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Menon A, Pandurangan Maragatham V, Samuel M, Arunraj R. Properties and applications of α-galactosidase in agricultural waste processing and secondary agricultural process industries. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:21-31. [PMID: 37555350 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Agriculture products form the foundation building blocks of our daily lives. Although they have been claimed to be renewable resources with a low carbon footprint, the agricultural community is constantly challenged to overcome two post-harvest bottlenecks: first, farm bio-waste, a substantial economic and environmental burden to the farming sector, and second, an inefficient agricultural processing sector, plagued by the need for significant energy input to generate the products. Both these sectors require extensive processing technologies that are demanding in their energy requirements and expensive. To address these issues, an enzyme(s)-based green chemistry is available to break down complex structures into bio-degradable compounds that source alternate energy with valuable by-products and co-products. α-Galactosidase is a widespread class of glycoside hydroxylases that hydrolyzes α-galactosyl moieties in simple and complex oligo and polysaccharides, glycolipids, and glycoproteins. As a result of its growing importance, in this review we discuss the source of the enzyme, production and purification systems, and enzyme properties. We also elaborate on the enzyme's potential in agricultural bio-waste management, secondary agricultural industries like sugar refining, soymilk derivatives, food and confectionery, and animal feed processing. Insight into this vital enzyme will provide new avenues for less expensive green chemistry-based secondary agricultural processing and agricultural sustainability. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindita Menon
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, College of Engineering and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
| | - Vetriselvi Pandurangan Maragatham
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, College of Engineering and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
| | - Marcus Samuel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rex Arunraj
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, College of Engineering and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
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Lee D, Lara L, Moseley D, Vuong TD, Shannon G, Xu D, Nguyen HT. Novel genetic resources associated with sucrose and stachyose content through genome-wide association study in soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merr.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1294659. [PMID: 38023839 PMCID: PMC10646508 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1294659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The nutritional value of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] for animals is influenced by soluble carbohydrates, such as sucrose and stachyose. Although sucrose is nutritionally desirable, stachyose is an antinutrient causing diarrhea and flatulence in non-ruminant animals. We conducted a genome-wide association study of 220 soybean accessions using 21,317 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from the SoySNP50K iSelect Beadchip data to identify significant SNPs associated with sucrose and stachyose content. Seven significant SNPs were identified for sucrose content across chromosomes (Chrs.) 2, 8, 12, 17, and 20, while thirteen significant SNPs were identified for stachyose content across Chrs. 2, 5, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, and 15. Among those significant SNPs, three sucrose-related SNPs on Chrs. 8 and 17 were novel, while twelve stachyose-related SNPs on Chrs. 2, 5, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, and 15 were novel. Based on Phytozome, STRING, and GO annotation, 17 and 24 candidate genes for sucrose and stachyose content, respectively, were highly associated with the carbohydrate metabolic pathway. Among these, the publicly available RNA-seq Atlas database highlighted four candidate genes associated with sucrose (Glyma.08g361200 and Glyma.17g258100) and stachyose (Glyma.05g025300 and Glyma.13g077900) content, which had higher gene expression levels in developing seed and multiple parts of the soybean plant. The results of this study will extend knowledge of the molecular mechanism and genetic basis underlying sucrose and stachyose content in soybean seed. Furthermore, the novel candidate genes and SNPs can be valuable genetic resources that soybean breeders may utilize to modify carbohydrate profiles for animal and human usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongho Lee
- Fisher Delta Research, Extension, and Education Center, Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Portageville, MO, United States
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Laura Lara
- Agrícola Los Alpes, Chimaltenango, Guatemala
| | - David Moseley
- Dean Lee Research and Extension Center, LSU AgCenter, Alexandria, LA, United States
| | - Tri D. Vuong
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Grover Shannon
- Fisher Delta Research, Extension, and Education Center, Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Portageville, MO, United States
| | - Dong Xu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, Christopher S. Bond Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Henry T. Nguyen
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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Guo J, Yang Y, Wang T, Wang Y, Zhang X, Min D, Zhang X. Analysis of Raffinose Synthase Gene Family in Bread Wheat and Identification of Drought Resistance and Salt Tolerance Function of TaRS15-3B. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11185. [PMID: 37446364 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Raffinose synthase (RS) plays a crucial role in plant growth and development, as well as in responses to biotic stresses and abiotic stresses, yet few studies have been conducted on its role in bread wheat. Therefore, in this study we screened and identified a family of bread wheat raffinose synthase genes based on bread wheat genome information and analyzed their physicochemical properties, phylogenetic evolutionary relationships, conserved structural domains, promoter cis-acting elements, and expression patterns. The BSMV-induced silencing of TaRS15-3B resulted in the bread wheat seedlings being susceptible to drought and salt stress and reduced the expression levels of stress-related and ROS-scavenging genes in bread wheat plants. This further affected the ability of bread wheat to cope with drought and salt stress. In conclusion, this study revealed that the RS gene family in bread wheat plays an important role in plant response to abiotic stresses and that the TaRS15-3B gene can improve the tolerance of transgenic bread wheat to drought and salt stresses, provide directions for the study of other RS gene families in bread wheat, and supply candidate genes for use in molecular breeding of bread wheat for stress resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiagui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Yan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Yizhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Donghong Min
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
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de Koning R, Wils GE, Kiekens R, De Vuyst L, Angenon G. Impact of drought and salt stress on galactinol and raffinose family oligosaccharides in common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris). AOB PLANTS 2023; 15:plad038. [PMID: 37426172 PMCID: PMC10327629 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plad038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Due to climate change, farmers will face more extreme weather conditions and hence will need crops that are better adapted to these challenges. The raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) could play a role in the tolerance of crops towards abiotic stress. To investigate this, we determined for the first time the importance of galactinol and RFOs in the roots and leaves of common bean under drought and salt stress conditions. Initially, the physiological characteristics of common bean under agronomically relevant abiotic stress conditions were investigated by measuring the growth rate, transpiration rate, chlorophyll concentration and membrane stability, allowing to establish relevant sampling points. Subsequently, the differential gene expression profiles of the galactinol and RFO biosynthetic genes and the amount of galactinol and RFO molecules were measured in the primary leaves and roots of Phaseolus vulgaris cv. CIAP7247F at these sampling points, using RT-qPCR and HPAEC-PAD, respectively. Under drought stress, the genes galactinol synthase 1, galactinol synthase 3 and stachyose synthase were significantly upregulated in the leaves and had a high transcript level in comparison with the other galactinol and RFO biosynthetic genes. This was in accordance with the significantly higher amount of galactinol and raffinose detected in the leaves. Under salt stress, raffinose was also present in a significantly higher quantity in the leaves. In the roots, transcript levels of the RFO biosynthetic genes were generally low and no galactinol, raffinose or stachyose could be detected. These results suggest that in the leaves, both galactinol and raffinose could play a role in the protection of common bean against abiotic stresses. Especially, the isoform galactinol synthase 3 could have a specific role during drought stress and forms an interesting candidate to improve the abiotic stress resistance of common bean or other plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon de Koning
- Research Group of Plant Genetics, Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gertjan E Wils
- Research Group of Plant Genetics, Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Raphaël Kiekens
- Research Group of Plant Genetics, Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luc De Vuyst
- Research Group of Industrial Microbiology and Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Geert Angenon
- Research Group of Plant Genetics, Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, Belgium
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Duraiswamy A, Sneha A. NM, Jebakani K. S, Selvaraj S, Pramitha J. L, Selvaraj R, Petchiammal K. I, Kather Sheriff S, Thinakaran J, Rathinamoorthy S, Kumar P. R. Genetic manipulation of anti-nutritional factors in major crops for a sustainable diet in future. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1070398. [PMID: 36874916 PMCID: PMC9976781 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1070398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of healthy food, in order to strengthen the immune system, is now a major focus of people worldwide and is essential to tackle the emerging pandemic concerns. Moreover, research in this area paves the way for diversification of human diets by incorporating underutilized crops which are highly nutritious and climate-resilient in nature. However, although the consumption of healthy foods increases nutritional uptake, the bioavailability of nutrients and their absorption from foods also play an essential role in curbing malnutrition in developing countries. This has led to a focus on anti-nutrients that interfere with the digestion and absorption of nutrients and proteins from foods. Anti-nutritional factors in crops, such as phytic acid, gossypol, goitrogens, glucosinolates, lectins, oxalic acid, saponins, raffinose, tannins, enzyme inhibitors, alkaloids, β-N-oxalyl amino alanine (BOAA), and hydrogen cyanide (HCN), are synthesized in crop metabolic pathways and are interconnected with other essential growth regulation factors. Hence, breeding with the aim of completely eliminating anti-nutrition factors tends to compromise desirable features such as yield and seed size. However, advanced techniques, such as integrated multi-omics, RNAi, gene editing, and genomics-assisted breeding, aim to breed crops in which negative traits are minimized and to provide new strategies to handle these traits in crop improvement programs. There is also a need to emphasize individual crop-based approaches in upcoming research programs to achieve smart foods with minimum constraints in future. This review focuses on progress in molecular breeding and prospects for additional approaches to improve nutrient bioavailability in major crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Duraiswamy
- Genetics and Plant Breeding, School of Agricultural Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India
| | - Nancy Mano Sneha A.
- Genetics and Plant Breeding, School of Agricultural Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India
| | - Sherina Jebakani K.
- Genetics and Plant Breeding, School of Agricultural Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India
| | - Sellakumar Selvaraj
- Genetics and Plant Breeding, School of Agricultural Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India
| | - Lydia Pramitha J.
- Genetics and Plant Breeding, School of Agricultural Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India
| | - Ramchander Selvaraj
- Genetics and Plant Breeding, School of Agricultural Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India
| | - Indira Petchiammal K.
- Genetics and Plant Breeding, School of Agricultural Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India
| | - Sharmili Kather Sheriff
- Agronomy, School of Agricultural Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India
| | - Jenita Thinakaran
- Horticulture, School of Agricultural Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India
| | - Samundeswari Rathinamoorthy
- Crop Physiology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India
| | - Ramesh Kumar P.
- Plant Biochemistry, School of Agricultural Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India
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Othman AM, Elshafei AM, Elsayed MA, Ibrahim GE, Hassan MM, Mehanna NS. Biochemical characterization and insights into the potency of the acidic Aspergillus niger NRC114 purified α-galactosidase in removing raffinose family oligosaccharides from soymilk yogurt. BMC Biotechnol 2023; 23:3. [PMID: 36721204 PMCID: PMC9887927 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-023-00773-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because humans lack α-galactosidase, foods containing certain oligosaccharides from the raffinose family, such as soybeans and other legumes, may disrupt digestion and cause flatulence. RESULTS Aspergillus niger NRC114 α-galactosidase was purified using protein precipitation, gel filtration, and ion exchange chromatography steps, which resulted in a 123-fold purification. The purified enzyme was found to be 64 kDa using the SDS-PAGE approach. The optimum pH and temperature of the purified α-galactosidase were detected at pH 3.5 and 60 ºC, respectively. The pure enzyme exhibited potent acidic pH stability at pH 3.0 and pH 4.0 for 2 h, and it retained its full activity at 50 ºC and 60 ºC for 120 min and 90 min, respectively. The enzyme was activated using 2.5 mM of K+, Mg2+, Co2+, or Zn2+ by 14%, 23%, 28%, and 11%, respectively. The Km and Vmax values of the purified enzyme were calculated to be 0.401 µM and 14.65 μmol min-1, respectively. The soymilk yogurt showed an increase in its total phenolic content and total flavonoids after enzyme treatment, as well as several volatile compounds that were detected and identified using GC-MS analysis. HPLC analysis clarified the enzymatic action in the hydrolysis of raffinose family oligosaccharides. CONCLUSION The findings of this study indicate the importance of A. niger NRC114 α-galactosidase enzyme for future studies, especially its applications in a variety of biological fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelmageed M. Othman
- grid.419725.c0000 0001 2151 8157Microbial Chemistry Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki 12622 Giza, Egypt
| | - Ali M. Elshafei
- grid.419725.c0000 0001 2151 8157Microbial Chemistry Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki 12622 Giza, Egypt
| | - Maysa A. Elsayed
- grid.419725.c0000 0001 2151 8157Microbial Chemistry Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki 12622 Giza, Egypt
| | - Gamil E. Ibrahim
- grid.419725.c0000 0001 2151 8157Chemistry of Flavor and Aroma Department, Food Industries and Nutrition Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki 12622 Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M. Hassan
- grid.419725.c0000 0001 2151 8157Microbial Chemistry Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki 12622 Giza, Egypt
| | - Nayra S. Mehanna
- grid.419725.c0000 0001 2151 8157Dairy Sciences Department, Food Industries and Nutrition Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki 12622 Giza, Egypt
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The Imbibition of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Seeds in Silver Nitrate Reduces Seed Germination, Seedlings Development and Their Metabolic Profile. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11141877. [PMID: 35890510 PMCID: PMC9323745 DOI: 10.3390/plants11141877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The use of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) on plants is accompanied by the occurrence of Ag+ ions, so the research of the effects of both on plants should be related. Therefore, in our study, the effects of Ag NPs suspension (containing Ag0 at 20 mg/L) and AgNO3 solutions (with the concentration of Ag+ ions at 20 and 50 mg/L) on the seed germination and early seedling growth (4 days) of pea (Pisum sativum L.) were compared. Both Ag NPs and AgNO3 did not decrease seed germination, and even stimulated seedling growth. In seedlings developing in the Ag NPs suspension, an increase in monosaccharides, homoserine and malate was noted. In the next experiment, the effect of short-term seed imbibition (8 h) in AgNO3 at elevated concentrations, ranging from 100 to 1000 mg/L, on the further seed germination, seedling growth (in absence of AgNO3) and their polar metabolic profiles were evaluated. The seed imbibition in AgNO3 solutions at 500 and 1000 mg/L reduced seed germination, inhibited seedlings’ growth and caused morphological deformations (twisting and folding of root). The above phytotoxic effects were accompanied by changes in amino acids and soluble carbohydrates profiles, in both sprouts and cotyledons. In deformed sprouts, the content of homoserine and asparagine (major amino acids) decreased, while alanine, glutamic acid, glutamine, proline, GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) and sucrose increased. The increase in sucrose coincided with a decrease in glucose and fructose. Sprouts, but not cotyledons, also accumulated malic acid and phosphoric acid. Additionally, cotyledons developed from seeds imbibed with AgNO3 contained raffinose and stachyose, which were not detectable in sprouts and cotyledons of control seedlings. The obtained results suggest the possible disturbances in the mobilization of primary (oligosaccharides) and presumably major storage materials (starch, proteins) as well as in the primary metabolism of developing seedlings.
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Okazawa A, Baba A, Okano H, Tokunaga T, Nakaue T, Ogawa T, Shimma S, Sugimoto Y, Ohta D. Involvement of α-galactosidase OmAGAL2 in planteose hydrolysis during seed germination of Orobanche minor. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:1992-2004. [PMID: 34850875 PMCID: PMC8982430 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Root parasitic weeds of the Orobanchaceae, such as witchweeds (Striga spp.) and broomrapes (Orobanche and Phelipanche spp.), cause serious losses in agriculture worldwide, and efforts have been made to control these parasitic weeds. Understanding the characteristic physiological processes in the life cycle of root parasitic weeds is particularly important to identify specific targets for growth modulators. In our previous study, planteose metabolism was revealed to be activated soon after the perception of strigolactones in germinating seeds of O. minor. Nojirimycin inhibited planteose metabolism and impeded seed germination of O. minor, indicating a possible target for root parasitic weed control. In the present study, we investigated the distribution of planteose in dry seeds of O. minor by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry imaging. Planteose was detected in tissues surrounding-but not within-the embryo, supporting its suggested role as a storage carbohydrate. Biochemical assays and molecular characterization of an α-galactosidase family member, OmAGAL2, indicated that the enzyme is involved in planteose hydrolysis in the apoplast around the embryo after the perception of strigolactones, to provide the embryo with essential hexoses for germination. These results indicate that OmAGAL2 is a potential molecular target for root parasitic weed control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Okazawa
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Japan
| | - Atsuya Baba
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Japan
| | - Hikaru Okano
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Japan
| | - Tomoya Tokunaga
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Nakaue
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Japan
| | - Takumi Ogawa
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Japan
| | - Shuichi Shimma
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Sugimoto
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Daisaku Ohta
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Japan
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Ispiryan L, Zannini E, Arendt EK. FODMAP modulation as a dietary therapy for IBS: Scientific and market perspective. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:1491-1516. [PMID: 35122383 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A diet low in fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAPs) is a promising therapeutic approach to reduce gastrointestinal symptoms associated with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). However, a shift toward a more sustainable, healthy diet with higher inclusion of whole-grain cereals (i.e., wheat, rye, barley) and pulses, naturally rich in FODMAPs, poses a severe challenge for susceptible individuals. Dietary restriction of fermentable carbohydrates (commonly called the "low FODMAP diet") has received significant consideration. Hence, the development of functional low FODMAP products is emerging in food science and the food industry. In this review, we evaluate the most promising yet neglected (bio)-technological strategies adopted for modulating the FODMAP contents in complex food systems and the extent of their uptake in the global food market. We extensively investigated the global low FODMAP market, contrasted with the status quo in food science and discussed the key principles and concomitant challenges of targeted FODMAP reduction strategies. Powerful tools are available which are based either on the use of ingredients where FODMAPs have been physically removed (e.g., by membrane filtration) or biotechnologically reduced during the food processing, mediated by added enzymes, microbial enzymes during a fermentation process, and seed endogenous enzymes. However, <10% of the small market of functional products with a low FODMAP claim (total ∼800 products) used any of the targeted FODMAP reduction techniques. The global market is currently dominated by gluten-free products, which are naturally low in FODMAPs and characterized by inferior sensory attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilit Ispiryan
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Emanuele Zannini
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Elke K Arendt
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Institute, Cork, Ireland
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CsAGA1 and CsAGA2 Mediate RFO Hydrolysis in Partially Distinct Manner in Cucumber Fruits. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413285. [PMID: 34948084 PMCID: PMC8706097 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A Raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) is one of the major translocated sugars in the vascular bundle of cucumber, but little RFOs can be detected in fruits. Alpha-galactosidases (α-Gals) catalyze the first catabolism step of RFOs. Six α-Gal genes exist in a cucumber genome, but their spatial functions in fruits remain unclear. Here, we found that RFOs were highly accumulated in vascular tissues. In phloem sap, the stachyose and raffinose content was gradually decreased, whereas the content of sucrose, glucose and fructose was increased from pedicel to fruit top. Three alkaline forms instead of acid forms of α-Gals were preferentially expressed in fruit vascular tissues and alkaline forms have stronger RFO-hydrolysing activity than acid forms. By inducible gene silencing of three alkaline forms of α-Gals, stachyose was highly accumulated in RNAi-CsAGA2 plants, while raffinose and stachyose were highly accumulated in RNAi-CsAGA1 plants. The content of sucrose, glucose and fructose was decreased in both RNAi-CsAGA1 and RNAi-CsAGA2 plants after β-estradiol treatment. In addition, the fresh- and dry-weight of fruits were significantly decreased in RNAi-CsAGA1 and RNAi-CsAGA2 plants. In cucurbitaceous plants, the non-sweet motif within the promoter of ClAGA2 is widely distributed in the promoter of its homologous genes. Taken together, we found RFOs hydrolysis occurred in the vascular tissues of fruits. CsAGA1 and CsAGA2 played key but partly distinct roles in the hydrolysis of RFOs.
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Zhang Y, Li D, Dirk LMA, Downie AB, Zhao T. ZmAGA1 Hydrolyzes RFOs Late during the Lag Phase of Seed Germination, Shifting Sugar Metabolism toward Seed Germination Over Seed Aging Tolerance. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:11606-11615. [PMID: 34553917 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) are accumulated during the late stage of seed development and hydrolyzed during seed germination. The process of raffinose hydrolysis during seed germination and how this process affects seed vigor remains unknown. We report here that maize alkaline α-galactosidase 1 (ZmAGA1) protein is translationally induced and is capable of hydrolyzing RFOs as well as a precursor, galactinol, during seed germination. Constitutively overexpressing ZmAGA1 in Arabidopsis decreased both RFOs and galactinol contents of mature, desiccated, and 30 hours after imbibition (HAI) seeds, yet enhanced the seed germination percentage under either salt or somewhat osmotic-stress conditions at earlier times during the time course. However, ZmAGA1 overexpression also decreased the seed aging tolerance of mature, desiccated seeds as compared with wild type (WT) or those overexpressing GFP. Compared to that of WT control seeds, the atsip2 (mutant of Arabidopsis AtSIP2 (seed imbibition protein 2, encoding alkaline α-galactosidase)) seeds have similar RFOs and galactinol contents in mature, desiccated seeds but significantly increased the amount of these metabolites at 30 HAI. This retention of RFOs and galactinol in atsip2 results in seeds that exhibit lowered seed germination percentage under either salt or osmotic stress conditions, and yet, increased seed aging tolerance relative to WT. Similarly, when maize seeds were imbibed in the presence of a specific α-galactosidase inhibitor (1-deoxygalactonojirimycin) as compared to those imbibed in water, greater amounts of raffinose and galactinol were detected; the seeds exhibited decreased seed germination percentages but increased seed aging tolerance. Taken together, these data suggest that both maize seed germination and seed aging tolerance can be simultaneously regulated through careful temporal manipulation of ZmAGA1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Arid Areas of the Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Arid Areas of the Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lynnette M A Dirk
- Department of Horticulture, Seed Biology Group, College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, United States
| | - A Bruce Downie
- Department of Horticulture, Seed Biology Group, College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, United States
| | - Tianyong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Arid Areas of the Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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12
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Kannan U, Sharma R, Gangola MP, Ganeshan S, Båga M, Chibbar RN. Sequential expression of raffinose synthase and stachyose synthase corresponds to successive accumulation of raffinose, stachyose and verbascose in developing seeds of Lens culinaris Medik. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 265:153494. [PMID: 34454370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Raffinose, stachyose and verbascose form the three major members of the raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFO) accumulated during seed development. Raffinose synthase (RS; EC 2.4.1.82) and stachyose synthase (STS; EC 2.4.1.67) have been associated with raffinose and stachyose synthesis, but the precise mechanism for verbascose synthesis is not well understood. In this study, full-length RS (2.7 kb) and STS (2.6 kb) clones were isolated by screening a cDNA library prepared from developing lentil seeds (18, 20, 22 and 24 days after flowering [DAF]) to understand the roles of RS and STS in RFO accumulation in developing lentil seeds. The nucleotide sequences of RS and STS genes were similar to those reported for Pisum sativum. Patterns of transcript accumulation, enzyme activities and RFO concentrations were also comparable to P. sativum. However, during lentil seed development raffinose, stachyose and verbascose accumulation corresponded to transcript accumulation for RS and STS, with peak transcript abundance occurring at about 22-24 DAF, generally followed by a sequential increase in raffinose, stachyose and verbascose concentrations followed by a steady level thereafter. Enzyme activities for RS, STS and verbascose synthase (VS) also indicated a sudden increase at around 24-26 DAF, but with an abrupt decline again coinciding with the subsequent steady state increase in the RFO. Galactan:galactan galactosyl transferase (GGT), the galactinol-independent pathway enzyme, however, exhibited steady increase in activity from 24 DAF onwards before abruptly decreasing at 34 DAF. Although GGT activity was detected, isolation of a GGT sequence from the cDNA library was not successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udhaya Kannan
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture & Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Roopam Sharma
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture & Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Manu P Gangola
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture & Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Seedhabadee Ganeshan
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture & Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Monica Båga
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture & Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Ravindra N Chibbar
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture & Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A8, Canada.
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13
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de Koning R, Kiekens R, Toili MEM, Angenon G. Identification and Expression Analysis of the Genes Involved in the Raffinose Family Oligosaccharides Pathway of Phaseolus vulgaris and Glycine max. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1465. [PMID: 34371668 PMCID: PMC8309293 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFO) play an important role in plants but are also considered to be antinutritional factors. A profound understanding of the galactinol and RFO biosynthetic gene families and the expression patterns of the individual genes is a prerequisite for the sustainable reduction of the RFO content in the seeds, without compromising normal plant development and functioning. In this paper, an overview of the annotation and genetic structure of all galactinol- and RFO biosynthesis genes is given for soybean and common bean. In common bean, three galactinol synthase genes, two raffinose synthase genes and one stachyose synthase gene were identified for the first time. To discover the expression patterns of these genes in different tissues, two expression atlases have been created through re-analysis of publicly available RNA-seq data. De novo expression analysis through an RNA-seq study during seed development of three varieties of common bean gave more insight into the expression patterns of these genes during the seed development. The results of the expression analysis suggest that different classes of galactinol- and RFO synthase genes have tissue-specific expression patterns in soybean and common bean. With the obtained knowledge, important galactinol- and RFO synthase genes that specifically play a key role in the accumulation of RFOs in the seeds are identified. These candidate genes may play a pivotal role in reducing the RFO content in the seeds of important legumes which could improve the nutritional quality of these beans and would solve the discomforts associated with their consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon de Koning
- Research Group Plant Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (R.d.K.); (R.K.); (M.E.M.T.)
| | - Raphaël Kiekens
- Research Group Plant Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (R.d.K.); (R.K.); (M.E.M.T.)
| | - Mary Esther Muyoka Toili
- Research Group Plant Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (R.d.K.); (R.K.); (M.E.M.T.)
- Department of Horticulture, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Juja 01001, Kiambu County, Kenya
| | - Geert Angenon
- Research Group Plant Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (R.d.K.); (R.K.); (M.E.M.T.)
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14
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Cui R, Wang X, Malik WA, Lu X, Chen X, Wang D, Wang J, Wang S, Chen C, Guo L, Chen Q, Ye W. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of Raffinose synthetase family in cotton. BMC Bioinformatics 2021; 22:356. [PMID: 34187353 PMCID: PMC8243485 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-021-04276-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Raffinose synthetase (RAFS) genes superfamily is critical for the synthesis of raffinose, which accumulates in plant leaves under abiotic stress. However, it remains unclear whether RAFS contributes to resistance to abiotic stress in plants, specifically in the Gossypium species. Results In this study, we identified 74 RAFS genes from G. hirsutum, G. barbadense, G. arboreum and G. raimondii by using a series of bioinformatic methods. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the RAFS gene family in the four Gossypium species could be divided into four major clades; the relatively uniform distribution of the gene number in each species ranged from 12 to 25 based on species ploidy, most likely resulting from an ancient whole-genome polyploidization. Gene motif analysis showed that the RAFS gene structure was relatively conservative. Promoter analysis for cis-regulatory elements showed that some RAFS genes might be regulated by gibberellins and abscisic acid, which might influence their expression levels. Moreover, we further examined the functions of RAFS under cold, heat, salt and drought stress conditions, based on the expression profile and co-expression network of RAFS genes in Gossypium species. Transcriptome analysis suggested that RAFS genes in clade III are highly expressed in organs such as seed, root, cotyledon, ovule and fiber, and under abiotic stress in particular, indicating the involvement of genes belonging to clade III in resistance to abiotic stress. Gene co-expressed network analysis showed that GhRFS2A-GhRFS6A, GhRFS6D, GhRFS7D and GhRFS8A-GhRFS11A were key genes, with high expression levels under salt, drought, cold and heat stress. Conclusion The findings may provide insights into the evolutionary relationships and expression patterns of RAFS genes in Gossypium species and a theoretical basis for the identification of stress resistance materials in cotton. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12859-021-04276-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Cui
- College of Agriculture / Xinjiang Agricultural University / Xinjiang Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology / Key Laboratory for Cotton Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture / Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China.,College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoge Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology / Key Laboratory for Cotton Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture / Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Waqar Afzal Malik
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology / Key Laboratory for Cotton Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture / Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Xuke Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology / Key Laboratory for Cotton Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture / Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Xiugui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology / Key Laboratory for Cotton Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture / Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Delong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology / Key Laboratory for Cotton Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture / Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Junjuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology / Key Laboratory for Cotton Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture / Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology / Key Laboratory for Cotton Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture / Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Chao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology / Key Laboratory for Cotton Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture / Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Lixue Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology / Key Laboratory for Cotton Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture / Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Quanjia Chen
- College of Agriculture / Xinjiang Agricultural University / Xinjiang Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Wuwei Ye
- College of Agriculture / Xinjiang Agricultural University / Xinjiang Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology / Key Laboratory for Cotton Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture / Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China.
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15
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Purification, biochemical and biophysical characterization of an acidic α-galactosidase from the seeds of Annona squamosa (custard apple). Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 175:558-571. [PMID: 33529636 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Alpha galactosidase is an exoglycosidase that cleaves α-D-galactose and has numerous applications in medicine, biotechnology, food and pharma industries. In this study, a low molecular weight acidic α-galactosidase was identified from the seeds of custard apple. The purification of α-galactosidase from the crude extract of defatted seeds was achieved by employing ammonium sulphate fractionation, hydrophobic interaction and gel filtration chromatographic techniques. The purified custard apple α-galactosidase (CaG) migrated as a single band in native PAGE corresponding to molecular weight of ~67 kDa and cleaved chromogenic, fluorogenic and natural substrates. CaG was found to be a heterodimer with subunit masses of 40 and 30 kDa. The kinetic parameters such as KM and Vmax were found to be 0.67 mM and 1.5 U/mg respectively with p-nitrophenyl α-D-galactopyranoside. Galactose, methyl α-D-galactopyranoside and D-galacturonic acid inhibited CaG activity in mixed mode. The CD spectral analysis at far UV region showed that purified CaG exists predominantly as helix (35%), beta sheets (16.3%) and random coils (32.3%) in its secondary structure. These biochemical and biophysical properties of CaG provide leads to understand its primary sequence and glycan structures which will eventually define its novel physiological roles in plants and potential industrial applications.
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16
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Zhang ZP, Liu YC, Dai HB, Miao MM. Characteristics and expression patterns of six α-galactosidases in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244714. [PMID: 33434225 PMCID: PMC7802950 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Six putative α-galactosidase genes (α-Gals), three acid forms (CsGAL1, CsGAL2, CsGAL3) and three alkaline forms (CsAGA1, CsAGA2, CsAGAL3), were found in the cucumber genome. It is interesting to know the expression pattern and possible function of these α-Gals in the cucumber plant since it is a stachyose-translocating species. In this study, full-length cDNAs of six α-Gals were cloned and heterologously expressed. The result showed that all recombinant proteins revealed acid or alkaline α-Gal activities with different substrate specificities and pH or temperature responding curves, indicating their distinct roles in cucumber plants. Phylogenetic analysis of collected α-Gal amino acid sequences from different plants indicated that the ancestor of both acid and alkaline α-Gals existed before monocots and dicots separated. Generally, six α-Gal genes are universally expressed in different cucumber organs. CsGAL2 highly expressed in fasting-growing leaves, fruits and germinating seeds; CsGAL3 mainly distributes in vacuoles and significantly expressed in cucumber fruits, senescent leaves and seeds during late stage germination; The expression of CsAGA1 increased from leaf 1 to leaf 3 (sink leaves) and then declined from leaf 4 to leaf 7 (source leaves), and this isoform also highly expressed in male flowers and germinating seeds at early stage; CsAGA2 significantly expressed in cucumber leaves and female flowers; CsAGA3 is localized in plastids and also actively expressed in senescent leaves and germinating seeds; The role of CsGAL1 in cucumber plants is now unclear since its expression was relatively low in all organs. According to their expression patterns, subcellular localizations and previously reported functions of these isoforms in other plants, combining the data of soluble sugars contents in different tissues, the possible functions of these α-Gals were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-ping Zhang
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-cheng Liu
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hai-bo Dai
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min-min Miao
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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17
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Ispiryan L, Kuktaite R, Zannini E, Arendt EK. Fundamental study on changes in the FODMAP profile of cereals, pseudo-cereals, and pulses during the malting process. Food Chem 2020; 343:128549. [PMID: 33189480 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Whole grains and pulses are rich in nutrients but often avoided by individuals with gastrointestinal disorders, due to high levels of fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAPs). This study investigated the impact of malting as delivery-system for endogenous enzymes. Malts from barley and wheat (naturally high in fructans), lentils and chickpeas (high in galactooligosaccharides), oat and buckwheat (low in FODMAPs) were produced. While barley and wheat malts had slightly elevated fructan-levels, in oat malt 0.8 g/100 g DM fructans were de novo synthesized. In lentils and chickpeas galactooligosaccharides diminished by 80-90%. Buckwheat did not contain any FODMAPs commonly investigated, but fagopyritols which may have a similar physiological effect. Also fagopyritols were degraded. While malted pulses and buckwheat are directly suitable for low FODMAP applications, using the combined approach of malting and fermentation, malted cereals could contribute to high nutritional values of such products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilit Ispiryan
- University College Cork, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, College Road, Ireland.
| | - Ramune Kuktaite
- Department of Plant Breeding, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 101, SE- 23053 Alnarp, Sweden.
| | - Emanuele Zannini
- University College Cork, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, College Road, Ireland.
| | - Elke K Arendt
- University College Cork, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, College Road, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland.
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18
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Arunraj R, Skori L, Kumar A, Hickerson NM, Shoma N, M. V, Samuel MA. Spatial regulation of alpha-galactosidase activity and its influence on raffinose family oligosaccharides during seed maturation and germination in Cicer arietinum. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2020; 15:1709707. [PMID: 31906799 PMCID: PMC8570745 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2019.1709707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-galactosides or Raffinose Family Oligosaccharides (RFOs) are enriched in legumes and are considered as anti-nutritional factors responsible for inducing flatulence. Due to a lack of alpha-galactosidases in the stomachs of humans and other monogastric animals, these RFOs are not metabolized and are passed to the intestines to be processed by gut bacteria leading to distressing flatulence. In plants, alpha(α)-galactosides are involved in desiccation tolerance during seed maturation and act as a source of stored energy utilized by germinating seeds. The hydrolytic enzyme alpha-galactosidase (α-GAL) can break down RFOs into sucrose and galactose releasing the monosaccharide α-galactose back into the system. Through characterization of RFOs, sucrose, reducing sugars, and α-GAL activity in maturing and germinating chickpeas, we show that stored RFOs are likely required to maintain a steady-state level of reducing sugars. These reducing sugars can then be readily converted to generate energy required for the high energy-demanding germination process. Our observations indicate that RFO levels are lowest in imbibed seeds and rapidly increase post-imbibition. Both RFOs and the α-GAL activity are possibly required to maintain a steady-state level of the reducing monosaccharide sugars, starting from dry seeds all the way through post-germination, to provide the energy for increased germination vigor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rex Arunraj
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Logan Skori
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Abhinandan Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | | | - Naskar Shoma
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Vairamani M.
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Marcus A. Samuel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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19
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Zhou W, Chen F, Luo X, Dai Y, Yang Y, Zheng C, Yang W, Shu K. A matter of life and death: Molecular, physiological, and environmental regulation of seed longevity. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:293-302. [PMID: 31675441 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Both seed germination and early seedling establishment are important biological processes in a plant's lifecycle. Seed longevity is a key trait in agriculture, which directly influences seed germination and ultimately determines crop productivity and hence food security. Numerous studies have demonstrated that seed deterioration is regulated by complex interactions between diverse endogenous genetically controlled factors and exogenous environmental cues, including temperature, relative humidity, and oxygen partial pressure during seed storage. The endogenous factors, including the chlorophyll concentration, the structure of the seed coat, the balance of phytohormones, the concentration of reactive oxygen species, the integrity of nucleic acids and proteins and their associated repair systems, are also involved in the control of seed longevity. A precise understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underlying seed longevity is becoming a hot topic in plant molecular biology. In this review, we describe recent research into the regulation of seed longevity and the interactions between the various environmental and genetic factors. Based on this, the current state-of-play regarding seed longevity regulatory networks will be presented, particularly with respect to agricultural seed storage, and the research challenges to be faced in the future will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenguan Zhou
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaofeng Luo
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yujia Dai
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingzeng Yang
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chuan Zheng
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenyu Yang
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kai Shu
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
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20
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Nawaz Z, Kakar KU, Ullah R, Yu S, Zhang J, Shu QY, Ren XL. Genome-wide identification, evolution and expression analysis of cyclic nucleotide-gated channels in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Genomics 2019; 111:142-158. [PMID: 29476784 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) serve as the top leading commercial, non-food, and model crop worldwide. Cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (CNGCs) are ligand-gated, calcium-permeable, divalent, cation-selective channels, involved in important biological functions. Here, we systematically characterized thirty-five CNGC genes in the genome of Nicotiana tabacum, and classified into four phylogenetic groups. Evolutionary analysis showed that NtabCNGC family of N. tabacum originated from the parental genome of N. sylvestris and N. tomentosiformis, and further expanded via tandem and segmental duplication events. Tissue-specific expression analysis showed that twenty-three NtabCNGC genes are involved in the development of various tobacco tissues. Subsequent RT-qPCR analyses indicated that these genes are sensitive towards external abiotic and biotic stresses. Notable performances were exhibited by group-I and IV CNGC genes against black shank, Cucumber mosaic virus, Potato virus Y, cold, drought, and cadmium stresses. Our analyses also suggested that NtabCNGCs can be regulated by phosphorylation and miRNAs, and multiple light, temperature, and pathogen-responsive cis-acting regulatory elements present in promotors. These results will be useful for elaborating the biological roles of NtabCNGCs in tobacco growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarqa Nawaz
- Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang 550081, China.
| | - Kaleem U Kakar
- Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang 550081, China; State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institution of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Raqeeb Ullah
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shizou Yu
- Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang 550081, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Qing-Yao Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institution of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Xue-Liang Ren
- Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang 550081, China.
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Coffigniez F, Briffaz A, Mestres C, Ricci J, Alter P, Durand N, Bohuon P. Kinetic study of enzymatic α-galactoside hydrolysis in cowpea seeds. Food Res Int 2018; 113:443-451. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Daldoul S, Amar AB, Gargouri M, Limam H, Mliki A, Wetzel T. A Grapevine-Inducible Gene Vv-α-gal/SIP Confers Salt and Desiccation Tolerance in Escherichia coli and Tobacco at Germinative Stage. Biochem Genet 2018; 56:78-92. [PMID: 29150723 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-017-9831-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine is an important fruit crop cultivated worldwide. Previously, we have reported the characterization of a salt stress-inducible gene Vv-α-gal/SIP isolated from the tolerant grapevine cultivar Razegui. In this study, we performed functional studies in both Escherichia coli and tobacco systems to gain more insights in the role of the Vv-α-gal/SIP gene. Our data revealed that the recombinant E. coli cells harboring the pET24b+ expression vector with the Vv-α-gal/SIP showed higher tolerance to desiccation and salinity compared to E. coli cells harboring the vector alone. In addition, the transgenic tobacco plants expressing the Vv-α-gal/SIP gene exhibited a higher percentage of seed germination and better growth under salt stress than the wild-type (WT) tobacco seedlings. This stress mitigation might be related to the putative function of this gene, which is thought to be involved in carbohydrate metabolism regulation. Collectively, these results suggest that Vv-α-gal/SIP is potentially a candidate gene for engineering drought and salt tolerance in cultivated plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia Daldoul
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Biotechnology Center of Borj Cedria, PB.901, 2050, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia.
- DLR Rheinpfalz, Institute of Plant Protection, Breitenweg 71, 67435, Neustadt an Der Weinstraße, Germany.
| | - Anis Ben Amar
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Biotechnology Center of Borj Cedria, PB.901, 2050, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
- DLR Rheinpfalz, Institute of Plant Protection, Breitenweg 71, 67435, Neustadt an Der Weinstraße, Germany
| | - Mahmoud Gargouri
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Biotechnology Center of Borj Cedria, PB.901, 2050, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Hajer Limam
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Biotechnology Center of Borj Cedria, PB.901, 2050, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Ahmed Mliki
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Biotechnology Center of Borj Cedria, PB.901, 2050, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Thierry Wetzel
- DLR Rheinpfalz, Institute of Plant Protection, Breitenweg 71, 67435, Neustadt an Der Weinstraße, Germany
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Gangola MP, Jaiswal S, Kannan U, Gaur PM, Båga M, Chibbar RN. Galactinol synthase enzyme activity influences raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFO) accumulation in developing chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seeds. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2016; 125:88-98. [PMID: 26953100 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To understand raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFO) metabolism in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seeds, RFO accumulation and corresponding biosynthetic enzymes activities were determined during seed development of chickpea genotypes with contrasting RFO concentrations. RFO concentration in mature seeds was found as a facilitator rather than a regulating step of seed germination. In mature seeds, raffinose concentrations ranged from 0.38 to 0.68 and 0.75 to 0.99 g/100 g, whereas stachyose concentrations varied from 0.79 to 1.26 and 1.70 to 1.87 g/100 g indicating significant differences between low and high RFO genotypes, respectively. Chickpea genotypes with high RFO concentration accumulated higher concentrations of myo-inositol and sucrose during early seed developmental stages suggesting that initial substrate concentrations may influence RFO concentration in mature seeds. High RFO genotypes showed about two to three-fold higher activity for all RFO biosynthetic enzymes compared to those with low RFO concentrations. RFO biosynthetic enzymes activities correspond with accumulation of individual RFO during seed development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manu P Gangola
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, 51 Campus Drive, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Sarita Jaiswal
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, 51 Campus Drive, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Udhaya Kannan
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, 51 Campus Drive, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Pooran M Gaur
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid-Tropics, Patancheru near Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Monica Båga
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, 51 Campus Drive, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Ravindra N Chibbar
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, 51 Campus Drive, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada.
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Sano N, Rajjou L, North HM, Debeaujon I, Marion-Poll A, Seo M. Staying Alive: Molecular Aspects of Seed Longevity. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:660-74. [PMID: 26637538 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Mature seeds are an ultimate physiological status that enables plants to endure extreme conditions such as high and low temperature, freezing and desiccation. Seed longevity, the period over which seed remains viable, is an important trait not only for plant adaptation to changing environments, but also, for example, for agriculture and conservation of biodiversity. Reduction of seed longevity is often associated with oxidation of cellular macromolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins and lipids. Seeds possess two main strategies to combat these stressful conditions: protection and repair. The protective mechanism includes the formation of glassy cytoplasm to reduce cellular metabolic activities and the production of antioxidants that prevent accumulation of oxidized macromolecules during seed storage. The repair system removes damage accumulated in DNA, RNA and proteins upon seed imbibition through enzymes such as DNA glycosylase and methionine sulfoxide reductase. In addition to longevity, dormancy is also an important adaptive trait that contributes to seed lifespan. Studies in Arabidopsis have shown that the seed-specific transcription factor ABSCISIC ACID-INSENSITIVE3 (ABI3) plays a central role in ABA-mediated seed dormancy and longevity. Seed longevity largely relies on the viability of embryos. Nevertheless, characterization of mutants with altered seed coat structure and constituents has demonstrated that although the maternally derived cell layers surrounding the embryos are dead, they have a significant impact on longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Sano
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Loïc Rajjou
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Helen M North
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Isabelle Debeaujon
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Annie Marion-Poll
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Mitsunori Seo
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397 Japan
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25
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Farrán A, Cai C, Sandoval M, Xu Y, Liu J, Hernáiz MJ, Linhardt RJ. Green solvents in carbohydrate chemistry: from raw materials to fine chemicals. Chem Rev 2015; 115:6811-53. [PMID: 26121409 DOI: 10.1021/cr500719h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Angeles Farrán
- †Departamento de Química Orgánica y Bio-Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Paseo Senda del Rey 4, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Chao Cai
- ‡Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Manuel Sandoval
- §Escuela de Química, Universidad Nacional of Costa Rica, Post Office Box 86, 3000 Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Yongmei Xu
- ∥Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jian Liu
- ∥Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - María J Hernáiz
- ▽Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Pz/Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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26
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Kigel J, Rosental L, Fait A. Seed Physiology and Germination of Grain Legumes. GRAIN LEGUMES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2797-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Lahuta LB, Pluskota WE, Stelmaszewska J, Szablińska J. Dehydration induces expression of GALACTINOL SYNTHASE and RAFFINOSE SYNTHASE in seedlings of pea (Pisum sativum L.). JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 171:1306-14. [PMID: 25014266 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The exposition of 7-day-old pea seedlings to dehydration induced sudden changes in the concentration of monosaccharides and sucrose in epicotyl and roots tissues. During 24h of dehydration, the concentration of glucose and, to a lesser extent, fructose in seedling tissues decreased. The accumulation of sucrose was observed in roots after 4h and in epicotyls after 8h of stress. Epicotyls and roots also began to accumulate galactinol and raffinose after 8h of stress, when small changes in the water content of tissues occurred. The accumulation of galactinol and raffinose progressed parallel to water withdrawal from tissues, but after seedling rehydration both galactosides disappeared. The synthesis of galactinol and raffinose by an early induction (during the first hour of treatment) of galactinol synthase (PsGolS) and raffinose synthase (PsRS) gene expression as well as a later increase in the activity of both enzymes was noted. Signals possibly triggering the induction of PsGolS and PsRS gene expression and accumulation of galactinol and raffinose in seedlings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesław B Lahuta
- University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, ul. Oczapowskiego 1A/103, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Wioletta E Pluskota
- University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, ul. Oczapowskiego 1A/103, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Joanna Stelmaszewska
- University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, ul. Oczapowskiego 1A/103, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Joanna Szablińska
- University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, ul. Oczapowskiego 1A/103, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland
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Gangola MP, Khedikar YP, Gaur PM, Båga M, Chibbar RN. Genotype and growing environment interaction shows a positive correlation between substrates of raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFO) biosynthesis and their accumulation in chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.) seeds. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:4943-4952. [PMID: 23621405 DOI: 10.1021/jf3054033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To develop genetic improvement strategies to modulate raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFO) concentration in chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.) seeds, RFO and their precursor concentrations were analyzed in 171 chickpea genotypes from diverse geographical origins. The genotypes were grown in replicated trials over two years in the field (Patancheru, India) and in the greenhouse (Saskatoon, Canada). Analysis of variance revealed a significant impact of genotype, environment, and their interaction on RFO concentration in chickpea seeds. Total RFO concentration ranged from 1.58 to 5.31 mmol/100 g and from 2.11 to 5.83 mmol/100 g in desi and kabuli genotypes, respectively. Sucrose (0.60-3.59 g/100 g) and stachyose (0.18-2.38 g/100 g) were distinguished as the major soluble sugar and RFO, respectively. Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between substrate and product concentration in RFO biosynthesis. In chickpea seeds, raffinose, stachyose, and verbascose showed a moderate broad sense heritability (0.25-0.56), suggesting the use of a multilocation trials based approach in chickpea seed quality improvement programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manu P Gangola
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8, Canada
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dos Santos R, Vergauwen R, Pacolet P, Lescrinier E, Van den Ende W. Manninotriose is a major carbohydrate in red deadnettle (Lamium purpureum, Lamiaceae). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 111:385-93. [PMID: 23264235 PMCID: PMC3579443 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcs288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS There is a great need to search for natural compounds with superior prebiotic, antioxidant and immunostimulatory properties for use in (food) applications. Raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) show such properties. Moreover, they contribute to stress tolerance in plants, acting as putative membrane stabilizers, antioxidants and signalling agents. METHODS A large-scale soluble carbohydrate screening was performed within the plant kingdom. An unknown compound accumulated to a high extent in early-spring red deadnettle (Lamium purpureum) but not in other RFO plants. The compound was purified and its structure was unravelled with NMR. Organs and organ parts of red deadnettle were carefully dissected and analysed for soluble sugars. Phloem sap content was analysed by a common EDTA-based method. KEY RESULTS Early-spring red deadnettle stems and roots accumulate high concentrations of the reducing trisaccharide manninotriose (Galα1,6Galα1,6Glc), a derivative of the non-reducing RFO stachyose (Galα1,6Galα1,6Glcα1,2βFru). Detailed soluble carbohydrate analyses on dissected stem and leaf sections, together with phloem sap analyses, strongly suggest that stachyose is the main transport compound, but extensive hydrolysis of stachyose to manninotriose seems to occur along the transport path. Based on the specificities of the observed carbohydrate dynamics, the putative physiological roles of manninotriose in red deadnettle are discussed. CONCLUSIONS It is demonstrated for the first time that manninotriose is a novel and important player in the RFO metabolism of red dead deadnettle. It is proposed that manninotriose represents a temporary storage carbohydrate in early-spring deadnettle, at the same time perhaps functioning as a membrane protector and/or as an antioxidant in the vicinity of membranes, as recently suggested for other RFOs and fructans. This novel finding urges further research on this peculiar carbohydrate on a broader array of RFO accumulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel dos Santos
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rudy Vergauwen
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Pacolet
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eveline Lescrinier
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Van den Ende
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Zha HG, Flowers VL, Yang M, Chen LY, Sun H. Acidic α-galactosidase is the most abundant nectarin in floral nectar of common tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2012; 109:735-45. [PMID: 22271925 PMCID: PMC3286286 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS To date, most floral nectarins (nectar proteins) are reported to function in nectar defence, particularly for insect-pollinated outcrossing species. We compared nectarin composition and abundance in selfing common tobacco (Nicotiana tobaccum) with outcrossing ornamental tobacco plants to elucidate the functional difference of nectarins in different reproductive systems. METHODS Common tobacco (CT) nectarins were separated by SDS-PAGE and the N terminus of the most abundant nectarin was sequenced via Edman degradation. The full-length nectarin gene was amplified and cloned from genomic DNA and mRNA with hiTail-PCR and RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends), and expression patterns were then investigated in different tissues using semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR. Additionally, high-performance liquid chromatography and enzymatic analyses of nectar sugar composition, and other biochemical traits and functions of the novel nectarin were studied. KEY RESULTS The most abundant nectarin in CT nectar is an acidic α-galactosidase, here designated NTα-Gal. This compound has a molecular mass of 40 013 Da and a theoretical pI of 5·33. NTα-Gal has a conserved α-Gal characteristic signature, encodes a mature protein of 364 amino acids and is expressed in different organs. Compared with 27 other melliferous plant species from different families, CT floral nectar demonstrated the highest α-Gal activity, which is inhibited by d-galactose. Raffinose family oligosaccharides were not detected in CT nectar, indicating that NTα-Gal does not function in post-secretory hydrolysis. Moreover, tobacco plant fruits did not develop intact skin with galactose inhibition of NTα-Gal activity in nectar, suggesting that NTα-Gal induces cell-wall surface restructuring during the initial stages of fruit development. CONCLUSIONS α-Gal was the most abundant nectarin in selfing CT plants, but was not detected in the nectar of strictly outcrossing sister tobacco species. No function was demonstrated in antimicrobial defence. Therefore, floral nectarins in selfing species maintain their functional significance in reproductive organ development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Guang Zha
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biogeography, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
| | - V. Lynn Flowers
- Department of Science, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ling-Yang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biogeography, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Hang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biogeography, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
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Saito M, Yoshida M. Expression analysis of the gene family associated with raffinose accumulation in rice seedlings under cold stress. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 168:2268-71. [PMID: 21824678 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A considerable increase in the concentration of raffinose was detected in rice seedlings exposed to chilling for more than 4 days. The content of raffinose in leaf blades increased from hardly detectable levels (0-1 days) to approximately 9 mg/g FW after 11 days of chilling treatment. Accumulation occurred in leaf blades but not in sheaths. Analysis of the expression of candidate genes related to galactinol and raffinose synthesis revealed that transcript levels of two galactinol synthase and four raffinose synthase genes increased in leaf blades before the accumulation of raffinose became detectable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Saito
- NARO Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, Hitsujigaoka, Sapporo 062-8555, Japan
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Vandecasteele C, Teulat-Merah B, Morère-Le Paven MC, Leprince O, Ly Vu B, Viau L, Ledroit L, Pelletier S, Payet N, Satour P, Lebras C, Gallardo K, Huguet T, Limami AM, Prosperi JM, Buitink J. Quantitative trait loci analysis reveals a correlation between the ratio of sucrose/raffinose family oligosaccharides and seed vigour in Medicago truncatula. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2011; 34:1473-87. [PMID: 21554325 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02346.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Seed vigour is important for successful establishment and high yield, especially under suboptimal environmental conditions. In legumes, raffinose oligosaccharide family (RFO) sugars have been proposed as an easily available energy reserve for seedling establishment. In this study, we investigated whether the composition or amount of soluble sugars (sucrose and RFO) is part of the genetic determinants of seed vigour of Medicago truncatula using two recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping for germination rate, hypocotyl and radicle growth under water deficit and nutritional stress, seed weight and soluble sugar content was performed using RIL populations LR1 and LR4. Seven of the 12 chromosomal regions containing QTL for germination rate or post-germinative radicle growth under optimal or stress conditions co-located with Suc/RFO QTL. A significant negative correlation was also found between seed vigour traits and Suc/RFO. In addition, one QTL that explained 80% of the variation in the ratio stachyose/verbascose co-located with a stachyose synthase gene whose expression profile in the parental lines could explain the variation in oligosaccharide composition. The correlation and co-location of Suc/RFO ratio with germination and radicle growth QTL suggest that an increased Suc/RFO ratio in seeds of M. truncatula might negatively affect seed vigour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Vandecasteele
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Physiologie Moléculaire des Semences, IFR 149 QUASAV, 49045 Angers, France
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Subtle proteome differences identified between post-dormant vegetative and floral peach buds. J Proteomics 2011; 74:607-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Ribeiro EDS, Centeno DDC, Figueiredo-Ribeiro RDC, Fernandes KVS, Xavier-Filho J, Oliveira AEA. Free cyclitol, soluble carbohydrate and protein contents in Vigna unguiculata and Phaseolus vulgaris bean sprouts. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:4273-4278. [PMID: 21413793 DOI: 10.1021/jf104979m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Seeds sprouts have been used as a good source of basic nutrients and nutraceutical compounds. The high nutritional value of seeds derives from the deposition of compounds during development. However some of these molecules are used in metabolic processes like germination, which leads to a considerable variation in their concentrations once these events are completed. In this work, we investigate the levels of inositols (myo-inositol, D-pinitol and ononitol), soluble carbohydrates and proteins in cotyledons of Phaseolus vulgaris and Vigna unguiculata sprouts. Sprouting increased myo-inositol and glucose content and reduction of raffinose and ononitol was observed. The protein levels increased in P. vulgaris and decreased in V. unguiculata sprouting. The level of sucrose was maintained in both sprouts. D-Pinitol was detected only in quiescent seeds. Our results suggested that bean sprout is an important source of proteins, sucrose, glucose and myo-inositol. Additionally, bean sprouts have low levels of raffinose, an antinutritional compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elane da Silva Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos-LQFPP, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia-CBB, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro-UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
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Vanhaecke M, Dyubankova N, Lescrinier E, Van den Ende W. Metabolism of galactosyl-oligosaccharides in Stellaria media--discovery of stellariose synthase, a novel type of galactosyltransferase. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2010; 71:1095-103. [PMID: 20452631 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2009] [Revised: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs), including raffinose (Gal-alpha(1-->6)-Glc-alpha(1-->2)beta-Fru), stachyose (Gal-alpha(1-->6)-Gal-alpha(1-->6)-Glc-alpha(1-->2)beta-Fru) and higher degree of polymerization RFOs are the most widespread galactosyl-oligosaccharides (GOS) in the plant kingdom. Stellaria media is a typical representative of the Caryophyllaceae, a plant family lacking stachyose and the typical galactosyl extensions of stachyose. During cold treatment raffinose, lychnose (Gal-alpha(1-->6)-Glc-alpha(1-->2)beta-Fru-alpha(1-->1)-Gal) and stellariose (Gal-alpha(1-->6)-[Gal-alpha(1-->4)]-Glc-alpha(1-->2)beta-Fru-alpha(1-->1)-Gal) were found to accumulate in S. media stems. Next to these prominent oligosaccharides, two extra GOS were discovered. Biochemical analyses (enzymatic incubations and mild acid hydrolysis) and mass spectrometry identified the first, most abundant oligosaccharide as Glc-alpha(1-->2)beta-Fru-alpha(1-->1)-Gal, a breakdown product of lychnose. The structure of this trisaccharide was confirmed by full NMR characterization. The second, less abundant compound (termed mediose) was identified as Gal-alpha(1-->6)-[Gal-alpha(1-->4)]Glc-alpha(1-->2)beta-Fru after biochemical analyses. By partial enzyme purification the presence of discrete lychnose synthase (raffinose:raffinose 1(Fru) galactosyltransferase) and stellariose synthase (raffinose:lychnose 4(Glc) galactosyltransferase) activities were shown. A model is presented explaining the structural diversity of GOS in S. media. In the absence of stachyose, raffinose is further elongated by lychnose synthase and stellariose synthase to produce lychnose, mediose and stellariose. Most likely, these compounds are also subject to partial trimming by endogenous alpha-galactosidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Vanhaecke
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, K.U.Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31 (2434), B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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Pukacka S, Ratajczak E, Kalemba E. Non-reducing sugar levels in beech (Fagus sylvatica) seeds as related to withstanding desiccation and storage. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 166:1381-1390. [PMID: 19359065 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2009.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Revised: 02/17/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Levels of sucrose and raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) (raffinose and stachyose) were determined in beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) seeds during development, maturation, desiccation and storage. An increase in RFOs and a marked decrease in the S:(R+St) ratio (i.e. mass ratio of sucrose to the sum of RFOs) were observed at the time of desiccation tolerance (DT) acquisition by seeds. In seeds stored at -10 degrees C through 1, 4, 7, and 12 years, changes in sucrose, raffinose and stachyose levels and in alpha-galactosidase activity were noted. The S/R+St ratio and alpha-galactosidase activity significantly increased in seeds after 7 and 12 years of storage, when a marked decrease in viability, measured as germination capacity, was recorded. Germination capacity was found to be strongly correlated with sucrose content, the S:(R+St) ratio, and alpha-galactosidase activity. A strong positive correlation was found between germination capacity and stachyose content. The results clearly indicated that the composition of RFOs in beech seeds is closely related to DT acquisition and seed viability during storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanisława Pukacka
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Seed Biochemistry Laboratory, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland.
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Fialho LDS, Guimarães VM, Callegari CM, Reis AP, Barbosa DS, Borges EEDL, Moreira MA, de Rezende ST. Characterization and biotechnological application of an acid alpha-galactosidase from Tachigali multijuga Benth. seeds. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2008; 69:2579-2585. [PMID: 18834998 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2007] [Revised: 08/05/2008] [Accepted: 08/10/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Tachigali multijuga Benth. seeds were found to contain protein (364 mg g(-1)dwt), lipids (24 mg g(-1)dwt), ash (35 mg g(-1)dwt), and carbohydrates (577 mg g(-1)dwt). Sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose concentrations were 8.3, 3.0, and 11.6 mg g(-1)dwt, respectively. alpha-Galactosidase activity increased during seed germination and reached a maximum level at 108 h after seed imbibition. The alpha-galactosidase purified from germinating seeds had an M(r) of 38,000 and maximal activity at pH 5.0-5.5 and 50 degrees C. The enzyme was stable at 35 degrees C and 40 degrees C, but lost 79% of its activity after 30 min at 50 degrees C. The activation energy (E(a)) values for p-nitrophenyl-alpha-d-galactopyranoside (pNPGal) and raffinose were 13.86 and 4.75 kcal mol(-1), respectively. The K(m) values for pNPGal, melibiose, raffinose, and stachyose were 0.45, 5.37, 39.62 and 48.80 mM, respectively. The enzyme was sensitive to inhibition by HgCl(2), SDS, AgNO(3), CuSO(4), and melibiose. d-Galactose was a competitive inhibitor (K(i)=2.74 mM). In addition to its ability to hydrolyze raffinose and stachyose, the enzyme also hydrolyzed galactomannan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lílian da Silva Fialho
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular - BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-000, Brazil
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