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Hu Y, Lv Y, Long X, Yang G, Zhou J. Melatonin attenuates chronic sleep deprivation-induced cognitive deficits and HDAC3-Bmal1/clock interruption. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14474. [PMID: 37721401 PMCID: PMC10916425 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Sleep is predicted as a key modulator of cognition, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of melatonin on chronic rapid eye movement sleep deprivation (CRSD)-induced cognitive impairment and circadian dysfunction in rat models. METHODS Thirty-six Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into three groups: CRSD with saline treatment, CRSD with chronic melatonin injection (20 mg/kg/day), and non-sleep-deprived control. The cognitive behavioral tests as well as the expression of clocks and HDAC3 were evaluated in all groups. RESULTS CRSD significantly reduced recognition index in novel object location, increased escape latency and distance traveling in Morris water maze while melatonin treatment attenuated CRSD-induced hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory deficits. Furthermore, the mRNAs of brain and muscle aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like 1(Bmal1) and circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (Clock) were globally down-regulated by CRSD with constant intrinsic oscillation in both hippocampus and peripheral blood. The protein levels of hippocampal Bmal1, Clock, and HDAC3 were also remarkably down-regulated following CRSD. Melatonin treatment reversed CRSD-induced alterations of Bmal1/Clock and HDAC3 on both mRNA levels and protein levels. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that melatonin treatment attenuates CRSD-induced cognitive impairment via regulating HDAC3-Bmal1/Clock interaction. These findings explore a broader understanding of the relationship between sleep and cognition and provide a potential new therapeutic target for cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Hu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
- Department of NeurologyHaikou Affiliated Hospital of Central South University Xiangya School of MedicineHaikouChina
| | - Yefan Lv
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Xiaoyan Long
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Guoshuai Yang
- Department of NeurologyHaikou Affiliated Hospital of Central South University Xiangya School of MedicineHaikouChina
| | - Jinxia Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
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2
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Raciti L, Raciti G, Militi D, Tonin P, Quartarone A, Calabrò RS. Sleep in Disorders of Consciousness: A Brief Overview on a Still under Investigated Issue. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13020275. [PMID: 36831818 PMCID: PMC9954700 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13020275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Consciousness is a multifaceted concept, involving both wakefulness, i.e., a condition of being alert that is regulated by the brainstem, and awareness, a subjective experience of any thoughts or perception or emotion. Recently, the European Academy of Neurology has published international guidelines for a better diagnosis of coma and other disorders of consciousness (DOC) through the investigation of sleep patterns, such as slow-wave and REM, and the study of the EEG using machine learning methods and artificial intelligence. The management of sleep disorders in DOC patients is an increasingly hot topic and deserves careful diagnosis, to allow for the most accurate prognosis and the best medical treatment possible. The aim of this review was to investigate the anatomo-physiological basis of the sleep/wake cycle, as well as the main sleep patterns and sleep disorders in patients with DOC. We found that the sleep characteristics in DOC patients are still controversial. DOC patients often present a theta/delta pattern, while epileptiform activity, as well as other sleep elements, have been reported as correlating with outcomes in patients with coma and DOC. The absence of spindles, as well as REM and K-complexes of NREM sleep, have been used as poor predictors for early awakening in DOC patients, especially in UWS patients. Therefore, sleep could be considered a marker of DOC recovery, and effective treatments for sleep disorders may either indirectly or directly favor recovery of consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Militi
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, 98121 Messina, Italy
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Li T, Cheng C, Jia C, Leng Y, Qian J, Yu H, Liu Y, Wang N, Yang Y, Al-Nusaif M, Le W. Peripheral Clock System Abnormalities in Patients With Parkinson's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:736026. [PMID: 34658839 PMCID: PMC8519399 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.736026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the altered expression of peripheral clock genes, circulating melatonin levels, and their correlations with sleep-wake phenotypes including probable rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (pRBD) symptoms in a relatively large population of Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. Methods: We determined the expression profiles of five principal clock genes, BMAL1, CLOCK, CRY1, PER1, and PER2, in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of PD patients (n = 326), and healthy controls (HC, n = 314) using quantitative real-time PCR. Melatonin concentration in the plasma of two groups was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Then we performed comprehensive association analyses on the PBMCs clock gene expression, plasma melatonin levels and sleep characteristics. Results: Our data showed that the expression levels of BMAL1, CLOCK, CRY1, PER1, and PER2 were significantly decreased in the PBMCs of PD as compared with that of HC (P < 0.05). PD patients had reduced plasma melatonin levels compared with HC (P < 0.0001). pRBD and excessive daytime sleepiness are common in these PD patients and are associated with the expression levels of all five clock genes (r = −0.344∼−0.789, P < 0.01) and melatonin concentration (r = −0.509∼−0.753, P < 0.01). Statistical analyses also revealed that a combination of five clock genes and melatonin could reach a high diagnostic performance (areas under the curves, 97%) for PD comorbid pRBD. Conclusion: This case-control study demonstrates that peripheral BMAL1, CLOCK, CRY1, PER1, PER2, and melatonin levels are altered in PD patients and may serve as endogenous markers for sleep and wakefulness disturbances of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianbai Li
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Congcong Jia
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yue Leng
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jin Qian
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Hang Yu
- Sichuan Provincial Hospital, Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Yufei Liu
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Nanxing Wang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yuting Yang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Murad Al-Nusaif
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Weidong Le
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Sichuan Provincial Hospital, Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China
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Astronauts well-being and possibly anti-aging improved during long-duration spaceflight. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14907. [PMID: 34290387 PMCID: PMC8295322 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94478-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study assesses how circadian rhythms of heart rate (HR), HR variability (HRV) and activity change during long-term missions in space and how they relate to sleep quality. Ambulatory 48-h ECG and 96-h actigraphy were performed four times on ten healthy astronauts (44.7 ± 6.9 years; 9 men): 120.4 ± 43.7 days (Before) launch; 21.1 ± 2.5 days (ISS01) and 143.0 ± 27.1 days (ISS02) after launch; and 86.6 ± 40.6 days (After) return to Earth. Sleep quality was determined by sleep-related changes in activity, RR-intervals, HRV HF- and VLF-components and LF-band. The circadian amplitude of HR (HR-A) was larger in space (ISS01: 12.54, P = 0.0099; ISS02: 12.77, P = 0.0364) than on Earth (Before: 10.90; After: 10.55 bpm). Sleep duration in space (ISS01/ISS02) increased in 3 (Group A, from 370.7 to 388.0/413.0 min) and decreased in 7 (Group B, from 454.0 to 408.9/381.6 min) astronauts. Sleep quality improved in Group B from 7.07 to 8.36 (ISS01) and 9.36 (ISS02, P = 0.0001). Sleep-related parasympathetic activity increased from 55.2% to 74.8% (pNN50, P = 0.0010) (ISS02). HR-A correlated with the 24-h (r = 0.8110, P = 0.0044), 12-h (r = 0.6963, P = 0.0253), and 48-h (r = 0.6921, P = 0.0266) amplitudes of the magnetic declination index. These findings suggest associations of mission duration with increased well-being and anti-aging benefitting from magnetic fluctuations.
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Yang XA, Song CG, Yuan F, Zhao JJ, Jiang YL, Yang F, Kang XG, Jiang W. Prognostic roles of sleep electroencephalography pattern and circadian rhythm biomarkers in the recovery of consciousness in patients with coma: a prospective cohort study. Sleep Med 2020; 69:204-212. [PMID: 32143064 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2020.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the potential prognostic value of sleep electroencephalography (EEG) pattern and serum circadian rhythm biomarkers in the recovery of consciousness in patients at the acute stage of coma. METHODS A prospective observational study which included 75 patients with coma was conducted. Twenty-four-hour continuous polysomnography (PSG) was performed to determine the sleep EEG pattern according to the modified Valente's Grade (mVG) that we proposed. Serum levels of melatonin and orexin-A at four consecutive time points during the PSG were examined. Patients were then followed for one month to determine their level of consciousness. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to examine associations between demographics, aetiology, baseline clinical features (pupillary and corneal reflex, and neuron-specific enolase [NSE]), clinical scores (Glasgow Coma Scale-Motor Response [GCS-M], Full Outline of Unresponsiveness [FOUR] scale, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II [APACHE II] scale), mVG, serum circadian biomarkers, and recovery of consciousness within one month. RESULTS Within one month of enrolment, 34 patients regained consciousness and 36 patients remained non-conscious. Spearman rank correlation revealed a significant association between mVG and state of consciousness after one month. Significant variation in serum melatonin or orexin-A was not detected in either the conscious or non-conscious groups. Hypoxic aetiology, APACHE II, and mVG were independently associated with recovery of consciousness within one month. CONCLUSION Sleep EEG structure, hypoxic aetiology, and APACHE II can independently predict recovery of consciousness in patients with acute coma. Taken together, we encourage neurologists to use sleep elements to assess patients with acute coma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Ai Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Chang-Geng Song
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Fang Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jing-Jing Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yong-Li Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Fang Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Xiao-Gang Kang
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Wen Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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Wu H, Dunnett S, Ho YS, Chang RCC. The role of sleep deprivation and circadian rhythm disruption as risk factors of Alzheimer's disease. Front Neuroendocrinol 2019; 54:100764. [PMID: 31102663 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.100764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that sleep deprivation (SD) and circadian rhythm disruption (CRD) may interact and increase the risk for the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This review inspects different pathophysiological aspects of SD and CRD, and shows that the two may impair the glymphatic-vascular-lymphatic clearance of brain macromolecules (e.g., β-amyloid and microtubule associated protein tau), increase local brain oxidative stress and diminish circulatory melatonin levels. Lastly, this review looks into the potential association between sleep and circadian rhythm with stress granule formation, which might be a new mechanism along the AD pathogenic pathway. In summary, SD and CRD is likely to be associated with a positive risk in developing Alzheimer's disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Sophie Dunnett
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Yuen-Shan Ho
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
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7
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Xiang H, Huang C, Guo Q, Liu Q, Xiong G. Association of Per3 length polymorphism with susceptibility of Alzheimer disease (AD) in Chinese population. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2018.1464627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hu Xiang
- Department of Geriatrics, The Third Hospital of Mianyang, Mianyang, China
| | - Changquan Huang
- Department of Geriatrics, The Third Hospital of Mianyang, Mianyang, China
| | - Qiong Guo
- Department of Geriatrics, The Third Hospital of Mianyang, Mianyang, China
| | - QingXiu Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, The Third Hospital of Mianyang, Mianyang, China
| | - Gang Xiong
- The State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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8
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Wilms B, Leineweber EM, Mölle M, Chamorro R, Pommerenke C, Salinas-Riester G, Sina C, Lehnert H, Oster H, Schmid SM. Sleep Loss Disrupts Morning-to-Evening Differences in Human White Adipose Tissue Transcriptome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:1687-1696. [PMID: 30535338 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-01663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Chronodisruption, as caused by such conditions as perturbations of 24-hour rhythms of physiology and behavior, may promote the development of metabolic diseases. OBJECTIVE To assess the acute effects of sleep curtailment on circadian regulation (i.e., morning-to-evening differences) of white adipose tissue (WAT) transcriptome in normal-weight men. DESIGN Fifteen healthy men aged 18 to 30 years (mean ± SEM, 24.0 ± 0.9years) were studied. In randomized, balanced order they underwent three separate nights with regular sleep duration (8 hours of sleep between 11:00 pm and 7:00 am), sleep restriction (4 hours of sleep between 3:00 am and 7:00 am), and sleep deprivation (no sleep at all). Sleep was polysomnographically evaluated. WAT biopsy samples were taken twice at 9:00 pm and 7:00 am to assess morning-to-evening differences. WAT transcriptome profile was assessed by RNA sequencing, and expression of relevant circadian core clock genes were analyzed. Glucose homeostasis, lipid profile, and adipokines were assessed. RESULTS Sleep restriction dramatically blunted morning-to-evening transcriptome variations with further dampening after sleep deprivation. Although most core clock genes remained stably rhythmic, morning-to-evening regulated pathways of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism were highly sensitive to sleep loss. In particular, genes associated with carbohydrate breakdown lost rhythmicity after sleep deprivation, with an overall trend toward an upregulation in the morning. In line with specific transcriptional changes in WAT, retinol-binding-protein 4 was increased and β-cell secretory capacity was diminished. CONCLUSIONS Acute sleep loss induces a profound restructuring of morning-to-evening WAT transcriptome with uncoupling from the local clock machinery, resulting in increased WAT carbohydrate turnover and impaired glucose homeostasis. Our data support an optimization of sleep duration and timing to prevent metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Wilms
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Elena M Leineweber
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Matthias Mölle
- Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Rodrigo Chamorro
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Nutrition, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Pommerenke
- Transcriptome Analysis Laboratory, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Christian Sina
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hendrik Lehnert
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
- Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Henrik Oster
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sebastian M Schmid
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
- Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Off the Clock: From Circadian Disruption to Metabolic Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071597. [PMID: 30935034 PMCID: PMC6480015 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian timekeeping allows appropriate temporal regulation of an organism’s internal metabolism to anticipate and respond to recurrent daily changes in the environment. Evidence from animal genetic models and from humans under circadian misalignment (such as shift work or jet lag) shows that disruption of circadian rhythms contributes to the development of obesity and metabolic disease. Inappropriate timing of food intake and high-fat feeding also lead to disruptions of the temporal coordination of metabolism and physiology and subsequently promote its pathogenesis. This review illustrates the impact of genetically or environmentally induced molecular clock disruption (at the level of the brain and peripheral tissues) and the interplay between the circadian system and metabolic processes. Here, we discuss some mechanisms responsible for diet-induced circadian desynchrony and consider the impact of nutritional cues in inter-organ communication, with a particular focus on the communication between peripheral organs and brain. Finally, we discuss the relay of environmental information by signal-dependent transcription factors to adjust the timing of gene oscillations. Collectively, a better knowledge of the mechanisms by which the circadian clock function can be compromised will lead to novel preventive and therapeutic strategies for obesity and other metabolic disorders arising from circadian desynchrony.
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Abstract
Disruption of circadian clocks is strongly associated with mood disorders. Chronotherapies targeting circadian rhythms have been shown to be very effective treatments of mood disorders, but still are not widely used in clinical practice. The mechanisms by which circadian disruption leads to mood disorders are poorly characterized and, therefore, may not convince clinicians to apply chronotherapies. Hence, in this review, we describe specific potential mechanisms, in order to make this connection more credible to clinicians. We believe that four major features of disrupted clocks may contribute to the development of mood disorders: (1) loss of synchronization to environmental 24-h rhythms, (2) internal desynchronization among body clocks, (3) low rhythm amplitude, and (4) changes in sleep architecture. Discussing these attributes and giving plausible examples, we will discuss prospects for relatively simple chronotherapies addressing these features that are easy to implement in clinical practice. Key messages In this review, we describe specific potential mechanisms by which disrupted clocks may contribute to the development of mood disorders: (1) loss of synchronization to environmental 24-h rhythms, (2) internal desynchronization among body clocks, (3) low rhythm amplitude, and (4) changes in sleep architecture. We provide prospects for relatively simple chronotherapies addressing these features that are easy to implement in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisja Hühne
- a Circadian Biology Group, Department of Psychiatry , Ludwig Maximilian University , Munich , Germany
| | - David K Welsh
- b Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System , San Diego , CA , USA.,c Department of Psychiatry & Center for Circadian Biology , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , CA , USA
| | - Dominic Landgraf
- a Circadian Biology Group, Department of Psychiatry , Ludwig Maximilian University , Munich , Germany
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Uyhelji HA, Kupfer DM, White VL, Jackson ML, Van Dongen HPA, Burian DM. Exploring gene expression biomarker candidates for neurobehavioral impairment from total sleep deprivation. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:341. [PMID: 29739334 PMCID: PMC5941663 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4664-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although sleep deprivation is associated with neurobehavioral impairment that may underlie significant risks to performance and safety, there is no reliable biomarker test to detect dangerous levels of impairment from sleep loss in humans. This study employs microarrays and bioinformatics analyses to explore candidate gene expression biomarkers associated with total sleep deprivation (TSD), and more specifically, the phenotype of neurobehavioral impairment from TSD. Healthy adult volunteers were recruited to a sleep laboratory for seven consecutive days (six nights). After two Baseline nights of 10 h time in bed, 11 subjects underwent an Experimental phase of 62 h of continuous wakefulness, followed by two Recovery nights of 10 h time in bed. Another six subjects underwent a well-rested Control condition of 10 h time in bed for all six nights. Blood was drawn for measuring gene expression on days two, four, and six at 4 h intervals from 08:00 to 20:00 h, corresponding to 12 timepoints across one Baseline, one Experimental, and one Recovery day. Results Altogether 212 genes changed expression in response to the TSD Treatment, with most genes exhibiting down-regulation during TSD. Also, 28 genes were associated with neurobehavioral impairment as measured by the Psychomotor Vigilance Test. The results support previous findings associating TSD with the immune response and ion signaling, and reveal novel candidate biomarkers such as the Speedy/RINGO family of cell cycle regulators. Conclusions This study serves as an important step toward understanding gene expression changes during sleep deprivation. In addition to exploring potential biomarkers for TSD, this report presents novel candidate biomarkers associated with lapses of attention during TSD. Although further work is required for biomarker validation, analysis of these genes may aid fundamental understanding of the impact of TSD on neurobehavioral performance. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4664-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary A Uyhelji
- Civil Aerospace Medical Institute, Federal Aviation Administration, Oklahoma City, OK, 73169, USA.
| | - Doris M Kupfer
- Civil Aerospace Medical Institute, Federal Aviation Administration, Oklahoma City, OK, 73169, USA.
| | - Vicky L White
- Civil Aerospace Medical Institute, Federal Aviation Administration, Oklahoma City, OK, 73169, USA
| | - Melinda L Jackson
- Sleep and Performance Research Center & Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, 99210, USA.,Present address: School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Hans P A Van Dongen
- Sleep and Performance Research Center & Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, 99210, USA
| | - Dennis M Burian
- Civil Aerospace Medical Institute, Federal Aviation Administration, Oklahoma City, OK, 73169, USA
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12
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Barandas R, Landgraf D, McCarthy MJ, Welsh DK. Circadian Clocks as Modulators of Metabolic Comorbidity in Psychiatric Disorders. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2015; 17:98. [PMID: 26483181 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-015-0637-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder are often accompanied by metabolic dysfunction symptoms, including obesity and diabetes. Since the circadian system controls important brain systems that regulate affective, cognitive, and metabolic functions, and neuropsychiatric and metabolic diseases are often correlated with disturbances of circadian rhythms, we hypothesize that dysregulation of circadian clocks plays a central role in metabolic comorbidity in psychiatric disorders. In this review paper, we highlight the role of circadian clocks in glucocorticoid, dopamine, and orexin/melanin-concentrating hormone systems and describe how a dysfunction of these clocks may contribute to the simultaneous development of psychiatric and metabolic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Barandas
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- VA San Diego Healthcare System Psychiatry Service, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC-0603, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0603, USA
| | - Dominic Landgraf
- VA San Diego Healthcare System Psychiatry Service, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC-0603, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0603, USA.
| | - Michael J McCarthy
- VA San Diego Healthcare System Psychiatry Service, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC-0603, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0603, USA
| | - David K Welsh
- VA San Diego Healthcare System Psychiatry Service, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC-0603, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0603, USA
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Hong CT, Wong CS, Ma HP, Wu D, Huang YH, Wu CC, Lin CM, Su YK, Liao KH, Ou JC, Hu CJ. PERIOD3 polymorphism is associated with sleep quality recovery after a mild traumatic brain injury. J Neurol Sci 2015; 358:385-9. [PMID: 26440425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.09.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) causes transient sleep disorders and circadian dysrhythmia. One of the clock genes, PERIOD3 (PER3), regulates the circadian rhythm and contains a genetic polymorphism, namely a variable-number tandem repeat in the coding area with either four or five repeats. PER3(5) carriers are inclined to have a morning preference and associated with higher risk of bipolar disorder and diabetes. This study investigated the effects of PER3 polymorphism on sleep quality changes after mTBI. MATERIALS AND METHODS From May 2012 to May 2014, a total of 96 mTBI patients completed the baseline (1 week after mTBI) and follow-up (6 weeks after mTBI) assessments, including the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and anxiety and depression questionnaires. Statistics were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test, Wilcox signed-rank test or chi-squared test. RESULTS Among the 96 patients, 24 were heterozygous PER3(5) carriers (PER3(4/5)), and the rest of 72 were PER3(5) noncarriers (PER3(4/4)). The subscale of PSQI questionnaire results indicated that the PER3(5) allele was associated with significant sleep duration shortening, but improvement in overall sleep quality. Furthermore, analyzing patients with sleep disturbance at the baseline (PSQI >5) revealed that only the PER3(5) noncarriers exhibited a significant improvement in overall PSQI scores. CONCLUSION PER3(5) carriers exhibited sleep duration shortening and improved daytime function 6 weeks after mTBI compared with the baseline values. On the other hand, among poor sleepers, PER3(5) carriers did not embrace a significant improvement of overall PSQI scores as noncarriers. The underlying mechanisms and clinical significances must be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Tai Hong
- Department of Neurology, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Shun Wong
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Hon-Ping Ma
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, Taiwan; Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Dean Wu
- Department of Neurology, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, Taiwan; Sleep Center, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Hsien Huang
- Department of Neurology, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, Taiwan; Sleep Center, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Che Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Min Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kai Su
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hsing Liao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Chi Ou
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, Taiwan.
| | - Chaur-Jong Hu
- Department of Neurology, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, Taiwan; Sleep Center, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan.
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Archer SN, Oster H. How sleep and wakefulness influence circadian rhythmicity: effects of insufficient and mistimed sleep on the animal and human transcriptome. J Sleep Res 2015; 24:476-93. [PMID: 26059855 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian circadian system is a multi-oscillator, hierarchically organised system where a central pacemaker synchronises behavioural, physiological and gene expression rhythms in peripheral tissues. Epidemiological studies show that disruption of this internal synchronisation by short sleep and shift work is associated with adverse health outcomes through mechanisms that remain to be elucidated. Here, we review recent animal and human studies demonstrating the profound effects of insufficient and mistimed sleep on the rhythms of gene expression in central and peripheral tissues. In mice, sleep restriction leads to an ~80% reduction in circadian transcripts in the brain and profound disruption of the liver transcriptome. In humans, sleep restriction leads to a 1.9% reduction in circadian transcripts in whole blood, and when sleep is displaced to the daytime, 97% of rhythmic genes become arrhythmic and one-third of all genes show changes in temporal expression profiles. These changes in mice and humans include a significant reduction in the circadian regulation of transcription and translation and core clock genes in the periphery, while at the same time rhythms within the suprachiasmatic nucleus are not disrupted. Although the physiological mediators of these sleep disruption effects on the transcriptome have not been established, altered food intake, changes in hormones such as cortisol, and changes in body and brain temperature may play important roles. Processes and molecular pathways associated with these disruptions include metabolism, immune function, inflammatory and stress responses, and point to the molecular mechanisms underlying the established adverse health outcomes associated with short sleep duration and shift work, such as metabolic syndrome and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon N Archer
- Surrey Sleep Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Henrik Oster
- Chronophysiology Group, Medical Department I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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ALEXANDER MELANNIE, BURCH JAMESB, STECK SUSANE, CHEN CHINFU, HURLEY THOMASG, CAVICCHIA PHILIP, RAY MEREDITH, SHIVAPPA NITIN, GUESS JACLYN, ZHANG HONGMEI, YOUNGSTEDT SHAWND, CREEK KIME, LLOYD STEPHEN, YANG XIAOMING, HÉBERT JAMESR. Case-control study of the PERIOD3 clock gene length polymorphism and colorectal adenoma formation. Oncol Rep 2015; 33:935-41. [PMID: 25501848 PMCID: PMC4306271 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Clock genes are expressed in a self-perpetuating, circadian pattern in virtually every tissue including the human gastrointestinal tract. They coordinate cellular processes critical for tumor development, including cell proliferation, DNA damage response and apoptosis. Circadian rhythm disturbances have been associated with an increased risk for colon cancer and other cancers. This mechanism has not been elucidated, yet may involve dysregulation of the 'period' (PER) clock genes, which have tumor suppressor properties. A variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) in the PERIOD3 (PER3) gene has been associated with sleep disorders, differences in diurnal hormone secretion, and increased premenopausal breast cancer risk. Susceptibility related to PER3 has not been examined in conjunction with adenomatous polyps. This exploratory case-control study was the first to test the hypothesis that the 5-repeat PER3 VNTR sequence is associated with increased odds of adenoma formation. Information on demographics, medical history, occupation and lifestyle was collected prior to colonoscopy. Cases (n=49) were individuals with at least one histopathologically confirmed adenoma. Controls (n=97) included patients with normal findings or hyperplastic polyps not requiring enhanced surveillance. Unconditional multiple logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), after adjusting for potential confounding. Adenomas were detected in 34% of participants. Cases were more likely to possess the 5-repeat PER3 genotype relative to controls (4/5 OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 0.9-4.8; 5/5 OR, 5.1; 95% CI, 1.4-18.1; 4/5+5/5 OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.7-5.4). Examination of the Oncomine microarray database indicated lower PERIOD gene expression in adenomas relative to adjacent normal tissue. Results suggest a need for follow-up in a larger sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- MELANNIE ALEXANDER
- South Carolina Statewide Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - JAMES B. BURCH
- South Carolina Statewide Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Dorn Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - SUSAN E. STECK
- South Carolina Statewide Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - CHIN-FU CHEN
- Center for Molecular Studies, Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, SC, USA
| | - THOMAS G. HURLEY
- South Carolina Statewide Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - PHILIP CAVICCHIA
- South Carolina Statewide Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Bureau of Epidemiology, Division of Disease Control and Health Protection, Florida Department of Health, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - MEREDITH RAY
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - NITIN SHIVAPPA
- South Carolina Statewide Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - JACLYN GUESS
- South Carolina Statewide Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - HONGMEI ZHANG
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - SHAWN D. YOUNGSTEDT
- College of Nursing and Health Innovation, and College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - KIM E. CREEK
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - STEPHEN LLOYD
- South Carolina Medical Endoscopy Center, and Department of Family Medicine, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - XIAOMING YANG
- Medical Chronobiology Laboratory, Dorn Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - JAMES R. HÉBERT
- South Carolina Statewide Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
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17
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Watson NF, Harden KP, Buchwald D, Vitiello MV, Pack AI, Strachan E, Goldberg J. Sleep duration and depressive symptoms: a gene-environment interaction. Sleep 2014; 37:351-8. [PMID: 24497663 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.3412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We used quantitative genetic models to assess whether sleep duration modifies genetic and environmental influences on depressive symptoms. METHOD Participants were 1,788 adult twins from 894 same-sex twin pairs (192 male and 412 female monozygotic [MZ] pairs, and 81 male and 209 female dizygotic [DZ] pairs] from the University of Washington Twin Registry. Participants self-reported habitual sleep duration and depressive symptoms. Data were analyzed using quantitative genetic interaction models, which allowed the magnitude of additive genetic, shared environmental, and non-shared environmental influences on depressive symptoms to vary with sleep duration. RESULTS Within MZ twin pairs, the twin who reported longer sleep duration reported fewer depressive symptoms (ec = -0.17, SE = 0.06, P < 0.05). There was a significant gene × sleep duration interaction effect on depressive symptoms (a'c = 0.23, SE = 0.08, P < 0.05), with the interaction occurring on genetic influences that are common to both sleep duration and depressive symptoms. Among individuals with sleep duration within the normal range (7-8.9 h/night), the total heritability (h2) of depressive symptoms was approximately 27%. However, among individuals with sleep duration within the low (< 7 h/night) or high (≥ 9 h/night) range, increased genetic influence on depressive symptoms was observed, particularly at sleep duration extremes (5 h/night: h2 = 53%; 10 h/night: h2 = 49%). CONCLUSION Genetic contributions to depressive symptoms increase at both short and long sleep durations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel F Watson
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA ; UW Medicine Sleep Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA ; Center for Research on the Management of Sleep Disturbances, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Dedra Buchwald
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Michael V Vitiello
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA ; Center for Research on the Management of Sleep Disturbances, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Allan I Pack
- Division of Sleep Medicine/Department of Medicine and Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Eric Strachan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Jack Goldberg
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA ; Vietnam Era Twin Registry, VA Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, Seattle, WA
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18
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Morton AJ, Rudiger SR, Wood NI, Sawiak SJ, Brown GC, Mclaughlan CJ, Kuchel TR, Snell RG, Faull RLM, Bawden CS. Early and progressive circadian abnormalities in Huntington's disease sheep are unmasked by social environment. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:3375-83. [PMID: 24488771 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insidious changes in behaviour herald the onset of progressive neurodegenerative disorders such as Huntington's disease (HD), sometimes years before overt symptoms are seen. Sleep and circadian disturbances are particularly disruptive symptoms in patients with neurological disorders, but they are difficult to measure in humans. Here we studied circadian behaviour in transgenic HD sheep expressing the full-length human huntingtin protein with an expanded CAG repeat mutation in the juvenile range. Young HD sheep with no other symptoms exhibited circadian behavioural abnormalities that worsened with age. The most obvious change was a disturbed evening behaviour reminiscent of 'sundowning' that is seen in some patients with dementia. There were no structural abnormalities seen with magnetic resonance imaging, even in 5-year-old HD sheep. Interestingly, detection of the circadian abnormalities depended upon their social grouping. Abnormalities emerged in sheep kept in an 'HD-only' flock, whereas the behaviour of HD sheep kept mixed with normal sheep was relatively normal. Sleep-wake abnormalities in HD patients are also likely to be hidden, and may precede overt symptoms by many years. Sleep disruption has deleterious effects, even in normal people. The knock-on effects of sleep-wake disturbance may exacerbate, or even cause symptoms such as irritability and depression that are common in early stage HD patients. HD sheep will be useful models for probing the mechanisms underlying circadian behavioural disorder in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jennifer Morton
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK,
| | - Skye R Rudiger
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - Nigel I Wood
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Stephen J Sawiak
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gregory C Brown
- Preclinical Imaging and Research Laboratory, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Gilles Plains, SA, Australia
| | - Clive J Mclaughlan
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - Timothy R Kuchel
- Preclinical Imaging and Research Laboratory, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Gilles Plains, SA, Australia
| | - Russell G Snell
- School of Biological Science, University of Auckland, Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland and
| | - Richard L M Faull
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland and Department of Anatomy, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - C Simon Bawden
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
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19
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Bailey M, Silver R. Sex differences in circadian timing systems: implications for disease. Front Neuroendocrinol 2014; 35:111-39. [PMID: 24287074 PMCID: PMC4041593 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Virtually every eukaryotic cell has an endogenous circadian clock and a biological sex. These cell-based clocks have been conceptualized as oscillators whose phase can be reset by internal signals such as hormones, and external cues such as light. The present review highlights the inter-relationship between circadian clocks and sex differences. In mammals, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) serves as a master clock synchronizing the phase of clocks throughout the body. Gonadal steroid receptors are expressed in almost every site that receives direct SCN input. Here we review sex differences in the circadian timing system in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG), the hypothalamic-adrenal-pituitary (HPA) axis, and sleep-arousal systems. We also point to ways in which disruption of circadian rhythms within these systems differs in the sexes and is associated with dysfunction and disease. Understanding sex differentiated circadian timing systems can lead to improved treatment strategies for these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Bailey
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, United States.
| | - Rae Silver
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, United States; Department of Psychology, Barnard College, United States; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, United States.
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20
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Chronobiology of Micturition: Putative Role of the Circadian Clock. J Urol 2013; 190:843-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2013.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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21
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Potdar S, Sheeba V. Lessons From Sleeping Flies: Insights fromDrosophila melanogasteron the Neuronal Circuitry and Importance of Sleep. J Neurogenet 2013; 27:23-42. [DOI: 10.3109/01677063.2013.791692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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22
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Barclay JL, Shostak A, Leliavski A, Tsang AH, Jöhren O, Müller-Fielitz H, Landgraf D, Naujokat N, van der Horst GTJ, Oster H. High-fat diet-induced hyperinsulinemia and tissue-specific insulin resistance in Cry-deficient mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 304:E1053-63. [PMID: 23531614 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00512.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Perturbation of circadian rhythmicity in mammals, either by environmental influences such as shiftwork or by genetic manipulation, has been associated with metabolic disturbance and the development of obesity and diabetes. Circadian clocks are based on transcriptional/translational feedback loops, comprising positive and negative components. Whereas the metabolic effects of deletion of the positive arm of the clock gene machinery, as in Clock- or Bmal1-deficient mice, have been well characterized, inactivation of Period genes (Per1-3) as components of the negative arm have more complex, sometimes contradictory effects on energy homeostasis. The CRYPTOCHROMEs are critical interaction partners of PERs, and simultaneous deletion of Cry1 and -2 results in behavioral and molecular circadian arrhythmicity. We show that, when challenged with a high-fat diet, Cry1/2(-/-) mice rapidly gain weight and surpass that of wild-type mice, despite displaying hypophagia. Transcript analysis of white adipose tissue reveals upregulated expression of lipogenic genes, many of which are insulin targets. High-fat diet-induced hyperinsulinemia, as a result of potentiated insulin secretion, coupled with selective insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue of Cry1/2(-/-) mice, correlates with increased lipid uptake. Collectively, these data indicate that Cry deficiency results in an increased vulnerability to high-fat diet-induced obesity that might be mediated by increased insulin secretion and lipid storage in adipose tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna L Barclay
- Circadian Rhythms Group, Max Planck Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
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Abstract
The sleep/wake cycle is arguably the most familiar output of the circadian system, however, sleep is a complex biological process that arises from multiple brain regions and neurotransmitters, which is regulated by numerous physiological and environmental factors. These include a circadian drive for wakefulness as well as an increase in the requirement for sleep with prolonged waking (the sleep homeostat). In this chapter, we describe the regulation of sleep, with a particular emphasis on the contribution of the circadian system. Since their identification, the role of clock genes in the regulation of sleep has attracted considerable interest, and here, we provide an overview of the interplay between specific elements of the molecular clock with the sleep regulatory system. Finally, we summarise the role of the light environment, melatonin and social cues in the modulation of sleep, with a focus on the role of melanopsin ganglion cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon P Fisher
- Biosciences Division, SRI International, Centre for Neuroscience, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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Wisor JP. A metabolic-transcriptional network links sleep and cellular energetics in the brain. Pflugers Arch 2012; 463:15-22. [PMID: 21927810 PMCID: PMC4086657 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-011-1030-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This review proposes a mechanistic link between cellular metabolic status, transcriptional regulatory changes and sleep. Sleep loss is associated with changes in cellular metabolic status in the brain. Metabolic sensors responsive to cellular metabolic status regulate the circadian clock transcriptional network. Modifications of the transcriptional activity of circadian clock genes affect sleep/wake state changes. Changes in sleep state reverse sleep loss-induced changes in cellular metabolic status. It is thus proposed that the regulation of circadian clock genes by cellular metabolic sensors is a critical intermediate step in the link between cellular metabolic status and sleep. Studies of this regulatory relationship may offer insights into the function of sleep at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Wisor
- WWAMI Medical Education Program and Department of Veterinary Comparative Anatomy, Pharmacology and Physiology, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA.
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The sleep relay--the role of the thalamus in central and decentral sleep regulation. Pflugers Arch 2011; 463:53-71. [PMID: 21912835 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-011-1014-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Surprisingly, the concept of sleep, its necessity and function, the mechanisms of action, and its elicitors are far from being completely understood. A key to sleep function is to determine how and when sleep is induced. The aim of this review is to merge the classical concepts of central sleep regulation by the brainstem and hypothalamus with the recent findings on decentral sleep regulation in local neuronal assemblies and sleep regulatory substances that create a scenario in which sleep is both local and use dependent. The interface between these concepts is provided by thalamic cellular and network mechanisms that support rhythmogenesis of sleep-related activity. The brainstem and the hypothalamus centrally set the pace for sleep-related activity throughout the brain. Decentral regulation of the sleep-wake cycle was shown in the cortex, and the homeostat of non-rapid-eye-movement sleep is made up by molecular networks of sleep regulatory substances, allowing individual neurons or small neuronal assemblies to enter sleep-like states. Thalamic neurons provide state-dependent gating of sensory information via their ability to produce different patterns of electrogenic activity during wakefulness and sleep. Many mechanisms of sleep homeostasis or sleep-like states of neuronal assemblies, e.g. by the action of adenosine, can also be found in thalamic neurons, and we summarize cellular and network mechanisms of the thalamus that may elicit non-REM sleep. It is argued that both central and decentral regulators ultimately target the thalamus to induce global sleep-related oscillatory activity. We propose that future studies should integrate ideas of central, decentral, and thalamic sleep generation.
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Circadian rhythms and sleep--the metabolic connection. Pflugers Arch 2011; 463:23-30. [PMID: 21710201 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-011-0986-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The circadian system coordinates mammalian physiology and behavior with the environmental light-dark cycle. It allocates sleep to the inactivity phase using various mechanisms involving neurotransmitters, nuclear receptors, and protein kinases. These pathways are related to metabolism, indicating that the circadian system and sleep are connected via metabolic parameters. This suggests that organs other than the brain may "sleep." A hypothetic view on this aspect is presented providing a different perspective on sleep regulation.
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