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Vogiatzoglou AV, Kontou PI, Bagos PG, Braliou GG. Genetic association of SLC6A3 (dopamine transporter) gene polymorphisms with personality disorders and substance abuse disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatr Genet 2024; 34:93-105. [PMID: 39258346 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0000000000000375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Personality disorders (PD) are characterized by socially dysfunctional behavioral patterns that affect patients and show higher incidence rates within families. Substance abuse disorders (SAD) are exemplified by extensive and prolonged use of substances, including alcohol, nicotine, or illegal drugs. Genetic predisposition for both PD and SAD has been reported to involve gene variants regulating dopaminergic pathways. Yet, discrepancy among reported results necessitates further elucidation of potential hereditary-related risk factors. Because both disorders impose a societal burden, knowledge on the impact of certain genetic backgrounds on these diseases could help develop evidence-based strategies for efficacious treatment approaches. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the present study a systematic review was performed, and the association between dopamine transporter gene polymorphism (SLC6A3), particularly rs28363170 entailing a 40-bp variable number tandem repeat, and PD as well as SAD was investigated recruiting meta-analysis approach. RESULTS Initial literature search for PD yielded 1577, from which nine fulfilled eligibility criteria to be used in a meta-analysis including 729 cases and 2113 controls. From the 934 studies retrieved for SAD, only 29 articles with 5221 cases and 4822 controls were used for meta-analysis. A statistically significant association was seen between rs28363170 (for the 9-repeat allele) and PD in European populations according to the co-dominant mode of inheritance. For SAD no statistically significant correlation under any mode of inheritance was observed. There was no indication of time-trend phenomena. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate the association of SLC6A3 gene polymorphism with PD, thus underling the need to understand neurobiological mechanisms inherent to the above disorders to guide treatment strategies under the perspective of personalized medicine.
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Custodio RJP, Hengstler JG, Cheong JH, Kim HJ, Wascher E, Getzmann S. Adult ADHD: it is old and new at the same time - what is it? Rev Neurosci 2024; 35:225-241. [PMID: 37813870 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2023-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Even though the number of studies aiming to improve comprehension of ADHD pathology has increased in recent years, there still is an urgent need for more effective studies, particularly in understanding adult ADHD, both at preclinical and clinical levels, due to the increasing evidence that adult ADHD is highly distinct and a different entity from childhood ADHD. This review paper outlines the symptoms, diagnostics, and neurobiological mechanisms of ADHD, with emphasis on how adult ADHD could be different from childhood-onset. Data show a difference in the environmental, genetic, epigenetic, and brain structural changes, when combined, could greatly impact the behavioral presentations and the severity of ADHD in adults. Furthermore, a crucial aspect in the quest to fully understand this disorder could be through longitudinal analysis. In this way, we will determine if and how the pathology and pharmacology of ADHD change with age. This goal could revolutionize our understanding of the disorder and address the weaknesses in the current clinical classification systems, improving the characterization and validity of ADHD diagnosis, specifically those in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raly James Perez Custodio
- Networking Group Aging, Department of Ergonomics, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, Dortmund 44139, Germany
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Systems Toxicology, Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, Dortmund 44139, Germany
| | - Jae Hoon Cheong
- Institute for New Drug Development, School of Pharmacy, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, South Korea
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarangro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01795, South Korea
| | - Edmund Wascher
- Experimental Ergonomics, Department of Ergonomics, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, Dortmund 44139, Germany
| | - Stephan Getzmann
- Networking Group Aging, Department of Ergonomics, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, Dortmund 44139, Germany
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Seymari A, Naseh A, Rezaei S, Salehi Z, Kousha M. The Relationship between Gene SLC6A3 Variable Number of Tandem Repeat (VNTR) and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2024; 19:99-106. [PMID: 38420272 PMCID: PMC10896761 DOI: 10.18502/ijps.v19i1.14345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Objective : This research investigates the alleles of Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (VNTR) intron 8 of the gene SLC6A3 with attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents. Method : The study's target population consisted of children and adolescents referred to the specialized clinic, as well as students attending school in Rasht city during 2021-2022. A sample of 95 children between the ages of 6 and 10 with ADHD was selected as the ADHD group, and 95 healthy children were selected as the control group using purposive sampling. The subjects completed the Child Symptom Inventory-4 (CSI-4) checklist after a clinical interview, and demographic information was collected. Genetic sampling was carried out through hair follicles. The sequence of interest was proliferated using the Polymerase Chain Reaction technique )PCR(; afterward, the samples were used for genotype identification on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Results: The chi-square test results indicated that the 5R / 5R genotype (P = 0.026, χ2 = 7.26) and the 5R allele (P = 0.002, χ2 = 9.35) had a higher frequency compared to the control group. Additionally, the odds ratio test indicated that, compared to other genotypes and alleles, the 5R / 5R genotype (OR = 2.75, 95% CI = 1.29-5.82, P = 0.01) and the 5R allele (OR = 2.02, 95% CI = 1.28-3.19, P = 0.002) increase the odds of developing ADHD by 2.7 and 2 times higher, respectively. Conclusion: The present study successfully showed the association between intron 8 gene polymorphism, which is responsible for encoding the dopamine transporter as well as ADHD in children and adolescents in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Seymari
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Guilan University, Rasht, Iran
| | - Ashkan Naseh
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Guilan University, Rasht, Iran
| | - Sajjad Rezaei
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Guilan University, Rasht, Iran
| | - Zivar Salehi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Guilan University, Rasht, Iran
| | - Maryam Kousha
- Kavosh Cognitive Behavior Sciences and Addiction Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
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Zhong L, He H, Zhang J, Gao X, Yin F, Zuo P, Song R. Gene Interaction of Dopaminergic Synaptic Pathway Genes in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: a Case-Control Study in Chinese Children. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:42-54. [PMID: 37578679 PMCID: PMC10791714 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03523-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder is a highly inherited neurodevelopmental disorder. Previous genetic research has linked ADHD to certain genes in the dopaminergic synaptic pathway. Nonetheless, research on this relationship has produced varying results across various populations. China is a multi-ethnic country with its own unique genetic characteristics. Therefore, such a population can provide useful information about the relationship between gene polymorphisms in dopaminergic synaptic pathways and ADHD. This study looked at the genetic profiles of 284 children in China's Xinjiang. In total, 142 ADHD children and 142 control subjects were enrolled. Following the extraction of DNA from oral mucosal cells, 13 SNPs for three candidate genes (SLC6A3, DRD2, and GRIN2B) in the dopaminergic synaptic pathway of ADHD were screened. Based on the results of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analyses, we found that the DRD2 gene variants rs6277 and rs6275, and the SLC6A3 gene variant rs2652511, were significantly associated with ADHD in boys and girls, respectively, after adjusting for false discovery rate (FDR) in terms of allele frequencies. Furthermore, our generalized multifactorial downscaling approach identified a significant association between rs6275 and rs1012586. These findings suggest that DRD2 and SLC6A3 genes have a crucial role in ADHD susceptibility. Additionally, we observed that the interaction between GRIN2B and DRD2 genes may contribute to the susceptibility of Chinese children with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhong
- Medical College of Shihezi University, Xinjiang, Shihezi, 832000, China
| | - Hongyao He
- Medical College of Shihezi University, Xinjiang, Shihezi, 832000, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Medical College of Shihezi University, Xinjiang, Shihezi, 832000, China
| | - Xiaoyan Gao
- Medical College of Shihezi University, Xinjiang, Shihezi, 832000, China
| | - Feifei Yin
- Medical College of Shihezi University, Xinjiang, Shihezi, 832000, China
| | - Pengxiang Zuo
- Medical College of Shihezi University, Xinjiang, Shihezi, 832000, China.
| | - Ranran Song
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, China.
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Chaulagain A, Lyhmann I, Halmøy A, Widding-Havneraas T, Nyttingnes O, Bjelland I, Mykletun A. A systematic meta-review of systematic reviews on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Eur Psychiatry 2023; 66:e90. [PMID: 37974470 PMCID: PMC10755583 DOI: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2023.2451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are now hundreds of systematic reviews on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) of variable quality. To help navigate this literature, we have reviewed systematic reviews on any topic on ADHD. METHODS We searched MEDLINE, PubMed, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science and performed quality assessment according to the Joanna Briggs Institute Manual for Evidence Synthesis. A total of 231 systematic reviews and meta-analyses met the eligibility criteria. RESULTS The prevalence of ADHD was 7.2% for children and adolescents and 2.5% for adults, though with major uncertainty due to methodological variation in the existing literature. There is evidence for both biological and social risk factors for ADHD, but this evidence is mostly correlational rather than causal due to confounding and reverse causality. There is strong evidence for the efficacy of pharmacological treatment on symptom reduction in the short-term, particularly for stimulants. However, there is limited evidence for the efficacy of pharmacotherapy in mitigating adverse life trajectories such as educational attainment, employment, substance abuse, injuries, suicides, crime, and comorbid mental and somatic conditions. Pharmacotherapy is linked with side effects like disturbed sleep, reduced appetite, and increased blood pressure, but less is known about potential adverse effects after long-term use. Evidence of the efficacy of nonpharmacological treatments is mixed. CONCLUSIONS Despite hundreds of systematic reviews on ADHD, key questions are still unanswered. Evidence gaps remain as to a more accurate prevalence of ADHD, whether documented risk factors are causal, the efficacy of nonpharmacological treatments on any outcomes, and pharmacotherapy in mitigating the adverse outcomes associated with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashmita Chaulagain
- Centre for Research and Education in Forensic Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ingvild Lyhmann
- Centre for Research and Education in Forensic Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anne Halmøy
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tarjei Widding-Havneraas
- Centre for Research and Education in Forensic Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Olav Nyttingnes
- Centre for Research and Education in Forensic Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ingvar Bjelland
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Arnstein Mykletun
- Centre for Research and Education in Forensic Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Division for Health Services, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Centre for Work and Mental Health, Nordland Hospital, Bodø, Norway
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Mikhailova SV, Ivanoshchuk DE, Orlov PS, Bairqdar A, Anisimenko MS, Denisova DV. Assessment of the Genetic Characteristics of a Generation Born during a Long-Term Socioeconomic Crisis. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:2064. [PMID: 38003007 PMCID: PMC10671057 DOI: 10.3390/genes14112064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A socioeconomic crisis in Russia lasted from 1991 to 1998 and was accompanied by a sharp drop in the birth rate. The main factor that influenced the refusal to have children during this period is thought to be prolonged social stress. METHODS comparing frequencies of common gene variants associated with stress-induced diseases among generations born before, after, and during this crisis may show which genes may be preferred under the pressure of natural selection during periods of increased social stress in urban populations. RESULTS In the "crisis" group, a statistically significant difference from the other two groups was found in rs6557168 frequency (p = 0.001); rs4522666 was not in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in this group, although its frequency did not show a significant difference from the other groups (p = 0.118). Frequencies of VNTRs in SLC6A3 and MAOA as well as common variants rs17689918 in CRHR1, rs1360780 in FKBP5, rs53576 in OXTR, rs12720071 and rs806377 in CNR1, rs4311 in ACE, rs1800497 in ANKK1, and rs7412 and rs429358 in APOE did not differ among the groups. CONCLUSIONS a generation born during a period of prolonged destructive events may differ from the rest of the gene pool of the population in some variants associated with personality traits or stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana V. Mikhailova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (ICG SB RAS), 10 Prospekt Ak. Lavrentyeva, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (D.E.I.); (P.S.O.); (A.B.); (M.S.A.)
| | - Dinara E. Ivanoshchuk
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (ICG SB RAS), 10 Prospekt Ak. Lavrentyeva, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (D.E.I.); (P.S.O.); (A.B.); (M.S.A.)
| | - Pavel S. Orlov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (ICG SB RAS), 10 Prospekt Ak. Lavrentyeva, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (D.E.I.); (P.S.O.); (A.B.); (M.S.A.)
| | - Ahmad Bairqdar
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (ICG SB RAS), 10 Prospekt Ak. Lavrentyeva, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (D.E.I.); (P.S.O.); (A.B.); (M.S.A.)
| | - Maksim S. Anisimenko
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (ICG SB RAS), 10 Prospekt Ak. Lavrentyeva, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (D.E.I.); (P.S.O.); (A.B.); (M.S.A.)
| | - Diana V. Denisova
- Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine—Branch of ICG SB RAS, 175/1 Borisa Bogatkova Str., 630089 Novosibirsk, Russia
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Karabulut M, Yıldırım K. Superior Vena Cava Flow in Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Psychiatry Investig 2023; 20:888-895. [PMID: 37794671 PMCID: PMC10555513 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2023.0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), whose definition, diagnosis and treatment has been the subject of debate in the scientific community for a long time, is the most common neurobehavioral disorder in childhood. There are many studies on the pathophysiology of attention deficit. However, there is no study in the literature based on direct or indirect measurement of cerebral venous circulation in ADHD, and the effect of methylphenidate (MPH) treatment on cerebral venous circulation. Therefore, it was aimed to noninvasively measure superior vena cava (SVC) flow, which is an indirect indicator of cerebral venous flow, by transthoracic echocardiography in patients with ADHD. METHODS In the study, 44 healthy children, and 40 ADHD patients who were planned to start on osmotic-release oral system (OROS)- MPH were included. SVC flows were measured in healthy children and before and after drug therapy of ADHD patients. RESULTS SVC flow was found to be higher in ADHD patients compared to healthy children. A significant decrease was found in SVC flow of ADHD patients after OROS-MPH treatment. There was no decrease in SVC flow of patients who did not respond adequately to MPH treatment. CONCLUSION This first study of SVC flow in children with ADHD showed that ADHD was associated with increased SVC flow and MPH treatment had a reducing effect on this increased SVC flow. We believe that noninvasive, easily measurable, and reproducible SVC flow may be a new focus of interest for future comprehensive studies as a biomarker to support clinical evaluation in the diagnosis and treatment follow-up of ADHD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Karabulut
- Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Clinical of Paediatric Health and Diseases, Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Kübra Yıldırım
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Türkiye
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Poliakova E, Conrad AL, Schieltz KM, O'Brien MJ. Using fNIRS to evaluate ADHD medication effects on neuronal activity: A systematic literature review. FRONTIERS IN NEUROIMAGING 2023; 2:1083036. [PMID: 37033327 PMCID: PMC10078617 DOI: 10.3389/fnimg.2023.1083036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Background Functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a relatively non-invasive and inexpensive functional neuroimaging technique that has shown promise as a method for understanding the differences in neuronal activity associated with various neurodevelopmental conditions, including ADHD. Additionally, fNIRS has been suggested as a possible tool to understand the impact of psychotropic medications on brain activity in individuals with ADHD, but this approach is still in its infancy. Objective The purpose of this systematic literature review was to synthesize the extant research literature on the use of fNIRS to assess the effects of ADHD medications on brain activity in children and adolescents with ADHD. Methods A literature search following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Literature Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines was conducted for peer-reviewed articles related to ADHD, medication, and fNIRS in PsychInfo, Scopus, and PubMed electronic databases. Results The search yielded 23 published studies meeting inclusion criteria. There was a high degree of heterogeneity in terms of the research methodology and procedures, which is explained in part by the distinct goals and approaches of the studies reviewed. However, there was also relative consistency in outcomes among a select group of studies that demonstrated a similar research focus. Conclusion Although fNIRS has great potential to further our understanding of the effects of ADHD medications on the neuronal activity of children and adolescents with ADHD, the current research base is still relatively small and there are limitations and methodological inconsistencies that should be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Poliakova
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Amy L. Conrad
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Kelly M. Schieltz
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Matthew J. O'Brien
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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Tseng CS, Chao YW, Liu YH, Huang YS, Chao HW. Dysregulated proteostasis network in neuronal diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1075215. [PMID: 36910151 PMCID: PMC9998692 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1075215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term maintenance of synaptic connections is important for brain function, which depends on varying proteostatic regulations to govern the functional integrity of neuronal proteomes. Proteostasis supports an interconnection of pathways that regulates the fate of proteins from synthesis to degradation. Defects in proteostatic signaling are associated with age-related functional decline and neurodegenerative diseases. Recent studies have advanced our knowledge of how cells have evolved distinct mechanisms to safely control protein homeostasis during synthesis, folding and degradation, and in different subcellular organelles and compartments. Neurodegeneration occurs when these protein quality controls are compromised by accumulated pathogenic proteins or aging to an irreversible state. Consequently, several therapeutic strategies, such as targeting the unfolded protein response and autophagy pathways, have been developed to reduce the burden of misfolded proteins and proved useful in animal models. Here, we present a brief overview of the molecular mechanisms involved in maintaining proteostatic networks, along with some examples linking dysregulated proteostasis to neuronal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-San Tseng
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wen Chao
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsiang Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shuian Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Wen Chao
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Vázquez-González D, Carreón-Trujillo S, Alvarez-Arellano L, Abarca-Merlin DM, Domínguez-López P, Salazar-García M, Corona JC. A Potential Role for Neuroinflammation in ADHD. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1411:327-356. [PMID: 36949317 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7376-5_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurobehavioural disorder in children and adolescents. Although increases in oxidative stress and disturbances of neurotransmitter system such as the dopaminergic and abnormalities in several brain regions have been demonstrated, the pathophysiology of ADHD is not fully understood. Nevertheless, ADHD involves several factors that have been associated with an increase in neuroinflammation. This chapter presents an overview of factors that may increase neuroinflammation and play a potential role in the development and pathophysiology of ADHD. The altered immune response, polymorphisms in inflammatory-related genes, ADHD comorbidity with autoimmune and inflammatory disorders and prenatal exposure to inflammation are associated with alterations in offspring brain development and are a risk factor; genetic and environmental risk factors that may increase the risk for ADHD and medications can increase neuroinflammation. Evidence of an association between these factors has been an invaluable tool for research on inflammation in ADHD. Therefore, evidence studies have made it possible to generate alternative therapeutic interventions using natural products as anti-inflammatories that could have great potential against neuroinflammation in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonia Carreón-Trujillo
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Pablo Domínguez-López
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Medicina Reproductiva, Hospital Gineco-Obstetricia, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marcela Salazar-García
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Biología del Desarrollo y Teratogénesis Experimental, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Corona
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Cabrera Lagunes A, Díaz-Anzaldúa A, Rojas Andrade G, Peschard VG, Arias Caballero A, Gaspar-Barba CE, Yunes Jimenez A, De la Peña Olvera FR, Cruz Fuentes CS, Feria-Aranda M, Sosa Mora L, Pérez Molina A, Guizar Sanchez D, Palacios-Cruz L. Association between CLOCK gene polymorphisms and ADHD in Mexican teenagers: A comprehensive assessment. Psychiatry Res 2022; 317:114835. [PMID: 36166946 PMCID: PMC10824139 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate markers of the CLOCK gene rs1801260 and rs4864548 in Mexican adolescents, addressing clinical and biological aspects previously associated with ADHD. 347 Mexican adolescents were assessed for mental disorders, metabolic disruption and related conditions, circadian preference, as well as genotyping for the CLOCK. We found a significant association between ADHD and the AA and AG genotypes of rs1801260. Also, we identified in the ADHD group that the total Triiodothyronine and total Thyroxine values were respectively 10 ng/dl units and 0.58 ug/dl units lower in females than in males. Previously reported common variations of the CLOCK gene have been associated with ADHD like the Rs1801260 polymorphism hereby we could consider it as risk factor, but genetic, biochemical and clinical studies in the Mexican population are entailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Cabrera Lagunes
- Comprehensive Wellbeing Program, Adolescent Clinic, Division of Clinical Services, National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City 14370, Mexico
| | - Adriana Díaz-Anzaldúa
- Department of Genetics, Sub-division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City 14370, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Rojas Andrade
- Department of Genetics, Sub-division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City 14370, Mexico
| | - Vanessa-Giselle Peschard
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of California, San Francisco 941130, United States
| | - Adriana Arias Caballero
- Comprehensive Wellbeing Program, Adolescent Clinic, Division of Clinical Services, National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City 14370, Mexico
| | - César Enrique Gaspar-Barba
- Comprehensive Wellbeing Program, Adolescent Clinic, Division of Clinical Services, National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City 14370, Mexico
| | - Arlette Yunes Jimenez
- Comprehensive Wellbeing Program, Adolescent Clinic, Division of Clinical Services, National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City 14370, Mexico; Eating Disorders Clinic, Instituto Prado S.C., Mexico City 11000, Mexico
| | - Francisco Rafael De la Peña Olvera
- Adolescent Clinic, Division of Clinical Services, National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City 14370, Mexico; Unit of Research Promotion, Direction of Clinical Services, National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City 14370, Mexico
| | - Carlos Sabas Cruz Fuentes
- Department of Genetics, Sub-division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City 14370, Mexico
| | - Miriam Feria-Aranda
- Comprehensive Wellbeing Program, Adolescent Clinic, Division of Clinical Services, National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City 14370, Mexico; Adolescent Clinic, Division of Clinical Services, National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City 14370, Mexico
| | - Liz Sosa Mora
- Comprehensive Wellbeing Program, Adolescent Clinic, Division of Clinical Services, National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City 14370, Mexico; Adolescent Clinic, Division of Clinical Services, National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City 14370, Mexico
| | - Armando Pérez Molina
- Department of Genetics, Sub-division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City 14370, Mexico
| | - Diana Guizar Sanchez
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Learning Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Lino Palacios-Cruz
- Comprehensive Wellbeing Program, Adolescent Clinic, Division of Clinical Services, National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City 14370, Mexico; Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Sub-division of Clinical Research, Division of Neurosciences, National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City 14370, Mexico.
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12
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Véronneau-Veilleux F, Robaey P, Ursino M, Nekka F. A mechanistic model of ADHD as resulting from dopamine phasic/tonic imbalance during reinforcement learning. Front Comput Neurosci 2022; 16:849323. [PMID: 35923915 PMCID: PMC9342605 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2022.849323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder in children. Although the involvement of dopamine in this disorder seems to be established, the nature of dopaminergic dysfunction remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to test whether the key response characteristics of ADHD could be simulated by a mechanistic model that combines a decrease in tonic dopaminergic activity with an increase in phasic responses in cortical-striatal loops during learning reinforcement. To this end, we combined a dynamic model of dopamine with a neurocomputational model of the basal ganglia with multiple action channels. We also included a dynamic model of tonic and phasic dopamine release and control, and a learning procedure driven by tonic and phasic dopamine levels. In the model, the dopamine imbalance is the result of impaired presynaptic regulation of dopamine at the terminal level. Using this model, virtual individuals from a dopamine imbalance group and a control group were trained to associate four stimuli with four actions with fully informative reinforcement feedback. In a second phase, they were tested without feedback. Subjects in the dopamine imbalance group showed poorer performance with more variable reaction times due to the presence of fast and very slow responses, difficulty in choosing between stimuli even when they were of high intensity, and greater sensitivity to noise. Learning history was also significantly more variable in the dopamine imbalance group, explaining 75% of the variability in reaction time using quadratic regression. The response profile of the virtual subjects varied as a function of the learning history variability index to produce increasingly severe impairment, beginning with an increase in response variability alone, then accumulating a decrease in performance and finally a learning deficit. Although ADHD is certainly a heterogeneous disorder, these results suggest that typical features of ADHD can be explained by a phasic/tonic imbalance in dopaminergic activity alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Véronneau-Veilleux
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Florence Véronneau-Veilleux
| | - Philippe Robaey
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Mauro Ursino
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering “Guglielmo Marconi,” University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fahima Nekka
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherches Mathématiques, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre for Applied Mathematics in Bioscience and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Marzilli E, Cerniglia L, Tambelli R, Cimino S. Children’s ADHD and Dysregulation Problems, DAT1 Genotype and Methylation, and their Interplay with Family Environment. CHILD & YOUTH CARE FORUM 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10566-022-09687-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
International literature has underlined the complex interplay between genetic and environmental variables in shaping children’s emotional-behavioral functioning.
Objective
This study aimed to explore the dynamic relationship between children’s Dopamine Transporter (DAT1) genotype and methylation, and maternal and paternal affective environment, on children’s Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) problems and dysregulation problems.
Method
In a community sample of 76 families with school-aged children, we assessed children’s DAT1 genotype and methylation, their own ADHD problems and dysregulation profile (CBCL 6–18 DP), and maternal and paternal psychopathological risk, parenting stress, and marital adjustment. Hierarchical regressions were carried out to verify the possible moderation of children’s genotype on the relationship between children’s methylation and psychopathological risk, parental environment and children’s methylation, and parental environment and children’s psychopathological risk.
Results
The levels of methylation at M1 CpG significantly predicted ADHD problems among children with 10/10 genotype, whereas high levels of methylation at M6 CpG predicted low ADHD problems for children with 9/x genotype. High levels of methylation at M3 CpG were associated with high scores of CBCL DP. DAT1 genotype moderated the relationship between maternal and paternal variables with children’s methylation and psychopathological risk. The scores of maternal and paternal Dyadic Adjustment Scale showed indirect effects on children’s methylation and psychopathological risk in relation to those exerted by risk factors.
Conclusion
Our study has supported the emerging evidence on the complex nature of children’s emotional-behavioral functioning and the associated risk and protective factors, with important implications for the planning of preventive programs.
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14
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Reith MEA, Kortagere S, Wiers CE, Sun H, Kurian MA, Galli A, Volkow ND, Lin Z. The dopamine transporter gene SLC6A3: multidisease risks. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:1031-1046. [PMID: 34650206 PMCID: PMC9008071 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01341-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The human dopamine transporter gene SLC6A3 has been consistently implicated in several neuropsychiatric diseases but the disease mechanism remains elusive. In this risk synthesis, we have concluded that SLC6A3 represents an increasingly recognized risk with a growing number of familial mutants associated with neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders. At least five loci were related to common and severe diseases including alcohol use disorder (high activity variant), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (low activity variant), autism (familial proteins with mutated networking) and movement disorders (both regulatory variants and familial mutations). Association signals depended on genetic markers used as well as ethnicity examined. Strong haplotype selection and gene-wide epistases support multimarker assessment of functional variations and phenotype associations. Inclusion of its promoter region's functional markers such as DNPi (rs67175440) and 5'VNTR (rs70957367) may help delineate condensate-based risk action, testing a locus-pathway-phenotype hypothesis for one gene-multidisease etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten E A Reith
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Sandhya Kortagere
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA
| | - Corinde E Wiers
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Hui Sun
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA
| | - Manju A Kurian
- Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Diseases in Children, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Aurelio Galli
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Nora D Volkow
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA
| | - Zhicheng Lin
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurogenomics, McLean Hospital, and Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.
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15
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Stanford SC. Animal Models of ADHD? Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 57:363-393. [PMID: 35604570 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To describe animals that express abnormal behaviors as a model of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) implies that the abnormalities are analogous to those expressed by ADHD patients. The diagnostic features of ADHD comprise inattentiveness, impulsivity, and hyperactivity and so these behaviors are fundamental for validation of any animal model of this disorder. Several experimental interventions such as neurotoxic lesion of neonatal rats with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), genetic alterations, or selective inbreeding of rodents have produced animals that express each of these impairments to some extent. This article appraises the validity of claims that these procedures have produced a model of ADHD, which is essential if they are to be used to investigate the underlying cause(s) of ADHD and its abnormal neurobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Clare Stanford
- Department of Neuroscience Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK.
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16
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Faraone SV, Banaschewski T, Coghill D, Zheng Y, Biederman J, Bellgrove MA, Newcorn JH, Gignac M, Al Saud NM, Manor I, Rohde LA, Yang L, Cortese S, Almagor D, Stein MA, Albatti TH, Aljoudi HF, Alqahtani MMJ, Asherson P, Atwoli L, Bölte S, Buitelaar JK, Crunelle CL, Daley D, Dalsgaard S, Döpfner M, Espinet S, Fitzgerald M, Franke B, Gerlach M, Haavik J, Hartman CA, Hartung CM, Hinshaw SP, Hoekstra PJ, Hollis C, Kollins SH, Sandra Kooij JJ, Kuntsi J, Larsson H, Li T, Liu J, Merzon E, Mattingly G, Mattos P, McCarthy S, Mikami AY, Molina BSG, Nigg JT, Purper-Ouakil D, Omigbodun OO, Polanczyk GV, Pollak Y, Poulton AS, Rajkumar RP, Reding A, Reif A, Rubia K, Rucklidge J, Romanos M, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Schellekens A, Scheres A, Schoeman R, Schweitzer JB, Shah H, Solanto MV, Sonuga-Barke E, Soutullo C, Steinhausen HC, Swanson JM, Thapar A, Tripp G, van de Glind G, van den Brink W, Van der Oord S, Venter A, Vitiello B, Walitza S, Wang Y. The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 Evidence-based conclusions about the disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 128:789-818. [PMID: 33549739 PMCID: PMC8328933 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 463] [Impact Index Per Article: 154.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Misconceptions about ADHD stigmatize affected people, reduce credibility of providers, and prevent/delay treatment. To challenge misconceptions, we curated findings with strong evidence base. METHODS We reviewed studies with more than 2000 participants or meta-analyses from five or more studies or 2000 or more participants. We excluded meta-analyses that did not assess publication bias, except for meta-analyses of prevalence. For network meta-analyses we required comparison adjusted funnel plots. We excluded treatment studies with waiting-list or treatment as usual controls. From this literature, we extracted evidence-based assertions about the disorder. RESULTS We generated 208 empirically supported statements about ADHD. The status of the included statements as empirically supported is approved by 80 authors from 27 countries and 6 continents. The contents of the manuscript are endorsed by 366 people who have read this document and agree with its contents. CONCLUSIONS Many findings in ADHD are supported by meta-analysis. These allow for firm statements about the nature, course, outcome causes, and treatments for disorders that are useful for reducing misconceptions and stigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen V Faraone
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience and Physiology, Psychiatry Research Division, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA; World Federation of ADHD, Switzerland; American Professional Society of ADHD and Related Disorders (APSARD), USA.
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Child and Adolescent Psychiatrist's Representative, Zentrales-ADHS-Netz, Germany; The German Association of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Germany
| | - David Coghill
- Departments of Paediatrics and Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yi Zheng
- Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing, China; Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China; Asian Federation of ADHD, China; Chinese Society of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, China
| | - Joseph Biederman
- Clinical & Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology & Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark A Bellgrove
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Australian ADHD Professionals Association (AADPA), Australia
| | - Jeffrey H Newcorn
- American Professional Society of ADHD and Related Disorders (APSARD), USA; Departments of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, Division of ADHD and Learning Disorders, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Martin Gignac
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Montreal Children's Hospital, MUHC, Montreal, Canada; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Division, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Canadian ADHD Research Alliance (CADDRA), Canada
| | | | - Iris Manor
- Chair, Israeli Society of ADHD (ISA), Israel; Co-chair of the neurodevelopmental section in EPA (the European Psychiatric Association), France
| | - Luis Augusto Rohde
- Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Li Yang
- Asian Federation of ADHD, China; Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Samuele Cortese
- Center for Innovation in Mental Health, School of Psychology, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton,UK; Clinical and Experimental Sciences (CNS and Psychiatry), Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Solent NHS Trust, Southampton, UK; Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone, New York University Child Study Center, New York City, New York, USA; Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Doron Almagor
- University of Toronto, SickKids Centre for Community Mental Health, Toronto, Canada; Canadian ADHD Research Alliance (CADDRA), Canada
| | - Mark A Stein
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Turki H Albatti
- Saudi ADHD Society Medical and Psychological Committee, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haya F Aljoudi
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Saudi ADHD Society Medical and Psychological Committee, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M J Alqahtani
- Clinical Psychology, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia; Saudi ADHD Society, Saudi Arabia
| | - Philip Asherson
- Social Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Lukoye Atwoli
- Department of Mental Health and Behavioural Science, Moi University School of Medicine, Eldoret, Kenya; Brain and Mind Institute, and Department of Internal Medicine, Medical College East Africa, the Aga Khan University, Kenya; African College of Psychopharmacology, Kenya; African Association of Psychiatrists, Kenya
| | - Sven Bölte
- Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Centre for Psychiatry Research; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Healthcare Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden; Curtin Autism Research Group, School of Occupational Therapy, Social Work and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Cleo L Crunelle
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Dept. of Psychiatry, Brussel, Belgium; International Collaboration on ADHD and Substance Abuse (ICASA), Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - David Daley
- Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; NIHR MindTech Mental Health MedTech Cooperative & Centre for ADHD and Neurodevelopmental Disorders Across the Lifespan (CANDAL), Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Søren Dalsgaard
- National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Manfred Döpfner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, School of Child and Adolescent Cognitive Behavior Therapy (AKiP), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Zentrales-ADHS-Netz, Germany
| | | | | | - Barbara Franke
- Departments of Human Genetics and Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Professional Board, ADHD Europe, Belgium
| | - Manfred Gerlach
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Jan Haavik
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), Groningen, the Netherlands; ADHD Across the Lifespan Network from European College of Neuropsychopharmacology(ECNP), the Netherlands
| | | | - Stephen P Hinshaw
- University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Pieter J Hoekstra
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Chris Hollis
- Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone, New York University Child Study Center, New York City, New York, USA; Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Nottingham, UK; NIHR MindTech MedTech Co-operative, Nottingham, UK; NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Scott H Kollins
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - J J Sandra Kooij
- Amsterdam University Medical Center (VUMc), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; PsyQ, The Hague, the Netherlands; European Network Adult ADHD, the Netherlands; DIVA Foundation, the Netherlands; Neurodevelopmental Disorders Across Lifespan Section of European Psychiatric Association, France
| | - Jonna Kuntsi
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Henrik Larsson
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Tingyu Li
- Growth, Development and Mental Health Center for Children and Adolescents, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; National Research Center for Clinical Medicine of Child Health and Disease, Chongqing, China; The Subspecialty Group of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, the Society of Pediatrics, Chinese Medical Association, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Asian Federation of ADHD, China; Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing, China; The Chinese Society of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, China; The Asian Society for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Professions, China
| | - Eugene Merzon
- Department of Family Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv, Israel; Israeli Society of ADHD, Israel; Israeli National Diabetes Council, Israel
| | - Gregory Mattingly
- Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA; Midwest Research Group, St Charles, MO, USA
| | - Paulo Mattos
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; D'Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Brazilian Attention Deficit Association (ABDA), Brazil
| | | | | | - Brooke S G Molina
- Departments of Psychiatry, Psychology, Pediatrics, Clinical & Translational Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joel T Nigg
- Center for ADHD Research, Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Diane Purper-Ouakil
- University of Montpellier, CHU Montpellier Saint Eloi, MPEA, Medical and Psychological Unit for Children and Adolescents (MPEA), Montpellier, France; INSERM U 1018 CESP-Developmental Psychiatry, France
| | - Olayinka O Omigbodun
- Centre for Child & Adolescent Mental Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | - Yehuda Pollak
- Seymour Fox School of Education, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel; The Israeli Society of ADHD (ISA), Israel
| | - Alison S Poulton
- Brain Mind Centre Nepean, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Australian ADHD Professionals Association (AADPA), Australia
| | - Ravi Philip Rajkumar
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
| | | | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; German Psychiatric Association, Germany
| | - Katya Rubia
- World Federation of ADHD, Switzerland; Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neurosciences, King's College London, London, UK; European Network for Hyperkinetic Disorders (EUNETHYDIS), Germany
| | - Julia Rucklidge
- School of Psychology, Speech and Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Marcel Romanos
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; The German Association of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Germany; Zentrales-ADHS-Netz, Germany
| | - J Antoni Ramos-Quiroga
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addictions, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Neurodevelopmental Disorders Across Lifespan Section of European Psychiatric Association, France; International Collaboration on ADHD and Substance Abuse (ICASA), the Netherlands; DIVA Foundation, the Netherlands
| | - Arnt Schellekens
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; International Collaboration on ADHD and Substance Abuse (ICASA), Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Anouk Scheres
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Renata Schoeman
- University of Stellenbosch Business School, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Special Interest Group for Adult ADHD, South Africa; The South African Society of Psychiatrists/Psychiatry Management Group Management Guidelines for ADHD, South Africa; World Federation of Biological Psychiatry, Germany; American Psychiatric Association, USA; Association for NeuroPsychoEconomics, USA
| | - Julie B Schweitzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and the MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Henal Shah
- Topiwala National Medical College & BYL Nair Ch. Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Mary V Solanto
- The Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra-Northwell, Northwell Health, Hemstead, NY, USA; Children and Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (CHADD), USA; American Professional Society of ADHD and Related Disorders (APSARD), USA; National Center for Children with Learning Disabilities (NCLD), USA
| | - Edmund Sonuga-Barke
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - César Soutullo
- American Professional Society of ADHD and Related Disorders (APSARD), USA; European Network for Hyperkinetic Disorders (EUNETHYDIS), Germany; Louis A. Faillace MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hans-Christoph Steinhausen
- University of Zurich, CH, Switzerland; University of Basel, CH, Switzerland; University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Centre of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - James M Swanson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Anita Thapar
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Wales, UK
| | - Gail Tripp
- Human Developmental Neurobiology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Geurt van de Glind
- Hogeschool van Utrecht/University of Applied Sciences, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wim van den Brink
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Saskia Van der Oord
- Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; European ADHD Guidelines Group, Germany
| | - Andre Venter
- University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Benedetto Vitiello
- University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Susanne Walitza
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Asian Federation of ADHD, China; Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
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17
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Eslami Rasekh M, Hernández Y, Drinan SD, Fuxman Bass J, Benson G. Genome-wide characterization of human minisatellite VNTRs: population-specific alleles and gene expression differences. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:4308-4324. [PMID: 33849068 PMCID: PMC8096271 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Variable Number Tandem Repeats (VNTRs) are tandem repeat (TR) loci that vary in copy number across a population. Using our program, VNTRseek, we analyzed human whole genome sequencing datasets from 2770 individuals in order to detect minisatellite VNTRs, i.e., those with pattern sizes ≥7 bp. We detected 35 638 VNTR loci and classified 5676 as commonly polymorphic (i.e. with non-reference alleles occurring in >5% of the population). Commonly polymorphic VNTR loci were found to be enriched in genomic regions with regulatory function, i.e. transcription start sites and enhancers. Investigation of the commonly polymorphic VNTRs in the context of population ancestry revealed that 1096 loci contained population-specific alleles and that those could be used to classify individuals into super-populations with near-perfect accuracy. Search for quantitative trait loci (eQTLs), among the VNTRs proximal to genes, indicated that in 187 genes expression differences correlated with VNTR genotype. We validated our predictions in several ways, including experimentally, through the identification of predicted alleles in long reads, and by comparisons showing consistency between sequencing platforms. This study is the most comprehensive analysis of minisatellite VNTRs in the human population to date.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yözen Hernández
- Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Juan I Fuxman Bass
- Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Gary Benson
- Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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18
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Marshall JN, Lopez AI, Pfaff AL, Koks S, Quinn JP, Bubb VJ. Variable number tandem repeats - Their emerging role in sickness and health. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:1368-1376. [PMID: 33794697 PMCID: PMC8239992 DOI: 10.1177/15353702211003511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms regulating tissue specific and stimulus inducible
regulation is at the heart of understanding human biology and how this
translates to wellbeing, the ageing process, and disease progression.
Polymorphic DNA variation is superimposed as an extra layer of complexity in
such processes which underpin our individuality and are the focus of
personalized medicine. This review focuses on the role and action of repetitive
DNA, specifically variable number tandem repeats and
SINE-VNTR-Alu domains, highlighting their role in
modification of gene structure and gene expression in addition to their
polymorphic nature being a genetic modifier of disease risk and progression.
Although the literature focuses on their role in disease, it illustrates their
potential to be major contributors to normal physiological function. To date,
these elements have been under-reported in genomic analysis due to the
difficulties in their characterization with short read DNA sequencing methods.
However, recent advances in long read sequencing methods should resolve these
problems allowing for a greater understanding of their contribution to a host of
genomic and functional mechanisms underlying physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Ng Marshall
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Ana Illera Lopez
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Abigail L Pfaff
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.,Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Sulev Koks
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.,Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - John P Quinn
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Vivien J Bubb
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
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19
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ADHD: Reviewing the Causes and Evaluating Solutions. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11030166. [PMID: 33804365 PMCID: PMC7999417 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11030166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder in which patients present inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. The etiology of this condition is diverse, including environmental factors and the presence of variants of some genes. However, a great diversity exists among patients regarding the presence of these ADHD-associated factors. Moreover, there are variations in the reported neurophysiological correlates of ADHD. ADHD is often treated pharmacologically, producing an improvement in symptomatology, albeit there are patients who are refractory to the main pharmacological treatments or present side effects to these drugs, highlighting the importance of developing other therapeutic options. Different non-pharmacological treatments are in this review addressed, finding diverse results regarding efficacy. Altogether, ADHD is associated with different etiologies, all of them producing changes in brain development, leading to the characteristic symptomatology of this condition. Given the heterogeneous etiology of ADHD, discussion is presented about the convenience of personalizing ADHD treatment, whether pharmacological or non-pharmacological, to reach an optimum effect in the majority of patients. Approaches to personalizing both pharmacological therapy and neurofeedback are presented.
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20
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Distorsion des consensus scientifiques dans les thèses de médecine dédiées à l’hyperactivité/TDAH en France. ANNALES MEDICO-PSYCHOLOGIQUES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amp.2020.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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21
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Kuc K, Bielecki M, Racicka-Pawlukiewicz E, Czerwinski MB, Cybulska-Klosowicz A. The SLC6A3 gene polymorphism is related to the development of attentional functions but not to ADHD. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6176. [PMID: 32277231 PMCID: PMC7148317 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63296-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropharmacological and human clinical studies have suggested that the brain dopaminergic system is substantively involved in normal and pathological phenotypes of attention. Dopamine transporter gene (SLC6A3) was proposed as a candidate gene for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). We investigated the effect of the SLC6A3 variants on cognitive performance in ADHD and healthy children and teenagers. Participants completed cognitive tasks measuring attentional switching, selective and sustained attention, and effectiveness of alerting, orienting and executive attention. We estimated the effects of 40 bp variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism located in the 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) (9-repeat vs 10-repeat allele) of the SLC6A3 gene, ADHD diagnosis, age, and their interactions as predictors of cognitive performance. ADHD children demonstrated deficits in most of the examined attention processes, persistent within the examined age range (9-16 years). No significant effects were observed for the interaction of ADHD and the SLC6A3 polymorphism, but the results revealed a significant main effect of SLC6A3 genotype in the entire research sample. Subjects carrying 9R allele performed the switching task significantly worse in comparison to children with 10R/10R or 10R/11R genotype. SLC6A3 polymorphism moderated age-related improvements in orienting and attentional switching. Results suggest that SLC6A3 genotype influence these attentional/cognitive functions which deficits are not the key symptoms in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kuc
- Department of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Maksymilian Bielecki
- Department of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Michał B Czerwinski
- Laboratory of Neuroinformatics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anita Cybulska-Klosowicz
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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22
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Vester AI, Chen M, Marsit CJ, Caudle WM. A Neurodevelopmental Model of Combined Pyrethroid and Chronic Stress Exposure. TOXICS 2019; 7:toxics7020024. [PMID: 31052489 PMCID: PMC6630986 DOI: 10.3390/toxics7020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders of childhood and previous studies indicate the dopamine system plays a major role in ADHD pathogenesis. Two environmental exposures independently associated with dopaminergic dysfunction and ADHD risk include exposure to deltamethrin, a pyrethroid insecticide, and chronic stress. We hypothesized that combined neurodevelopmental exposure to both deltamethrin and corticosterone (CORT), the major stress hormone in rodents, would result in additive changes within the dopamine system. To study this, we developed a novel dual exposure paradigm and exposed pregnant C57BL/6 dams to 3 mg/kg deltamethrin through gestation and weaning, and their offspring to 25 μg/mL CORT dissolved in the drinking water through adulthood. Midbrain RNA expression as well as striatal and cortical protein expression of key dopaminergic components were investigated, in addition to ADHD-like behavioral tasks and electrochemical dopamine dynamics via fast-scan cyclic voltammetry. Given the well-described sexual dimorphism of ADHD, males and females were assessed separately. Males exposed to deltamethrin had significantly decreased midbrain Pitx3 expression, decreased cortical tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression, increased activity in the Y maze, and increased dopamine uptake rate in the dorsal striatum. These effects did not occur in males exposed to CORT only, or in males exposed to both deltamethrin and CORT, suggesting that CORT may attenuate these effects. Additionally, deltamethrin- and CORT-exposed females did not display these dopaminergic features, which indicates these changes are sex-specific. Our results show dopaminergic changes from the RNA through the functional level. Moreover, these data illustrate the importance of testing multiple environmental exposures together to better understand how combined exposures that occur in certain vulnerable populations could affect similar neurodevelopmental systems, as well as the importance of studying sex differences of these alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimée I Vester
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
| | - Merry Chen
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
| | - Carmen J Marsit
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
| | - W Michael Caudle
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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