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Fan CN, Tsai TN, Lu XJ, Lai HF, Wang CH, Chiu YL. Transcriptomic analysis reveals Cilostazol's role in ameliorating cardiovascular disease: Inhibition of monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation and reduction of endothelial cell reactive oxygen species production. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29194. [PMID: 38601627 PMCID: PMC11004659 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading global cause of death, with atherosclerosis as the primary cause. Chronic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and the role of molecules like nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species are crucial in this context. Our previous research indicated that cilostazol and ginkgo biloba extract could enhance the ability of endothelial cells to dissolve blood clots, but the effects of cilostazol on monocytes remain unexplored. Method This study utilized peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 10 healthy donors, treated ex vivo with cilostazol. RNA-sequencing, over-representation analysis, xCell stromal cell analysis, and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis were employed to investigate the gene expression changes and biological pathways affected by cilostazol treatment. Results The study identified specific gene sets and pathways that were enriched or reduced in response to cilostazol treatment, providing insights into its effects on monocytes and potential therapeutic applications in CVD. The analysis also revealed the potential impact of cilostazol on the stromal cell compartment, further broadening our understanding of its multifaceted role. Conclusion The findings offer a nuanced understanding of the advantages and mechanisms of cilostazol in CVD, uncovering novel therapeutic targets and strategies to enhance the clinical application of cilostazol and contributing to the broader implications of this therapy in cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ning Fan
- Department of Surgery, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Taoyuan, 325, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Tsung-Neng Tsai
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Xin-Jie Lu
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Hsing-Fan Lai
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei city, 114, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Chun-Hua Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Yi-Lin Chiu
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
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Ruan C, Li Y, Ran Z, Liu G, Li W, Zhang X, Shao S, Li Y. Association Between Monocyte-to-High-Density Lipoprotein Ratio and Prediabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study in Chinese Population. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2024; 17:1093-1103. [PMID: 38450416 PMCID: PMC10916517 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s451189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The monocyte-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (MHR) ratio has been linked to metabolic disorders. However, there is limited research on the predisposition to MHR and prediabetes. Hence, we conducted a study to investigate the relationship between MHR and the prevalence of prediabetes. Methods In total, 85,293 participants were included in our cross-sectional observational study. Multivariable regression analysis, subgroup analyses, and interaction testing were used to determine the relationship between MHR and prediabetes. To explore the non-linear association of MHR with prediabetes risk, generalized additive model (GAM) and smoothing splines were applied. The threshold effect analysis of MHR on the risk of prediabetes was further employed to identify the turning point. Results After controlling for covariates, the results indicated that a positive correlation persisted between MHR and prediabetes (odds ratio (OR) =1.64, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.48-1.82), and subgroup analyses found a more robust correlation between MHR and prediabetes in individuals with lower age, SBP, DBP, TG, TC and higher values of BMI and LDL-C than in their counterparts. Additionally, the correlation between MHR and the risk of prediabetes was found to be non-linear, with a turning point of -0.4 (Log-Likelihood Ratio, P< 0.001). The impact of variables on the two sides of the turning point were 1.94 (1.72, 2.19) and 0.88 (0.69, 1.14). Conclusion The positive correlation between MHR and the risk of prediabetes in Chinese participants was observed to be non-linear, and MHR ≤ -0.4 was strongly positively correlated with prediabetes risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cairong Ruan
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuchen Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zijing Ran
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guodong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weihao Li
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Shao
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
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3
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Yao Y, Li J, Zhou Y, Wang S, Zhang Z, Jiang Q, Li K. Macrophage/microglia polarization for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1276225. [PMID: 37842315 PMCID: PMC10569308 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1276225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages/microglia are immune system defense and homeostatic cells that develop from bone marrow progenitor cells. According to the different phenotypes and immune responses of macrophages (Th1 and Th2), the two primary categories of polarized macrophages/microglia are those conventionally activated (M1) and alternatively activated (M2). Macrophage/microglial polarization is a key regulating factor in the development of inflammatory disorders, cancers, metabolic disturbances, and neural degeneration. Macrophage/microglial polarization is involved in inflammation, oxidative stress, pathological angiogenesis, and tissue healing processes in ocular diseases, particularly in diabetic retinopathy (DR). The functional phenotypes of macrophages/microglia affect disease progression and prognosis, and thus regulate the polarization or functional phenotype of microglia at different DR stages, which may offer new concepts for individualized therapy of DR. This review summarizes the involvement of macrophage/microglia polarization in physiological situations and in the pathological process of DR, and discusses the promising role of polarization in personalized treatment of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiajun Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunfan Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Suyu Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ziran Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qin Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Keran Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Chu E, Mychasiuk R, Tsantikos E, Raftery AL, L’Estrange-Stranieri E, Dill LK, Semple BD, Hibbs ML. Regulation of Microglial Signaling by Lyn and SHIP-1 in the Steady-State Adult Mouse Brain. Cells 2023; 12:2378. [PMID: 37830592 PMCID: PMC10571795 DOI: 10.3390/cells12192378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic neuroinflammation and glial activation are associated with the development of many neurodegenerative diseases and neuropsychological disorders. Recent evidence suggests that the protein tyrosine kinase Lyn and the lipid phosphatase SH2 domain-containing inositol 5' phosphatase-1 (SHIP-1) regulate neuroimmunological responses, but their homeostatic roles remain unclear. The current study investigated the roles of Lyn and SHIP-1 in microglial responses in the steady-state adult mouse brain. Young adult Lyn-/- and SHIP-1-/- mice underwent a series of neurobehavior tests and postmortem brain analyses. The microglial phenotype and activation state were examined by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry, and neuroimmune responses were assessed using gene expression analysis. Lyn-/- mice had an unaltered behavioral phenotype, neuroimmune response, and microglial phenotype, while SHIP-1-/- mice demonstrated reduced explorative activity and exhibited microglia with elevated activation markers but reduced granularity. In addition, expression of several neuroinflammatory genes was increased in SHIP-1-/- mice. In response to LPS stimulation ex vivo, the microglia from both Lyn-/- and SHIP-1-/- showed evidence of hyper-activity with augmented TNF-α production. Together, these findings demonstrate that both Lyn and SHIP-1 have the propensity to control microglial responses, but only SHIP-1 regulates neuroinflammation and microglial activation in the steady-state adult brain, while Lyn activity appears dispensable for maintaining brain homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erskine Chu
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; (E.T.); (A.L.R.); (E.L.-S.)
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Evelyn Tsantikos
- Department of Immunology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; (E.T.); (A.L.R.); (E.L.-S.)
| | - April L. Raftery
- Department of Immunology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; (E.T.); (A.L.R.); (E.L.-S.)
| | - Elan L’Estrange-Stranieri
- Department of Immunology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; (E.T.); (A.L.R.); (E.L.-S.)
| | - Larissa K. Dill
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Bridgette D. Semple
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Margaret L. Hibbs
- Department of Immunology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; (E.T.); (A.L.R.); (E.L.-S.)
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Lu Y, Xing C, Lv X, Zhang C, Liu G, Chen F, Hou Z, Zhang D. Changes of ACE2 in different glucose metabolites and its relationship with COVID-19. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e31102. [PMID: 36253996 PMCID: PMC9575400 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000031102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To study the changes and effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)/angiotensin 1-7 (Ang1-7) and ACE/AngII in people with different glucose metabolisms and to explore the possible mechanisms underlying the severity of COVID-19 infection in diabetic patients. METHODS A total of 88 patients with type 2 diabetes, 72 patients with prediabetes (impaired fasting glucose, 30 patients; impaired glucose regulation, 42 patients), and 50 controls were selected. Changes and correlations of ACE2, Ang1-7 and other indicators were detected among the three groups. Patients were divided into four groups according to the course of diabetes: <1 year, 1-5 years, 5-10 years, and >10 years. ACE2 and Ang1-7 levels were compared and analyzed. RESULTS ACE2 and Ang1-7 increased with the severity of diabetes (P0 < .05 or P < .01). The levels of ACE2 and Ang1-7 in the longer course group were lower than those in the shorter course group, whereas the levels of ACE, Ang II, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) gradually increased (P < .05). Pearson correlation analysis showed that ACE2 was positively correlated with IL-6, FBG, and 2hPBG levels in the prediabetes group. In the diabetic group, ACE2 was positively correlated with Ang1-7 and negatively correlated with ACE, AngII, IL-6, and C-reactive protein levels. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that IL-6 and ACE were the main factors influencing ACE2 in the diabetic group. CONCLUSION SUBSECTIONS ACE2/Ang1-7 and ACE/AngII systems are activated, and inflammatory cytokine release increases in prediabetes. With the prolongation of the disease course, the effect of ACE2/Ang1-7 decreased gradually, while the effect of ACE/AngII increased significantly. Dysfunctions of ACE2/Ang1-7 may be one of the important mechanisms underlying the severity of COVID-19 infection in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamin Lu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
- *Correspondence: Yamin Lu, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, China (e-mail: )
| | | | - Xiuqin Lv
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Cuigai Zhang
- Physical Examination Center, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Guangxia Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhan Hou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Donghui Zhang
- Clinical Research Center, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
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Blood M2-like Monocyte Polarization Is Associated with Calcific Plaque Phenotype in Stable Coronary Artery Disease: A Sub-Study of SMARTool Clinical Trial. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030565. [PMID: 35327367 PMCID: PMC8945688 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease. The balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory factors, acting on the arterial wall, promotes less or more coronary plaque macro-calcification, respectively. We investigated the association between monocyte phenotypic polarization and CTCA-assessed plaque dense-calcium volume (DCV) in patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods: In 55 patients, individual DCV component was assessed by quantitative CTCA and normalized to total plaque volume. Flow cytometry expression of CD14, CD16, CD18, CD11b, HLA-DR, CD163, CCR2, CCR5, CX3CR1 and CXCR4 was quantified. Adhesion molecules and cytokines were measured by ELISA. Results: DCV values were significantly associated, by multiple regression analysis, with the expression (RFI) of CCR5 (p = 0.04), CX3CR1 (p = 0.03), CCR2 (p = 0.02), CD163 (p = 0.005) on all monocytes, and with the phenotypic M2-like polarization ratio, RFI CCR5/CD11b (p = 0.01). A positive correlation with the increased expression of chemokines receptors CCR2, CCR5 and CX3CR1 on subsets Mon1 was also present. Among cytokines, the ratio between IL-10 and IL-6 was found to be strongly associated with DCV (p = 0.009). Conclusions: The association between DCV and M2-like phenotypic polarization of circulating monocytes indicates that plaque macro-calcification in stable CAD may be partly modulated by an anti-inflammatory monocyte functional state, as evidenced by cell membrane receptor patterns.
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7
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Hyperglycemia Induces Inflammatory Response of Human Macrophages to CD163-Mediated Scavenging of Hemoglobin-Haptoglobin Complexes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031385. [PMID: 35163309 PMCID: PMC8836198 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia, a hallmark of diabetes, can induce inflammatory programming of macrophages. The macrophage scavenger receptor CD163 internalizes and degrades hemoglobin-haptoglobin (Hb-Hp) complexes built due to intravascular hemolysis. Clinical studies have demonstrated a correlation between impaired scavenging of Hb-Hp complexes via CD163 and diabetic vascular complications. Our aim was to identify whether hyperglycemia is able to amplify inflammation via Hb-Hp complex interactions with the immune system. M(IFNγ), M(IL-4), and control M0 macrophages were differentiated out of primary human monocytes in normo- (5 mM) and hyperglycemic (25 mM) conditions. CD163 gene expression was decreased 5.53 times in M(IFNγ) with a further decrease of 1.99 times in hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia suppressed CD163 surface expression in M(IFNγ) (1.43 times). Flow cytometry demonstrated no impairment of Hb-Hp uptake in hyperglycemia. However, hyperglycemia induced an inflammatory response of M(IFNγ) to Hb-Hp1-1 and Hb-Hp2-2 uptake with different dynamics. Hb-Hp1-1 uptake stimulated IL-6 release (3.03 times) after 6 h but suppressed secretion (5.78 times) after 24 h. Contrarily, Hb-Hp2-2 uptake did not affect IL-6 release after 6h but increased secretion after 24 h (3.06 times). Our data show that hyperglycemia induces an inflammatory response of innate immune cells to Hb-Hp1-1 and Hb-Hp2-2 uptake, converting the silent Hb-Hp complex clearance that prevents vascular damage into an inflammatory process, hereby increasing the susceptibility of diabetic patients to vascular complications.
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8
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Weaver JR, Odanga JJ, Breathwaite EK, Treadwell ML, Murchinson AC, Walters G, Fuentes DP, Lee JB. An increase in inflammation and islet dysfunction is a feature of prediabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2021; 37:e3405. [PMID: 33463010 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a global health problem that will be diagnosed in almost 300 million people by 2025 according to the World Health Organization. Before being diagnosed with T2D, individuals may have glucose levels above normal but below the diabetic range. This condition is known as prediabetes. Studies showed that people with prediabetes had an increase in several pro-inflammatory cytokines in their serum and in their fasting glucose levels. The answer remains unclear when inflammation begins in the pancreas and islets, and what is the extent of this inflammation. METHODS Subjects with haemoglobin A1c levels from 5.7% to 6.4% were classified as pre-diabetic. Sections of pancreas and isolated islets from normal donors and donors with prediabetes were tested for markers of inflammation and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). RESULTS Gene and protein expression of the inflammatory markers resistin, interleukin-1 beta, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 increased in donors with prediabetes compared to normal donors. GSIS response was significantly decreased in pre-diabetic islets compared to normal islets. Donors with prediabetes also had decreased expression of CD163+ cells but not CD68+ cells. CONCLUSIONS Based on our findings, inflammation and islet dysfunction may be more significant than originally thought in people with prediabetes. Rather than being in a normal state before diabetes occurs, it appears that subjects are already in an early diabetic condition resembling more closely T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Weaver
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, LifeNet Health, Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA
| | - Justin J Odanga
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, LifeNet Health, Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA
| | - Erick K Breathwaite
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, LifeNet Health, Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA
| | - Michelle L Treadwell
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, LifeNet Health, Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA
| | - Angela C Murchinson
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, LifeNet Health, Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA
| | - Gary Walters
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, LifeNet Health, Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA
| | - Danette P Fuentes
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, LifeNet Health, Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA
| | - Jung Bok Lee
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, LifeNet Health, Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA
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9
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Wu H, Wang M, Li X, Shao Y. The Metaflammatory and Immunometabolic Role of Macrophages and Microglia in Diabetic Retinopathy. Hum Cell 2021; 34:1617-1628. [PMID: 34324139 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-021-00580-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Emergent studies reveal the roles of inflammatory cells and cytokines in the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR), which is gradually portrayed as a chronic inflammatory disease accompanied by metabolic disorder. Through the pathogenesis of DR, macrophages or microglia play a critical role in the inflammation, neovascularization, and neurodegeneration of the retina. Conventionally, macrophages are generally divided into M1 and M2 phenotypes which mainly rely on glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, respectively. Recently, studies have found that nutrients (including glucose and lipids) and metabolites (such as lactate), can not only provide energy for cells, but also act as signaling molecules to regulate the function and fate of cells. In this review, we discussed the intrinsic correlations among the metabolic status, polarization, and function of macrophage/microglia in DR. Hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia could induce M1-like and M2-like macrophages polarization in different phases of DR. Targeting the regulation of microglial metabolic profile might be a promising therapeutic strategy to modulate the polarization and function of macrophages/microglia, thus attenuating the progression of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglian Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, No. 251, Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300384, China.,Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, No. 251, Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300384, China.,Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, No. 251, Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Mengqi Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, No. 251, Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300384, China.,Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, No. 251, Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300384, China.,Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, No. 251, Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Xiaorong Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, No. 251, Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300384, China.,Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, No. 251, Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300384, China.,Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, No. 251, Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Yan Shao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, No. 251, Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300384, China. .,Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, No. 251, Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300384, China. .,Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, No. 251, Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300384, China.
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10
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Mzimela NC, Sosibo AM, Ngubane PS, Khathi A. The changes that occur in the immune system during immune activation in pre-diabetic patients of all ethnicities, from the age of 25 to 45 years: a protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. (Preprint). JMIR Res Protoc 2021; 11:e31619. [DOI: 10.2196/31619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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11
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Macrophages and Stem Cells-Two to Tango for Tissue Repair? Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050697. [PMID: 34066618 PMCID: PMC8148606 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages (MCs) are present in all tissues, not only supporting homeostasis, but also playing an important role in organogenesis, post-injury regeneration, and diseases. They are a heterogeneous cell population due to their origin, tissue specificity, and polarization in response to aggression factors, depending on environmental cues. Thus, as pro-inflammatory M1 phagocytic MCs, they contribute to tissue damage and even fibrosis, but the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype participates in repairing processes and wound healing through a molecular interplay with most cells in adult stem cell niches. In this review, we emphasize MC phenotypic heterogeneity in health and disease, highlighting their systemic and systematic contribution to tissue homeostasis and repair. Unraveling the intervention of both resident and migrated MCs on the behavior of stem cells and the regulation of the stem cell niche is crucial for opening new perspectives for novel therapeutic strategies in different diseases.
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12
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Diabetes Induces a Transcriptional Signature in Bone Marrow-Derived CD34 + Hematopoietic Stem Cells Predictive of Their Progeny Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031423. [PMID: 33572602 PMCID: PMC7866997 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) participate in cardiovascular (CV) homeostasis and generate different types of blood cells including lymphoid and myeloid cells. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is characterized by chronic increase of pro-inflammatory mediators, which play an important role in the development of CV disease, and increased susceptibility to infections. Here, we aimed to evaluate the impact of DM on the transcriptional profile of HSPCs derived from bone marrow (BM). Total RNA of BM-derived CD34+ stem cells purified from sternal biopsies of patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery with or without DM (CAD and CAD-DM patients) was sequenced. The results evidenced 10566 expressed genes whose 79% were protein-coding genes, and 21% non-coding RNA. We identified 139 differentially expressed genes (p-value < 0.05 and |log2 FC| > 0.5) between the two comparing groups of CAD and CAD-DM patients. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), based on Gene Ontology biological processes (GO-BP) terms, led to the identification of fourteen overrepresented biological categories in CAD-DM samples. Most of the biological processes were related to lymphocyte activation, chemotaxis, peptidase activity, and innate immune response. Specifically, HSPCs from CAD-DM patients displayed reduced expression of genes coding for proteins regulating antibacterial and antivirus host defense as well as macrophage differentiation and lymphocyte emigration, proliferation, and differentiation. However, within the same biological processes, a consistent number of inflammatory genes coding for chemokines and cytokines were up-regulated. Our findings suggest that DM induces transcriptional alterations in HSPCs, which are potentially responsible of progeny dysfunction.
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13
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Fadini GP, Mehta A, Dhindsa DS, Bonora BM, Sreejit G, Nagareddy P, Quyyumi AA. Circulating stem cells and cardiovascular outcomes: from basic science to the clinic. Eur Heart J 2020; 41:4271-4282. [PMID: 31891403 PMCID: PMC7825095 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cardiovascular and haematopoietic systems have fundamental inter-relationships during development, as well as in health and disease of the adult organism. Although haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) emerge from a specialized haemogenic endothelium in the embryo, persistence of haemangioblasts in adulthood is debated. Rather, the vast majority of circulating stem cells (CSCs) is composed of bone marrow-derived HSCs and the downstream haematopoietic stem/progenitors (HSPCs). A fraction of these cells, known as endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), has endothelial specification and vascular tropism. In general, the levels of HSCs, HSPCs, and EPCs are considered indicative of the endogenous regenerative capacity of the organism as a whole and, particularly, of the cardiovascular system. In the last two decades, the research on CSCs has focused on their physiologic role in tissue/organ homoeostasis, their potential application in cell therapies, and their use as clinical biomarkers. In this review, we provide background information on the biology of CSCs and discuss in detail the clinical implications of changing CSC levels in patients with cardiovascular risk factors or established cardiovascular disease. Of particular interest is the mounting evidence available in the literature on the close relationships between reduced levels of CSCs and adverse cardiovascular outcomes in different cohorts of patients. We also discuss potential mechanisms that explain this association. Beyond CSCs' ability to participate in cardiovascular repair, levels of CSCs need to be interpreted in the context of the broader connections between haematopoiesis and cardiovascular function, including the role of clonal haematopoiesis and inflammatory myelopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Paolo Fadini
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Anurag Mehta
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, 201 Dowman Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Devinder Singh Dhindsa
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, 201 Dowman Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | - Gopalkrishna Sreejit
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Prabhakara Nagareddy
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Arshed Ali Quyyumi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, 201 Dowman Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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14
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Morgun EI, Vorotelyak EA. Epidermal Stem Cells in Hair Follicle Cycling and Skin Regeneration: A View From the Perspective of Inflammation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:581697. [PMID: 33240882 PMCID: PMC7680886 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.581697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There are many studies devoted to the role of hair follicle stem cells in wound healing as well as in follicle self-restoration. At the same time, the influence of the inflammatory cells on the hair follicle cycling in both injured and intact skin is well established. Immune cells of all wound healing stages, including macrophages, γδT cells, and T regs, may activate epidermal stem cells to provide re-epithelization and wound-induced hair follicle neogenesis. In addition to the ability of epidermal cells to maintain epidermal morphogenesis through differentiation program, they can undergo de-differentiation and acquire stem features under the influence of inflammatory milieu. Simultaneously, a stem cell compartment may undergo re-programming to adopt another fate. The proportion of skin resident immune cells and wound-attracted inflammatory cells (e.g., neutrophils and macrophages) in wound-induced hair follicle anagen and plucking-induced anagen is still under discussion to date. Experimental data suggesting the role of reactive oxygen species and prostaglandins, which are uncharacteristic of the intact skin, in the hair follicle cycling indicates the role of neutrophils in injury-induced conditions. In this review, we discuss some of the hair follicles stem cell activities, such as wound-induced hair follicle neogenesis, hair follicle cycling, and re-epithelization, through the prism of inflammation. The plasticity of epidermal stem cells under the influence of inflammatory microenvironment is considered. The relationship between inflammation, scarring, and follicle neogenesis as an indicator of complete wound healing is also highlighted. Taking into consideration the available data, we also conclude that there may exist a presumptive interlink between the stem cell activation, inflammation and the components of programmed cell death pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena I. Morgun
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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15
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Microglia mediated neuroinflammation in autism spectrum disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2020; 130:167-176. [PMID: 32823050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the precise pathophysiologies underlying autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has not yet been fully clarified, growing evidence supports the involvement of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of this disorder, with microglia being particular relevance in the pathophysiologic processes. OBJECTIVE The present review aimed to systematically characterize existing literature regarding the role of microglia mediated neuroinflammation in the etiology of ASD. METHODS A systematic search was conducted for records indexed within Pubmed, EMBASE, or Web of Science to identify potentially eligible publications. Study selection and data extraction were performed by two authors, and the discrepancies in each step were settled through discussions. RESULTS A total of 14 studies comprising 1007 subjects met the eligibility criteria for this review, including 8 immunohistochemistry (IHC) studies, 5 genetic analysis studies, and 1 positron emission tomography (PET) studies. Although small in quantity, the included studies collectively pointed to a role of microglia mediated neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of ASD. CONCLUSION Findings generated from this review consistently supported the involvement of neuroinflammation in the development of ASD, confirmed by the activation of microglia in different brain regions, involving increased cell number or cell density, morphological alterations, and phenotypic shifts.
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16
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Jurga AM, Paleczna M, Kuter KZ. Overview of General and Discriminating Markers of Differential Microglia Phenotypes. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:198. [PMID: 32848611 PMCID: PMC7424058 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 495] [Impact Index Per Article: 123.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory processes and microglia activation accompany most of the pathophysiological diseases in the central nervous system. It is proven that glial pathology precedes and even drives the development of multiple neurodegenerative conditions. A growing number of studies point out the importance of microglia in brain development as well as in physiological functioning. These resident brain immune cells are divergent from the peripherally infiltrated macrophages, but their precise in situ discrimination is surprisingly difficult. Microglial heterogeneity in the brain is especially visible in their morphology and cell density in particular brain structures but also in the expression of cellular markers. This often determines their role in physiology or pathology of brain functioning. The species differences between rodent and human markers add complexity to the whole picture. Furthermore, due to activation, microglia show a broad spectrum of phenotypes ranging from the pro-inflammatory, potentially cytotoxic M1 to the anti-inflammatory, scavenging, and regenerative M2. A precise distinction of specific phenotypes is nowadays essential to study microglial functions and tissue state in such a quickly changing environment. Due to the overwhelming amount of data on multiple sets of markers that is available for such studies, the choice of appropriate markers is a scientific challenge. This review gathers, classifies, and describes known and recently discovered protein markers expressed by microglial cells in their different phenotypes. The presented microglia markers include qualitative and semi-quantitative, general and specific, surface and intracellular proteins, as well as secreted molecules. The information provided here creates a comprehensive and practical guide through the current knowledge and will facilitate the choosing of proper, more specific markers for detailed studies on microglia and neuroinflammatory mechanisms in various physiological as well as pathological conditions. Both basic research and clinical medicine need clearly described and validated molecular markers of microglia phenotype, which are essential in diagnostics, treatment, and prevention of diseases engaging glia activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka M Jurga
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Martyna Paleczna
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Z Kuter
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
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17
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Vinci MC, Gambini E, Bassetti B, Genovese S, Pompilio G. When Good Guys Turn Bad: Bone Marrow's and Hematopoietic Stem Cells' Role in the Pathobiology of Diabetic Complications. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113864. [PMID: 32485847 PMCID: PMC7312629 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes strongly contributes to the development of cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in these patients. It is widely accepted that hyperglycemia impairs hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HSPC) mobilization from the bone marrow (BM) by inducing stem cell niche dysfunction. Moreover, a recent study demonstrated that type 2 diabetic patients are characterized by significant depletion of circulating provascular progenitor cells and increased frequency of inflammatory cells. This unbalance, potentially responsible for the reduction of intrinsic vascular homeostatic capacity and for the establishment of a low-grade inflammatory status, suggests that bone BM-derived HSPCs are not only victims but also active perpetrators in diabetic complications. In this review, we will discuss the most recent literature on the molecular mechanisms underpinning hyperglycemia-mediated BM dysfunction and differentiation abnormality of HSPCs. Moreover, a section will be dedicated to the new glucose-lowering therapies that by specifically targeting the culprits may prevent or treat diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Vinci
- Unit of Vascular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, IRCCS Centro Cardiologico Monzino, I-20138- Milan, Italy; (E.G.); (B.B.); (G.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-5800-2028
| | - Elisa Gambini
- Unit of Vascular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, IRCCS Centro Cardiologico Monzino, I-20138- Milan, Italy; (E.G.); (B.B.); (G.P.)
| | - Beatrice Bassetti
- Unit of Vascular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, IRCCS Centro Cardiologico Monzino, I-20138- Milan, Italy; (E.G.); (B.B.); (G.P.)
| | - Stefano Genovese
- Unit of Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Centro Cardiologico Monzino, I-20138- Milan, Italy;
| | - Giulio Pompilio
- Unit of Vascular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, IRCCS Centro Cardiologico Monzino, I-20138- Milan, Italy; (E.G.); (B.B.); (G.P.)
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18
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Ueland T, Roland MCP, Michelsen AE, Godang K, Aukrust P, Henriksen T, Bollerslev J, Lekva T. Elevated Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Activity Early in Pregnancy Predicts Prediabetes 5 Years Later. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5608982. [PMID: 31665383 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) regulates high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels and interaction between glucose, and HDL metabolism is central in the development of diabetes. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that CETP levels would be regulated in diabetic pregnancies. We tested the hypothesis by evaluating CETP activity measured multiple times during pregnancy and at 5 years' follow-up in a prospective cohort (STORK) and investigated its association with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) during pregnancy or development of prediabetes 5 years after pregnancy. We also evaluated the strongest correlation of CETP activity among measures of adipocity and glucose metabolism, lipoproteins, adipokines, and monocyte/macrophage activation markers. DESIGN A population-based longitudinal cohort study was conducted from 2001 to 2013. SETTING The study setting was Oslo University Hospital. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS A total of 300 women during pregnancy and at 5 years postpartum participated in this study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES CETP activity was measured at 14 to 16, 22 to 24, 30 to 32, and 36 to 38 weeks' gestation, and at 5 years' follow-up. RESULTS We found higher CETP activity in pregnancy in women developing prediabetes but no association with GDM. CETP activity decreased throughout pregnancy and remained low at follow-up. High CETP activity was associated with sCD14 levels, in particular in women who developed prediabetes. These data show that enhanced CETP activity during pregnancy is associated with systemic indices of monocyte/macrophage activation, in particular in women who develop prediabetes later in life. CONCLUSIONS CETP activity during pregnancy identifies women at risk for later diabetes development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thor Ueland
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine; University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Marie Cecilie Paasche Roland
- National Advisory Unit for Women's Health; Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Obstetrics, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Annika E Michelsen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine; University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristin Godang
- Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine; University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
- Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Inflammatory Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tore Henriksen
- Faculty of Medicine; University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Obstetrics, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jens Bollerslev
- Faculty of Medicine; University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tove Lekva
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
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19
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Jarajapu YP. Diabetic pre-programming of myelopoiesis impairs tissue repair. J Pathol 2020; 250:245-247. [PMID: 31802500 DOI: 10.1002/path.5370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived monocyte-macrophages promote healing of injured tissue cooperatively with vasculogenic hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. However, diabetes dysregulates hematopoiesis and attenuates bone marrow-derived tissue-reparative responses. In a recent issue of The Journal of Pathology, Barman et al extensively characterized myelopoietic responses in bone marrow following skin wounding in a type 2 model of diabetes. The study demonstrated that accumulation of monocyte-macrophages in the peripheral tissues is increased due to diabetic myelopoiesis that would oppose the reparative process following tissue injury. Interestingly, in this model, pathological myelopoiesis is independent of IL-1β. The potential prophylactic and therapeutic implications of these data are discussed in terms of paracrine signaling, macrophage polarization, and hematopoietic stem cell mobilization/retention. © 2019 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yagna Pr Jarajapu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
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20
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Ayala TS, Tessaro FHG, Jannuzzi GP, Bella LM, Ferreira KS, Martins JO. High Glucose Environments Interfere with Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophage Inflammatory Mediator Release, the TLR4 Pathway and Glucose Metabolism. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11447. [PMID: 31391499 PMCID: PMC6686006 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47836-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages may be a crucial aspect of diabetic complications associated with the inflammatory response. In this study, we examined how hyperglycaemia, a common aspect of diabetes, modulates bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) under an inflammatory stimulus. To perform this study, BMDMs from non-diabetic and diabetic (60 mg/kg alloxan, i.v.) male C57BL/6 mice (CEUA/FCF/USP-488) were cultured under normal (5.5 mM) and high glucose (HG, 25 or 40 mM) conditions and stimulated or not stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 100 ng/mL). Compared to the BMDMs from the normoglycaemic mice, the LPS-stimulated BMDMs from the diabetic mice presented reduced TLR4 expression on the cell surface, lower phagocytic capacity, and reduced secretion of NO and lactate but greater oxygen consumption and greater phosphorylation of p46 SAPK/JNK, p42 ERK MAPK, pAKT and pPKC-δ. When the BMDMs from the non-diabetic mice were cultured under high-glucose conditions and stimulated with LPS, TLR4 expression was reduced on the cell surface and NO and H2O2 levels were reduced. In contrast, the diabetic BMDMs cultured under high glucose conditions presented increased levels of lactate and reduced phosphorylation of AKT, PKC-δ and p46 SAPK/JNK but enhanced phosphorylation of the p46 subunit of SAPK/JNK after LPS stimulation. High glucose levels appear to modify macrophage behaviour, affecting different aspects of diabetic and healthy BMDMs under the same LPS stimulus. Thus, hyperglycaemia leaves a glucose legacy, altering the basal steady state of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Soprani Ayala
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of University Sao Paulo (FCF/USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Henrique Galvão Tessaro
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of University Sao Paulo (FCF/USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Grasielle Pereira Jannuzzi
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology and Biochemistry of Fungus and Protozoa, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Analysis, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Mendes Bella
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of University Sao Paulo (FCF/USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karen Spadari Ferreira
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology and Biochemistry of Fungus and Protozoa, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Analysis, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joilson O Martins
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of University Sao Paulo (FCF/USP), São Paulo, Brazil.
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21
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Monocyte Subsets, Stanford-A Acute Aortic Dissection, and Carotid Artery Stenosis: New Evidences. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:9782594. [PMID: 31467936 PMCID: PMC6701364 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9782594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes are a heterogeneous cell population distinguished into three subsets with distinctive phenotypic and functional properties: “classical” (CD14++CD16-), “intermediate” (CD14++CD16+), and “nonclassical” (CD14+CD16++). Monocyte subsets play a pivotal role in many inflammatory systemic diseases including atherosclerosis (ATS). Only a low number of studies evaluated monocyte behavior in patients affected by cardiovascular diseases, and data about their role in acute aortic dissection (AAD) are lacking. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate CD14++CD16-, CD14++CD16+, and CD14+CD16++ cells in patients with Stanford-A AAD and in patients with carotid artery stenosis (CAS). Methods. 20 patients with carotid artery stenosis (CAS group), 17 patients with Stanford-A AAD (AAD group), and 17 subjects with traditional cardiovascular risk factors (RF group) were enrolled. Monocyte subset frequency was determined by flow cytometry. Results. Classical monocytes were significantly increased in the AAD group versus CAS and RF groups, whereas intermediate monocytes were significantly decreased in the AAD group versus CAS and RF groups. Conclusions. Results of this study identify in AAD patients a peculiar monocyte array that can partly explain depletion of T CD4+ lymphocyte subpopulations observed in patients affected by AAD.
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22
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Leitão L, Alves CJ, Sousa DM, Neto E, Conceição F, Lamghari M. The alliance between nerve fibers and stem cell populations in bone marrow: life partners in sickness and health. FASEB J 2019; 33:8697-8710. [PMID: 31017803 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900454r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The bone marrow (BM) is the central hematopoietic organ in adult mammals, with great potential to be used as a tool to improve the efficacy of the body's response to a number of malignancies and stressful conditions. The nervous system emerges as a critical regulatory player of the BM both under homeostatic and pathologic settings, with essential roles in cellular anchorage and egress, stem cell differentiation, and endothelial cell permeability. This review collects the current knowledge on the interplay between the nervous system and the BM cell populations, with a focus on how the nervous system modulates hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell, mesenchymal stromal cell, and endothelial progenitor cell activity in BM. We have also highlighted the pathologies that have been associated with disturbances in the neuronal signaling in BM and discussed if targeting the nervous system, either by modulating the activity of specific neuronal circuits or by pharmacologically leveling the activity of sympathetic and sensorial signaling-responsive cells in BM, is a promising therapeutic approach to tackling pathologies from BM origin.-Leitão, L., Alves, C. J., Sousa, D. M., Neto, E., Conceição, F., Lamghari, M. The alliance between nerve fibers and stem cell populations in bone marrow: life partners in sickness and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Leitão
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cecília J Alves
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniela M Sousa
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Estrela Neto
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Francisco Conceição
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Meriem Lamghari
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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G-CSF-induced macrophage polarization and mobilization may prevent acute graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2019; 54:1419-1433. [PMID: 30683906 DOI: 10.1038/s41409-019-0449-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages (MΦs) are an important immune cell population that are essential for tissue homeostasis and disease pathogenesis. MΦs are now classified as either M1, which produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, or M2, which produce antiinflammatory cytokines. The impact of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) on MΦs in humans is unclear. Moreover, little is known about the association between MΦ subsets in allografts and the occurrence of acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) in patients who undergo allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). In the current study, we found that the M1/M2 ratio was markedly decreased in both G-CSF-treated bone marrow (post-BM) and G-CSF-treated peripheral blood from healthy donors. Post-BM MΦs exhibited reduced migration and increased phagocytosis. Moreover, post-BM MΦs reduced the percentage of Th1 and Tc1 lineages and increased the percentage of Th2, Tc2, and Treg lineages. Patients who received BM grafts with a higher M1/M2 ratio exhibited a higher incidence of grade 2-4 aGVHD. In summary, our data indicate that G-CSF decreases the M1/M2 ratio in BM grafts from healthy donors, which may contribute to preventing the occurrence of grade 2-4 aGVHD in patients after allo-HSCT.
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24
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Alahakoon TI, Medbury H, Williams H, Fewings N, Wang XM, Lee VW. Distribution of monocyte subsets and polarization in preeclampsia and intrauterine fetal growth restriction. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2018; 44:2135-2148. [PMID: 30058176 DOI: 10.1111/jog.13770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM Monocytes are likely to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia (PE) and intrauterine fetal growth restriction (IUGR), given their role in homeostasis and tissue repair. Our aim was to study the gestational changes in monocytes in normal pregnancy and to determine whether monocyte subsets and phenotype are altered in pregnancy complications, such as PE and IUGR. METHODS A prospective cross-sectional case-control study was conducted. Pregnant women between 24 and 40 weeks of gestation (n = 54) were recruited and classified into four clinical groups of normal pregnancy, PE, IUGR and PE + IUGR. The maternal monocyte subsets classical, intermediate and nonclassical were compared for each clinical group. Monocyte polarization towards M1 (inflammatory) and M2 (repair) phenotypes was assessed by surface expression of CD86 and CD163 ratio, using flow cytometry. RESULTS The classical monocytes were reduced and intermediate monocyte elevated compared to normal pregnancy in PE, IUGR and PE + IUGR in gestations <37 weeks and IUGR in 26-40 weeks. CD163 expression was increased and CD86/CD163 ratio decreased in IUGR compared to normal pregnancy for all subsets. Nonclassical monocyte counts and CD163 expression increased with advancing gestation in normal pregnancy. CONCLUSION These results show for the first time, a shift towards increased intermediate maternal monocyte subtype in IUGR and in preterm PE as well as skewing of maternal peripheral monocytes (all subsets) towards M2 phenotype in pregnancies complicated by IUGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thushari I Alahakoon
- Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Westmead Institute for Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Heather Medbury
- Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Helen Williams
- Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicole Fewings
- Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Xin M Wang
- Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Westmead Research Hub, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vincent W Lee
- Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Renal Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
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25
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Cignarella A, Tedesco S, Cappellari R, Fadini GP. The continuum of monocyte phenotypes: Experimental evidence and prognostic utility in assessing cardiovascular risk. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 103:1021-1028. [PMID: 29603382 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5ru1217-477rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The monocyte-macrophage cell lineage represents a major player in innate immunity, and is involved in many physiologic and pathologic conditions. Particularly, monocyte-macrophages play a very important role in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Monocyte heterogeneity is well recognized but the biologic and clinical meaning of the various monocyte subtypes is not entirely understood. Traditionally, monocytes can be divided in classical, intermediate, and nonclassical based on expression of the surface antigens CD14 and CD16. While macrophage diversity is now well recognized to organize as a continuum, monocyte subsets have long been considered as separated entities. However, mounting evidence obtained by tracking the ontology of human monocytes help clarifying that monocytes mature from classical to nonclassical ones, through an intermediate phenotype. This concept is therefore best depicted as a continuum, whereas the subdivision into discrete CD14/CD16 subsets appears an oversimplification. In this review, we discuss the evidence supporting the existence of a monocyte continuum along with the technical challenges of monocyte characterization. In particular, we describe the advantage of considering monocytes along a continuous distribution for the evaluation of cardiovascular risk. We make the point that small transition along the monocyte continuum better reflects cardiovascular risk than a simplified analysis of discrete monocyte subsets. Recognizing the monocyte continuum can be helpful to model other pathophysiologic conditions where these cells are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gian Paolo Fadini
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
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26
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Zhang B, Qi X, Zhao Y, Li R, Zhang C, Chang HM, Pang Y, Qiao J. Elevated CD14++CD16+ Monocytes in Hyperhomocysteinemia-Associated Insulin Resistance in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Reprod Sci 2018; 25:1629-1636. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719118756772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bochun Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyu Qi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Chunmei Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Hsun-Ming Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yanli Pang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Qiao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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27
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Liberale L, Dallegri F, Carbone F, Montecucco F. Pathophysiological relevance of macrophage subsets in atherogenesis. Thromb Haemost 2017; 117:7-18. [PMID: 27683760 DOI: 10.1160/th16-08-0593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SummaryMacrophages are highly heterogeneous and plastic cells. They were shown to play a critical role in all stages of atherogenesis, from the initiation to the necrotic core formation and plaque rupture. Lesional macrophages primarily derive from blood monocyte, but local macrophage proliferation as well as differentiation from smooth muscle cells have also been described. Within atherosclerotic plaques, macrophages rapidly respond to changes in the microenvironment, shifting between pro- (M1) or anti-inflammatory (M2) functional phenotypes. Furthermore, different stimuli have been associated with differentiation of newly discovered M2 subtypes: IL-4/IL-13 (M2a), immunecomplex (M2b), IL-10/glucocorticoids (M2c), and adenosine receptor agonist (M2d). More recently, additional intraplaque macrophage phenotypes were also recognized in response to CXCL4 (M4), oxidized phospholipids (Mox), haemoglobin/haptoglobin complexes (HAmac/M(Hb)), and heme (Mhem). Such macrophage polarization was described as a progression among multiple phenotypes, which reflect the activity of different transcriptional factors and the cross-talk between intracellular signalling. Finally, the distribution of macrophage subsets within different plaque areas was markedly associated with cardiovascular (CV) vulnerability. The aim of this review is to update the current knowledge on the role of macrophage subsets in atherogenesis. In addition, the molecular mechanisms underlying macrophage phenotypic shift will be summarised and discussed. Finally, the role of intraplaque macrophages as predictors of CV events and the therapeutic potential of these cells will be discussed.
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28
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Cappellari R, D'Anna M, Bonora BM, Rigato M, Cignarella A, Avogaro A, Fadini GP. Shift of monocyte subsets along their continuum predicts cardiovascular outcomes. Atherosclerosis 2017; 266:95-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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Jin X, Liu L, Zhou Z, Ge J, Yao T, Shen C. Pioglitazone alleviates inflammation in diabetic mice fed a high-fat diet via inhibiting advanced glycation end-product-induced classical macrophage activation. FEBS J 2016; 283:2295-308. [PMID: 27062545 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Classically activated macrophages (M1) are associated with inflammation in diabetic patients. Inflammation is a known risk factor in diabetes. The present study tested the hypothesis that pioglitazone (PIO) alleviates inflammation in diabetic mice fed a high-fat diet by inhibiting advanced glycation end-product (AGE)-induced classical macrophage activation. It was found that AGE treatment promoted the transcription of pro-inflammatory molecules and M1 surface markers, whereas PIO increased the expression of anti-inflammatory genes and decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, pretreatment with PIO abrogated the effects of AGE on pro-inflammatory markers and partly inhibited AGE-induced nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation. PIO treatment partly reduced the inflammatory phenotype in diabetic ApoE(-/-) mice, and significantly reduced NF-κB activation in plaques. Therefore, we conclude that PIO blocks classical activation of macrophages and attenuates inflammation in mouse models of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Jin
- Department of Cardiology, Central Hospital of Minhang District, Shanghai, China.,Department of Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Zhong'e Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Central Hospital of Minhang District, Shanghai, China.,Department of Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Junhua Ge
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, China
| | - Tongqing Yao
- Department of Cardiology, Tongling People's Hospital, China
| | - Chengxing Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
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30
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Pararasa C, Ikwuobe J, Shigdar S, Boukouvalas A, Nabney IT, Brown JE, Devitt A, Bailey CJ, Bennett SJ, Griffiths HR. Age-associated changes in long-chain fatty acid profile during healthy aging promote pro-inflammatory monocyte polarization via PPARγ. Aging Cell 2016; 15:128-39. [PMID: 26522807 PMCID: PMC4717269 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Differences in lipid metabolism associate with age‐related disease development and lifespan. Inflammation is a common link between metabolic dysregulation and aging. Saturated fatty acids (FAs) initiate pro‐inflammatory signalling from many cells including monocytes; however, no existing studies have quantified age‐associated changes in individual FAs in relation to inflammatory phenotype. Therefore, we have determined the plasma concentrations of distinct FAs by gas chromatography in 26 healthy younger individuals (age < 30 years) and 21 healthy FA individuals (age > 50 years). Linear mixed models were used to explore the association between circulating FAs, age and cytokines. We showed that plasma saturated, poly‐ and mono‐unsaturated FAs increase with age. Circulating TNF‐α and IL‐6 concentrations increased with age, whereas IL‐10 and TGF‐β1 concentrations decreased. Oxidation of MitoSOX Red was higher in leucocytes from FA adults, and plasma oxidized glutathione concentrations were higher. There was significant colinearity between plasma saturated FAs, indicative of their metabolic relationships. Higher levels of the saturated FAs C18:0 and C24:0 were associated with lower TGF‐β1 concentrations, and higher C16:0 were associated with higher TNF‐α concentrations. We further examined effects of the aging FA profile on monocyte polarization and metabolism in THP1 monocytes. Monocytes preincubated with C16:0 increased secretion of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in response to phorbol myristate acetate‐induced differentiation through ceramide‐dependent inhibition of PPARγ activity. Conversely, C18:1 primed a pro‐resolving macrophage which was PPARγ dependent and ceramide dependent and which required oxidative phosphorylation. These data suggest that a midlife adult FA profile impairs the switch from proinflammatory to lower energy, requiring anti‐inflammatory macrophages through metabolic reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chathyan Pararasa
- Life & Health Sciences Aston University Birmingham B4 7ET UK
- Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing Aston University Birmingham B4 7ET UK
| | - John Ikwuobe
- Life & Health Sciences Aston University Birmingham B4 7ET UK
| | | | | | - Ian T. Nabney
- Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing Aston University Birmingham B4 7ET UK
| | - James E. Brown
- Life & Health Sciences Aston University Birmingham B4 7ET UK
| | - Andrew Devitt
- Life & Health Sciences Aston University Birmingham B4 7ET UK
- Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing Aston University Birmingham B4 7ET UK
| | - Clifford J. Bailey
- Life & Health Sciences Aston University Birmingham B4 7ET UK
- Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing Aston University Birmingham B4 7ET UK
| | | | - Helen R. Griffiths
- Life & Health Sciences Aston University Birmingham B4 7ET UK
- Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing Aston University Birmingham B4 7ET UK
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31
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Singla DK, Singla R, Wang J. BMP-7 Treatment Increases M2 Macrophage Differentiation and Reduces Inflammation and Plaque Formation in Apo E-/- Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147897. [PMID: 26824441 PMCID: PMC4732822 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays a fundamental role in the inception and development of atherosclerosis (ATH). Mechanisms of inflammation include the infiltration of monocytes into the injured area and subsequent differentiation into either pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages or anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages. We have previously published data suggesting bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7) enhances M2 macrophage differentiation and anti-inflammatory cytokine secretion in vitro. In this regard, we hypothesized BMP-7 would inhibit plaque formation in an animal model of ATH through monocytic plasticity mediation. ATH was generated in male and female Apo E(-/-) mice via partial left carotid artery (PLCA) ligation and mice were divided into 3 groups: Sham, PLCA, and PLCA+BMP-7 (200 ug/kg; i.v.). Our data suggest that BMP-7 inhibits plaque formation and increases arterial systolic velocity. Furthermore, we report inhibition of monocyte infiltration and a decrease in associated pro-inflammatory cytokines (MCP-1, TNF-α, and IL-6) in the PLCA+BMP-7 mice. In contrast, our data suggest a significant (p<0.05) increase in M2 macrophage populations with consequential enhanced anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1RA, IL-10, and Arginase 1) expression following BMP-7 treatment. We have also observed that mechanisms promoting monocyte into M2 macrophage differentiation by BMP-7 involve the upregulation and activation of the BMP-7 receptor (BMP-7RII). In conclusion, we report that BMP-7 has the potential to mediate cellular plasticity and mitigate the inflammatory immune response, which results in decreased plaque formation and improved blood velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinender K. Singla
- Division of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Biomolecular Science Center, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Reetu Singla
- Division of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Biomolecular Science Center, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States of America
| | - Jing Wang
- Division of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Biomolecular Science Center, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States of America
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32
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33
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Zhou Z, Tang Y, Jin X, Chen C, Lu Y, Liu L, Shen C. Metformin Inhibits Advanced Glycation End Products-Induced Inflammatory Response in Murine Macrophages Partly through AMPK Activation and RAGE/NF κB Pathway Suppression. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:4847812. [PMID: 27761470 PMCID: PMC5059570 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4847812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are major inflammatory mediators in diabetes, affecting atherosclerosis progression via macrophages. Metformin slows diabetic atherosclerosis progression through mechanisms that remain to be fully elucidated. The present study of murine bone marrow derived macrophages showed that (1) AGEs enhanced proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)) mRNA expression, RAGE expression, and NFκB activation; (2) metformin pretreatment inhibited AGEs effects and AGEs-induced cluster designation 86 (CD86) (M1 marker) expression, while promoting CD206 (M2 marker) surface expression and anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) mRNA expression; and (3) the AMPK inhibitor, Compound C, attenuated metformin effects. In conclusion, metformin inhibits AGEs-induced inflammatory response in murine macrophages partly through AMPK activation and RAGE/NFκB pathway suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong'e Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
- Department of Cardiology, Central Hospital of Minhang District, 170 Xinsong Road, Shanghai 201199, China
| | - Yong Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xian Jin
- Department of Cardiology, Central Hospital of Minhang District, 170 Xinsong Road, Shanghai 201199, China
- *Xian Jin: and
| | - Chengjun Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Central Hospital of Minhang District, 170 Xinsong Road, Shanghai 201199, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Central Hospital of Minhang District, 170 Xinsong Road, Shanghai 201199, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Chengxing Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
- *Chengxing Shen:
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34
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Albiero M, Poncina N, Ciciliot S, Cappellari R, Menegazzo L, Ferraro F, Bolego C, Cignarella A, Avogaro A, Fadini GP. Bone Marrow Macrophages Contribute to Diabetic Stem Cell Mobilopathy by Producing Oncostatin M. Diabetes 2015; 64:2957-68. [PMID: 25804939 DOI: 10.2337/db14-1473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes affects bone marrow (BM) structure and impairs mobilization of stem cells (SCs) into peripheral blood (PB). This amplifies multiorgan complications because BMSCs promote vascular repair. Because diabetes skews macrophage phenotypes and BM macrophages (BMMΦ) prevent SC mobilization, we hypothesized that excess BMMΦ contribute to diabetic SC mobilopathy. We show that patients with diabetes have increased M1 macrophages, whereas diabetic mice have increased CD169(+) BMMΦ with SC-retaining activity. Depletion of BMMΦ restored SC mobilization in diabetic mice. We found that CD169 labels M1 macrophages and that conditioned medium (CM) from M1 macrophages, but not from M0 and M2 macrophages, induced chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 (CXCL12) expression by mesenchymal stem/stromal cells. In silico data mining and in vitro validation identified oncostatin M (OSM) as the soluble mediator contained in M1 CM that induces CXCL12 expression via a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-p38-signal transducer and activator of a transcription 3-dependent pathway. In diabetic mice, OSM neutralization prevented CXCL12 induction and improved granulocyte-colony stimulating factor and ischemia-induced mobilization, SC homing to ischemic muscles, and vascular recovery. In patients with diabetes, BM plasma OSM levels were higher and correlated with the BM-to-PB SC ratio. In conclusion, BMMΦ prevent SC mobilization by OSM secretion, and OSM antagonism is a strategy to restore BM function in diabetes, which can translate into protection mediated by BMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Albiero
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Nicol Poncina
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Ciciliot
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Lisa Menegazzo
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Francesca Ferraro
- Pennsylvania Hospital, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Chiara Bolego
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
| | | | - Angelo Avogaro
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Gian Paolo Fadini
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
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35
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Reiten MR, Bakkebø MK, Brun-Hansen H, Lewandowska-Sabat AM, Olsaker I, Tranulis MA, Espenes A, Boysen P. Hematological shift in goat kids naturally devoid of prion protein. Front Cell Dev Biol 2015. [PMID: 26217662 PMCID: PMC4495340 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2015.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiological role of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) is incompletely understood. The expression of PrPC in hematopoietic stem cells and immune cells suggests a role in the development of these cells, and in PrPC knockout animals altered immune cell proliferation and phagocytic function have been observed. Recently, a spontaneous nonsense mutation at codon 32 in the PRNP gene in goats of the Norwegian Dairy breed was discovered, rendering homozygous animals devoid of PrPC. Here we report hematological and immunological analyses of homozygous goat kids lacking PrPC (PRNPTer/Ter) compared to heterozygous (PRNP+/Ter) and normal (PRNP+/+) kids. Levels of cell surface PrPC and PRNP mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) correlated well and were very low in PRNPTer/Ter, intermediate in PRNP+/Ter and high in PRNP+/+ kids. The PRNPTer/Ter animals had a shift in blood cell composition with an elevated number of red blood cells (RBCs) and a tendency toward a smaller mean RBC volume (P = 0.08) and an increased number of neutrophils (P = 0.068), all values within the reference ranges. Morphological investigations of blood smears and bone marrow imprints did not reveal irregularities. Studies of relative composition of PBMCs, phagocytic ability of monocytes and T-cell proliferation revealed no significant differences between the genotypes. Our data suggest that PrPC has a role in bone marrow physiology and warrant further studies of PrPC in erythroid and immune cell progenitors as well as differentiated effector cells also under stressful conditions. Altogether, this genetically unmanipulated PrPC-free animal model represents a unique opportunity to unveil the enigmatic physiology and function of PrPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin R Reiten
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences Oslo, Norway
| | - Maren K Bakkebø
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences Oslo, Norway
| | - Hege Brun-Hansen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences Oslo, Norway
| | - Anna M Lewandowska-Sabat
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Olsaker
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael A Tranulis
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences Oslo, Norway
| | - Arild Espenes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences Oslo, Norway
| | - Preben Boysen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences Oslo, Norway
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Roma-Lavisse C, Tagzirt M, Zawadzki C, Lorenzi R, Vincentelli A, Haulon S, Juthier F, Rauch A, Corseaux D, Staels B, Jude B, Van Belle E, Susen S, Chinetti-Gbaguidi G, Dupont A. M1 and M2 macrophage proteolytic and angiogenic profile analysis in atherosclerotic patients reveals a distinctive profile in type 2 diabetes. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2015; 12:279-89. [PMID: 25966737 DOI: 10.1177/1479164115582351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate atherosclerotic mediators' expression levels in M1 and M2 macrophages and to focus on the influence of diabetes on M1/M2 profiles. Macrophages from 36 atherosclerotic patients (19 diabetics and 17 non-diabetics) were cultured with interleukin-1β (IL-1β) or IL-4 to induce M1 or M2 phenotype, respectively. The atherosclerotic mediators' expression was evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The results showed that M1 and M2 macrophages differentially expressed mediators involved in proteolysis and angiogenesis processes. The proteolytic balance (matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9)/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), MMP-9/plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and MMP-9/tissue factor pathway inhibitor-2 (TFPI-2) ratios) was higher in M1 versus M2, whereas M2 macrophages presented higher angiogenesis properties (increased vascular endothelial growth factor/TFPI-2 and tissue factor/TFPI-2 ratios). Moreover, M1 macrophages from diabetics displayed more important proangiogenic and proteolytic activities than non-diabetics. This study reveals that M1 and M2 macrophages could differentially modulate major atherosclerosis-related pathological processes. Moreover, M1 macrophages from diabetics display a deleterious phenotype that could explain the higher plaque vulnerability observed in these subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Roma-Lavisse
- INSERM U1011, Laboratoire de Recherche J&K, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Faculté de Médecine - Pôle recherche, University of Lille Nord de France, EGID, Lille, France
| | - Madjid Tagzirt
- INSERM U1011, Laboratoire de Recherche J&K, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Faculté de Médecine - Pôle recherche, University of Lille Nord de France, EGID, Lille, France
| | - Christophe Zawadzki
- INSERM U1011, Laboratoire de Recherche J&K, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Faculté de Médecine - Pôle recherche, University of Lille Nord de France, EGID, Lille, France Cardiovascular and Pulmonary and Haematology Departments, University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Rodrigo Lorenzi
- INSERM U1011, Laboratoire de Recherche J&K, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Faculté de Médecine - Pôle recherche, University of Lille Nord de France, EGID, Lille, France
| | - André Vincentelli
- INSERM U1011, Laboratoire de Recherche J&K, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Faculté de Médecine - Pôle recherche, University of Lille Nord de France, EGID, Lille, France Cardiovascular and Pulmonary and Haematology Departments, University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Stephan Haulon
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary and Haematology Departments, University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Francis Juthier
- INSERM U1011, Laboratoire de Recherche J&K, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Faculté de Médecine - Pôle recherche, University of Lille Nord de France, EGID, Lille, France Cardiovascular and Pulmonary and Haematology Departments, University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Antoine Rauch
- INSERM U1011, Laboratoire de Recherche J&K, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Faculté de Médecine - Pôle recherche, University of Lille Nord de France, EGID, Lille, France Cardiovascular and Pulmonary and Haematology Departments, University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Delphine Corseaux
- INSERM U1011, Laboratoire de Recherche J&K, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Faculté de Médecine - Pôle recherche, University of Lille Nord de France, EGID, Lille, France
| | - Bart Staels
- INSERM U1011, Laboratoire de Recherche J&K, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Faculté de Médecine - Pôle recherche, University of Lille Nord de France, EGID, Lille, France
| | - Brigitte Jude
- INSERM U1011, Laboratoire de Recherche J&K, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Faculté de Médecine - Pôle recherche, University of Lille Nord de France, EGID, Lille, France Cardiovascular and Pulmonary and Haematology Departments, University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Eric Van Belle
- INSERM U1011, Laboratoire de Recherche J&K, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Faculté de Médecine - Pôle recherche, University of Lille Nord de France, EGID, Lille, France Cardiovascular and Pulmonary and Haematology Departments, University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Sophie Susen
- INSERM U1011, Laboratoire de Recherche J&K, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Faculté de Médecine - Pôle recherche, University of Lille Nord de France, EGID, Lille, France Cardiovascular and Pulmonary and Haematology Departments, University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Giulia Chinetti-Gbaguidi
- INSERM U1011, Laboratoire de Recherche J&K, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Faculté de Médecine - Pôle recherche, University of Lille Nord de France, EGID, Lille, France
| | - Annabelle Dupont
- INSERM U1011, Laboratoire de Recherche J&K, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Faculté de Médecine - Pôle recherche, University of Lille Nord de France, EGID, Lille, France Cardiovascular and Pulmonary and Haematology Departments, University Hospital, Lille, France
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Menegazzo L, Ciciliot S, Poncina N, Mazzucato M, Persano M, Bonora B, Albiero M, Vigili de Kreutzenberg S, Avogaro A, Fadini GP. NETosis is induced by high glucose and associated with type 2 diabetes. Acta Diabetol 2015; 52:497-503. [PMID: 25387570 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-014-0676-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The role of neutrophils in diabetes and its complications is unclear. Upon challenge with microbes and inflammatory triggers, neutrophils release enzymes and nuclear material, forming neutrophils extracellular traps (NETs) and thereby dying by NETosis. We herein tested NET formation and NETosis products in high glucose and in the setting of type 2 diabetes (T2D). METHODS NETosis was assessed in vitro in cells exposed to 0, 5, 25 mM glucose and 25 mM mannitol, DMSO and PMA using immunofluorescence staining for elastase, DNA and chromatin. Single-cell morphometric analysis was used to detect enter of elastase in the nucleus and extrusion of nuclear material. Release of NETs was quantified by staining with Hoechst 33342. In 38 T2D and 38 age- and sex-matched non-diabetic individuals, we determined plasma elastase, mono- and oligonucleosomes and double-strand (ds) DNA, as circulating NETosis products. RESULTS NETosis was accurately reproduced in vitro: high (25 mM) glucose increased NETosis rate and release of NETs compared with 5 mM glucose and 25 mM mannitol. T2D patients showed increased plasma elastase, mono- and oligonucleosomes and dsDNA compared with non-diabetic control individuals. A positive correlation was found between HbA1c and mono- and oligonucleosomes, whereas dsDNA was correlated with the presence of nephropathy and cardiovascular disease. Serum IL-6 concentrations were higher in T2D compared with CTRL and correlated with serum dsDNA levels. CONCLUSIONS High glucose and hyperglycemia increase release of NETs and circulating markers of NETosis, respectively. This finding provides a link among neutrophils, inflammation and tissue damage in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Menegazzo
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padua, Italy
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38
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Advanced Glycation End Products Enhance Macrophages Polarization into M1 Phenotype through Activating RAGE/NF-κB Pathway. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:732450. [PMID: 26114112 PMCID: PMC4465680 DOI: 10.1155/2015/732450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic lesions are accelerated in patients with diabetes. M1 (classically activated in contrast to M2 alternatively activated) macrophages play key roles in the progression of atherosclerosis. Since advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are major pathogenic factors and active inflammation inducers in diabetes mellitus, this study assessed the effects of AGEs on macrophage polarization. The present study showed that AGEs significantly promoted macrophages to express IL-6 and TNF-α. M1 macrophage markers such as iNOS and surface markers including CD11c and CD86 were significantly upregulated while M2 macrophage markers such as Arg1 and CD206 remained unchanged after AGEs stimulation. AGEs significantly increased RAGE expression in macrophages and activated NF-κB pathway, and the aforementioned effects were partly abolished by administration of anti-RAGE antibody or NF-κB inhibitor PDTC. In conclusion, our results suggest that AGEs enhance macrophage differentiation into proinflammatory M1 phenotype at least partly via RAGE/NF-κB pathway activation.
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39
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Rojas J, Salazar J, Martínez MS, Palmar J, Bautista J, Chávez-Castillo M, Gómez A, Bermúdez V. Macrophage Heterogeneity and Plasticity: Impact of Macrophage Biomarkers on Atherosclerosis. SCIENTIFICA 2015; 2015:851252. [PMID: 26491604 PMCID: PMC4600540 DOI: 10.1155/2015/851252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a global epidemic, currently representing the worldwide leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Atherosclerosis is the fundamental pathophysiologic component of CVD, where the immune system plays an essential role. Monocytes and macrophages are key mediators in this aspect: due to their heterogeneity and plasticity, these cells may act as either pro- or anti-inflammatory mediators. Indeed, monocytes may develop heterogeneous functional phenotypes depending on the predominating pro- or anti-inflammatory microenvironment within the lesion, resulting in classic, intermediate, and non-classic monocytes, each with strikingly differing features. Similarly, macrophages may also adopt heterogeneous profiles being mainly M1 and M2, the former showing a proinflammatory profile while the latter demonstrates anti-inflammatory traits; they are further subdivided in several subtypes with more specialized functions. Furthermore, macrophages may display plasticity by dynamically shifting between phenotypes in response to specific signals. Each of these distinct cell profiles is associated with diverse biomarkers which may be exploited for therapeutic intervention, including IL-10, IL-13, PPAR-γ, LXR, NLRP3 inflammasomes, and microRNAs. Direct modulation of the molecular pathways concerning these potential macrophage-related targets represents a promising field for new therapeutic alternatives in atherosclerosis and CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joselyn Rojas
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
- Endocrinology Department, Maracaibo University Hospital, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
- *Joselyn Rojas:
| | - Juan Salazar
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - María Sofía Martínez
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - Jim Palmar
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - Jordan Bautista
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - Mervin Chávez-Castillo
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - Alexis Gómez
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - Valmore Bermúdez
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
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40
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Fadini GP, Rigato M, Boscari F, Cappellari R, Menegazzo L, Pilutti C, Iori E, Marescotti M, Plebani M, Albiero M, Avogaro A. Short-term statin discontinuation increases endothelial progenitor cells without inflammatory rebound in type 2 diabetic patients. Vascul Pharmacol 2014; 67-69:21-9. [PMID: 25483979 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by impaired vascular regeneration owing to reduced endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). While statins are known to increase EPCs, the effects of statin withdrawal on EPCs are unknown. Herein, we evaluated the effects of statin discontinuation on EPCs, inflammation and in vivo angiogenesis. Thirty-four T2D patients were randomized to 5-day discontinuation or continuation of statin treatment. At baseline and at day 5, we determined lipid profile, EPC levels, monocyte-macrophage polarization, and concentrations of hsCRP, VEGF, SDF-1α, and G-CSF. Angiogenesis by human circulating cells was assessed in vivo. At day 5, patients who stopped statins showed raised total and LDL cholesterol and EPCs compared to baseline, while no changes were observed in patients who continued statins. No changes were observed in hsCRP, VEGF, SDF-1α, G-CSF, M1 and M2 macrophages and classical, intermediate and nonclassical monocytes in both groups. In vivo angiogenesis by circulating cells was increased in patients who stopped statin treatment. In vitro, cholesterol supplementation stimulated mobilizing signals in human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. In conclusion, a brief statin withdrawal increases circulating EPCs and functional proangiogenic cells in T2D. These findings identify statin-sensitive pathways as reverse target mechanisms to stimulate vascular repair in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Paolo Fadini
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Italy; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy.
| | - Mauro Rigato
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Italy
| | | | | | - Lisa Menegazzo
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Italy; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Angelo Avogaro
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Italy; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
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41
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Singla RD, Wang J, Singla DK. Regulation of Notch 1 signaling in THP-1 cells enhances M2 macrophage differentiation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 307:H1634-42. [PMID: 25260616 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00896.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage polarization is emerging as an important area of research for the development of novel therapeutics to treat inflammatory diseases. Within the current study, the role of Notch1R in macrophage differentiation was investigated as well as downstream effects in THP-1 monocytes cultured in "inflammation mimicry" media. Interference of Notch signaling was achieved using either the pharmaceutical inhibitor DAPT or Notch1R small interfering RNA (siRNA), and Notch1R expression, macrophage phenotypes, and anti- and proinflammatory cytokine expression were evaluated. Data presented show that Notch1R expression on M1 macrophages as well as M1 macrophage differentiation is significantly elevated during cellular stress (P < 0.05). However, under identical culture conditions, interference to Notch signaling via Notch1R inhibition mitigated these results as well as promoted M2 macrophage differentiation. Moreover, when subjected to cellular stress, macrophage secretion of proinflammatory cytokines was significantly heightened (P < 0.05). Importantly, Notch1R inhibition not only diminished proinflammatory cytokine secretion but also enhanced anti-inflammatory protein release (P < 0.05). Our data suggest that Notch1R plays a pivotal role in M1 macrophage differentiation and heightened inflammatory responses. Therefore, we conclude that inhibition of Notch1R and subsequent downstream signaling enhances monocyte to M2 polarized macrophage outcomes and promotes anti-inflammatory mediation during cellular stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reetu D Singla
- Biomolecular Science Center, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Jing Wang
- Biomolecular Science Center, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Dinender K Singla
- Biomolecular Science Center, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
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42
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Antonelli LRV, Leoratti FMS, Costa PAC, Rocha BC, Diniz SQ, Tada MS, Pereira DB, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Golenbock DT, Gonçalves R, Gazzinelli RT. The CD14+CD16+ inflammatory monocyte subset displays increased mitochondrial activity and effector function during acute Plasmodium vivax malaria. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004393. [PMID: 25233271 PMCID: PMC4169496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with Plasmodium vivax results in strong activation of monocytes, which are important components of both the systemic inflammatory response and parasite control. The overall goal of this study was to define the role of monocytes during P. vivax malaria. Here, we demonstrate that P. vivax-infected patients display significant increase in circulating monocytes, which were defined as CD14(+)CD16- (classical), CD14(+)CD16(+) (inflammatory), and CD14loCD16(+) (patrolling) cells. While the classical and inflammatory monocytes were found to be the primary source of pro-inflammatory cytokines, the CD16(+) cells, in particular the CD14(+)CD16(+) monocytes, expressed the highest levels of activation markers, which included chemokine receptors and adhesion molecules. Morphologically, CD14(+) were distinguished from CD14lo monocytes by displaying larger and more active mitochondria. CD14(+)CD16(+) monocytes were more efficient in phagocytizing P. vivax-infected reticulocytes, which induced them to produce high levels of intracellular TNF-α and reactive oxygen species. Importantly, antibodies specific for ICAM-1, PECAM-1 or LFA-1 efficiently blocked the phagocytosis of infected reticulocytes by monocytes. Hence, our results provide key information on the mechanism by which CD14(+)CD16(+) cells control parasite burden, supporting the hypothesis that they play a role in resistance to P. vivax infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lis R. V. Antonelli
- Laboratório de Immunopatologia, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Fabiana M. S. Leoratti
- Laboratório de Immunopatologia, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Pedro A. C. Costa
- Laboratório de Immunopatologia, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruno C. Rocha
- Laboratório de Immunopatologia, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Suelen Q. Diniz
- Laboratório de Immunopatologia, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mauro S. Tada
- Centro de Pesquisas em Medicina Tropical de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Dhelio B. Pereira
- Centro de Pesquisas em Medicina Tropical de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Andrea Teixeira-Carvalho
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Douglas T. Golenbock
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ricardo Gonçalves
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ricardo T. Gazzinelli
- Laboratório de Immunopatologia, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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43
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Chen X, Devaraj S. Monocytes from Metabolic Syndrome Subjects Exhibit a Proinflammatory M1 Phenotype. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2014; 12:362-6. [DOI: 10.1089/met.2014.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xinpu Chen
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Sridevi Devaraj
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
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44
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Macrophage plasticity in skeletal muscle repair. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:560629. [PMID: 24860823 PMCID: PMC4016840 DOI: 10.1155/2014/560629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are one of the first barriers of host defence against pathogens. Beyond their role in innate immunity, macrophages play increasingly defined roles in orchestrating the healing of various injured tissues. Perturbations of macrophage function and/or activation may result in impaired regeneration and fibrosis deposition as described in several chronic pathological diseases. Heterogeneity and plasticity have been demonstrated to be hallmarks of macrophages. In response to environmental cues they display a proinflammatory (M1) or an alternative anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotype. A lot of evidence demonstrated that after acute injury M1 macrophages infiltrate early to promote the clearance of necrotic debris, whereas M2 macrophages appear later to sustain tissue healing. Whether the sequential presence of two different macrophage populations results from a dynamic shift in macrophage polarization or from the recruitment of new circulating monocytes is a subject of ongoing debate. In this paper, we discuss the current available information about the role that different phenotypes of macrophages plays after injury and during the remodelling phase in different tissue types, with particular attention to the skeletal muscle.
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45
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Kojima H, Kim J, Chan L. Emerging roles of hematopoietic cells in the pathobiology of diabetic complications. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2014; 25:178-87. [PMID: 24507996 PMCID: PMC3975817 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic complications encompass macrovascular events, mainly the result of accelerated atherosclerosis, and microvascular events that strike the eye (retinopathy), kidney (nephropathy), and nervous system (neuropathy). The traditional view is that hyperglycemia-induced dysregulated biochemical pathways cause injury and death of cells intrinsic to the organs affected. There is emerging evidence that diabetes compromises the function of the bone marrow (BM), producing a stem cell niche-dependent defect in hematopoietic stem cell mobilization. Furthermore, dysfunctional BM-derived hematopoietic cells contribute to diabetic complications. Thus, BM cells are not only a victim but also an accomplice in diabetes and diabetic complications. Understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms may lead to the development of new therapies to prevent and/or treat diabetic complications by specifically targeting these perpetrators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideto Kojima
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular and Cellular Biology, and the Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Jongoh Kim
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular and Cellular Biology, and the Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Lawrence Chan
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular and Cellular Biology, and the Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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46
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Fadini GP. A reappraisal of the role of circulating (progenitor) cells in the pathobiology of diabetic complications. Diabetologia 2014; 57:4-15. [PMID: 24173366 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-3087-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, the development of diabetic complications has been attributed to the biochemical pathways driving hyperglycaemic cell damage, while reparatory mechanisms have been long overlooked. A more comprehensive view of the balance between damage and repair suggests that an impaired regenerative capacity of bone marrow (BM)-derived cells strongly contributes to defective re-endothelisation and neoangiogenesis in diabetes. Although recent technological advances have redefined the biology and function of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), interest in BM-derived vasculotropic cells in the setting of diabetes and its complications remains high. Several circulating cell types of haematopoietic and non-haematopoietic origin are affected by diabetes and are potentially involved in the pathobiology of chronic complications. In addition to classical EPCs, these include circulating (pro-)angiogenic cells, polarised monocytes/macrophages (M1 and M2), myeloid calcifying cells and smooth muscle progenitor cells, having disparate roles in vascular biology. In parallel with the study of elusive progenitor cell phenotypes, it has been recognised that diabetes induces a profound remodelling of the BM stem cell niche. The alteration of circulating (progenitor) cells in the BM is now believed to be the link among distant end-organ complications. The field is rapidly evolving and interest is shifting from specific cell populations to the complex network of interactions that orchestrate trafficking of circulating vasculotropic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Fadini
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Padova, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35100, Padova, Italy,
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