Performance, “Transilvania” University of Brașov, 600115 Brașov, Romania
| | - Cristina Ioana Alexe
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Performance, “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacău, 600115 Bacău, Romania;
| | - Răzvan Andrei Tomozei
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Alexandru Ioan Cuza, University of Iași, 700506 Iaşi, Romania;
| | - Sonia Sahli
- Research Laboratory Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé (EM2S) LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia; (G.J.); (S.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cormier P, Meylan C, Agar-Newman D, Geneau D, Epp-Stobbe A, Lenetsky S, Klimstra M. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Wearable Satellite System Technology for Linear Sprint Profiling: Technological Innovations and Practical Applications. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:405-418. [PMID: 38088913 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Cormier, P, Meylan, C, Agar-Newman, D, Geneau, D, Epp-Stobbe, A, Lenetsky, S, and Klimstra, M. A systematic review and meta-analysis of wearable satellite system technology for linear sprint profiling: technological innovations and practical applications. J Strength Cond Res 38(2): 405-418, 2024-An emerging and promising practice is the use of global navigation satellite system (GNSS) technology to profile team-sports athletes in training and competition. Therefore, the purpose of this narrative systematic review with meta-analysis was to evaluate the literature regarding satellite system sensor usage for sprint modeling and to consolidate the findings to evaluate its validity and reliability. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, an electronic search of the databases, PubMed and SPORTDiscus (EBSCO), was conducted. Concurrent validity and reliability studies were considered, and 16 studies were retained for the review from the initial 1,485 studies identified. The effects on outcomes were expressed as standardized mean differences (SMDs, Cohen's d ) for each outcome (i.e., maximal sprint speed [MSS], the acceleration constant [τ], maximal theoretical velocity [ V0 ], relative force [ F0 ], and relative power [P max ]). Effect magnitudes represented the SMD between GNSS-derived and criterion-derived (i.e., radar and laser) and resulted in the following estimates: small for MSS ( d = 0.22, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.42), τ ( d = -0.18, 95% CI -0.60 to 0.23), V0 ( d = 0.14, 95% CI -0.08 to 0.36), relative F0 ( d = 0.15, 95% CI -0.25 to 0.55), and relative P max ( d = 0.21, 95% CI -0.16 to 0.58). No publication bias was identified in meta-analyzed studies and moderator analysis revealed that several factors (sampling rate and sensor manufacturer) influenced the results. Heterogeneity between studies was considered moderate to high. This highlighted the differences between studies in sensor technology differences (i.e., sampling rate, sensor fusion, and satellite network acquisition), processing techniques, criterion technology used, sprint protocols, outcome reporting, and athlete characteristics. These findings may be useful in guiding improvements in sprint modeling using GNSS technology and enable more direct comparisons in future research. Implementation of all-out linear sprint efforts with GNSS technology can be integrated into sport-specific sessions for sprint modeling when robust and consistent data processing protocols are performed, which has important implications for fatigue monitoring, program design, systematic testing, and rehabilitation in individual and team sports.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Cormier
- Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Health and Athletic Performance Department, Canada Soccer, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - César Meylan
- Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Toronto Football Club, Health and Performance Department, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Dana Agar-Newman
- Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Daniel Geneau
- Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Amarah Epp-Stobbe
- Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Seth Lenetsky
- Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Toronto Football Club, Health and Performance Department, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Marc Klimstra
- Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cosio PL, Moreno-Simonet L, Porcelli A, Lloret M, Padulles X, Padulles JM, Farran-Codina A, Cadefau JA. Assessment of inter-individual variability in hamstring muscle recovery after a sport-specific sprint training in women and men. Front Physiol 2024; 14:1331878. [PMID: 38264326 PMCID: PMC10803508 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1331878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Hamstring muscles are most affected by multiple sprint-based sports as a result of muscle strain during sprinting, leading to reduced performance and increased risk of injury. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to assess inter-individual variability in hamstrings recovery after a sport-specific repeated-sprint training (RST), through sprint-specific markers of muscle recovery and associated muscle damage biomarkers in women and men. Methods: Healthy females (n = 14) and males (n = 15) underwent 10 repeated 40-m sprints with a 3-min rest pause between each repetition. Force-generating capacity (FGC) by the 90° hip :20° knee test and range of motion Jurdan test, together with serum biomarkers [sarcomeric mitochondrial creatine kinase (sMtCK), oxidative stress, irisin] were tested at baseline and 24-, 48- and 72-h post-exercise through a repeated measures design. Participants were classified according to FGC loss into high responders (HR) and low responders (LR). Results: 21 individuals (10 females, 11 males) were classified as HR (FGC loss >20% and recovery >48 h), while 8 individuals (4 females, 4 males) were classified as LR. HR individuals showed unrecovered maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) torque until 72 h post-training (p = 0.003, np 2 = 0.170), whereas only HR males showed decreased range of motion (p = 0.026, np 2 = 0.116). HR individuals also showed increased sMtCK (p = 0.016, np 2 = 0.128), oxidative stress (p = 0.038, np 2 = 0.106) and irisin (p = 0.019, np 2 = 0.123). Conclusion: There is inter-individual variability in the muscular response to a sport-specific RST, identifiable by MVIC torque assessment. The findings support that the 90° hip :20° knee test is a powerful indirect test to screen hamstrings recovery in both women and men, in a cost-effective way. However, the Jurdan test might not be able to monitor hamstrings recovery in sportswomen after RST. Decreases in muscle capacity are linked to damage to muscle sarcolemma and mitochondria until 72 h post-exercise. Overall, 72 h will not be adequate time to restore hamstrings structure and function after a sport-specific RST in both female and male responders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro L. Cosio
- Institut Nacional d’Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lia Moreno-Simonet
- Institut Nacional d’Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aniello Porcelli
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, INSA-UB, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Lloret
- Institut Nacional d’Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Padulles
- Institut Nacional d’Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep M. Padulles
- Institut Nacional d’Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andreu Farran-Codina
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, INSA-UB, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan A. Cadefau
- Institut Nacional d’Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Weber JA, Hart NH, Rantalainen T, Connick M, Newton RU. Assessment of Ground Contact Time in the Field: Evaluation of Validity and Reliability. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:e34-e39. [PMID: 38085634 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Weber, JA, Hart, NH, Rantalainen, T, Connick, M, and Newton, RU. Assessment of ground contact time in the field: evaluation of validity and reliability. J Strength Cond Res 38(1): e34-e39, 2024-The capacity to measure the kinetic and kinematic components of running has been extensively investigated in laboratory settings. Many authors have produced work that is of high value to practitioners within sporting environments; however, the lack of field-based technology to assess features of running gait validly and reliably has prevented the application of these valuable works. This paper examines the validity and reliability of a practical field-based methodology for using commercial inertial measurement units (IMUs) to assess ground contact time (GCT). Validity was examined in the comparison of GCT measured from ground reaction force by a force plate and that determined by a lumbar mounted commercial IMU and analyzed using a commercially available system (SPEEDSIG). Reliability was assessed by a field-based examination of within and between-session variability in GCT measured using a commercially available system (SPEEDSIG). Significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Results for validity (intraclass correlation [ICC] 0.83) and reliability (ICC 0.91) confirm that the described field-based methodology is qualified for use to determine GCT in a practical setting. The implications of this study are important as they offer sport practitioners (S&C coaches, rehab specialists, and physios) a scalable method to assess GCT in the field to develop greater understanding of their athletes and improve performance, injury prevention, and rehabilitation interventions. Furthermore, these results provide the foundation for further work that could provide greater detail describing individual running gait in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Weber
- UWA Tech and Policy Lab, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Nicolas H Hart
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
- Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
- Centre for Healthcare Translation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Institute for Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Timo Rantalainen
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
- Institute for Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Perth, Australia
- Gerontology Research Centre & Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Mark Connick
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; and
| | - Robert U Newton
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sugisaki N, Kobayashi K, Yoshimoto T, Mitsukawa N, Tsuchie H, Takai Y, Kanehisa H. Influence of horizontal resistance loads on spatiotemporal and ground reaction force variables during maximal sprint acceleration. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0295758. [PMID: 38085716 PMCID: PMC10715639 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to elucidate the influence of horizontal resistance loads on the spatiotemporal and ground reaction force (GRF) variables during maximal sprint acceleration. Nine male sprinters (20.2 ± 1.2 years; 175.3 ± 4.5 cm, 69.7 ± 6.1 kg) performed sprint-running with six loading conditions of one unresisted and five resisted loads of 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 kg using a resistance training device with intelligent drag technology. During the trials, the GRFs for all steps were determined using a 50-m force plate system. The spatiotemporal and GRF variables at running velocity of every 0.5 m/s were obtained and compared across the loading conditions. The maximal running velocity under 0, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 kg loading conditions were 9.84 ± 0.41, 8.55 ± 0.41, 8.09 ± 0.33, 7.62 ± 0.34, 7.11 ± 0.31, and 6.71 ± 0.29 m/s, respectively. ANOVA revealed significant main effects of load on the measured variables (η2 = 0.236-0.715, p < 0.05), except for stance-averaged anteroposterior GRF and braking impulse. However, the observed differences between the loading conditions were small, with approximately 4% (1.3-7.5%) for the GRF variables and approximately 9% (1.2-22.3%) for the spatiotemporal variables. The present study indicates that horizontal resistance load in sprint acceleration has little impact on the spatiotemporal and GRF variables at a given running velocity. In contrast to a general recommendation, one should adopt a heavy load in resisted sprint aiming to improve performance in the earlier stage of maximal sprint acceleration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norihide Sugisaki
- Center for Liberal Arts, Meiji Gakuin University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kai Kobayashi
- Faculty of Information Sciences and Arts, Toyo University, Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takaya Yoshimoto
- Faculty of Welfare Society, The International University of Kagoshima, Kagoshima, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Naotoshi Mitsukawa
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Toyo Gakuen University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yohei Takai
- Faculty of Sports and Life Science, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kanoya, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kanehisa
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kanoya, Kagoshima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bonato M, Bizzozero S, Filipas L, LA Torre A. The influence of anthropometric parameters in track and field curve sprint. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2023; 63:1254-1261. [PMID: 37535342 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.23.15056-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor information is available regarding real field data on the different factors that could have an influence on curve sprint and its association with anthropometric and strength parameters. METHODS We designed a crossover pilot-study that enrolled 14 track and field athletes of 200 and 400 m (8/14 men, age: 20.5±2.3 years, height: 1.73±0.06 m; body mass: 60.5±6.2 kg) that performed randomly in two different days assessment of anthropometric parameters, jump test by squat jump (SJ) and triple hop distance (THD), performance during a 20-m curve sprint (day 1), and assessment of 1RM for right and left limb on Bulgarian split squat (BSS) (day 2). The unpaired t test and Pearson's correlation were used for data analysis. RESULTS No statistical differences for anthropometric and strength parametric parameters between right and left lower limbs were observed. Twenty-meter curve sprints were negatively associated with body mass (P=0.0059, R=-0.7) and Body Mass Index (BMI; P=0.032, R=0.6). Moreover, a negative association was observed with SJ height (P=0.0025, R=-0.7), speed (P=0.0028; R=-0.7), strength (P=0.009, R=-0.7) and power (P=0.009, R=-0.7). Finally, 20-m curve sprint negatively correlated with right (P=0.0021, R=-0.7) and left (P<0.0001, R=-0.9) THD and 1 RM right (P=0.025, R=-0.6;) and left (P=0.0049, R=-0.7) BSS, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This pilot study demonstrated that 20-m curve sprint was negatively associated with body mass, BMI, vertical jump performance, THD and 1RM BSS. This information could be useful to coaches and sport scientists as a reference value to improve athlete performance for 200- and 400-m athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Bonato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy -
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy -
| | | | - Luca Filipas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio LA Torre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Thome M, Thorpe RT, Jordan MJ, Nimphius S. Validity of Global Positioning System Technology to Measure Maximum Velocity Sprinting in Elite Sprinters. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:2438-2442. [PMID: 38015733 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Thome, M, Thorpe, RT, Jordan, MJ, and Nimphius, S. Validity of global positioning system (GPS) technology to measure maximum velocity sprinting in elite sprinters. J Strength Cond Res 37(12): 2438-2442, 2023-The objective of this study was to assess the concurrent validity of 10-Hz wearable Global Positioning System (GPS) technology to measure maximum velocity sprinting (Vmax) relative to Doppler radar in elite sprinters. Data were collected from a single training session performed by elite 100 and 200 m sprinters (males: n = 5; 100 m best times: 10.02 ± 0.07 seconds, range: 9.94-10.10 seconds; 200 m best times: 20.29 ± 0.42 seconds, range: 19.85-20.80 seconds; females: n = 2; age: 28.0 ± 4.2 years; body mass: 65.8 ± 4.6 kg; 100 m best times: 11.18 ± 0.34 seconds; 200 m best times: 22.53 ± 0.04 seconds). Velocity and time data from 16 maximal, 60-m sprint efforts were recorded simultaneously with 10 Hz GPS and 47 Hz radar. Validity was assessed using Bland-Altman 95% limits of agreement (LOA) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), each with respective 95% confidence intervals (CI). Vmax measured with 10 Hz GPS demonstrated a LOA of -0.11 m·s-1 (-0.17, -0.05) and an ICC of 0.99 (0.98, 1.0) relative to the radar device.10 Hz GPS overestimated Vmax by 0.11 m·s-1 relative to the radar but could still be considered a suitable tool for monitoring external load in elite sprinters. However, the much smaller average annual improvement in this population (∼0.1-0.2%) in comparison with the ∼1% overestimation reduces the utility of 10 Hz GPS to detect meaningful performance changes in maximum velocity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Thome
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Centre for Human Performance, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia
- Nebraska Athletic Performance Lab, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Robin T Thorpe
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona; and
| | - Matthew J Jordan
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Centre for Human Performance, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport Medicine Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Centre for Human Performance, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Crotty ED, Furlong LAM, Harrison AJ. Ankle and Plantar Flexor Muscle-Tendon Unit Function in Sprinters: A Narrative Review. Sports Med 2023:10.1007/s40279-023-01967-1. [PMID: 37989833 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01967-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Maximal sprinting in humans requires the contribution of various muscle-tendon units (MTUs) and joints to maximize performance. The plantar flexor MTU and ankle joint are of particular importance due to their role in applying force to the ground. This narrative review examines the contribution of the ankle joint and plantar flexor MTUs across the phases of sprinting (start, acceleration, and maximum velocity), alongside the musculotendinous properties that contribute to improved plantar flexor MTU performance. For the sprint start, the rear leg ankle joint appears to be a particularly important contributor to sprint start performance, alongside the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) action of the plantar flexor MTU. Comparing elite and sub-elite sprinters revealed that elite sprinters had a higher rate of force development (RFD) and normalized average horizontal block power, which was transferred via the ankle joint to the block. For the acceleration phase, the ankle joint and plantar flexor MTU appear to be the most critical of the major lower limb joints/MTUs. The contribution of the ankle joint to power generation and positive work is minimal during the first stance, but an increased contribution is observed during the second stance, mid-acceleration, and late-acceleration. In terms of muscular contributions, the gastrocnemius and soleus have distinct roles. The soleus acts mainly as a supporter, generating large portions of the upward impulse, whereas the gastrocnemius acts as both an accelerator and a supporter, contributing significantly to propulsive and upward impulses. During maximum velocity sprinting the ankle joint is a net dissipater of energy, potentially due to the greater vertical loading placed on the plantar flexors. However, the ankle joint is critical for energy transfer from proximal joints to ground force application to maintain velocity. In terms of the contribution of musculoskeletal factors to ankle joint and plantar flexor performance, an optimal plantar flexor MTU profile potentially exists, which is possibly a combination of several musculoskeletal factors, alongside factors such as footwear and technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evan D Crotty
- Sport and Human Performance Research Centre, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Laura-Anne M Furlong
- Sport and Human Performance Research Centre, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Andrew J Harrison
- Sport and Human Performance Research Centre, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Smith T, Ditroilo M. Force plate coverings significantly affect measurement of ground reaction forces. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293959. [PMID: 37922265 PMCID: PMC10624306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to carry out a material test to investigate the effect of different force plate coverings on vertical and horizontal ground reaction force and derived parameters. Four surface conditions were analysed; bare plate, vinyl, sportflex, and astroturf on a Kistler force plate. Vertical data were collected by dropping a 2 kg rigid, textured medicine ball from a low (61 cm) and a high (139 cm) height. Horizontal data were collected using a custom-built, rigid, metal pendulum device. A one-way ANOVA revealed a significant main effect of surface on peak force and rate of force development for high height, low height, and horizontal force conditions (all p<0.001), with effect sizes in the post-hoc analysis being mostly large to very large. Interestingly, sportflex yielded the highest vertical but the lowest horizontal ground reaction forces. This study showed the use of current force platform coverings had a significant effect on peak force and rate of force development measurements during a standardised testing procedure. Future research should try to obtain rate of force development values that more closely replicate aspects of human performance during standardised testing procedures. Also further investigate the effect of the different surfaces on ground reaction forces during human movement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tina Smith
- Faculty of Education, Health & Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Walsall, United Kingdom
| | - Massimiliano Ditroilo
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Štuhec S, Planjšek P, Čoh M, Mackala K. Multicomponent Velocity Measurement for Linear Sprinting: Usain Bolt's 100 m World-Record Analysis. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1254. [PMID: 38002378 PMCID: PMC10669785 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10111254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this report is to provide additional analysis and commentary on the men's 100 m world record of 9.58 s, set by Usain Bolt in the 2009 Berlin World Championships in Athletics. In addition, the entire race underwent a unique kinematic analysis, particularly emphasizing the maximum running velocity and its related factors. It was possible due the application of the new Stuhec software. The data were provided by LAVEG'S advanced laser measurement technology based on positional data with a high spatiotemporal resolution. The maximum velocity phase is the most critical determinant of the final race time. Bolt completed two phases in this world-record 100 m sprint: acceleration and top velocity. The borderline between these phases reached the highest velocity of 12.32 m/s on a 52 m run. He could keep the maximum velocity in five 10 m sections (50-100 m). The occurrence of functional asymmetry-the difference in step length between the left and right legs-was also noticed. Longer steps were taken with the left leg, almost over 80 m. From a practical point of view, new technologies (e.g., software) allow coaches and athletes to analyze the kinematic parameters of sprinting even more precisely and in detail. They must take into account precise changes in the course of maximum speed and the parameters determining it which are step length and frequency. Based on such an analysis, it is possible to modify the training process aimed at increasing the potential, both maximum speed and the supporting factors of strength and power. This must be conditioned by the appropriate selection of training measures shaping the abovementioned motor skills and parameters describing the optimal sprinting technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Štuhec
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Gortanova Ul. 22, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Peter Planjšek
- Ljubljana School of Business, Management and Informatics, Tržaška Cesta 42, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Milan Čoh
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Gortanova Ul. 22, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Krzysztof Mackala
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Science, Ul. Paderewskiego 35, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Loturco I, Freitas TT, Zabaloy S, Pereira LA, Moura TBMA, Fernandes V, Mercer VP, Alcaraz PE, Zając A, Bishop C. Speed Training Practices of Brazilian Olympic Sprint and Jump Coaches: Toward a Deeper Understanding of Their Choices and Insights (Part II). J Hum Kinet 2023; 89:187-211. [PMID: 38053953 PMCID: PMC10694730 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/174071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This is the second article in a three-article collection regarding the plyometric, speed, and resistance training practices of Brazilian Olympic sprint and jump coaches. Here, we list and describe six out of the ten speed training methods most commonly employed by these experts to enhance the sprinting capabilities of their athletes. Maximum speed sprinting, form running, resisted sprinting, overspeed running, uphill and downhill running, and sport-specific movement methods are critically examined with reference to their potential application in different sport contexts. In an era when sprint speed is of critical importance across numerous sports, practitioners can employ the methods outlined here to design efficient training programs for their athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irineu Loturco
- NAR—Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Sport, Health, and Exercise Science, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Tomás T. Freitas
- NAR—Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Facultad de Deporte, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Santiago Zabaloy
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports, University of Flores, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | - Pedro E. Alcaraz
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Adam Zając
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Chris Bishop
- London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Bustamante-Garrido A, Izquierdo M, Miarka B, Cuartero-Navarrete A, Pérez-Contreras J, Aedo-Muñoz E, Cerda-Kohler H. Mechanical Determinants of Sprinting and Change of Direction in Elite Female Field Hockey Players. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:7663. [PMID: 37765720 PMCID: PMC10537788 DOI: 10.3390/s23187663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Profile determination in field hockey is critical to determining athletes' physical strengths and weaknesses, and is key in planning, programming, and monitoring training. This study pursued two primary objectives: (i) to provide descriptive data on sprinting, deceleration, and change of direction (COD) abilities and (ii) to elucidate the mechanical variables that influence sprint and COD performance in elite female field hockey players. Using radar and time-gate technology, we assessed performance and mechanical data from 30 m sprinting, deceleration, and COD tests for 26 elite female hockey players. A machine learning approach identified mechanical variables related to sprint and COD performance. Our findings offer a framework for athlete categorization and the design of performance-enhancing training strategies at the international level. Two pivotal mechanical variables-relative maximum horizontal force (F0) and maximum velocity (Vmax)-predominantly influence the times across all tested distances. However, the force-velocity profile (FVP) and horizontal deceleration do not influence the variance in the COD test outcomes. These insights can guide the design, adjustment, and monitoring of training programs, assisting coaches in decision making to optimize performance and mitigate injury risks for female hockey players.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Bustamante-Garrido
- Escuela de Ciencias del Deporte y la Actividad Física, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago 8370003, Chile; (A.B.-G.); (J.P.-C.)
- Navarrabiomed, Hospitalario Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
- Departamento de Educación Física, Deportes y Recreación, Facultad de Artes y Educación Física, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Santiago 7760197, Chile
- Laboratorio de Biomecánica Deportiva, Unidad de Ciencias Aplicadas al Deporte, Instituto Nacional de Deportes, Ministerio del Deporte de Chile, Santiago 7750000, Chile
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Navarrabiomed, Hospitalario Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Bianca Miarka
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology and Performance in Sports and Combats, Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, School of Physical Education and Sport, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-599, Brazil;
| | | | - Jorge Pérez-Contreras
- Escuela de Ciencias del Deporte y la Actividad Física, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago 8370003, Chile; (A.B.-G.); (J.P.-C.)
- Departamento de Educación Física, Deportes y Recreación, Facultad de Artes y Educación Física, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Santiago 7760197, Chile
- Escuela de Doctorado, Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canaria (EDULPGC), 35001 Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Esteban Aedo-Muñoz
- Departamento de Educación Física, Deportes y Recreación, Facultad de Artes y Educación Física, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Santiago 7760197, Chile
- Laboratorio de Biomecánica Deportiva, Unidad de Ciencias Aplicadas al Deporte, Instituto Nacional de Deportes, Ministerio del Deporte de Chile, Santiago 7750000, Chile
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology and Performance in Sports and Combats, Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, School of Physical Education and Sport, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-599, Brazil;
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9170022, Chile
| | - Hugo Cerda-Kohler
- Departamento de Educación Física, Deportes y Recreación, Facultad de Artes y Educación Física, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Santiago 7760197, Chile
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology and Performance in Sports and Combats, Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, School of Physical Education and Sport, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-599, Brazil;
- Unidad de Fisiología del Ejercicio, Centro de Innovación, Clínica MEDS, Santiago 7691236, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Glaise P, Rogowski I, Samozino P, Morin JB, Morel B, Martin C. Opposition Skill Efficiency During Professional Rugby Union Official Games Is Related to Horizontal Force-Production Capacities in Sprinting. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:918-926. [PMID: 36927999 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to determine relationships between parameters of force-production capacity in sprinting and opposition skill efficiency in rugby union games according to position. METHODS The sprint force-velocity profile of 33 professional rugby union players divided into 2 subgroups (forwards and backs) was measured on a 30-m sprint. Skill efficiencies (in percentage) of offensive duels, tackles, and rucks were assessed using objective criteria during 12 consecutive competitive games. Pearson correlation was used to determine the relationships between parameters of horizontal force-production capacity in sprinting (maximum propulsive power, theoretical maximum force [F0], theoretical maximum velocity, maximum ratio of horizontal force [RFmax], and rate of decrease of this ratio of forces with increasing velocity) and skill efficiencies. Two multiple linear regression models were used to observe whether skill efficiencies could depend on determinants of horizontal force application in low- or high-velocity conditions. A first model including F0 and theoretical maximum velocity was used as a macroscopic analysis, while a second model including RFmax and rate of decrease of this ratio of forces with increasing velocity was used as microscopic analysis to determine the most significant determinants of skill efficiency. RESULTS All skill efficiencies were strongly correlated with maximum propulsive power in forwards and backs. In forwards, F0 and RFmax were the key predictors of dueling, rucking, and tackling efficiency. In backs, F0 was the main predictor of dueling and rucking efficiency, whereas RFmax was the key predictor of dueling and tackling efficiency. F0 and theoretical maximum velocity equivalently contributed to tackling performance. CONCLUSIONS In rugby union forward and back players, skill efficiency is correlated with maximum propulsive power and may be more explained by horizontal force-production capacity and mechanical effectiveness at lower velocities than at higher velocities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Glaise
- Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology EA 7424, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University of Lyon, Lyon,France
- USBPA Rugby, Bourg en Bresse,France
| | - Isabelle Rogowski
- Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology EA 7424, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University of Lyon, Lyon,France
| | - Pierre Samozino
- Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology EA 7424, University Savoie Mont-Blanc, Chambery,France
| | - Jean-Benoit Morin
- Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology EA 7424, University Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne,France
| | - Baptiste Morel
- Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology EA 7424, University Savoie Mont-Blanc, Chambery,France
| | - Cyril Martin
- Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology EA 7424, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University of Lyon, Lyon,France
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Stenroth L, Vartiainen P, Karjalainen PA. Force-velocity profiling in ice hockey skating: reliability and validity of a simple, low-cost field method. Sports Biomech 2023; 22:874-889. [PMID: 32546104 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2020.1770321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, a simple method for force-velocity (F-v) profiling, based on split times, has emerged as a potential tool to examine mechanical variables underlying running sprint performance in field conditions. In this study, the reliability and concurrent validity of F-v profiling based on split times were examined when used for ice hockey skating. It was also tested how a modification of the method, in which the start instant of the sprint is estimated based on optimisation (time shift method), affects the reliability and validity of the method. Both intra- and inter-rater reliability were markedly improved when using the time shift method (approximately 50% decrease in the standard error of measurement). Moreover, the results calculated using the time shift method highly correlated (r > 0.83 for all variables) with the results calculated from a continuously tracked movement of the athlete, which was considered here as the reference method. This study shows that a modification to the previously published simple method for F-v profiling improves intra- and inter-rater reliability of the method in ice hockey skating. The time shift method tested here can be used as a reliable tool to test a player's physical performance characteristic underlying sprint performance in ice hockey skating.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauri Stenroth
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Paavo Vartiainen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pasi A Karjalainen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Symons TB, Roberts AH, Carter KA, Caruso JF. The Addition of Sprint Interval Training to Field Lacrosse Training Increases Rate of Torque Development and Contractile Impulse in Female High School Field Lacrosse Players. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:89. [PMID: 37489302 PMCID: PMC10366844 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8030089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Field lacrosse requires sudden directional changes and rapid acceleration/deceleration. The capacity to perform these skills is dependent on explosive muscle force production. Limited research exists on the potential of sprint interval training (SIT) to impact explosive muscle force production in field lacrosse players. The purpose of this study is to examine SIT, concurrent to field-lacrosse-specific training, on the rate of torque development (RTD), contractile impulse, and muscle function in female high school field lacrosse players (n = 12; 16 ± 1 yrs.). SIT was performed three times per week, concurrent to field-lacrosse-specific training, for 12 weeks. Right lower-limb muscle performance was assessed pre-, mid-, and post-SIT training via isometric and isokinetic concentric knee extensor contractions. Outcomes included RTD (Nm·s-1), contractile impulse (Nm·s), and peak torque (Nm). RTD for the first 50 ms of contraction improved by 42% by midseason and remained elevated at postseason (p = 0.004, effect size (ES) = -577.3 to 66.5). Contractile impulse demonstrated a training effect across 0-50 ms (42%, p = 0.004, ES = -1.4 to 0.4), 0-100 ms (33%, p = 0.018, ES = 3.1 to 0.9), and 0-200 ms (22%, p = 0.031, ES = -7.8 to 1.6). Isometric (0 rad·s-1) and concentric (3.1 rad·s-1) strength increased by 20% (p = 0.002, ES = -60.8 to -20.8) and 9% (p = 0.038, ES = -18.2 to 0.0) from SIT and field-lacrosse-specific training, respectively (p < 0.05). SIT, concurrent to field-lacrosse-specific training, enhanced lower-limb skeletal muscle performance, which may enable greater sport-specific gains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Brock Symons
- Department of Counselling, Health, and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University-San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78224, USA
| | - Alexandra H Roberts
- Department of Dietetics, Nutrition and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Kathleen A Carter
- College of Engineering, Science Technology, Agriculture, Central State University, Wilberforce, OH 45384, USA
| | - John F Caruso
- Department of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Roso-Moliner A, Mainer-Pardos E, Cartón-Llorente A, Nobari H, Pettersen SA, Lozano D. Effects of a neuromuscular training program on physical performance and asymmetries in female soccer. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1171636. [PMID: 37256070 PMCID: PMC10226082 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1171636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Women's football require optimal neuromuscular system development for injury prevention and performance optimization. Standardized neuromuscular training programs have shown promising results in reducing injuries and functional asymmetries, but evidence on their impact on performance is limited. Methods: This research examined the effects of a 10-week neuromuscular training program on physical performance and asymmetries in female football players. Thirty-eight female players from two Spanish Second Division women's football teams participated in the study. The physical performance tests used were: ankle dorsiflexion, bilateral and unilateral horizontal jump, bilateral and unilateral vertical countermovement jump, 40 m sprint including partial times at 10, 20 and 30 m and the 505 test for change of direction evaluation. For 10 weeks, players in the experimental group performed three weekly 24-min neuromuscular training sessions. Participants in the control group completed their normal 24-min strength and conditioning program. Results: The main results were that maximal linear velocity and change of direction skills showed the most notable improvements [effect size (ES), 0.46 to 0.59] after implementation of the training program, ankle dorsiflexion and jumping skills, also improved although, to a lesser extent (ES, <0.35) while asymmetries between limbs were reduced. Maximal running speed improved in the intervention group (p < 0.001) with a mean ES -0.59. Discussion: We conclude that a 10-week neuromuscular training program can be a sufficient stimulus to improve football-specific performance variables in high-level female football players. Therefore, female players and coaches should be aware that weekly inclusion of strength, power and dynamic balance exercises following a neuromuscular paradigm is helpful for football-specific performance improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hadi Nobari
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | | | - Demetrio Lozano
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad San Jorge, Zaragoza, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Clark KP, Ryan LJ, Meng CR, Stearne DJ. Horizontal Foot Speed During Submaximal and Maximal Running. J Hum Kinet 2023; 87:1-9. [PMID: 37229404 PMCID: PMC10203846 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/159578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Horizontal foot speed is fundamental for running synchronization and stability, and may also be important for sprinting performance. In this investigation, we quantified the following during steady-speed running: (a) peak forward foot speed during the swing phase, (b) backward foot speed at touchdown, and (c) ground speed difference (GSD), i.e., the difference between forward running speed and backward foot speed at touchdown. We hypothesized that forward and backward foot speed would be significantly and positively correlated with top speed, and that GSD would be significantly and negatively correlated with top speed. Participants (20 male, 20 female) completed 40-m submaximal and maximal-effort running trials, with kinematic data collected from 31-39 m. Across top speed trials, forward foot speed (r = 0.90, p < 0.001) and backward foot speed (r = 0.85, p < 0.001) were significantly and positively correlated with running speed. However, counter to expectations, GSD values slightly increased with top speed (r = 0.36, p = 0.027). These findings indicate that forward and backward foot speeds are important variables for sprinting performance, but faster runners may not necessarily exhibit lower GSD values at top speed.
Collapse
|
34
|
Rebelo A, Pereira JR, Valente-dos-Santos J. Effects of a preseason triphasic resistance training program on athletic performance in elite volleyball players—an observational study. GERMAN JOURNAL OF EXERCISE AND SPORT RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12662-023-00877-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
AbstractVolleyball is a sport that requires high levels of maximal strength, reactive strength, and power at the elite level. Various training methods exist to maximize these physical qualities. The purpose of the triphasic training method is to maximize sport performance by enhancing all three muscle actions to create a strong link between eccentric, isometric, and concentric phases. The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of a 6-week (three times per week) triphasic resistance training program during the preseason period in professional male volleyball athletes. Fourteen male elite volleyball players (mean [± standard deviation] age: 28.88 ± 5.59 years; height: 192 ± 10 cm; body mass: 88.00 ± 14.54 kg) completed several body composition assessments and physical tests. Squat jump performance (p = 0.02, d = 0.27, 3.16%) and both lower (p < 0.001, d = 0.71, 16.56%) and upper body (p = 0.002, d = 0.45, 7.98%) maximal strength significantly increased from pre to post intervention. Strength and conditioning professionals should consider this type of training if they seek to improve maximal strength and concentric power. However, if the goals are to improve reactive strength and change-of-direction speed, then coaches must shift towards a power-type training to improve these stretch-shortening cycle activities.
Collapse
|
35
|
Miranda-Oliveira P, Branco M, Fernandes O. Accuracy and Interpretation of the Acceleration from an Inertial Measurement Unit When Applied to the Sprint Performance of Track and Field Athletes. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:1761. [PMID: 36850357 PMCID: PMC9968079 DOI: 10.3390/s23041761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to assess sprinting using a developed instrument encompassing an inertial measurement unit (IMU) in order to analyze athlete performance during the sprint, as well as to determine the number of steps, ground contact time, flight time, and step time using a high-speed camera as a reference. Furthermore, we correlated the acceleration components (XYZ) and acceleration ratio with the performance achieved in each split time obtained using photocells. Six athletes (four males and two females) ran 40 m with the IMU placed on their fifth lumbar vertebra. The accuracy was measured through the mean error (standard deviation), correlation (r), and comparison tests. The device could identify 88% to 98% of the number of steps. The GCT, flight time, and step time had mean error rates of 0.000 (0.012) s, 0.010 (0.011) s, and 0.009 (0.009) s when compared with the high-speed camera, respectively. The step time showed a correlation rate of r = 0.793 (p = 0.001) with no statistical differences, being the only parameter with high accuracy. Additionally, we showed probable symmetries, and through linear regression models identified that higher velocities result in the maximum anteroposterior acceleration, mainly over 0-40 m. Our device based on a Wi-Fi connection can determine the step time with accuracy and can show asymmetries, making it essential for coaches and medical teams. A new feature of this study was that the IMUs allowed us to understand that anteroposterior acceleration is associated with the best performance during the 40 m sprint test.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Miranda-Oliveira
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal
- School of Technology and Management (ESTG), Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
- Portuguese Athletics Federation (FPA), 2799-538 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Marco Branco
- Escola Superior de Desporto de Rio Maior, Instituto Politécnico de Santarém, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Estudo da Performance Humana (CIPER), Faculdade Motricidade Humana da Universidade de Lisboa, 1495-751 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Orlando Fernandes
- Sport and Health Department, School of Health and Human Development, Universidad de Évora, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), University of Évora, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Mackala K, Michalik K, Makaruk H. Sports Diagnostics-Maximizing the Results or Preventing Injuries. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2470. [PMID: 36767837 PMCID: PMC9916279 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Sports diagnostics is a comprehensive scientific concept and comprises an aspect of training monitoring and/or sports medicine [...].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Mackala
- Department of Track and Field, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Kamil Michalik
- Department of Human Motor Skills, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Hubert Makaruk
- Faculty of Physical Education and Health, The Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, 00-809 Biala Podlaska, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Chen L, Zhang Z, Huang Z, Yang Q, Gao C, Ji H, Sun J, Li D. Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Plyometric Training on Lower Limb Explosive Strength in Adolescent Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1849. [PMID: 36767213 PMCID: PMC9915200 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20031849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plyometric training is an effective training method to improve explosive strength. However, the ability to perform plyometric training in the adolescent population is still controversial, with insufficient meta-analyses about plyometric training on lower limb explosive strength in adolescent athletes. OBJECTIVE To investigate the influence of plyometric training on the explosive strength of lower limbs in adolescent athletes. METHODS We performed a search of six databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest databases, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wan-fang database) from the starting year of inclusion in each database to April 4, 2022. The quality of the included literature was assessed using the Cochrane risk assessment tool, and data were analyzed using the Review Manager 5.4 software. RESULT Plyometric training had significant effects on the performance of adolescent athletes in countermovement jump (MD = 2.74, 95% CI: 1.62, 3.85, p < 0.01), squat jump (MD = 4.37, 95% CI: 2.85, 5.90, p < 0.01), standing long jump (MD = 6.50, 95% CI: 4.62, 8.38, p < 0.01), 10-m sprint (MD = -0.04, 95% CI: -0.08, -0.00, p = 0.03), and 20-m sprint (MD = -0.12, 95% CI: -0.20, -0.04, p = 0.03); all had positive and statistically significant effects (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Plyometric training can significantly enhance the explosive strength of lower limbs in adolescent athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lunxin Chen
- Digitalized Performance Training Laboratory, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Digitalized Performance Training Laboratory, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China
| | - Zijing Huang
- Digitalized Performance Training Laboratory, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China
| | - Qun Yang
- Sports Training Institute, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China
| | - Chong Gao
- Sports Training Institute, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China
| | - Hongshen Ji
- Sports Training Institute, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Sports Training Institute, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China
| | - Duanying Li
- Sports Training Institute, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Deng N, Soh KG, Zaremohzzabieh Z, Abdullah B, Salleh KM, Huang D. Effects of Combined Upper and Lower Limb Plyometric Training Interventions on Physical Fitness in Athletes: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:482. [PMID: 36612806 PMCID: PMC9819760 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Objective: We aimed to meta-analyze the effects of combined upper and lower limb plyometric training (ULLPT) on physical fitness attributes in athletes. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, PubMed, and SCOPUS, for up to 13 August 2022. Controlled studies with baseline and follow-up measures were included if they examined the effects of ULLPT on at least one measure of physical fitness indices in athletes. A random effects meta-analysis was performed using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software. Results: Fifteen moderate-to-high-quality studies with 523 participants aged 12−22.4 years were included in the analyses. Small to large (ES = 0.42−1.66; p = 0.004 to <0.001) effects were noted for upper and lower body muscle power, linear sprint speed, upper and lower body muscle strength, agility, and flexibility, while no significant effects on static and dynamic balance were noted (ES = 0.44−0.10; all p > 0.05). Athletes’ sex, age, and training program variables had no modulator role on the effects of ULLPT in available data sets. Conclusions: ULLPT induces distinct neuro-muscular adaptations in the upper and lower body musculature and is an efficient method for enhancing athletes’ physical fitness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuannuan Deng
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kim Geok Soh
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zeinab Zaremohzzabieh
- Institute for Social Science Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Borhannudin Abdullah
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kamariah Md Salleh
- School of Educational Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Dandan Huang
- College of Physical Education, Chong Qing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
DIMITRIADIS SP, CANOLINTAS M, ALLEN SJ. Uphill and downhill sprinting: a biomechanical study of kinetic and kinematic variables. GAZZETTA MEDICA ITALIANA ARCHIVIO PER LE SCIENZE MEDICHE 2022. [DOI: 10.23736/s0393-3660.21.04714-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
40
|
Tottori N, Suga T, Isaka T, Fujita S. Knee Extensor Morphology and Sprint Performance in Preadolescent Sprinters. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2022; 93:781-787. [PMID: 34723757 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2021.1919593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: We previously reported that the cross-sectional area of the quadriceps femoris is correlated with the sprint performance of preadolescent sprinters. This finding suggests a close relationship between knee extensor torque-enhancing morphology and sprint performance in this young population. To further clarify this issue, in this study, we examined the relationships of the quadriceps femoris muscle volume (MV) and knee extensor moment arm (MA) with sprint performance in preadolescent sprinters. Methods: The quadriceps femoris MV and knee extensor MA in 15 sprint-trained preadolescent boys were measured using magnetic resonance imaging. Sprint performance was evaluated using a personal best 100-m sprint time and the higher 50-m sprint velocity of two 50-m sprint tests. Results: The quadriceps femoris MV and knee extensor MA were significantly correlated with personal best 100-m sprint time (r = -0.810 and -0.752, P ≤ 0.001 for both) and 50-m sprint velocity (r = 0.814 and 0.702, P < .01 for both). Furthermore, the relative quadriceps femoris MV normalized to body mass was significantly correlated with both the personal best 100-m sprint time (r = -0.620, P = .014) and 50-m sprint velocity (r = 0.686, P = .005). In contrast, no significant correlations were observed between the relative knee extensor MA normalized to body height and both sprint performance parameters. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the quadriceps femoris size, rather than the knee extensor MA dimension, is a more important morphological factor for achieving superior sprint performance in preadolescent sprinters.
Collapse
|
41
|
Loturco I, Fernandes V, Bishop C, Mercer VP, Siqueira F, Nakaya K, Pereira LA, Haugen T. Variations in Physical and Competitive Performance of Highly Trained Sprinters Across an Annual Training Season. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 37:1104-1110. [PMID: 36730012 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Loturco, I, Fernandes, V, Bishop, C, Mercer, VP, Siqueira, F, Nakaya, K, Pereira, LA, and Haugen, T. Variations in physical and competitive performance of highly trained sprinters across an annual training season. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2022-We assessed the changes in sprint, jump, and power parameters across the annual training cycle and tested the longitudinal correlations among these variables in top-level sprinters. Thirteen sprinters training with 4 different Olympic sprint coaches were sequentially assessed over 14 months, from January 2019 to March 2020, within 4 consecutive training camps. Performance tests were conducted as follows: standing long jump, squat and countermovement jumps, 10-m and 60-m sprint time, and maximum power output in the half-squat, jump-squat, and hip-thrust exercises. The competitive results of the sprinters throughout the study period were also recorded and analyzed. A repeated measures analysis of variance was used to compare the physical measurements between different testing sessions. A Pearson product-moment correlation was applied to examine the longitudinal relationships between changes in speed-related and power-related parameters. Percentage change was computed and compared with coefficient of variation values to determine whether changes in performance metrics were higher than the test variance, thus providing an indication of whether true changes occurred on an individual basis. Overall, sprinters did not exhibit significant changes in sprint speed, jumping ability, and power output. In addition, variations in competitive times (i.e., 100 m races) followed a similar pattern, within an average range of ±1.36%, for both male and female sprinters. As expected, top-level sprinters presented only small variations in physical and competitive performance over time. Nevertheless, the use of an individual statistical technique (i.e., true changes calculation) revealed that these nonsignificant increases or decreases may represent meaningful changes in their competitive potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irineu Loturco
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,University of South Wales, Pontypridd, Wales, United Kingdom
| | | | - Chris Bishop
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sports Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Lucas A Pereira
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thomas Haugen
- School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Hicks DS, Drummond C, Williams KJ, van den Tillaar R. Exploratory Analysis of Sprint Force-Velocity Characteristics, Kinematics and Performance across a Periodized Training Year: A Case Study of Two National Level Sprint Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15404. [PMID: 36430123 PMCID: PMC9691245 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192215404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Objective: This case study aimed to explore changes to sprint force-velocity characteristics across a periodized training year (45 weeks) and the influence on sprint kinematics and performance in national level 100-meter athletes. Force-velocity characteristics have been shown to differentiate between performance levels in sprint athletes, yet limited information exists describing how characteristics change across a season and impact sprint performance, therefore warranting further research. Methods: Two male national level 100-meter athletes (Athlete 1: 22 years, 1.83 m, 81.1 kg, 100 m time: 10.47 s; Athlete 2: 19 years, 1.82 cm, 75.3 kg, 100 m time: 10.81 s) completed 12 and 11 force-velocity assessments, respectively, using electronic timing gates. Sprint mechanical characteristics were derived from 30-meter maximal sprint efforts using split times (i.e., 0-10 m, 0-20 m, 0-30 m) whereas step kinematics were established from 100-meter competition performance using video analysis. Results: Between the preparation (PREP) and competition (COMP) phase, Athlete 1 showed significantly large within-athlete effects for relative maximal power (PMAX), theoretical maximal velocity (v0), maximum ratio of force (RFMAX), maximal velocity (VMAX), and split time from 0 to 20 m and 0 to 30 m (-1.70 ≤ ES ≥ 1.92, p ≤ 0.05). Athlete 2 reported significant differences with large effects for relative maximal force (F0) and RFMAX only (ES: ≤ -1.46, p ≤ 0.04). In the PREP phase, both athletes reported almost perfect correlations between F0, PMAX and 0-20 m (r = -0.99, p ≤ 0.01), however in the COMP phase, the relationships between mechanical characteristics and split times were more individual. Competition performance in the 100-meter sprint (10.64 ± 0.24 s) showed a greater reliance on step length (r ≥ -0.72, p ≤ 0.001) than step frequency to achieve faster performances. The minimal detectable change (%) across mechanical variables ranged from 1.3 to 10.0% while spatio-temporal variables were much lower, from 0.94 to 1.48%, with Athlete 1 showing a higher 'true change' in performance across the season compared to Athlete 2. Conclusions: The estimated sprint force-velocity data collected across a training year may provide insight to practitioners about the underpinning mechanical characteristics which affect sprint performance during specific phases of training, plus how a periodized training design may enhance sprint force-velocity characteristics and performance outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Shaun Hicks
- SHAPE Research Centre, Flinders University, Bedford Park 5042, Australia
| | - Claire Drummond
- SHAPE Research Centre, Flinders University, Bedford Park 5042, Australia
| | - Kym J. Williams
- SHAPE Research Centre, Flinders University, Bedford Park 5042, Australia
| | - Roland van den Tillaar
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Nord University, 7601 Levanger, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Wagner CM, Warneke K, Bächer C, Liefke C, Paintner P, Kuhn L, Brauner T, Wirth K, Keiner M. Despite Good Correlations, There Is No Exact Coincidence between Isometric and Dynamic Strength Measurements in Elite Youth Soccer Players. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:175. [PMID: 36355825 PMCID: PMC9692642 DOI: 10.3390/sports10110175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Speed strength performances are substantially dependent on maximum strength. Due to their importance, various methods have been utilized to measure maximum strength (e.g., isometric or dynamic) with discussed differences regarding transferability to sport-specific movements dependent upon the testing procedure. The aim of this study was to analyze whether maximum isometric force (MIF) during isometric back squats correlates with maximum strength measurements of the one repetition maximum (1RM) in the squat, with countermovement jump (CMJ) performance, and with drop jump (DJ) performances in elite youth soccer players (n = 16, 18.4 ± 1.5 [range: 17-23] years old). Additionally, concordance correlation coefficients (CCC, [ρc]) between isometric and dynamic measurements were calculated to verify whether one measurement can actually reproduce the results of the other. To improve comprehension, differences between isometric and dynamic testing values were illustrated by providing differences between both testing conditions. For this, the mean absolute error (MAE) and the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) were calculated. To reach equality in scale, the 1RM measures were multiplicated by 9.81 to obtain a value of N. The 1RM demonstrated correlations of τ = |0.38| to |0.52| with SJ and CMJ performances, while MIF demonstrated correlations of τ = |0.21| to |0.32|. However, the correlations of both 1RM and MIF with the DJ reactive strength index (RSI = jump height /contact time) from different falling heights were of no statistical significance. The data showed significant correlations between both the absolute (τ = |0.54|) and the relative (τ = |0.40|) performances of 1RM and MIF, which were confirmed by CCC of ρc= |0.56| to |0.66|, respectively. Furthermore, the MAE and MAPE showed values of 2080.87 N and 67.4%, respectively. The data in this study show that, despite good correlations, there is no exact coincidence between isometric and dynamic strength measurements. Accordingly, both measurements may only represent an estimation of maximal strength capacity and cannot be substituted for each other. Therefore, maximal strength should be tested by using high similarity in the contraction condition, as it is used in the training process to counteract underestimation in strength because of unfamiliarity with the testing condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carl-M. Wagner
- Department of Training Science, German University of Health & Sport, 85737 Ismaning, Germany
| | - Konstantin Warneke
- Department for Exercise, Sport and Health, Leuphana University, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Bächer
- Department of Training Science, German University of Health & Sport, 85737 Ismaning, Germany
- SSV Jahn Regensburg, 93059 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Larissa Kuhn
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Torsten Brauner
- Department of Training Science, German University of Health & Sport, 85737 Ismaning, Germany
| | - Klaus Wirth
- Faculty of Training and Sports Science, University of Applied Science Wiener Neustadt, 2700 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Keiner
- Department of Training Science, German University of Health & Sport, 85737 Ismaning, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Ramirez-Campillo R, García-Hermoso A, Moran J, Chaabene H, Negra Y, Scanlan AT. The effects of plyometric jump training on physical fitness attributes in basketball players: A meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2022; 11:656-670. [PMID: 33359798 PMCID: PMC9729929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a growing body of experimental evidence examining the effects of plyometric jump training (PJT) on physical fitness attributes in basketball players; however, this evidence has not yet been comprehensively and systematically aggregated. Therefore, our objective was to meta-analyze the effects of PJT on physical fitness attributes in basketball players, in comparison to a control condition. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted in the databases PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, up to July 2020. Peer-reviewed controlled trials with baseline and follow-up measurements investigating the effects of PJT on physical fitness attributes (muscle power, i.e., jumping performance, linear sprint speed, change-of-direction speed, balance, and muscle strength) in basketball players, with no restrictions on their playing level, sex, or age. Hedge's g effect sizes (ES) were calculated for physical fitness variables. Using a random-effects model, potential sources of heterogeneity were selected, including subgroup analyses (age, sex, body mass, and height) and single training factor analysis (program duration, training frequency, and total number of training sessions). Computation of meta-regression was also performed. RESULTS Thirty-two studies were included, involving 818 total basketball players. Significant (p < 0.05) small-to-large effects of PJT were evident on vertical jump power (ES = 0.45), countermovement jump height with (ES = 1.24) and without arm swing (ES = 0.88), squat jump height (ES = 0.80), drop jump height (ES = 0.53), horizontal jump distance (ES = 0.65), linear sprint time across distances ≤10 m (ES = 1.67) and >10 m (ES = 0.92), change-of-direction performance time across distances ≤40 m (ES = 1.15) and >40 m (ES = 1.02), dynamic (ES = 1.16) and static balance (ES = 1.48), and maximal strength (ES = 0.57). The meta-regression revealed that training duration, training frequency, and total number of sessions completed did not predict the effects of PJT on physical fitness attributes. Subgroup analysis indicated greater improvements in older compared to younger players in horizontal jump distance (>17.15 years, ES = 2.11; ≤17.15 years, ES = 0.10; p < 0.001), linear sprint time >10 m (>16.3 years, ES = 1.83; ≤16.3 years, ES = 0.36; p = 0.010), and change-of-direction performance time ≤40 m (>16.3 years, ES = 1.65; ≤16.3 years, ES = 0.75; p = 0.005). Greater increases in horizontal jump distance were apparent with >2 compared with ≤2 weekly PJT sessions (ES = 2.12 and ES = 0.39, respectively; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Data from 32 studies (28 of which demonstrate moderate-to-high methodological quality) indicate PJT improves muscle power, linear sprint speed, change-of-direction speed, balance, and muscle strength in basketball players independent of sex, age, or PJT program variables. However, the beneficial effects of PJT as measured by horizontal jump distance, linear sprint time >10 m, and change-of-direction performance time ≤40 m, appear to be more evident among older basketball players.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno 5290000, Chile; Centro de Investigación en Fisiología del Ejercicio, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 7500000, Chile.
| | - Antonio García-Hermoso
- Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona 31008, Spain; Laboratorio de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Santiago 9170020, Chile
| | - Jason Moran
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Helmi Chaabene
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam 14469, Germany; High Institute of Sports and Physical Education, Kef, University of Jendouba, La Manouba 8189, Tunisia
| | - Yassine Negra
- Research Unit (UR 17JS01, Sport Performance, Health & Society), Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saîd, University of "La Manouba", Rockhampton 2037, Tunisia
| | - Aaron T Scanlan
- Human Exercise and Training Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland, QLD 4702, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Haralabidis N, Colyer SL, Serrancolí G, Salo AIT, Cazzola D. Modifications to the net knee moments lead to the greatest improvements in accelerative sprinting performance: a predictive simulation study. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15908. [PMID: 36151260 PMCID: PMC9508344 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20023-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The current body of sprinting biomechanics literature together with the front-side mechanics coaching framework provide various technique recommendations for improving performance. However, few studies have attempted to systematically explore technique modifications from a performance enhancement perspective. The aims of this investigation were therefore to explore how hypothetical technique modifications affect accelerative sprinting performance and assess whether the hypothetical modifications support the front-side mechanics coaching framework. A three-dimensional musculoskeletal model scaled to an international male sprinter was used in combination with direct collocation optimal control to perform (data-tracking and predictive) simulations of the preliminary steps of accelerative sprinting. The predictive simulations differed in the net joint moments that were left 'free' to change. It was found that the 'knee-free' and 'knee-hip-free' simulations resulted in the greatest performance improvements (13.8% and 21.9%, respectively), due to a greater knee flexor moment around touchdown (e.g., 141.2 vs. 70.5 Nm) and a delayed and greater knee extensor moment during stance (e.g., 188.5 vs. 137.5 Nm). Lastly, the predictive simulations which led to the greatest improvements were also found to not exhibit clear and noticeable front-side mechanics technique, thus the underpinning principles of the coaching framework may not be the only key aspect governing accelerative sprinting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicos Haralabidis
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK. .,CAMERA-Centre for the Analysis of Motion, Entertainment Research and Applications, University of Bath, Bath, UK. .,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Steffi L Colyer
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.,CAMERA-Centre for the Analysis of Motion, Entertainment Research and Applications, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Gil Serrancolí
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aki I T Salo
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.,CAMERA-Centre for the Analysis of Motion, Entertainment Research and Applications, University of Bath, Bath, UK.,KIHU Finnish Institute of High Performance Sport, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Dario Cazzola
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.,CAMERA-Centre for the Analysis of Motion, Entertainment Research and Applications, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Guilherme JPLF, Semenova EA, Larin AK, Yusupov RA, Generozov EV, Ahmetov II. Genomic Predictors of Brisk Walking Are Associated with Elite Sprinter Status. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13101710. [PMID: 36292594 PMCID: PMC9602420 DOI: 10.3390/genes13101710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brisk walkers are physically more active, taller, have reduced body fat and greater physical fitness and muscle strength. The aim of our study was to determine whether genetic variants associated with increased walking pace were overrepresented in elite sprinters compared to controls. A total of 70 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) previously identified in a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of self-reported walking pace in 450,967 European individuals were explored in relation to sprinter status. Genotyping of 137 Russian elite sprinters and 126 controls was performed using microarray technology. Favorable (i.e., high-speed-walking) alleles of 15 SNPs (FHL2 rs55680124 C, SLC39A8 rs13107325 C, E2F3 rs4134943 T, ZNF568 rs1667369 A, GDF5 rs143384 G, PPARG rs2920503 T, AUTS2 rs10452738 A, IGSF3 rs699785 A, CCT3 rs11548200 T, CRTAC1 rs2439823 A, ADAM15 rs11264302 G, C6orf106 rs205262 A, AKAP6 rs12883788 C, CRTC1 rs11881338 A, NRXN3 rs8011870 G) were identified as having positive associations with sprinter status (p < 0.05), of which IGSF3 rs699785 survived correction for multiple testing (p = 0.00004) and was linked (p = 0.042) with increased proportions of fast-twitch muscle fibers of m. vastus lateralis in physically active men (n = 67). Polygenic analysis revealed that individuals with ≥18 favorable alleles of the 15 SNPs have an increased odds ratio of being an elite sprinter when compared to those with ≤17 alleles (OR: 7.89; p < 0.0001). Using UK Biobank data, we also established the association of 14 favorable alleles with low BMI and fat percentage, 8 alleles with increased handgrip strength, and 7 alleles with increased height and fat-free mass. In conclusion, we have identified 15 new genetic markers associated with sprinter status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo L. F. Guilherme
- Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030, Brazil
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030, Brazil
- Correspondence: (J.P.L.F.G.); (I.I.A.)
| | - Ekaterina A. Semenova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Research Institute of Physical Culture and Sport, Volga Region State University of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism, 420138 Kazan, Russia
| | - Andrey K. Larin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Rinat A. Yusupov
- Department of Physical Culture and Sport, Kazan National Research Technical University Named after A.N. Tupolev-KAI, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Edward V. Generozov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ildus I. Ahmetov
- Department of Physical Education, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 115093 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Central Research Laboratory, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia
- Sports Genetics Laboratory, St. Petersburg Research Institute of Physical Culture, 191040 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 5AF, UK
- Correspondence: (J.P.L.F.G.); (I.I.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Relationships between Functional Movement Quality and Sprint and Jump Performance in Female Youth Soccer Athletes of Team China. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9091312. [PMID: 36138620 PMCID: PMC9497205 DOI: 10.3390/children9091312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the optimal functional movement screen (FMS) cut score for assessing the risk of sport injury, and to investigate the correlations between functional movement quality and sprint and jump performance. Twenty-four (N = 24) athletes performed all tests in one day at 10−30 min intervals, and the FMS test was performed first, without a warm-up session. After a standard warm-up, athletes then completed the Y-balance Test (YBT), sprint, counter-movement jump (CMJ), and standing long jump (SLJ), in turn. For each test, the best of three attempts was recorded for further analysis. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and area-under-the-curve (AUC) were used to determine the optimal FMS cut score for assessing the risk of sport injuries, and Spearman’s rank correlation analysis was used to quantify associations between functional movement scores and athletic performance. The average FMS score was 16.2 and the optimal FMS cut score for assessing the risk of sport injuries was 14.5. There were moderate relationships between total FMS score and 10−20 m sprint time (r = −0.46, p < 0.05), between In-line Lunge and 0−20 m sprint time (r = −0.47, p < 0.05), between Shoulder Mobility and 0−10 m sprint time (r = −0.48, p < 0.05), and between Trunk-stability Push-up and 10−20 m sprint time (r = −0.47, p < 0.05). Moreover, Hurdle Step score was largely correlated with 0−10 m time (r = −0.51, p < 0.05). For Y-balance, moderate correlations were observed between CMJ height and anterior asymmetry score (r = −0.47, p < 0.05) and posteromedial asymmetry score (r = −0.44, p < 0.05). However, there were no significant associations between YBT performance (asymmetric in three directions and composite score) and sprint performance (p > 0.05). Taken together, the results indicate that a FMS score of 14 is not a gold standard for assessing the risk of injury in all populations; we recommend that the FMS cut score of 14.5 should be the optimal score for assessing risk of injury in young female elite soccer players. Moreover, the FMS and YBT were introduced to assess the quality of functional movements, and they cannot be used to assess sprint and jump performance. Practitioners can use components of the FMS that have similar characteristics to specific sports to assess athletic performance.
Collapse
|
48
|
Chen W, Zhang B, Liang T, Tong Z. BUILDING A PROFILE OF SPECIFIC FITNESS INDICES FOR MALE TEENAGE CHINESE SPRINTERS. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202228042021_0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objectives: This study aimed to construct a profile of specific fitness indices for male teenage sprinters on the Chinese National Team to provide sprinting fitness assessments for teenage training. Material and Methods: 229 male teenage sprinters at the same level were recruited to participate in this test for the indices. The t- and Kruskal-Wallis tests were conducted for the first selection of fitness indices. In the second selection, principal components analysis was applied to select common factors with greater characteristic values. The fitness indices chosen were height, leg length, measurement B (ankle circumference/heel length×100%) and measurement A (thigh circumference/leg length×100%), hemoglobin, 60m sprint time, 100m sprint time, countermovement jump (CMJ), maximum countermovement jump velocity, CMJ flight time, CMJ maximum force, and CMJ force. Results: Thirteen indices were chosen for the specific fitness of male teenage Chinese male sprinters with 3 general categories and 9 subcategories. The weight of each fitness index was confirmed and used to construct a standard fitness assessment scale. Conclusion: Anthropometric indices indicate the athlete’s innate limits in the structure of the sprinting motion. Physiological indices indicate the athlete’s potential to expend energy and recover in a short time. Motor indices indicate the athlete’s maximum sprinting ability, lower limb reaction strength, power, and maximum strength. Level of evidence II, Diagnostic studies - Investigation of a diagnostic test.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjia Chen
- School of PE at Mining and Technology, China
| | | | | | - Zehao Tong
- School of PE at Mining and Technology, China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Relationship between Step-by-Step Foot Kinematics and Sprint Performance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19116786. [PMID: 35682368 PMCID: PMC9180722 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Foot stiffness is a modulator of sprint performance. However, studies that analysed foot angular velocities using inertial measuring units (IMU) for different events within the sprint contact time phase are scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between angular foot step-by-step kinematics and sprint performance during a 50-metre sprint in experienced male and female sprinters. Foot kinematics were measured using IMU devices integrated with a 3-axis gyroscope and a laser gun. The main findings were that men performed faster sprints (6.11 ± 0.35 s vs. 6.77 ± 0.24 s), but the maximal angular foot kinematics were the same between sexes. Maximal angular velocities increased until strides 6–7, where they stabilized. Time from touchdown to maximal dorsiflexion velocity did not change between strides, whereas time from maximal dorsiflexion velocity to toe off decreased until stride 6. Plantarflexion velocities, especially in toe off, showed the greatest associations with sprint times, whereas maximal dorsiflexion velocity presented no association with sprint times. The time from dorsiflexion velocity to toe off from stride 7 onwards determined the sprint performance and was shorter for faster sprinters. The analysis of these variables provides essential information to athletes and coaches that may help to enhance the quality and efficiency of the sprint cycle by giving detailed information on each single stride of the sprint.
Collapse
|
50
|
Healey L, Bertschy M, Kipp S, Hoogkamer W. Can We Quantify the Benefits of "Super Spikes" in Track Running? Sports Med 2022; 52:1211-1218. [PMID: 35195880 PMCID: PMC8864588 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01657-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The recent and rapid developments in track spike innovation have been followed by a wave of record-breaking times and top performances. This has led many to question what role "super spikes" play in improving running performance. To date, the specific contributions of new innovations in footwear, including lightweight, resilient, and compliant midsole foam, altered geometry, and increased longitudinal bending stiffness, to track running performance are unknown. Based on current literature, we speculate about what advantages these features provide. Importantly, the effects of super spikes will vary based on several factors including the event (e.g., 100 m vs. 10,000 m) and the characteristics of the athlete wearing them. Further confounding our understanding of super spikes is the difficulty of testing them. Unlike marathon shoes, testing track spikes comes with a unique challenge of quantifying the metabolic energy demands of middle-distance running events, which are partly anaerobic. Quantifying the exact benefits from super spikes is difficult and we may need to rely on comparison of track performances pre- and post- the introduction of super spikes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Healey
- Integrative Locomotion Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.
- PUMA SE, Innovation, Somerville, MA, USA.
| | - Montgomery Bertschy
- Integrative Locomotion Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Shalaya Kipp
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Wouter Hoogkamer
- Integrative Locomotion Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|