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Qaderi MM, Martel AB, Strugnell CA. Environmental Factors Regulate Plant Secondary Metabolites. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12030447. [PMID: 36771531 PMCID: PMC9920071 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic environmental stresses can alter plant metabolism, leading to inhibition or promotion of secondary metabolites. Although the crucial roles of these compounds in plant acclimation and defense are well known, their response to climate change is poorly understood. As the effects of climate change have been increasing, their regulatory aspects on plant secondary metabolism becomes increasingly important. Effects of individual climate change components, including high temperature, elevated carbon dioxide, drought stress, enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation, and their interactions on secondary metabolites, such as phenolics, terpenes, and alkaloids, continue to be studied as evidence mounting. It is important to understand those aspects of secondary metabolites that shape the success of certain plants in the future. This review aims to present and synthesize recent advances in the effects of climate change on secondary metabolism, delving from the molecular aspects to the organismal effects of an increased or decreased concentration of these compounds. A thorough analysis of the current knowledge about the effects of climate change components on plant secondary metabolites should provide us with the required information regarding plant performance under climate change conditions. Further studies should provide more insight into the understanding of multiple environmental factors effects on plant secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirwais M. Qaderi
- Department of Biology, Mount Saint Vincent University, 166 Bedford Highway, Halifax, NS B3M 2J6, Canada
- Department of Biology, Saint Mary’s University, 923 Robie Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3C3, Canada
| | - Ashley B. Martel
- Department of Biology, Saint Mary’s University, 923 Robie Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3C3, Canada
| | - Courtney A. Strugnell
- Department of Biology, Mount Saint Vincent University, 166 Bedford Highway, Halifax, NS B3M 2J6, Canada
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2
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Liu Z, Wang H, Lv J, Luo S, Hu L, Wang J, Li L, Zhang G, Xie J, Yu J. Effects of Plant Hormones, Metal Ions, Salinity, Sugar, and Chemicals Pollution on Glucosinolate Biosynthesis in Cruciferous Plant. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:856442. [PMID: 35574082 PMCID: PMC9096887 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.856442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cruciferous vegetable crops are grown widely around the world, which supply a multitude of health-related micronutrients, phytochemicals, and antioxidant compounds. Glucosinolates (GSLs) are specialized metabolites found widely in cruciferous vegetables, which are not only related to flavor formation but also have anti-cancer, disease-resistance, and insect-resistance properties. The content and components of GSLs in the Cruciferae are not only related to genotypes and environmental factors but also are influenced by hormones, plant growth regulators, and mineral elements. This review discusses the effects of different exogenous substances on the GSL content and composition, and analyzes the molecular mechanism by which these substances regulate the biosynthesis of GSLs. Based on the current research status, future research directions are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeci Liu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huiping Wang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jian Lv
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shilei Luo
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Linli Hu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jie Wang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lushan Li
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guobin Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianming Xie
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jihua Yu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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3
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Kask K, Kaurilind E, Talts E, Kännaste A, Niinemets Ü. Combined Acute Ozone and Water Stress Alters the Quantitative Relationships between O 3 Uptake, Photosynthetic Characteristics and Volatile Emissions in Brassica nigra. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113114. [PMID: 34070994 PMCID: PMC8197083 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ozone (O3) entry into plant leaves depends on atmospheric O3 concentration, exposure time and openness of stomata. O3 negatively impacts photosynthesis rate (A) and might induce the release of reactive volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that can quench O3, and thereby partly ameliorate O3 stress. Water stress reduces stomatal conductance (gs) and O3 uptake and can affect VOC release and O3 quenching by VOC, but the interactive effects of O3 exposure and water stress, as possibly mediated by VOC, are poorly understood. Well-watered (WW) and water-stressed (WS) Brassica nigra plants were exposed to 250 and 550 ppb O3 for 1 h, and O3 uptake rates, photosynthetic characteristics and VOC emissions were measured through 22 h recovery. The highest O3 uptake was observed in WW plants exposed to 550 ppb O3 with the greatest reduction and poorest recovery of gs and A, and elicitation of lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway volatiles 10 min-1.5 h after exposure indicating cellular damage. Ozone uptake was similar in 250 ppb WW and 550 ppb WS plants and, in both treatments, O3-dependent reduction in photosynthetic characteristics was moderate and fully reversible, and VOC emissions were little affected. Water stress alone did not affect the total amount and composition of VOC emissions. The results indicate that drought ameliorated O3 stress by reducing O3 uptake through stomatal closure and the two stresses operated in an antagonistic manner in B. nigra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaia Kask
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; (E.K.); (E.T.); (A.K.); (Ü.N.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Eve Kaurilind
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; (E.K.); (E.T.); (A.K.); (Ü.N.)
| | - Eero Talts
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; (E.K.); (E.T.); (A.K.); (Ü.N.)
| | - Astrid Kännaste
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; (E.K.); (E.T.); (A.K.); (Ü.N.)
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; (E.K.); (E.T.); (A.K.); (Ü.N.)
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, 10130 Tallinn, Estonia
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4
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Poveda J, Francisco M, Cartea ME, Velasco P. Development of Transgenic Brassica Crops Against Biotic Stresses Caused by Pathogens and Arthropod Pests. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9121664. [PMID: 33261092 PMCID: PMC7761317 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Brassica genus includes one of the 10 most agronomically and economically important plant groups in the world. Within this group, we can find examples such as broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, kale, Brussels sprouts, turnip or rapeseed. Their cultivation and postharvest are continually threatened by significant stresses of biotic origin, such as pathogens and pests. In recent years, numerous research groups around the world have developed transgenic lines within the Brassica genus that are capable of defending themselves effectively against these enemies. The present work compiles all the existing studies to date on this matter, focusing in a special way on those of greater relevance in recent years, the choice of the gene of interest and the mechanisms involved in improving plant defenses. Some of the main transgenic lines developed include coding genes for chitinases, glucanases or cry proteins, which show effective results against pathogens such as Alternaria brassicae, Leptosphaeria maculans or Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, or pests such as Lipaphis erysimi or Plutella xylostella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Poveda
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-986-85-48-00 (ext. 232)
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5
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Girón-Calva PS, Twyman RM, Albajes R, Gatehouse AMR, Christou P. The Impact of Environmental Stress on Bt Crop Performance. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:264-278. [PMID: 31983618 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bt crops have been grown commercially for more than two decades. They have proven remarkably effective in the control of target insect pests. However, Bt crops can become less effective under various forms of environmental stress. Most studies in this area have considered the effect of environmental stress on Bt insecticidal protein levels or target pest mortality, but not both, resulting in a lack of mechanistic analysis. In this review, we critically examine previous research addressing the impact of environmental stress on the effectiveness of Bt crops. We find that the body of research data is not sufficiently robust to allow the reliable prediction of the performance of Bt crops under extreme climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia S Girón-Calva
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | | | - Ramon Albajes
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Angharad M R Gatehouse
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU, Newcastle, UK
| | - Paul Christou
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain; ICREA, Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies, Passeig Lluıís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain.
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6
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Chen Y, Serteyn L, Wang Z, He K, Francis F. Reduction of Plant Suitability for Corn Leaf Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Under Elevated Carbon Dioxide Condition. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 48:935-944. [PMID: 31116399 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvz045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In the current context of global climate change, atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations are continuously rising with potential influence on plant-herbivore interactions. The effect of elevated CO2 (eCO2) on feeding behavior of corn leaf aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) on barley seedlings Hordeum vulgare L. was tracked using electrical penetration graph (EPG). The nutrient content of host plant and the developmental indexes of aphids under eCO2 and ambient CO2 (aCO2) conditions were also investigated. Barley seedlings under eCO2 concentration had lower contents of crude protein and amino acids. EPG analysis showed the plants cultivated under eCO2 influenced the aphid feeding behavior, by prolonging the total pre-probation time of the aphids (wandering and locating the feeding site) and the ingestion of passive phloem sap. Moreover, fresh body weight, fecundity and intrinsic population growth rate of R. maidis was significantly decreased in eCO2 in contrast to aCO2 condition. Our findings suggested that changes in plant nutrition caused by eCO2, mediated via the herbivore host could affect insect feeding behavior and population dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Liège University, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Laurent Serteyn
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Liège University, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Zhenying Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
| | - KangLai He
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
| | - Frederic Francis
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Liège University, Gembloux, Belgium
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7
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Kissen R, Eberl F, Winge P, Uleberg E, Martinussen I, Bones AM. Effect of growth temperature on glucosinolate profiles in Arabidopsis thaliana accessions. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2016; 130:106-118. [PMID: 27319377 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates are plant secondary metabolites with important roles in plant defence against pathogens and pests and are also known for their health benefits. Understanding how environmental factors affect the level and composition of glucosinolates is therefore of importance in the perspective of climate change. In this study we analysed glucosinolates in Arabidopsis thaliana accessions when grown at constant standard (21 °C), moderate (15 °C) and low (9 °C) temperatures during three generations. In most of the tested accessions moderate and pronounced chilling temperatures led to higher levels of glucosinolates, especially aliphatic glucosinolates. Which temperature yielded the highest glucosinolate levels was accession-dependent. Transcriptional profiling revealed also accession-specific gene responses, but only a limited correlation between changes in glucosinolate-related gene expression and glucosinolate levels. Different growth temperatures in one generation did not consistently affect glucosinolate composition in subsequent generations, hence a clear transgenerational effect of temperature on glucosinolates was not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Kissen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Franziska Eberl
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Per Winge
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Eivind Uleberg
- NIBIO, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Box 115, NO-1431, Ås, Norway
| | - Inger Martinussen
- NIBIO, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Box 115, NO-1431, Ås, Norway
| | - Atle M Bones
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway.
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8
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Khaling E, Li T, Holopainen JK, Blande JD. Elevated Ozone Modulates Herbivore-Induced Volatile Emissions of Brassica nigra and Alters a Tritrophic Interaction. J Chem Ecol 2016; 42:368-81. [PMID: 27167383 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-016-0697-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants damaged by herbivores emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are used by parasitoids for host location. In nature, however, plants are exposed to multiple abiotic and biotic stresses of varying intensities, which may affect tritrophic interactions. Here, we studied the effects of ozone exposure and feeding by Pieris brassicae larvae on the VOCs emitted by Brassica nigra and the effects on oriented flight of the parasitoid Cotesia glomerata. We also investigated the oriented flight of C. glomerata in a wind-tunnel with elevated ozone levels. Herbivore-feeding induced the emission of several VOCs, while ozone alone had no significant effect. However, exposure to 120 ppb ozone, followed by 24 hr of herbivore-feeding, induced higher emissions of all VOCs as compared to herbivore-feeding alone. In accordance, herbivore-damaged plants elicited more oriented flights than undamaged plants, whereas plants exposed to 120 ppb ozone and 24 hr of herbivore-feeding elicited more oriented flights than plants subjected to herbivore-feeding alone. Ozone enrichment of the wind-tunnel air appeared to negatively affect orientation of parasitoids at 70 ppb, but not at 120 ppb. These results suggest that the combination of ozone and P. brassicae-feeding modulates VOC emissions, which significantly influence foraging efficiency of C. glomerata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliezer Khaling
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jarmo K Holopainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - James D Blande
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211, Kuopio, Finland
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9
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Cacho NI, Kliebenstein DJ, Strauss SY. Macroevolutionary patterns of glucosinolate defense and tests of defense-escalation and resource availability hypotheses. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 208:915-27. [PMID: 26192213 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We explored macroevolutionary patterns of plant chemical defense in Streptanthus (Brassicaceae), tested for evolutionary escalation of defense, as predicted by Ehrlich and Raven's plant-herbivore coevolutionary arms-race hypothesis, and tested whether species inhabiting low-resource or harsh environments invest more in defense, as predicted by the resource availability hypothesis (RAH). We conducted phylogenetically explicit analyses using glucosinolate profiles, soil nutrient analyses, and microhabitat bareness estimates across 30 species of Streptanthus inhabiting varied environments and soils. We found weak to moderate phylogenetic signal in glucosinolate classes and no signal in total glucosinolate production; a trend toward evolutionary de-escalation in the numbers and diversity of glucosinolates, accompanied by an evolutionary increase in the proportion of aliphatic glucosinolates; some support for the RAH relative to soil macronutrients, but not relative to serpentine soil use; and that the number of glucosinolates increases with microhabitat bareness, which is associated with increased herbivory and drought. Weak phylogenetic signal in chemical defense has been observed in other plant systems. A more holistic approach incorporating other forms of defense might be necessary to confidently reject escalation of defense. That defense increases with microhabitat bareness supports the hypothesis that habitat bareness is an underappreciated selective force on plants in harsh environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ivalú Cacho
- Center for Population Biology, and Department of Evolution of Ecology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniel J Kliebenstein
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California. One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- DynaMo Center of Excellence, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Sharon Y Strauss
- Center for Population Biology, and Department of Evolution of Ecology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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10
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Mikkelsen BL, Olsen CE, Lyngkjær MF. Accumulation of secondary metabolites in healthy and diseased barley, grown under future climate levels of CO2, ozone and temperature. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 118:162-73. [PMID: 26343414 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce secondary metabolites promoting adaptation to changes in the environment and challenges by pathogenic microorganisms. A future climate with increased temperature and CO2 and ozone levels will likely alter the chemical composition of plants and thereby plant-pathogen interactions. To investigate this, barley was grown at elevated CO2, temperature and ozone levels as single factors or in combination resembling future climatic conditions. Increased basal resistance to the powdery mildew fungus was observed when barley was grown under elevated CO2, temperature and ozone as single factors. However, this effect was neutralized in the combination treatments. Twenty-five secondary metabolites were putatively identified in healthy and diseased barley leaves, including phenylpropanoids, phenolamides and hydroxynitrile glucosides. Accumulation of the compounds was affected by the climatic growth conditions. Especially elevated temperature, but also ozone, showed a strong impact on accumulation of many compounds, suggesting that these metabolites play a role in adaptation to unfavorable growth conditions. Many compounds were found to increase in powdery mildew diseased leaves, in correlation with a strong and specific influence of the climatic growth conditions. The observed disease phenotypes could not be explained by accumulation of single compounds. However, decreased accumulation of the powdery mildew associated defense compound p-coumaroylhydroxyagmatine could be implicated in the increased disease susceptibility observed when barley was grown under combination of elevated CO2, temperature and ozone. The accumulation pattern of the compounds in both healthy and diseased leaves from barley grown in the combination treatments could not be deduced from the individual single factor treatments. This highlights the complex role and regulation of secondary metabolites in plants' adaptation to unfavorable growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Mikkelsen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; VILLUM research center for "Plant Plasticity", University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - C E Olsen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; VILLUM research center for "Plant Plasticity", University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - M F Lyngkjær
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; VILLUM research center for "Plant Plasticity", University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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11
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Khaling E, Papazian S, Poelman EH, Holopainen JK, Albrectsen BR, Blande JD. Ozone affects growth and development of Pieris brassicae on the wild host plant Brassica nigra. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 199:119-29. [PMID: 25645061 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
When plants are exposed to ozone they exhibit changes in both primary and secondary metabolism, which may affect their interactions with herbivorous insects. Here we investigated the performance and preferences of the specialist herbivore Pieris brassicae on the wild plant Brassica nigra under elevated ozone conditions. The direct and indirect effects of ozone on the plant-herbivore system were studied. In both cases ozone exposure had a negative effect on P. brassicae development. However, in dual-choice tests larvae preferentially consumed plant material previously fumigated with the highest concentration tested, showing a lack of correlation between larval preference and performance on ozone exposed plants. Metabolomic analysis of leaf material subjected to combinations of ozone and herbivore-feeding, and focussing on known defence metabolites, indicated that P. brassicae behaviour and performance were associated with ozone-induced alterations to glucosinolate and phenolic pools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliezer Khaling
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.Box 1627, FIN-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Stefano Papazian
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Erik H Poelman
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8031, NL-6700, EH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jarmo K Holopainen
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.Box 1627, FIN-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Benedicte R Albrectsen
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - James D Blande
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.Box 1627, FIN-70211, Kuopio, Finland
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12
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Rodríguez-Hernández MDC, Moreno DA, Carvajal M, Martínez-Ballesta MDC. Genotype influences sulfur metabolism in broccoli (Brassica oleracea L.) under elevated CO2 and NaCl stress. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:2047-2059. [PMID: 25246493 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Climatic change predicts elevated salinity in soils as well as increased carbon dioxide dioxide [CO2] in the atmosphere. The present study aims to determine the effect of combined salinity and elevated [CO2] on sulfur (S) metabolism and S-derived phytochemicals in green and purple broccoli (cv. Naxos and cv. Viola, respectively). Elevated [CO2] involved the amelioration of salt stress, especially in cv. Viola, where a lower biomass reduction by salinity was accompanied by higher sodium (Na(+)) and chloride (Cl(-)) compartmentation in the vacuole. Moreover, salinity and elevated [CO2] affected the mineral and glucosinolate contents and the activity of biosynthetic enzymes of S-derived compounds and the degradative enzyme of glucosinolate metabolism, myrosinase, as well as the related amino acids and the antioxidant glutathione (GSH). In cv. Naxos, elevated [CO2] may trigger the antioxidant response to saline stress by means of increased GSH concentration. Also, in cv. Naxos, indolic glucosinolates were more influenced by the NaCl×CO2 interaction whereas in cv. Viola the aliphatic glucosinolates were significantly increased by these conditions. Salinity and elevated [CO2] enhanced the S cellular partitioning and metabolism affecting the myrosinase-glucosinolate system.
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Affiliation(s)
- María del Carmen Rodríguez-Hernández
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Centro de Edafologia y Biologia Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Campus de Espinardo, Edificio 25, E-Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Diego A Moreno
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Centro de Edafologia y Biologia Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Campus de Espinardo, Edificio 25, E-Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Micaela Carvajal
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Centro de Edafologia y Biologia Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Campus de Espinardo, Edificio 25, E-Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - María del Carmen Martínez-Ballesta
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Centro de Edafologia y Biologia Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Campus de Espinardo, Edificio 25, E-Murcia, 30100, Spain
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Landosky JM, Karowe DN. Will chemical defenses become more effective against specialist herbivores under elevated CO2? GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2014; 20:3159-3176. [PMID: 24832554 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Elevated atmospheric CO2 is known to affect plant-insect herbivore interactions. Elevated CO2 causes leaf nitrogen to decrease, the ostensible cause of herbivore compensatory feeding. CO2 may also affect herbivore consumption by altering chemical defenses via changes in plant hormones. We considered the effects of elevated CO2, in conjunction with soil fertility and damage (simulated herbivory), on glucosinolate concentrations of mustard (Brassica nigra) and collard (B. oleracea var. acephala) and the effects of leaf nitrogen and glucosinolate groups on specialist Pieris rapae consumption. Elevated CO2 affected B. oleracea but not B. nigra glucosinolates; responses to soil fertility and damage were also species-specific. Soil fertility and damage also affected B. oleracea glucosinolates differently under elevated CO2. Glucosinolates did not affect P. rapae consumption at either CO2 concentration in B. nigra, but had CO2-specific effects on consumption in B. oleracea. At ambient CO2, leaf nitrogen had strong effects on glucosinolate concentrations and P. rapae consumption but only gluconasturtiin was a feeding stimulant. At elevated CO2, direct effects of leaf nitrogen were weaker, but glucosinolates had stronger effects on consumption. Gluconasturtiin and aliphatic glucosinolates were feeding stimulants and indole glucosinolates were feeding deterrents. These results do not support the compensatory feeding hypothesis as the sole driver of changes in P. rapae consumption under elevated CO2. Support for hormone-mediated CO2 response (HMCR) was mixed; it explained few treatment effects on constitutive or induced glucosinolates, but did explain patterns in SEMs. Further, the novel feeding deterrent effect of indole glucosinolates under elevated CO2 in B. oleracae underscores the importance of defensive chemistry in CO2 response. We speculate that P. rapae indole glucosinolate detoxification mechanisms may have been overwhelmed under elevated CO2 forcing slowed consumption. Specialists may have to contend with hosts with poorer nutritional quality and more effective chemical defenses under elevated CO2.
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Anderson LJ, Cipollini D. Gas exchange, growth, and defense responses of invasive Alliaria petiolata (Brassicaceae) and native Geum vernum (Rosaceae) to elevated atmospheric CO2 and warm spring temperatures. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2013; 100:1544-54. [PMID: 23857735 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1300014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF STUDY Global increases in atmospheric CO2 and temperature may interact in complex ways to influence plant physiology and growth, particularly for species that grow in cool, early spring conditions in temperate forests. Plant species may also vary in their responses to environmental changes; fast-growing invasives may be more responsive to rising CO2 than natives and may increase production of allelopathic compounds under these conditions, altering species' competitive interactions. METHODS We examined growth and physiological responses of Alliaria petiolata, an allelopathic, invasive herb, and Geum vernum, a co-occurring native herb, to ambient and elevated spring temperatures and atmospheric CO2 conditions in a factorial growth chamber experiment. KEY RESULTS At 5 wk, leaves were larger at high temperature, and shoot biomass increased under elevated CO2 only at high temperature in both species. As temperatures gradually warmed to simulate seasonal progression, G. vernum became responsive to CO2 at both temperatures, whereas A. petiolata continued to respond to elevated CO2 only at high temperature. Elevated CO2 increased thickness and decreased nitrogen concentrations in leaves of both species. Alliaria petiolata showed photosynthetic downregulation at elevated CO2, whereas G. vernum photosynthesis increased at elevated temperature. Flavonoid and cyanide concentrations decreased significantly in A. petiolata leaves in the elevated CO2 and temperature treatment. Total glucosinolate concentrations and trypsin inhibitor activities did not vary among treatments. CONCLUSIONS Future elevated spring temperatures and CO2 will interact to stimulate growth for A. petiolata and G. vernum, but there may be reduced allelochemical effects in A. petiolata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel J Anderson
- Ohio Wesleyan University, 61 South Sandusky Street, Delaware, Ohio 43015, USA.
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15
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Klaiber J, Dorn S, Najar-Rodriguez AJ. Acclimation to elevated CO2 increases constitutive glucosinolate levels of Brassica plants and affects the performance of specialized herbivores from contrasting feeding guilds. J Chem Ecol 2013; 39:653-65. [PMID: 23609163 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-013-0282-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Plants growing under elevated CO2 concentration may acclimate by modifying chemical traits. Most studies have focused on the effects of environmental change on plant growth and productivity. Potential effects on chemical traits involved in resistance, and the consequences of such effects on plant-insect interactions, have been largely neglected. Here, we evaluated the performance of two Brassica specialist herbivores from contrasting feeding guilds, the leaf-feeding Pieris brassicae and the phloem-feeding Brevicoryne brassicae, in response to potential CO2-mediated changes in primary and major secondary metabolites (glucosinolates) in Brassica oleracea. Plants were exposed to either ambient (400 ppm) or elevated (800 ppm) CO2 concentrations for 2, 6, or 10 weeks. Elevated CO2 did not affect primary metabolites, but significantly increased glucosinolate content. The performance of both herbivores was significantly reduced under elevated CO2 suggesting that CO2-mediated increases in constitutive defense chemistry could benefit plants. However, plants with up-regulated defenses could also be subjected to intensified herbivory by some specialized herbivores, due to a chemically-mediated phagostimulatory effect, as documented here for P. brassicae larvae. Our results highlight the importance of understanding acclimation and responses of plants to the predicted increases in atmospheric CO2 concentrations and the concomitant effects of these responses on the chemically-mediated interactions between plants and specialized herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Klaiber
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences/Applied Entomology, Schmelzbergstrasse 9/LFO, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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16
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Badenes-Perez FR, Reichelt M, Gershenzon J, Heckel DG. Interaction of glucosinolate content of Arabidopsis thaliana mutant lines and feeding and oviposition by generalist and specialist lepidopterans. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 86:36-43. [PMID: 23218016 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), is an insect specialized on glucosinolate-containing Brassicaceae that uses glucosinolates in host-plant recognition. We used wild-type and mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. (Brassicaceae) to investigate the interaction between plant glucosinolate and myrosinase content and herbivory by larvae of the generalist Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and the specialist P. xylostella. We also measured glucosinolate changes as a result of herbivory by these larvae to investigate whether herbivory and glucosinolate induction had an effect on oviposition preference by P. xylostella. Feeding by H. armigera and P. xylostella larvae was 2.1 and 2.5 times less, respectively, on apk1 apk2 plants (with almost no aliphatic glucosinolates) than on wild-type plants. However, there were no differences in feeding by H. armigera and P. xylostella larvae on wild-type, gsm1 (different concentrations of aliphatic glucosinolates compared to wild-type plants), and tgg1 tgg2 plants (lacking major myrosinases). Glucosinolate induction (up to twofold) as a result of herbivory occurred in some cases, depending on both the plant line and the herbivore. For H. armigera, induction, when observed, was noted mostly for indolic glucosinolates, while for P. xylostella, induction was observed in both aliphatic and indolic glucosinolates, but not in all plant lines. For H. armigera, glucosinolate induction, when observed, resulted in an increase of glucosinolate content, while for P. xylostella, induction resulted in both a decrease and an increase in glucosinolate content. Two-choice tests with wild-type and mutant plants were conducted with larvae and ovipositing moths. There were no significant differences in preference of larvae and ovipositing moths between wild-type and gsm1 mutants and between wild-type and tgg1 tgg2 mutants. However, both larvae and ovipositing moths preferred wild-type over apk1 apk2 mutants. Two-choice oviposition tests were also conducted with P. xylostella moths comparing undamaged plants to plants being attacked by larvae of either P. xylostella or H. armigera. Oviposition preference by P. xylostella was unaffected as a result of larval plant damage, even in the cases where herbivory resulted in glucosinolate induction.
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Ahuja I, Borgen BH, Hansen M, Honne BI, Müller C, Rohloff J, Rossiter JT, Bones AM. Oilseed rape seeds with ablated defence cells of the glucosinolate-myrosinase system. Production and characteristics of double haploid MINELESS plants of Brassica napus L. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:4975-93. [PMID: 21778185 PMCID: PMC3193006 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Oilseed rape and other crop plants of the family Brassicaceae contain a unique defence system known as the glucosinolate-myrosinase system or the 'mustard oil bomb'. The 'mustard oil bomb' which includes myrosinase and glucosinolates is triggered by abiotic and biotic stress, resulting in the formation of toxic products such as nitriles and isothiocyanates. Myrosinase is present in specialist cells known as 'myrosin cells' and can also be known as toxic mines. The myrosin cell idioblasts of Brassica napus were genetically reprogrammed to undergo controlled cell death (ablation) during seed development. These myrosin cell-free plants have been named MINELESS as they lack toxic mines. This has led to the production of oilseed rape with a significant reduction both in myrosinase levels and in the hydrolysis of glucosinolates. Even though the myrosinase activity in MINELESS was very low compared with the wild type, variation was observed. This variability was overcome by producing homozygous seeds. A microspore culture technique involving non-fertile haploid MINELESS plants was developed and these plants were treated with colchicine to produce double haploid MINELESS plants with full fertility. Double haploid MINELESS plants had significantly reduced myrosinase levels and glucosinolate hydrolysis products. Wild-type and MINELESS plants exhibited significant differences in growth parameters such as plant height, leaf traits, matter accumulation, and yield parameters. The growth and developmental pattern of MINELESS plants was relatively slow compared with the wild type. The characteristics of the pure double haploid MINELESS plant are described and its importance for future biochemical, agricultural, dietary, functional genomics, and plant defence studies is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Ahuja
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Realfagbygget, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Birgit Hafeld Borgen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Realfagbygget, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Magnor Hansen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås Norway
| | - Bjørn Ivar Honne
- Bioforsk Div. Grassland and Landscape, Kvithamar, N-7500 Stjørdal, Norway
| | - Caroline Müller
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jens Rohloff
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Realfagbygget, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - John Trevor Rossiter
- Division of Biology, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Atle Magnar Bones
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Realfagbygget, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
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Ahuja I, de Vos RCH, Bones AM, Hall RD. Plant molecular stress responses face climate change. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2010; 15:664-74. [PMID: 20846898 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 465] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Revised: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Environmental stress factors such as drought, elevated temperature, salinity and rising CO₂ affect plant growth and pose a growing threat to sustainable agriculture. This has become a hot issue due to concerns about the effects of climate change on plant resources, biodiversity and global food security. Plant adaptation to stress involves key changes in the '-omic' architecture. Here, we present an overview of the physiological and molecular programs in stress adaptation focusing on how genes, proteins and metabolites change after individual and multiple environmental stresses. We address the role which '-omics' research, coupled to systems biology approaches, can play in future research on plants seemingly unable to adapt as well as those which can tolerate climatic change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Ahuja
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Realfagbygget, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
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Himanen SJ, Nerg AM, Poppy GM, Stewart CN, Holopainen JK. Abiotic stress and transgenics: Implications for reproductive success and crop-to-wild gene flow in Brassicas. Basic Appl Ecol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2010.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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La GX, Fang P, Teng YB, Li YJ, Lin XY. Effect of CO2 enrichment on the glucosinolate contents under different nitrogen levels in bolting stem of Chinese kale (Brassica alboglabra L.). J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2009; 10:454-64. [PMID: 19489111 PMCID: PMC2689558 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b0820354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The effects of CO(2) enrichment on the growth and glucosinolate (GS) concentrations in the bolting stem of Chinese kale (Brassica alboglabra L.) treated with three nitrogen (N) concentrations (5, 10, and 20 mmol/L) were investigated. Height, stem thickness, and dry weights of the total aerial parts, bolting stems, and roots, as well as the root to shoot ratio, significantly increased as CO(2) concentration was elevated from 350 to 800 microl/L at each N concentration. In the edible part of the bolting stem, 11 individual GSs were identified, including 7 aliphatic and 4 indolyl GSs. GS concentration was affected by the elevated CO(2) concentration, N concentration, and CO(2)xN interaction. At 5 and 10 mmol N/L, the concentrations of aliphatic GSs and total GSs significantly increased, whereas those of indolyl GSs were not affected, by elevated atmospheric CO(2). However, at 20 mmol N/L, elevated CO(2) had no significant effects on the concentrations of total GSs and total indolyl GSs, but the concentrations of total aliphatic GSs significantly increased. Moreover, the bolting stem carbon (C) content increased, whereas the N and sulfur (S) contents decreased under elevated CO(2) concentration in the three N treatments, resulting in changes in the C/N and N/S ratios. Also the C/N ratio is not a reliable predictor of change of GS concentration, while the changes in N and S contents and the N/S ratio at the elevated CO(2) concentration may influence the GS concentration in Chinese kale bolting stems. The results demonstrate that high nitrogen supply is beneficial for the growth of Chinese kale, but not for the GS concentration in bolting stems, under elevated CO(2) condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-xiao La
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Natural Resources Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Ping Fang
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Natural Resources Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Subtropical Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, College of Environmental and Natural Resources Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Yi-bo Teng
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Natural Resources Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Ya-juan Li
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Subtropical Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, College of Environmental and Natural Resources Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Xian-yong Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Natural Resources Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Subtropical Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, College of Environmental and Natural Resources Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
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21
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Zang YX, Kim HU, Kim JA, Lim MH, Jin M, Lee SC, Kwon SJ, Lee SI, Hong JK, Park TH, Mun JH, Seol YJ, Hong SB, Park BS. Genome-wide identification of glucosinolate synthesis genes in Brassica rapa. FEBS J 2009; 276:3559-74. [PMID: 19456863 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07076.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glucosinolates play important roles in plant defense against herbivores and microbes, as well as in human nutrition. Some glucosinolate-derived isothiocyanate and nitrile compounds have been clinically proven for their anticarcinogenic activity. To better understand glucosinolate biosynthesis in Brassica rapa, we conducted a comparative genomics study with Arabidopsis thaliana and identified total 56 putative biosynthetic and regulator genes. This established a high colinearity in the glucosinolate biosynthesis pathway between Arabidopsis and B. rapa. Glucosinolate genes in B. rapa share 72-94% nucleotide sequence identity with the Arabidopsis orthologs and exist in different copy numbers. The exon/intron split pattern of B. rapa is almost identical to that of Arabidopsis, although inversion, insertion, deletion and intron size variations commonly occur. Four genes appear to be nonfunctional as a result of the presence of a frame shift mutation and retrotransposon insertion. At least 12 paralogs of desulfoglucosinolate sulfotransferase were found in B. rapa, whereas only three were found in Arabidopsis. The expression of those paralogs was not tissue-specific but varied greatly depending on B. rapa tissue types. Expression was also developmentally regulated in some paralogs but not in other paralogs. Most of the regulator genes are present as triple copies. Accordingly, glucosinolate synthesis and regulation in B. rapa appears to be more complex than that of Arabidopsis. With the isolation and further characterization of the endogenous genes, health-beneficial vegetables or desirable animal feed crops could be developed by metabolically engineering the glucosinolate pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Xiang Zang
- Genomics Division, Department of Agricultural Bio-resources, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Korea
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22
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Himanen SJ, Nerg AM, Nissinen A, Pinto DM, Stewart CN, Poppy GM, Holopainen JK. Effects of elevated carbon dioxide and ozone on volatile terpenoid emissions and multitrophic communication of transgenic insecticidal oilseed rape (Brassica napus). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2009; 181:174-186. [PMID: 19076723 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02646.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Does transgenically incorporated insect resistance affect constitutive and herbivore-inducible terpenoid emissions and multitrophic communication under elevated atmospheric CO(2) or ozone (O(3))? This study aimed to clarify the possible interactions between allocation to direct defences (Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin production) and that to endogenous indirect defences under future climatic conditions. Terpenoid emissions were measured from vegetative-stage non-Bt and Bt Brassica napus grown in growth chambers under control or doubled CO(2), and control (filtered air) or 100 ppb O(3). The olfactometric orientation of Cotesia vestalis, an endoparasitoid of the herbivorous diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella), was assessed under the corresponding CO(2) and O(3) concentrations. The response of terpenoid emission to CO(2) or O(3) elevations was equivalent for Bt and non-Bt plants, but lower target herbivory reduced herbivore-inducible emissions from Bt plants. Elevated CO(2) increased emissions of most terpenoids, whereas O(3) reduced total terpenoid emissions. Cotesia vestalis orientated to host-damaged plants independent of plant type or CO(2) concentration. Under elevated O(3), host-damaged non-Bt plants attracted 75% of the parasitoids, but only 36.8% of parasitoids orientated to host-damaged Bt plants. Elevated O(3) has the potential to perturb specialized food-web communication in Bt crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sari J Himanen
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland;MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Plant Protection, FIN-31600 Jokioinen, Finland;Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, 2431 Joe Johnson Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996-4561, USA;School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, UK
| | - Anne-Marja Nerg
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland;MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Plant Protection, FIN-31600 Jokioinen, Finland;Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, 2431 Joe Johnson Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996-4561, USA;School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, UK
| | - Anne Nissinen
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland;MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Plant Protection, FIN-31600 Jokioinen, Finland;Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, 2431 Joe Johnson Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996-4561, USA;School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, UK
| | - Delia M Pinto
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland;MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Plant Protection, FIN-31600 Jokioinen, Finland;Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, 2431 Joe Johnson Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996-4561, USA;School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, UK
| | - C Neal Stewart
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland;MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Plant Protection, FIN-31600 Jokioinen, Finland;Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, 2431 Joe Johnson Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996-4561, USA;School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, UK
| | - Guy M Poppy
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland;MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Plant Protection, FIN-31600 Jokioinen, Finland;Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, 2431 Joe Johnson Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996-4561, USA;School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, UK
| | - Jarmo K Holopainen
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland;MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Plant Protection, FIN-31600 Jokioinen, Finland;Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, 2431 Joe Johnson Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996-4561, USA;School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, UK
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23
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Himanen SJ, Nerg AM, Nissinen A, Stewart CN, Poppy GM, Holopainen JK. Elevated atmospheric ozone increases concentration of insecticidal Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry1Ac protein in Bt Brassica napus and reduces feeding of a Bt target herbivore on the non-transgenic parent. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2009; 157:181-185. [PMID: 18757127 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2008] [Revised: 07/02/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Sustained cultivation of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) transgenic crops requires stable transgene expression under variable abiotic conditions. We studied the interactions of Bt toxin production and chronic ozone exposure in Bt cry1Ac-transgenic oilseed rape and found that the insect resistance trait is robust under ozone elevations. Bt Cry1Ac concentrations were higher in the leaves of Bt oilseed rape grown under elevated ozone compared to control treatment, measured either per leaf fresh weight or per total soluble protein of leaves. The mean relative growth rate of a Bt target herbivore, Plutella xylostella L. larvae was negative on Bt plants in all ozone treatments. On the non-transgenic plants, larval feeding damage was reduced under elevated ozone. Our results indicate the need for monitoring fluctuations in Bt toxin concentrations to reveal the potential of ozone exposure for altering dosing of Bt proteins to target and non-target herbivores in field environments experiencing increasing ozone pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sari J Himanen
- University of Kuopio, Department of Environmental Science, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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Bidart-Bouzat MG, Imeh-Nathaniel A. Global change effects on plant chemical defenses against insect herbivores. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2008; 50:1339-54. [PMID: 19017122 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2008.00751.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on individual effects of major global change factors, such as elevated CO2, O3, UV light and temperature, on plant secondary chemistry. These secondary metabolites are well-known for their role in plant defense against insect herbivory. Global change effects on secondary chemicals appear to be plant species-specific and dependent on the chemical type. Even though plant chemical responses induced by these factors are highly variable, there seems to be some specificity in the response to different environmental stressors. For example, even though the production of phenolic compounds is enhanced by both elevated CO2 and UV light levels, the latter appears to primarily increase the concentrations of flavonoids. Likewise, specific phenolic metabolites seem to be induced by O3 but not by other factors, and an increase in volatile organic compounds has been particularly detected under elevated temperature. More information is needed regarding how global change factors influence inducibility of plant chemical defenses as well as how their indirect and direct effects impact insect performance and behavior, herbivory rates and pathogen attack. This knowledge is crucial to better understand how plants and their associated natural enemies will be affected in future changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gabriela Bidart-Bouzat
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43402, USA.
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