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Jones BD, Kaufman EJ, Peel AJ. Viral Co-Infection in Bats: A Systematic Review. Viruses 2023; 15:1860. [PMID: 37766267 PMCID: PMC10535902 DOI: 10.3390/v15091860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Co-infection is an underappreciated phenomenon in contemporary disease ecology despite its ubiquity and importance in nature. Viruses, and other co-infecting agents, can interact in ways that shape host and agent communities, influence infection dynamics, and drive evolutionary selective pressures. Bats are host to many viruses of zoonotic potential and have drawn increasing attention in their role as wildlife reservoirs for human spillover. However, the role of co-infection in driving viral transmission dynamics within bats is unknown. Here, we systematically review peer-reviewed literature reporting viral co-infections in bats. We show that viral co-infection is common in bats but is often only reported as an incidental finding. Biases identified in our study database related to virus and host species were pre-existing in virus studies of bats generally. Studies largely speculated on the role co-infection plays in viral recombination and few investigated potential drivers or impacts of co-infection. Our results demonstrate that current knowledge of co-infection in bats is an ad hoc by-product of viral discovery efforts, and that future targeted co-infection studies will improve our understanding of the role it plays. Adding to the broader context of co-infection studies in other wildlife species, we anticipate our review will inform future co-infection study design and reporting in bats. Consideration of detection strategy, including potential viral targets, and appropriate analysis methodology will provide more robust results and facilitate further investigation of the role of viral co-infection in bat reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent D. Jones
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | | | - Alison J. Peel
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
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2
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Lyoo KS, Lee H, Lee SG, Yeom M, Lee JY, Kim KC, Yang JS, Song D. Experimental Infection and Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron Variants among Beagle Dogs. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:782-785. [PMID: 36848871 PMCID: PMC10045707 DOI: 10.3201/eid2904.221727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We assessed susceptibility of dogs to SARS-COV-2 Delta and Omicron variants by experimentally inoculating beagle dogs. Moreover, we investigated transmissibility of the variants from infected to naive dogs. The dogs were susceptible to infection without clinical signs and transmitted both strains to other dogs through direct contact.
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3
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Lyoo KS, Yeo YH, Lee SG, Yeom M, Lee JY, Kim KC, Song D. Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV in Beagle Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040624. [PMID: 36830411 PMCID: PMC9951710 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome, coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has resulted in unprecedented challenges to healthcare worldwide. In particular, the anthroponotic transmission of human coronaviruses has become a common concern among pet owners. Here, we experimentally inoculated beagle dogs with SARS-CoV-2 or Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) to compare their susceptibility to and the pathogenicity of these viruses. The dogs in this study exhibited weight loss and increased body temperatures and shed the viruses in their nasal secretions, feces, and urine. Pathologic changes were observed in the lungs of the dogs inoculated with SARS-CoV-2 or MERS-CoV. Additionally, clinical characteristics of SARS-CoV-2, such as increased lactate dehydrogenase levels, were identified in the current study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Soo Lyoo
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54531, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Hwan Yeo
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54531, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Geun Lee
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54531, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjoo Yeom
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Yeon Lee
- Division of Emerging Infectious Disease and Vector Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Chang Kim
- Division of Emerging Infectious Disease and Vector Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Daesub Song
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence:
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4
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Maryam S, Ul Haq I, Yahya G, Ul Haq M, Algammal AM, Saber S, Cavalu S. COVID-19 surveillance in wastewater: An epidemiological tool for the monitoring of SARS-CoV-2. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 12:978643. [PMID: 36683701 PMCID: PMC9854263 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.978643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has prompted a lot of questions globally regarding the range of information about the virus's possible routes of transmission, diagnostics, and therapeutic tools. Worldwide studies have pointed out the importance of monitoring and early surveillance techniques based on the identification of viral RNA in wastewater. These studies indicated the presence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA in human feces, which is shed via excreta including mucus, feces, saliva, and sputum. Subsequently, they get dumped into wastewater, and their presence in wastewater provides a possibility of using it as a tool to help prevent and eradicate the virus. Its monitoring is still done in many regions worldwide and serves as an early "warning signal"; however, a lot of limitations of wastewater surveillance have also been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajida Maryam
- Department of Biosciences, The Commission on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development in the South (COMSATS) University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ihtisham Ul Haq
- Department of Biosciences, The Commission on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development in the South (COMSATS) University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Polymers Technology, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
- Joint Doctoral School, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Galal Yahya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mehboob Ul Haq
- Department of Biosciences, The Commission on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development in the South (COMSATS) University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdelazeem M Algammal
- Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Sameh Saber
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt
| | - Simona Cavalu
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
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5
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Morawiec E, Bednarska-Czerwińska A, Pudełko A, Strychalska A, Broncel M, Sagan D, Madej A, Jasińska-Balwierz A, Staszkiewicz R, Sobański D, Boroń D, Pokusa F, Grabarek B. A Retrospective Population Study of 385 191 Positive Real-Time Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction Tests For SARS-CoV-2 from a Single Laboratory in Katowice, Poland from April 2020 to July 2022. Med Sci Monit 2023; 29:e938872. [PMID: 36636983 PMCID: PMC9817382 DOI: 10.12659/msm.938872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This retrospective population study identified 385 191 positive real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from a single laboratory in Katowice, Poland, from April 2020 to July 2022. MATERIAL AND METHODS The material was nasopharyngeal, nasopharyngeal swab or bronchial lavage, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) to confirm or exclude SARS-CoV-2 infection with the RT-PCR technique. Personal data are use according to the Provisions on the Protection of Personal Data by the Gyn-Centrum laboratory. RESULTS In 9 months of 2020, the number of SARS-CoV-2 results was 88 986; in 2021, it was 168 439, and in the first 7 months of 2022, it was 12 786. In 2020, the highest number of positive results was recorded in the third quarter (83 094 cases); 2021, in the 1st, 2nd, and 4th quarters (58 712; 37 720; and 71 753 cases, respectively), and in 2022, in the 1st quarter (127 613 cases) of the year. A positive result was observed more often in women and people aged 30-39, followed by those 40-49 years. Patients aged 10-19 years comprised the smallest population of SARS-CoV-2-positive cases. CONCLUSIONS In the Polish population studied, from April 2020 to July 2022, the detection rates of SARS-CoV-2 positivity were significantly higher for women than for men and in the 30-49 age group for both sexes. Also, the infection detection rate of 385 191 out of 1 332 659 patient samples, or 28.9%, supports that the Polish society adhered to public health recommendations for infection control during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Morawiec
- Department of Histology, Cytophysiology and Embryology, Academy of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Adam Pudełko
- Department of Molecular Biology, Gyncentrum Fertility Clinic, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Anna Strychalska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Gyncentrum Fertility Clinic, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Mateusz Broncel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Gyncentrum Fertility Clinic, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Dorota Sagan
- Medical Center Dormed Medical SP, Busko-Zdrój, Poland
| | - Andrzej Madej
- Department of Pharmacology, Academy of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Rafał Staszkiewicz
- Department of Histology, Cytophysiology and Embryology, Academy of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Dawid Sobański
- Department of Histology, Cytophysiology and Embryology, Academy of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Dariusz Boroń
- Department of Histology, Cytophysiology and Embryology, Academy of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Filip Pokusa
- Faculty of Economics and Pedagogy, Higher School of Management and Administration in Opole, Opole, Poland
| | - Beniamin Grabarek
- Department of Histology, Cytophysiology and Embryology, Academy of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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6
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Huang X, Fu R, Qiao S, Zhang J, Xianyu Y. Nanotechnology-based diagnostic methods for coronavirus: From nucleic acid extraction to amplification. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 13:100289. [PMID: 36530849 PMCID: PMC9733970 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosx.2022.100289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The recent emergence of human coronaviruses (CoVs) causing severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is posing a great threat to global public health. Therefore, the rapid and accurate identification of pathogenic viruses plays a vital role in selecting appropriate treatments, saving people's lives and preventing epidemics. Nucleic acids, including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), are natural biopolymers composed of nucleotides that store, transmit, and express genetic information. Applications of nucleic acid detection range from genotyping and genetic prognostics, to expression profiling and detection of infectious disease. The nucleic acid detection for infectious diseases is widely used, as evidenced by the widespread use of COVID-19 tests for the containment of the pandemic. Nanotechnology influences all medical disciplines and has been considered as an essential tool for novel diagnostics, nanotherapeutics, vaccines, medical imaging, and the utilization of biomaterials for regenerative medicine. In this review, the recent advances in the development of nanotechnology-based diagnostic methods for coronavirus, and their applications in nucleic acid detection are discussed in detail. The techniques for the amplification of nucleic acids are summarized, as well as the use of magnetic nanoparticles for nucleic acid extraction. Besides, current challenges and future prospects are proposed, along with the great potential of nanotechnology for the effective diagnosis of coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xucheng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Diagnosis and Monitoring Research of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruijie Fu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Diagnosis and Monitoring Research of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China,State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sai Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Diagnosis and Monitoring Research of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Diagnosis and Monitoring Research of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China,Corresponding author
| | - Yunlei Xianyu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Diagnosis and Monitoring Research of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China,State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,Corresponding author. Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Diagnosis and Monitoring Research of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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7
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GÜNAK F, HOCANLI İ, KARAAĞAÇ L. Evaluation of Laboratory Results with Data from Bio-Speedy Respiratory Panel 2 in Nasopharyngeal Swab Specimens of COVID-19-Suspected Patients Having PCR(-) Results. CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1117146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Objective: The distinction between COVID-19 and other respiratory infections can be difficult during the flu and winter seasons. The aim of this study is to detect bacterial/viral microorganisms in nasopharyngeal swab samples and to evaluate routine laboratory results of patients with PCR (-) but suspected covid 19.
Methods: Between 1 July 2021 and 31 December 2021, 78 patients who were hospitalized and followed up in the suspected Covid service were included in the study. The patients were divided into two groups as those with and without growth on the respiratory panel. Laboratory, demographic and radiological data were compared between groups.
Results: C-reactive protein (CRP) and ferritin levels were found to be statistically significantly higher in the group with growth on the respiratory panel compared to the group without growth (p= .05, p= .041, respectively). Reproduction was detected in nasopharyngeal swab samples taken in 56.4% of the patients. More than half of the patients were radiologically defined as CO-RADS 3.
Conclusion: It should not be forgotten that other respiratory viral and bacterial infections that mimic the COVID-19 clinic are also commonly observed during this period.
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8
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Ravina, Kumar A, Manjeet, Twinkle, Subodh, Narang J, Mohan H. Analytical performances of different diagnostic methods for SARS-CoV-2 virus - A review. SENSORS INTERNATIONAL 2022; 3:100197. [PMID: 35935464 PMCID: PMC9338831 DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2022.100197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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9
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Padilla-Reyes DA, Álvarez MM, Mora A, Cervantes-Avilés PA, Kumar M, Loge FJ, Mahlknecht J. Acquired insights from the long-term surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 RNA for COVID-19 monitoring: The case of Monterrey Metropolitan Area (Mexico). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 210:112967. [PMID: 35189100 PMCID: PMC8853965 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology offers a time- and cost-effective way to monitor SARS-CoV-2 spread in communities and therefore represents a complement to clinical testing. WBE applicability has been demonstrated in a number of cases over short-term periods as a method for tracking the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 and an early-warning tool for predicting outbreaks in the population. This study reports SARS-CoV-2 viral loads from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and hospitals over a 6-month period (June to December 2020). Results show that the overall range of viral load in positive tested samples was between 1.2 × 103 and 3.5 × 106 gene copies/l, unveiling that secondary-treated wastewaters mirrored the viral load of influents. The interpretation suggests that the viral titers found in three out of four WWTPs were associated to clinical COVID-19 surveillance indicators preceding 2-7 days the rise of reported clinical cases. The median wastewater detection rate of SARS-CoV-2 was one out of 14,300 reported new cases. Preliminary model estimates of prevalence ranged from 0.02 to 4.6% for the studied period. This comprehensive statistical and epidemiological analysis demonstrates that the applied wastewater-based approach to COVID-19 surveillance is in general consistent and feasible, although there is room for improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A Padilla-Reyes
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico
| | - Mario Moises Álvarez
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico
| | - Abrahan Mora
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Puebla, Atlixcáyotl 5718, Reserva Territorial Atlixcáyotl, Puebla, 72453, Mexico
| | - Pabel A Cervantes-Avilés
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Puebla, Atlixcáyotl 5718, Reserva Territorial Atlixcáyotl, Puebla, 72453, Mexico
| | - Manish Kumar
- Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun, 248007, India
| | - Frank J Loge
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jürgen Mahlknecht
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico.
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10
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Dai Z, Xu X, Wang Y, Li M, Zhou K, Zhang L, Tan Y. Surface plasmon resonance biosensor with laser heterodyne feedback for highly-sensitive and rapid detection of COVID-19 spike antigen. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 206:114163. [PMID: 35272216 PMCID: PMC8898347 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing outbreak of the COVID-19 has highlighted the importance of the pandemic prevention and control. A rapid and sensitive antigen assay is crucial in diagnosing and curbing pandemic. Here, we report a novel surface plasmon resonance biosensor based on laser heterodyne feedback interferometry for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen, which is achieved by detecting the tiny difference in refractive index between different antigen concentrations. The biosensor converts the refractive index changes at the sensing unit into the intensity changes of light through surface plasmon resonance, achieving label-free and real-time detection of biological samples. Moreover, the gain amplification effect of the laser heterodyne feedback interferometry further improved the sensitivity of this biosensor. The biosensor can rapidly respond to continuous and periodic changes in the refractive index with a high resolution of 3.75 × 10-8 RIU, demonstrating the repeatability of the biosensor. Afterwards, the biosensor is immobilized by the anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike monoclonal antibodies, thus realizing the specific recognition of the antigen. The biosensor exhibited a high sensitivity towards the concentration of the antigen with a linear dynamic range of five orders of magnitude and a resolution of 0.08 pg/mL. These results indicate that this principle can be used as a rapid diagnostic method for COVID-19 antigens without sample labelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongren Dai
- The State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Xin Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Yifan Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Mingfang Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Kaiming Zhou
- Aston Institute of Photonic Technologies, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK.
| | - Lin Zhang
- Aston Institute of Photonic Technologies, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK.
| | - Yidong Tan
- The State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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11
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Llamas-Clark EF, Singson RB, Heralde FM, Lumandas MU, Villanueva-Uy MET, Cagayan MSFS, Regencia ZJG, Baja ES. Risk factors of COVID-19 vertical transmission among pregnant and non-pregnant Filipinos in Metro Manila: a multicentre cohort study protocol. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e053389. [PMID: 35470182 PMCID: PMC9039156 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The novel (COVID-19 was first reported to have originated in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. This new strain, SARS-CoV-2, has spread rapidly worldwide, prompting the WHO to declare the COVID-19 outbreak a global pandemic. The main objective of this cohort study is to determine the risk factors of COVID-19, the modes of COVID-19 vertical transmission, and the maternal and fetal outcomes among non-pregnant and pregnant women and their fetuses. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This is a multicentre epidemiological study that will involve a prospective cohort. COVID-19 status among consulting non-pregnant and pregnant women in public hospitals in Manila, Philippines, will be determined and monitored for 6-12 months. Swab specimens from the nasopharynx, cervix, rectum, amniotic fluid, placenta, cord blood and breastmilk will be collected during consult and admission for reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) testing. Blood will be collected during the postdelivery period to monitor the women and their neonates for any undue development and determine the antibody development to indicate an infective or non-infective state. Evidence of vertical transmission will be explored with the presence or absence of the virus using the maternal and fetal neonatal RT-PCR and lateral flow antibody status. Descriptive and inferential statistics will be done, including the associations between exposures and risk factors, description of clinical characteristics, and the COVID-19 status of the participants. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The Single Joint Research Ethics Board of the Department of Health has approved this protocol (SJREB 2020-30). The study results will be disseminated through conference presentations, peer-reviewed articles, and various stakeholder public forums and activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erlidia F Llamas-Clark
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, City of Manila, Philippines
- Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines Manila, City of Manila, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Rebecca B Singson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Luke's Medical Center, Taguig City, Philippines
| | - Francisco M Heralde
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, City of Manila, Philippines
| | - Mayan U Lumandas
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
| | - Maria Esterlita T Villanueva-Uy
- Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines Manila, City of Manila, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Maria Stephanie Fay S Cagayan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, City of Manila, Philippines
| | - Zypher Jude G Regencia
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, City of Manila, Metro Manila, Philippines
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines Manila, City of Manila, Philippines
| | - Emmanuel S Baja
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, City of Manila, Metro Manila, Philippines
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines Manila, City of Manila, Philippines
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12
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Le TB, Kim HK, Ahn MJ, Zanin M, Lo VT, Ling S, Jiang Z, Kang JA, Bae PK, Kim YS, Kim S, Wong SS, Jeong DG, Yoon SW. Diagnostic performance and clinical feasibility of a novel one-step RT-qPCR assay for simultaneous detection of multiple severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses. Arch Virol 2022; 167:871-879. [PMID: 35137250 PMCID: PMC8885489 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05383-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an acute respiratory infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Other coronaviruses (CoVs) can also infect humans, although the majority cause only mild respiratory symptoms. Because early diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 is critical for preventing further transmission events and improving clinical outcomes, it is important to be able to distinguish SARS-CoV-2 from other SARS-related CoVs in respiratory samples. Therefore, we developed and evaluated a novel reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay targeting the genes encoding the spike (S) and membrane (M) proteins to enable the rapid identification of SARS-CoV-2, including several new circulating variants and other emerging SARS-like CoVs. By analysis of in vitro-transcribed mRNA, we established multiplex RT-qPCR assays capable of detecting 5 × 10° copies/reaction. Using RNA extracted from cell culture supernatants, our multiple simultaneous SARS-CoV-2 assays had a limit of detection of 1 × 10° TCID50/mL and showed no cross-reaction with human CoVs or other respiratory viruses. We also validated our method using human clinical samples from patients with COVID-19 and healthy individuals, including nasal swab and sputum samples. This novel one-step multiplex RT-qPCR assay can be used to improve the laboratory diagnosis of human-pathogenic CoVs, including SARS-CoV-2, and may be useful for the identification of other SARS-like CoVs of zoonotic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tran Bac Le
- Bio-nanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea.,Bio-Analytical Science Division, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hye Kwon Kim
- Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Min-Ju Ahn
- Bio-nanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea.,Bio-Analytical Science Division, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Mark Zanin
- State Key Laboratory for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Van Thi Lo
- Bio-nanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea.,Bio-Analytical Science Division, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Shiman Ling
- State Key Laboratory for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhanpeng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jung-Ah Kang
- Bio-nanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Pan Kee Bae
- BioNano Health Guard Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yeon-Sook Kim
- Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | | | - Sook-San Wong
- State Key Laboratory for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China. .,School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Dae Gwin Jeong
- Bio-nanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea. .,Bio-Analytical Science Division, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea.
| | - Sun-Woo Yoon
- Bio-nanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea. .,Bio-Analytical Science Division, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea.
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13
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Erdem Ö, Eş I, Saylan Y, Inci F. Unifying the Efforts of Medicine, Chemistry, and Engineering in Biosensing Technologies to Tackle the Challenges of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Anal Chem 2022; 94:3-25. [PMID: 34874149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Özgecan Erdem
- UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ismail Eş
- UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yeşeren Saylan
- Department of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatih Inci
- UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
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14
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Chen M, Cui D, Zhao Z, Kang D, Li Z, Albawardi S, Alsageer S, Alamri F, Alhazmi A, Amer MR, Zhou C. Highly sensitive, scalable, and rapid SARS-CoV-2 biosensor based on In 2O 3 nanoribbon transistors and phosphatase. NANO RESEARCH 2022; 15:5510-5516. [PMID: 35371413 PMCID: PMC8959552 DOI: 10.1007/s12274-022-4190-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Developing convenient and accurate SARS-CoV-2 antigen test and serology test is crucial in curbing the global COVID-19 pandemic. In this work, we report an improved indium oxide (In2O3) nanoribbon field-effect transistor (FET) biosensor platform detecting both SARS-CoV-2 antigen and antibody. Our FET biosensors, which were fabricated using a scalable and cost-efficient lithography-free process utilizing shadow masks, consist of an In2O3 channel and a newly developed stable enzyme reporter. During the biosensing process, the phosphatase enzymatic reaction generated pH change of the solution, which was then detected and converted to electrical signal by our In2O3 FETs. The biosensors applied phosphatase as enzyme reporter, which has a much better stability than the widely used urease in FET based biosensors. As proof-of-principle studies, we demonstrate the detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in both phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) buffer and universal transport medium (UTM) (limit of detection [LoD]: 100 fg/mL). Following the SARS-CoV-2 antigen tests, we developed and characterized additional sensors aimed at SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies, which is important to trace past infection and vaccination. Our spike protein IgG antibody tests exhibit excellent detection limits in both PBS and human whole blood ((LoD): 1 pg/mL). Our biosensors display similar detection performance in different mediums, demonstrating that our biosensor approach is not limited by Debye screening from salts and can selectively detect biomarkers in physiological fluids. The newly selected enzyme for our platform performs much better performance and longer shelf life which will lead our biosensor platform to be capable for real clinical diagnosis usage. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL Supplementary material (materials and methods for device fabrication, functionalization of In2O3 devices, photographs of the liquid gate measurement setup, mobilities of the nine devices labeled in Fig. 1(b), family curves of I DS-V DS with the liquid gate setup and current change after bubbling the substrate solution (current vs. time curve for S1 antigen detection)) is available in the online version of this article at 10.1007/s12274-022-4190-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingrui Chen
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089 USA
| | - Dingzhou Cui
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089 USA
| | - Zhiyuan Zhao
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089 USA
| | - Di Kang
- eDNA Biotech, Pasadena, California 91107 USA
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089 USA
| | - Shahad Albawardi
- Center of Excellence for Green Nanotechnologies, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahla Alsageer
- Center of Excellence for Green Nanotechnologies, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal Alamri
- Center of Excellence for Green Nanotechnologies, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abrar Alhazmi
- Center of Excellence for Green Nanotechnologies, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moh. R. Amer
- Center of Excellence for Green Nanotechnologies, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Electrical Engineering, 420 Westwood Plaza, 5412 Boelter Hall, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095 USA
| | - Chongwu Zhou
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089 USA
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089 USA
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15
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Rasmi Y. Testing and diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. CORONAVIRUS DRUG DISCOVERY 2022. [PMCID: PMC9217735 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-85156-5.00012-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The recent outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has rapidly spread around the world since its discovery in China, in December 2019. The current standard method for determining whether a patient is infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus involves taking a nasal or throat swab sample, which is then sent to laboratories for testing. The laboratories then use polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based technology on respiratory specimens remain the gold standard to determine if the genetic material of the virus is present in the sample and use this information to diagnose the patient. However, serologic immunoassays and point-of-care technologies are rapidly emerging with high specificity and sensitivity as well. Even if there are excellent techniques for diagnosing symptomatic patients with COVID-19 in equipped laboratories, critical gaps still exist in the screening of asymptomatic individuals who are in the incubation phase of the virus, as well as in the accurate determination of live virus shedding during convalescence to inform decisions for ending isolation.
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16
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Alathari MJA, Al Mashhadany Y, Mokhtar MHH, Burham N, Bin Zan MSD, A Bakar AA, Arsad N. Human Body Performance with COVID-19 Affectation According to Virus Specification Based on Biosensor Techniques. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:8362. [PMID: 34960456 PMCID: PMC8704003 DOI: 10.3390/s21248362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Life was once normal before the first announcement of COVID-19's first case in Wuhan, China, and what was slowly spreading became an overnight worldwide pandemic. Ever since the virus spread at the end of 2019, it has been morphing and rapidly adapting to human nature changes which cause difficult conundrums in the efforts of fighting it. Thus, researchers were steered to investigate the virus in order to contain the outbreak considering its novelty and there being no known cure. In contribution to that, this paper extensively reviewed, compared, and analyzed two main points; SARS-CoV-2 virus transmission in humans and detection methods of COVID-19 in the human body. SARS-CoV-2 human exchange transmission methods reviewed four modes of transmission which are Respiratory Transmission, Fecal-Oral Transmission, Ocular transmission, and Vertical Transmission. The latter point particularly sheds light on the latest discoveries and advancements in the aim of COVID-19 diagnosis and detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus associated with this disease in the human body. The methods in this review paper were classified into two categories which are RNA-based detection including RT-PCR, LAMP, CRISPR, and NGS and secondly, biosensors detection including, electrochemical biosensors, electronic biosensors, piezoelectric biosensors, and optical biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Jawad Ahmed Alathari
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (M.J.A.A.); (M.H.H.M.); (N.B.); (M.S.D.B.Z.); (A.A.A.B.)
| | - Yousif Al Mashhadany
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Anbar, Anbar 00964, Iraq;
| | - Mohd Hadri Hafiz Mokhtar
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (M.J.A.A.); (M.H.H.M.); (N.B.); (M.S.D.B.Z.); (A.A.A.B.)
| | - Norhafizah Burham
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (M.J.A.A.); (M.H.H.M.); (N.B.); (M.S.D.B.Z.); (A.A.A.B.)
- School of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Saiful Dzulkefly Bin Zan
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (M.J.A.A.); (M.H.H.M.); (N.B.); (M.S.D.B.Z.); (A.A.A.B.)
| | - Ahmad Ashrif A Bakar
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (M.J.A.A.); (M.H.H.M.); (N.B.); (M.S.D.B.Z.); (A.A.A.B.)
| | - Norhana Arsad
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (M.J.A.A.); (M.H.H.M.); (N.B.); (M.S.D.B.Z.); (A.A.A.B.)
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17
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Han T, Cong H, Shen Y, Yu B. Recent advances in detection technologies for COVID-19. Talanta 2021; 233:122609. [PMID: 34215093 PMCID: PMC8196236 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly infectious respiratory illness that was caused by the SARS-CoV-2. It spread around the world in just a few months and became a worldwide pandemic. Quick and accurate diagnosis of infected patients is very important for controlling transmission. In addition to the commonly used Real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) detection techniques, other diagnostic techniques are also emerging endlessly. This article reviews the current diagnostic methods for COVID-19 and discusses their advantages and disadvantages. It provides an important reference for the diagnosis of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Han
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Hailin Cong
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China; State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Youqing Shen
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China; State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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18
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Sinha K, Som Chaudhury S, Sharma P, Ruidas B. COVID-19 rhapsody: Rage towards advanced diagnostics and therapeutic strategy. J Pharm Anal 2021; 11:529-540. [PMID: 34178413 PMCID: PMC8214321 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The deadly global outbreak of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has forged an unrivaled threat to human civilization. Contemplating its profuse impact, initial risk management and therapies are needed, as well as rapid detection strategies alongside treatments with existing drugs or traditional treatments to provide better clinical support for critical patients. Conventional detection techniques have been considered but do not sufficiently meet the current challenges of effective COVID-19 diagnosis. Therefore, several modern techniques including point-of-care diagnosis with a biosensor, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated proteins that function as nuclease (Cas) technology, next-generation sequencing, serological, digital, and imaging approaches have delivered improved and noteworthy success compared to that using traditional strategies. Conventional drug treatment, plasma therapy, and vaccine development are also ongoing. However, alternative medicines including Ayurveda, herbal drugs, homeopathy, and Unani have also been enlisted as prominent treatment strategies for developing herd immunity and physical defenses against COVID-19. All considered, this review can help develop rapid and simplified diagnostic strategies, as well as advanced evidence-based modern therapeutic approaches that will aid in combating the global pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koel Sinha
- Centre for Healthcare Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Engineering Science Technology, Shibpur, Howrah, 711103, India
| | - Sutapa Som Chaudhury
- Centre for Healthcare Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Engineering Science Technology, Shibpur, Howrah, 711103, India
| | - Pramita Sharma
- Centre for Healthcare Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Engineering Science Technology, Shibpur, Howrah, 711103, India
- Department of Zoology, Hooghly Mohsin College Affiliated to University of Burdwan, Hooghly, 712101, India
| | - Bhuban Ruidas
- Centre for Healthcare Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Engineering Science Technology, Shibpur, Howrah, 711103, India
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19
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Bukkitgar SD, Shetti NP, Aminabhavi TM. Electrochemical investigations for COVID-19 detection-A comparison with other viral detection methods. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND : 1996) 2021; 420:127575. [PMID: 33162783 PMCID: PMC7605744 DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.127575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Virus-induced infection such as SARS-CoV-2 is a serious threat to human health and the economic setback of the world. Continued advances in the development of technologies are required before the viruses undergo mutation. The low concentration of viruses in environmental samples makes the detection extremely challenging; simple, accurate and rapid detection methods are in urgent need. Of all the analytical techniques, electrochemical methods have the established capabilities to address the issues. Particularly, the integration of nanotechnology would allow miniature devices to be made available at the point-of-care. This review outlines the capabilities of electrochemical methods in conjunction with nanotechnology for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. Future directions and challenges of the electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection are covered including wearable and conformal biosensors, detection of plant pathogens, multiplexed detection, and reusable biosensors for on-site monitoring, thereby providing low-cost and disposable biosensors.
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Key Words
- AIV H5N1, Avian influenza
- AIV, Avian influenza virus
- ASFV, African swine fever virus
- BVDV, Bovine viral diarrhea virus
- CGV, Chikungunya viruses
- CMV, Cucumber mosaic virus
- COVID-19
- CSFV, Classic swine fever virus
- CV, Cyclic voltammetry
- DAstV-1, Duck astrovirus 1
- DAstV-2, Duck astrovirus 2
- DENV, Dengue virus
- DEV, Duck enteritis virus
- DHAV-1, Duck hepatitis A virus 1
- DHAV-3, Duck hepatitis A virus 3
- DPV, Differential pulse voltammetry
- DRV-1, Duck reovirus 1
- DRV-2, Duck reovirus 2
- Detection
- EBV, Epstein-Barr virus
- EIS, Electric impedance spectroscopy
- EPC, External positive controls
- EV, Human enterovirus
- EV71, Human enterovirus 71
- Electrochemical sensor
- FMI SMOF, Fluorescence molecularly imprinted sensor based on a metal–organic framework
- GCE, Glassy carbon electrode
- GCFaV-1, Ginger chlorotic fleck associated virus 1
- GCFaV-2, Ginger chlorotic fleck-associated virus 2
- GEV VN-96, Gastroenteritis virus VN-96
- GPV, Goose parvovirus
- HHV, Human herpes virus 6
- HIAV, Human influenza A viruses
- HPB19, Human parvovirus B19
- HSV, Herpes simplex
- IAV, influenza A virus
- IEA, Interdigitated electrode array
- IMA, Interdigitated microelectrode array
- INAA, Isothermal nucleic acid amplification-based
- JEV, Japanese encephalitis virus
- LAMP, Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification
- LSV, Linear sweep voltammetry
- MERS, Middle East respiratory syndrome
- MIEC, Molecularly imprinted electrochemiluminescence
- MNV, Murine norovirus
- MeV, Measles virus
- NNV, Nervous necrosis virus
- Nanotechnology
- PBoV, Porcine bocavirus
- PCNAME, Pt-coated nanostructured alumina membrane electrode
- PCR
- PCRLFS, Polymerase Chain Reaction with a lateral flow strip with a lateral flow strip
- PCV, Porcine circovirus 3
- PEDV, Porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus
- PRRSV, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
- PSV, Pseudorabies virus
- RCA, Rolling circle amplification
- RGO, Reduced graphene oxide
- RT-LAMP-VF, RT-LAMP and a vertical flow visualization strip
- RV, Rubella virus
- SARS, Severe acute respiratory syndrome
- SIVH1N1, Swine influenza virus
- SWV, Square wave voltammetry
- TGEV, transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus
- TMUV, Tembusu virus
- USEGFET, Ultra-sensitive electrolyte-gated field-effect transistor
- VZV, Varicella-zoster virus
- VZV, varicella-Zoster virus
- Viruses
- ZV, Zika virus
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikandar D Bukkitgar
- Centre for Electrochemical Science and Materials, Department of Chemistry, K.L.E. Institute of Technology, Gokul, Hubballi 580030, Karnataka, India
| | - Nagaraj P Shetti
- Centre for Electrochemical Science and Materials, Department of Chemistry, K.L.E. Institute of Technology, Gokul, Hubballi 580030, Karnataka, India
| | - Tejraj M Aminabhavi
- Pharmaceutical Engineering, Soniya College of Pharmacy, Dharwad 580-007, India
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20
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Kabir MDA, Ahmed R, Iqbal SMA, Chowdhury R, Paulmurugan R, Demirci U, Asghar W. Diagnosis for COVID-19: current status and future prospects. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2021; 21:269-288. [PMID: 33621145 PMCID: PMC7938658 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2021.1894930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a respiratory illness caused by novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), had its first detection in December 2019 in Wuhan (China) and spread across the world. In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a pandemic disease. The utilization of prompt and accurate molecular diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 virus, isolating the infected patients, and treating them are the keys to managing this unprecedented pandemic. International travel acted as a catalyst for the widespread transmission of the virus.Areas covered: This review discusses phenotype, structural, and molecular evolution of recognition elements and primers, its detection in the laboratory, and at point of care. Further, market analysis of commercial products and their performance are also evaluated, providing new ways to confront the ongoing global public health emergency.Expert commentary: The outbreak for COVID-19 created mammoth chaos in the healthcare sector, and still, day by day, new epicenters for the outbreak are being reported. Emphasis should be placed on developing more effective, rapid, and early diagnostic devices. The testing laboratories should invest more in clinically relevant multiplexed and scalable detection tools to fight against a pandemic like this where massive demand for testing exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- MD Alamgir Kabir
- Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
- College of Engineering and Computer Science, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Rajib Ahmed
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Sheikh Muhammad Asher Iqbal
- Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
- College of Engineering and Computer Science, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | | | - Ramasamy Paulmurugan
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Utkan Demirci
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Waseem Asghar
- Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
- College of Engineering and Computer Science, Boca Raton, FL, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences (Courtesy Appointment, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
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21
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Xiong H, Ye X, Li Y, Qi J, Fang X, Kong J. Efficient Microfluidic-Based Air Sampling/Monitoring Platform for Detection of Aerosol SARS-CoV-2 On-site. Anal Chem 2021; 93:4270-4276. [PMID: 33635067 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c05154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Airborne pathogens have been considered as highly infectious and transmittable between humans. With the pandemic outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an on-site diagnostic system-integrated airborne pathogen-monitoring machine is recommended by experts for preventing and controlling the early stage β-coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spread. In this work, a small-volume rotating microfluidic fluorescence chip-integrated aerosol SARS-CoV-2 sampling system was constructed to satisfy the demand for rapid on-site sample collection and detection of SARS-CoV-2. The rotating microfluidic fluorescence system with small volume has very high sensitivity in the detection of SARS-CoV-2 (detection limit of 10 copies/μL with the shortest Ct value of 15 min), which is comparable to reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The precision variation coefficients within/between batches are very low [coefficient of variation (CV) % ≤ 5.0%]. Our work has passed the comprehensive inspection of the microfluidic chip performance by the Shanghai Medical Device Testing Institute [National Medical Inspection (Design) no. 4408] and successfully tested 115 clinical samples. The integrated system exhibits 100% specificity, high sensitivity (10 copies/μL), and good precision (CV % ≤ 5.0%) in the rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2, thus realizing rapid monitoring and diagnostics of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid on-site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiwen Xiong
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Xin Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yang Li
- Shanghai Suxin Biotechnology Co. Ltd, and IgeneTec Diagnostic Products Co. Ltd., Shanghai 201318, P. R. China
| | - Jun Qi
- Tianjin Customs District, Tianjin 300022, P. R. China
| | - Xueen Fang
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Jilie Kong
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
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22
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Shabani E, Dowlatshahi S, Abdekhodaie MJ. Laboratory detection methods for the human coronaviruses. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 40:225-246. [PMID: 32984911 PMCID: PMC7520381 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-020-04001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses are a group of envelop viruses which lead to diseases in birds and mammals as well as human. Seven coronaviruses have been discovered in humans that can cause mild to lethal respiratory tract infections. HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-HKU1 are the low-risk members of this family and the reason for some common colds. Besides, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and newly identified SARS-CoV-2, which is also known as 2019-nCoV, are the more dangerous viruses. Due to the rapid spread of this novel coronavirus and its related disease, COVID-19, a reliable, simple, fast, and low-cost detection method is necessary for patient diagnosis and tracking worldwide. Human coronaviruses detection methods were classified and presented in this article. The laboratory detection techniques include RT-PCR, RT-LAMP, electrochemical and optical biosensors for RNA detection, and whole virus or viral proteins detection assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Shabani
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sayeh Dowlatshahi
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad J Abdekhodaie
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
- Yeates School of Graduate Studies, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Mukherjee TK, Malik P, Maitra R, Hoidal JR. Ravaging SARS-CoV-2: rudimentary diagnosis and puzzling immunological responses. Curr Med Res Opin 2021; 37:207-217. [PMID: 33306409 PMCID: PMC7784827 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2020.1862532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In December 2019, the first COVID-19 case, caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was reported in Wuhan, China. The SARS-CoV-2 rapidly disseminated throughout the world via community spread, acquiring pandemic status with significant fatality. OBSERVATIONS Rapid SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis was soon perceived critical for arresting community spread and effective therapy development. Human SARS-CoV-2 infection can be diagnosed either by nucleic acid identification or specific antibody detection. Contrary to nucleic acid identification confirmed active SARS-CoV-2 infection; antibody detection confirms a past infection, even in asymptomatic subjects. SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies augment the ability to effectively counter the virus. A crucial hurdle limiting the steadfast implementation of antibody detection is the time required for threshold B lymphocyte population generation. This process is dependent on precise antigen recognition and MHC class I molecules presentation. CONCLUSIONS Thus, nucleic acid and antibody dependent tests complement each other in identifying human SARS-CoV-2 infection and shaping up subsequent immunological responses. This article discusses the complimentary association of nucleic acid identification (corresponding to an active infection) and antibody testing (the yester CoV-2 infection vulnerability) as the diagnostic and screening measures of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Highlights Nucleic acid (RNA) identification and specific antibody detection against SARS-CoV-2 are the noted diagnostic mechanisms for screening human SARS-CoV-2 infection. While nucleic acid identification screens prevailing SARS-CoV-2 infection, detection of SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies signifies a past infection, even in asymptomatic subjects. Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 provide a potential therapeutic option via transfer from antibody rich plasma of a recovered subject to an infected individual. Nucleic acid identification may not absolutely confirm the infection because of frequent SARS-CoV-2 genome mutations and possible technical errors, while specific antibody detection also needs at least (8-14) days for detectable screening of B-cell generated antibodies. Nucleic acid and antibody tests are complementary to each other as an early stage diagnostic assay for SARS-CoV-2 infection and possible therapy (antibodies). Sufferers with a high clinical suspicion but negative RT-PCR screening could be examined via combined imaging and repeated swab test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Kumar Mukherjee
- Division of Respiratory, Critical Care and Occupational Pulmonary Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Utah Health Care, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Parth Malik
- School of Chemical Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Radhashree Maitra
- Department of Biology, Yeshiva University, New York City, NY, USA
- Montefiore Medical center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - John R. Hoidal
- Division of Respiratory, Critical Care and Occupational Pulmonary Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Utah Health Care, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Andryukov BG, Besednova NN, Kuznetsova TA, Fedyanina LN. Laboratory-Based Resources for COVID-19 Diagnostics: Traditional Tools and Novel Technologies. A Perspective of Personalized Medicine. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11010042. [PMID: 33451039 PMCID: PMC7828525 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus infection 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the highly contagious SARS-CoV-2 virus, has provoked a global healthcare and economic crisis. The control over the spread of the disease requires an efficient and scalable laboratory-based strategy for testing the population based on multiple platforms to provide rapid and accurate diagnosis. With the onset of the pandemic, the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method has become a standard diagnostic tool, which has received wide clinical use. In large-scale and repeated examinations, these tests can identify infected patients with COVID-19, with their accuracy, however, dependent on many factors, while the entire process takes up to 6–8 h. Here we also describe a number of serological systems for detecting antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. These are used to assess the level of population immunity in various categories of people, as well as for retrospective diagnosis of asymptomatic and mild COVID-19 in patients. However, the widespread use of traditional diagnostic tools in the context of the rapid spread of COVID-19 is hampered by a number of limitations. Therefore, the sharp increase in the number of patients with COVID-19 necessitates creation of new rapid, inexpensive, sensitive, and specific tests. In this regard, we focus on new laboratory technologies such as loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA), which have proven to work well in the COVID-19 diagnostics and can become a worthy alternative to traditional laboratory-based diagnostics resources. To cope with the COVID-19 pandemic, the healthcare system requires a combination of various types of laboratory diagnostic testing techniques, whodse sensitivity and specificity increases with the progress in the SARS-CoV-2 research. The testing strategy should be designed in such a way to provide, depending on the timing of examination and the severity of the infection in patients, large-scale and repeated examinations based on the principle: screening–monitoring–control. The search and development of new methods for rapid diagnostics of COVID-19 in laboratory, based on new analytical platforms, is still a highly important and urgent healthcare issue. In the final part of the review, special emphasis is made on the relevance of the concept of personalized medicine to combat the COVID-19 pandemic in the light of the recent studies carried out to identify the causes of variation in individual susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 and increase the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris G. Andryukov
- G.P. Somov Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russian Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 690087 Vladivostok, Russia; (N.N.B.); (T.A.K.)
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University (FEFU), 690091 Vladivostok, Russia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-4232-304-647
| | - Natalya N. Besednova
- G.P. Somov Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russian Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 690087 Vladivostok, Russia; (N.N.B.); (T.A.K.)
| | - Tatyana A. Kuznetsova
- G.P. Somov Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russian Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 690087 Vladivostok, Russia; (N.N.B.); (T.A.K.)
| | - Ludmila N. Fedyanina
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University (FEFU), 690091 Vladivostok, Russia;
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Huergo MAC, Thanh NTK. Current advances in the detection of COVID-19 and evaluation of the humoral response. Analyst 2021; 146:382-402. [PMID: 33410826 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01686a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The new outbreak caused by coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 started at the end of 2019 and was declared a pandemic in March 2020. Since then, several diagnostic approaches have been re-adapted, and also improved from the previous detections of SARS and MERS coronavirus. The best strategy to handle this situation seems to rely on a triad of detection methods: (i) highly sensitive and specific techniques as the gold standard method, (ii) easier and faster point of care tests accessible for large population screening, and (iii) serology assays to complement the direct detection and to use for surveillance. In this study, we assessed the techniques and tests described in the literature, their advantages and disadvantages, and the interpretation of the results. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is undoubtedly the gold standard technique utilized not only for diagnostics, but also as a standard for comparison and validation of newer approaches. Other nucleic acid amplification methods have been shown to be adequate as point of care (POC) diagnostic tests with similar performance as RT-qPCR. The analysis of seroconversion with immunotests shows the complexity of the immune response to COVID-19. The detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies can also help to detect previously infected asymptomatic individuals with negative RT-qPCR tests. Nevertheless, more controlled serology cohort studies should be performed as soon as possible to understand the immune response to SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ana Cristina Huergo
- Theoretical and Applied Physical Chemical Research Institute (INIFTA), National Univesity of La Plata (UNLP), CONICET. Sucursal 4 Casilla de Correo 16, 1900 La Plata, Argentina.
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Farasani A. Genetic analysis of the 2019 coronavirus pandemic with from real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:911-916. [PMID: 33199970 PMCID: PMC7658593 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Corona viruses (CoV) are known to cause extreme pandemics in the globe. The year 2020 will be a pandemic with the spread of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) across the globe. Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) has been a part of our scary life for more than a quarter of a year in 2020. The Wuhan market and China have been the most commonly used terms in the world for at least a quarter of 2020. A zoonotic coronavirus has entered organisms to affect organisms for the third season in several centuries. CoV is a global pandemic prompted a drastic and rapid reconfiguration of society. CoV have extraordinary broad genomes of about 30 kilobases of RNA. There is no genetic relationship between the SARS-CoV, MERS and SARS-CoV-2. For health care strategies and for anticipating and preventing potential outbreaks, adequate description of the international spread of COVID-19 virus is imperative. The WHO has declared COVID-19 as endemic to pandemic in the first trimester of 2020. The biggest issues for diagnosis COVID-19 is not established apart from Real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In order to monitor the COVID-19 pandemic, testing of active SARS-CoV-2 infections is a fundamental public health method. The vast use of SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR tests around the world has led to increased availability of test kits, which is also a major bottleneck. The technique RT-PCR was generally agreed in the present scenario to detect SARS-CoV-2 in the human body. This review discusses about the importance of molecular technique for diagnosing the pandemic disease of 2019. In conclusion, RT-PCR was found to be an apt technique for identification of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Farasani
- Address: Biomedical Research Unit, Medical Research Center, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia.
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Kim Y, Gonzales J, Zheng Y. Sensitivity-Enhancing Strategies in Optical Biosensing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2004988. [PMID: 33369864 PMCID: PMC7884068 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202004988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
High-sensitivity detection of minute quantities or concentration variations of analytes of clinical importance is critical for biosensing to ensure accurate disease diagnostics and reliable health monitoring. A variety of sensitivity-improving concepts have been proposed from chemical, physical, and biological perspectives. In this review, elements that are responsible for sensitivity enhancement are classified and discussed in accordance with their operating steps in a typical biosensing workflow that runs through sampling, analyte recognition, and signal transduction. With a focus on optical biosensing, exemplary sensitivity-improving strategies are introduced, which can be developed into "plug-and-play" modules for many current and future sensors, and discuss their mechanisms to enhance biosensing performance. Three major strategies are covered: i) amplification of signal transduction by polymerization and nanocatalysts, ii) diffusion-limit-breaking systems for enhancing sensor-analyte contact and subsequent analyte recognition by fluid-mixing and analyte-concentrating, and iii) combined approaches that utilize renal concentration at the sampling and recognition steps and chemical signal amplification at the signal transduction step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngsun Kim
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - John Gonzales
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Yuebing Zheng
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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28
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Nawattanapaiboon K, Pasomsub E, Prombun P, Wongbunmak A, Jenjitwanich A, Mahasupachai P, Vetcho P, Chayrach C, Manatjaroenlap N, Samphaongern C, Watthanachockchai T, Leedorkmai P, Manopwisedjaroen S, Akkarawongsapat R, Thitithanyanont A, Phanchana M, Panbangred W, Chauvatcharin S, Srikhirin T. Colorimetric reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) as a visual diagnostic platform for the detection of the emerging coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Analyst 2021; 146:471-477. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an01775b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
RT-LAMP to detect SARS-CoV-2: in a positive sample, RT-LAMP leads to a color change from pink to yellow.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ekawat Pasomsub
- Virology and Molecular Microbiology Unit
- Department of Pathology
- Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital
- Mahidol University
- Bangkok 10400
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Treewat Watthanachockchai
- Virology and Molecular Microbiology Unit
- Department of Pathology
- Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital
- Mahidol University
- Bangkok 10400
| | - Phonthanat Leedorkmai
- Virology and Molecular Microbiology Unit
- Department of Pathology
- Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital
- Mahidol University
- Bangkok 10400
| | | | | | | | - Matthew Phanchana
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine
- Mahidol University
- Bangkok 10400
- Thailand
| | - Watanalai Panbangred
- Department of Biotechnology
- Faculty of Science
- Mahidol University
- Bangkok 10400
- Thailand
| | - Somchai Chauvatcharin
- Department of Biotechnology
- Faculty of Science
- Mahidol University
- Bangkok 10400
- Thailand
| | - Toemsak Srikhirin
- School of Materials Science and Innovation
- Faculty of Science
- Mahidol University
- Bangkok 10400
- Thailand
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29
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Awasthi N, Gupta S, Kiran A, Pardasani R. State-of-the-art equipment for rapid and accurate diagnosis of COVID-19. BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING TOOLS FOR MANAGEMENT FOR PATIENTS WITH COVID-19 2021. [PMCID: PMC8192314 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-824473-9.00012-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 as a pandemic worldwide. Containment of this pandemic requires the diagnosis of the disease at an early stage. Extensive accessibility to accurate and rapid testing procedures is the need of the hour to control SARS-CoV-2 virus infection and to check the amount of immunity in the community. As such, scientists, doctors, and individual laboratories and companies around the world have been working tirelessly to develop the critically needed test kits in huge numbers. The ready to use test kits are based on different principles including detection of viral proteins in samples obtained from feces, sputum, nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal samples, etc., or in blood or serum, by detection of antibodies produced in the human body to fight the infection. The first kind involves molecular assays like polymerase chain reaction-based techniques for the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus viral RNA. The second one involves serological and immunological assays which mostly rely upon antibody detection in an individual produced as a result of exposure to the virus. While the nucleic acid-based viral RNA can detect current infection in a sample, the serological tests can give an estimate of the already infected population. Medical imaging, specially chest computed tomography (CT), is another kind of technique that is becoming a supplement to the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, especially when the results by the former technique are not certain or take time to arrive. Apart from being a diagnostic tool, the CT scan can also help in prediction, assessing the disease progression and checking whether the patient is responsive to administered therapy. This chapter will provide a comprehensive overview of the various rapid and accurate diagnosis methods for SARS COVID-19 suggested by WHO for current infection, for example, detection of viral proteins, medical imaging, and previous infection, and detection of antibodies generated during COVID-19 infections and others that are currently being researched.
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30
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Verma RK, Kannaujia S, Khurana N, Singh A, Singh DP, Kumar A. Clinical correlation of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 cases in selected districts of Uttar Pradesh: A cross-sectional hospital-based study. JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND HEALTH PROMOTION 2020; 9:357. [PMID: 33575393 PMCID: PMC7871924 DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_563_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The novel coronavirus (CoV) has resulted in a global pandemic despite drastic measures to avoid contagious spread. On April 3, 2020, there were around 1 million reported cases and 51,515 deaths due to CoV disease 2019. The disease presents with flu-like symptoms such as fever, dry cough, and fatigue. India being a resource-limited country, it is very important to differentiate the suspected cases clinically. AIM The aim was to know the correlation of various clinical features of severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-infected cases in selected districts of UP. SETTING AND DESIGN This was a retrospective cross-sectional hospital-based study. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a retrospective cross-sectional study performed on 1243 suspected cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection from March 25, 2020 to April 17, 2020 in the department of microbiology of our institute to know the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in selected districts of Uttar Pradesh. These cases were analyzed to see the association of various clinical symptoms with SARS-CoV-2 infection. For statistical analysis, Pearson's Chi-square test was performed using SPSS version 23. RESULTS Out of total suspected cases, 4.5% were positive. Travel history was present in 80.4% of positive cases. About 83.9% had fever, 28.6% had shortness of breath, 35.7% had dry cough, 17.9% had either Type I or II diabetes mellitus, 12.5% had chronic kidney disease, and 7.1% had obstructive pulmonary diseases. CONCLUSION Negative clinical history is very important in ruling out the suspected cases who came out to be free from the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar Verma
- Department of Microbiology, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Etawah, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjay Kannaujia
- Department of Pathology, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Etawah, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Neha Khurana
- Department of Microbiology, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Etawah, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Etawah, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dharmendra P Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Etawah, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Alok Kumar
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Etawah, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Andryukov BG, Lyapun IN. COVID-19 diagnostic laboratory strategies: modern technologies and development trends (review of literature). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 65:757-766. [DOI: 10.18821/0869-2084-2020-65-12-757-766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, associated with the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has caused a surge in incidence worldwide, as well as a severe crisis in global health and economy. Therefore, fast and accurate diagnosis of infection is key to timely treatment and elimination of the spread of the virus. Currently, the standard method for detecting coronavirus is reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). However, this method requires expensive equipment and trained personnel, which limits the conduct of mass testing and lengthens the time to obtain a research result. Serological tests for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and the determination of protective immunity in various populations are used to retrospectively identify patients with asymptomatic and mild forms of infection, monitor the course of infection in hospitalized patients, and also track contacts and epidemiological surveillance. The use of standard methods for diagnosing COVID-19 in conditions of mass morbidity, especially in conditions of insufficient resources and lack of appropriate infrastructure, is associated with a number of limitations. Therefore, the search and development of new, fast, inexpensive, simple, device-free and no less sensitive and specific tests is an urgent task. Therefore, the search and development of new, fast, inexpensive, simple, device-free and no less sensitive and specific tests is an urgent task. The review examines new laboratory technologies for diagnosing a new infection - loop isothermal amplification (LAMP) and immunochromatographic analysis (ICA), which can become a real alternative to the used molecular and enzyme immunoassay methods. The dynamic development of these methods in recent years expands the prospects for their use both for diagnosing COVID-19 and monitoring a pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Georgievich Andryukov
- Somov Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russian Ministry of Education and Science; Far Eastern Federal University of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia
| | - I. N. Lyapun
- Somov Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russian Ministry of Education and Science
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Hossain S. A Study on Understanding Potential Gold and Silver Nanoparticle : An Overview. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219581x21500095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper highlights on the coronavirus outbreak caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). At the time of writing this paper, there has been over 6 million confirmed cases worldwide. It is a person–person transmittable infection but there have been cases of asymptomatic carriers. Hence, development of an effective biosensing diagnostic tool can curb its rapid transmission rate. The first part of the paper highlights on the SARS-CoV-2 structure and its resemblance to SARS-CoV. The second part of the paper analyzes on the potential application of gold and silver nanoparticles to generate a red shift that had enhanced the calorimetric property of the MERS-CoV analysis due to transition in its optical property. Other electrochemical techniques that utilized the application of gold nanoparticles are also reviewed. Gold and silver nanoparticles (AuNP and Ag NP) can accelerate the sensitivity upon electrodeposition on the diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadeeb Hossain
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Parihar A, Ranjan P, Sanghi SK, Srivastava AK, Khan R. Point-of-Care Biosensor-Based Diagnosis of COVID-19 Holds Promise to Combat Current and Future Pandemics. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:7326-7343. [PMID: 35019474 PMCID: PMC7571308 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Efficient and rapid detection of viruses plays an extremely important role in disease prevention, diagnosis, and environmental monitoring. Early screening of viral infection among the population has the potential to combat the spread of infection. However, the traditional methods of virus detection being used currently, such as plate culturing and quantitative RT-PCR, give promising results, but they are time-consuming and require expert analysis and costly equipment and reagents; therefore, they are not affordable by people in low socio-economic groups in developing countries. Further, mass or bulk testing chosen by many governments to tackle the pandemic situation has led to severe shortages of testing kits and reagents and hence are affecting the demand and supply chain drastically. We tried to include all the reported current scenario-based biosensors such as electrochemical, optical, and microfluidics, which have the potential to replace mainstream diagnostic methods and therefore could pave the way to combat COVID-19. Apart from this, we have also provided information on commercially available biosensors for detection of SARS-CoV-2 along with the challenges in development of better diagnostic approaches. It is therefore expected that the content of this review will help researchers to design and develop more sensitive advanced commercial biosensor devices for early diagnosis of viral infection, which can open up avenues for better and more specific therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpana Parihar
- Department of Genetics,
Barkatullah University, Bhopal,
Madhya Pradesh - 462026, India
| | - Pushpesh Ranjan
- CSIR - Advanced Materials and
Processes Research Institute, CSIR-AMPRI,
Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh - 462026, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative
Research (AcSIR), CSIR-AMPRI, Bhopal,
Madhya Pradesh - 462026, India
| | - Sunil K. Sanghi
- CSIR - Advanced Materials and
Processes Research Institute, CSIR-AMPRI,
Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh - 462026, India
| | - Avanish K. Srivastava
- CSIR - Advanced Materials and
Processes Research Institute, CSIR-AMPRI,
Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh - 462026, India
| | - Raju Khan
- CSIR - Advanced Materials and
Processes Research Institute, CSIR-AMPRI,
Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh - 462026, India
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Xiong H, Ye X, Li Y, Wang L, Zhang J, Fang X, Kong J. Rapid Differential Diagnosis of Seven Human Respiratory Coronaviruses Based on Centrifugal Microfluidic Nucleic Acid Assay. Anal Chem 2020; 92:14297-14302. [PMID: 33073982 PMCID: PMC7586455 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
With the global outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the highly infective, highly pathogenic, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has attracted great attention. Currently, a method to simultaneously diagnose the seven known types human coronaviruses remains lacking and is urgently needed. In this work, we successfully developed a portable microfluidic system for the rapid, accurate, and simultaneous detection of SARS-CoV, middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), SARS-CoV-2, and four other human coronaviruses (HCoVs) including HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-HKU1. The disk-like microfluidic platform integrated with loop-mediated isothermal amplification provides highly accurate, sensitive, and specific results with a wide linear range within 40 min. The diagnostic tool achieved 100% consistency with the "gold standard" polymerase chain reaction in detecting 54 real clinical samples. The integrated system, with its simplicity, is urgently needed for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiwen Xiong
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes
of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University,
Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Xin Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes
of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University,
Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yang Li
- Shanghai Suxin
Biotechnology Co. Ltd. and IgeneTec Diagnostic Products Co.
Ltd. Shanghai 201318, P. R.
China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Shanghai Suxin
Biotechnology Co. Ltd. and IgeneTec Diagnostic Products Co.
Ltd. Shanghai 201318, P. R.
China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Qingdao International Travel
Healthcare Center, Qingdao Customs, Qingdao
266071, P. R. China
| | - Xueen Fang
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes
of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University,
Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Jilie Kong
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes
of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University,
Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
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Ghorbani A, Samarfard S, Ramezani A, Izadpanah K, Afsharifar A, Eskandari MH, Karbanowicz TP, Peters JR. Quasi-species nature and differential gene expression of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and phylogenetic analysis of a novel Iranian strain. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 85:104556. [PMID: 32937193 PMCID: PMC7487081 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel coronavirus related to severe acute respiratory syndrome virus, (SARS-CoV-2) is the causal agent of the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite the genetic mutations across the SARS-CoV-2 genome being recently investigated, its transcriptomic genetic polymorphisms at inter-host level and the viral gene expression level based on each Open Reading Frame (ORF) remains unclear. Using available High Throughput Sequencing (HTS) data and based on SARS-CoV-2 infected human transcriptomic data, this study presents a high-resolution map of SARS-CoV-2 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) hotspots in a viral population at inter-host level. Four throat swab samples from COVID-19 infected patients were pooled, with RNA-Seq read retrieved from SRA NCBI to detect 21 SNPs and a replacement across the SARS-CoV-2 genomic population. Twenty-two RNA modification sites on viral transcripts were identified that may cause inter-host genetic diversity of this virus. In addition, the canonical genomic RNAs of N ORF showed higher expression in transcriptomic data and reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR compared to other SARS-CoV-2 ORFs, indicating the importance of this ORF in virus replication or other major functions in virus cycle. Phylogenetic and ancestral sequence analyses based on the entire genome revealed that SARS-CoV-2 is possibly derived from a recombination event between SARS-CoV and Bat SARS-like CoV. Ancestor analysis of the isolates from different locations including Iran suggest shared Chinese ancestry. These results propose the importance of potential inter-host level genetic variations to the evolution of SARS-COV-2, and the formation of viral quasi-species. The RNA modifications discovered in this study may cause amino acid sequence changes in polyprotein, spike protein, product of ORF8 and nucleocapsid (N) protein, suggesting further insights to understanding the functional impacts of mutations in the life cycle and pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abozar Ghorbani
- Plant Virology Research Centre, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Samira Samarfard
- Queensland Biosciences Precinct, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Amin Ramezani
- Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Alireza Afsharifar
- Plant Virology Research Centre, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hadi Eskandari
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Thomas P. Karbanowicz
- Queensland Biosciences Precinct, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jonathan R. Peters
- Queensland Biosciences Precinct, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia
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Divya M, Vijayakumar S, Chen J, Vaseeharan B, Durán-Lara EF. South Indian medicinal plants can combat deadly viruses along with COVID-19? - A review. Microb Pathog 2020; 148:104277. [PMID: 32473390 PMCID: PMC7253980 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a causative agent of Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), which is considered as a fatal disease for public health apprehension worldwide. This pathogenic virus can present everywhere. As it is a virus it can extend easily and cause severe illness to humans. Hence, an efficient international attentiveness of plan is necessary to cure and prevent. In this review, epidemic outbreak, clinical findings, prevention recommendations of COVID-19 and suggestive medicinal value of south Indian plant sources have been discussed. Though the varieties of improved approaches have been taken in scientific and medicinal concern, we have to pay attention to the medicinal value of the plant-based sources to prevent these types of pandemic diseases. This is one of the suggestive and effective ways to control the spreading of viruses. In the future, it is required to provide medicinal plant-based clinical products (Masks, sanitizers, soap, etc.,) with better techniques by clinicians to contend the scarcity and expose towards the nature-based medicine rather than chemical drugs. This may be a benchmark for the economical clinical trials of specific plant material to treat the viral diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mani Divya
- Nanobiosciences and Nanopharmacology Division, Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Animal Health Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Science Campus 6th Floor, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sekar Vijayakumar
- Nanobiosciences and Nanopharmacology Division, Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Animal Health Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Science Campus 6th Floor, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630004, Tamil Nadu, India; Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, PR China.
| | - Jingdi Chen
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, PR China.
| | - Baskaralingam Vaseeharan
- Nanobiosciences and Nanopharmacology Division, Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Animal Health Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Science Campus 6th Floor, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630004, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Esteban F Durán-Lara
- Bio & NanoMaterials Lab| Drug Delivery and Controlled Release, Universidad de Talca, Talca, 3460000, Maule, Chile; Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad de Talca, Talca, 3460000, Maule, Chile.
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37
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Nascimento Junior JAC, Santos AM, Oliveira AMS, Guimarães AG, Quintans-Júnior LJ, Coutinho HDM, Martins N, Borges LP, Serafini MR. Trends in MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Diagnosis Strategies: A Patent Review. Front Public Health 2020; 8:563095. [PMID: 33194964 PMCID: PMC7653175 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.563095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak represents a challenge for the diagnostic laboratories responsible for developing test kits to identify those infected with SARS-CoV-2. Methods with rapid and accurate detection are essential to control the sources of infection, to prevent the spread of the disease and to assist decision-making by public health managers. Currently, there is a wide variety of tests available with different detection methodologies, levels of specificity and sensitivity, detection time, and with an extensive range of prices. This review therefore aimed to conduct a patent search in relation to tests for the detection of SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. The greatest number of patents identified in the search were registered between 2003 and 2011, being mainly deposited by China, the Republic of Korea, and the United States. Most of the patents used the existing RT-PCR, ELISA, and isothermal amplification methods to develop simple, sensitive, precise, easy to use, low-cost tests that reduced false-negative or false-positive results. The findings of this patent search show that an increasing number of materials and diagnostic tests for the coronavirus are being produced to identify infected individuals and combat the growth of the current pandemic; however, there is still a question in relation to the reliability of the results of these tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Junior
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil.,Posgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil
| | | | | | - Adriana Gibara Guimarães
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil.,Posgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil
| | - Lucindo José Quintans-Júnior
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil.,Posgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil
| | | | - Natália Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Mairim Russo Serafini
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil.,Posgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil
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Javalkote VS, Kancharla N, Bhadra B, Shukla M, Soni B, Goodin M, Bandyopadhyay A, Dasgupta S. CRISPR-based assays for rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2. Methods 2020; 203:594-603. [PMID: 33045362 PMCID: PMC7546951 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic posed an unprecedented threat to global public health and economies. There is no effective treatment of the disease, hence, scaling up testing for rapid diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients and quarantine them from healthy individuals is one the best strategies to curb the pandemic. Establishing globally accepted easy-to-access diagnostic tests is extremely important to understanding the epidemiology of the present pandemic. While nucleic acid based tests are considered to be more sensitive with respect to serological tests but present gold standard qRT-PCR-based assays possess limitations such as low sample throughput, requirement for sophisticated reagents and instrumentation. To overcome these shortcomings, recent efforts of incorporating LAMP-based isothermal detection, and minimizing the number of reagents required are on rise. CRISPR based novel techniques, when merge with isothermal and allied technologies, promises to provide sensitive and rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acids. Here, we discuss and present compilation of state-of-the-art detection techniques for COVID-19 using CRISPR technology which has tremendous potential to transform diagnostics and epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek S Javalkote
- Reliance Industries Ltd, R&D-Synthetic Biology group, Reliance Corporate park, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Nagesh Kancharla
- Reliance Industries Ltd, R&D-Synthetic Biology group, Reliance Corporate park, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Bhaskar Bhadra
- Reliance Industries Ltd, R&D-Synthetic Biology group, Reliance Corporate park, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Manish Shukla
- Reliance Industries Ltd, R&D-Synthetic Biology group, Reliance Corporate park, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Badrish Soni
- Reliance Industries Ltd, R&D-Synthetic Biology group, Reliance Corporate park, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Michael Goodin
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Anindya Bandyopadhyay
- Reliance Industries Ltd, R&D-Synthetic Biology group, Reliance Corporate park, Navi Mumbai, India.
| | - Santanu Dasgupta
- Reliance Industries Ltd, R&D-Synthetic Biology group, Reliance Corporate park, Navi Mumbai, India.
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Prabhakar PK, Lakhanpal J. Recent advances in the nucleic acid-based diagnostic tool for coronavirus. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:9033-9041. [PMID: 33025503 PMCID: PMC7538041 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05889-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Recently in China, a novel coronavirus outbreak took place which caused pneumonia-like symptoms. This coronavirus belongs to the family of SARS and MERS and causes respiratory system disease known as COVID-19. At present we use polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based molecular biology methods for the detection of coronavirus. Other than these PCR based methods, some improved methods also exist such as microarray-based techniques, Real time-quantitative PCR, CRISPR-Cas13 based tools but almost all of the available methods have advantages and disadvantages. There are many limitations associated with this method and hence there is a need for a fast, more sensitive, and specific diagnostic tool which can detect a greater number of samples in less time. Here we have summarised currently available nucleic acid-based diagnostic methods for the detection of coronavirus and the need for developing a better technique for a fast and sensitive detection of coronavirus infections. Graphic abstract
Nucleic acid based detection tool for SARS-CoV-2.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Kumar Prabhakar
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, 144411, India.
| | - Jyoti Lakhanpal
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, 144411, India
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40
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Smith DL, Grenier JP, Batte C, Spieler B. A Characteristic Chest Radiographic Pattern in the Setting of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Radiol Cardiothorac Imaging 2020; 2:e200280. [PMID: 33778626 PMCID: PMC7605076 DOI: 10.1148/ryct.2020200280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the utility of chest radiography in aiding clinical diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) utilizing reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) as the standard of comparison. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective study was performed of persons under investigation for COVID-19 presenting to this institution during the exponential growth phase of the COVID-19 outbreak in New Orleans (March 13-25, 2020). Three hundred seventy-six in-hospital chest radiographic examinations for 366 individual patients were reviewed along with concurrent RT-PCR tests. Two experienced radiologists categorized each chest radiograph as characteristic, nonspecific, or negative in appearance for COVID-19, utilizing well-documented COVID-19 imaging patterns. Chest radiograph categorization was compared against RT-PCR results to determine the utility of chest radiography in diagnosing COVID-19. RESULTS Of the 366 patients, the study consisted of 178 male (49%) and 188 female (51%) patients with a mean age of 52.7 years (range, 17 to 98 years). Of the 376 chest radiographic examinations, 37 (10%) exhibited the characteristic COVID-19 appearance; 215 (57%) exhibited the nonspecific appearance; and 124 (33%) were considered negative for a pulmonary abnormality. Of the 376 RT-PCR tests evaluated, 200 (53%) were positive and 176 (47%) were negative. RT-PCR tests took an average of 2.5 days ± 0.7 to provide results. Sensitivity and specificity for correctly identifying COVID-19 with a characteristic chest radiographic pattern was 15.5% (31/200) and 96.6% (170/176), with a positive predictive value and negative predictive value of 83.8% (31/37) and 50.1% (170/339), respectively. CONCLUSION The presence of patchy and/or confluent, bandlike ground-glass opacity or consolidation in a peripheral and mid to lower lung zone distribution on a chest radiograph obtained in the setting of pandemic COVID-19 was highly suggestive of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection and should be used in conjunction with clinical judgment to make a diagnosis.© RSNA, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L. Smith
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1542 Tulane Ave, Room 343, New Orleans, LA 70112 (D.L.S., J.P.G., B.S.); and Department of Physics & Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, La (C.B.)
| | - John-Paul Grenier
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1542 Tulane Ave, Room 343, New Orleans, LA 70112 (D.L.S., J.P.G., B.S.); and Department of Physics & Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, La (C.B.)
| | - Catherine Batte
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1542 Tulane Ave, Room 343, New Orleans, LA 70112 (D.L.S., J.P.G., B.S.); and Department of Physics & Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, La (C.B.)
| | - Bradley Spieler
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1542 Tulane Ave, Room 343, New Orleans, LA 70112 (D.L.S., J.P.G., B.S.); and Department of Physics & Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, La (C.B.)
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41
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Karamitros T, Papadopoulou G, Bousali M, Mexias A, Tsiodras S, Mentis A. SARS-CoV-2 exhibits intra-host genomic plasticity and low-frequency polymorphic quasispecies. J Clin Virol 2020; 131:104585. [PMID: 32818852 PMCID: PMC7418792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In December 2019, an outbreak of atypical pneumonia (Coronavirus disease 2019 -COVID-19) associated with a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) was reported in Wuhan city, Hubei province, China. The outbreak was traced to a seafood wholesale market and human to human transmission was confirmed. The rapid spread and the death toll of the new epidemic warrants immediate intervention. The intra-host genomic variability of SARS-CoV-2 plays a pivotal role in the development of effective antiviral agents and vaccines, as well as in the design of accurate diagnostics. We analyzed NGS data derived from clinical samples of three Chinese patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, in order to identify small- and large-scale intra-host variations in the viral genome. We identified tens of low- or higher- frequency single nucleotide variations (SNVs) with variable density across the viral genome, affecting 7 out of 10 protein-coding viral genes. The majority of these SNVs (72/104) corresponded to missense changes. The annotation of the identified SNVs but also of all currently circulating strain variations revealed colocalization of intra-host as well as strain specific SNVs with primers and probes currently used in molecular diagnostics assays. Moreover, we de-novo assembled the viral genome, in order to isolate and validate intra-host structural variations and recombination breakpoints. The bioinformatics analysis disclosed genomic rearrangements over poly-A / poly-U regions located in ORF1ab and spike (S) gene, including a potential recombination hot-spot within S gene. Our results highlight the intra-host genomic diversity and plasticity of SARS-CoV-2, pointing out genomic regions that are prone to alterations. The isolated SNVs and genomic rearrangements reflect the intra-patient capacity of the polymorphic quasispecies, which may arise rapidly during the outbreak, allowing immunological escape of the virus, offering resistance to anti-viral drugs and affecting the sensitivity of the molecular diagnostics assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timokratis Karamitros
- Bioinformatics and Applied Genomics Unit, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece.
| | - Gethsimani Papadopoulou
- Bioinformatics and Applied Genomics Unit, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Bousali
- Bioinformatics and Applied Genomics Unit, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasios Mexias
- Bioinformatics and Applied Genomics Unit, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Sotirios Tsiodras
- 4(th) Academic Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Mentis
- Public Health Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
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Qin Z, Peng R, Baravik IK, Liu X. Fighting COVID-19: Integrated Micro- and Nanosystems for Viral Infection Diagnostics. MATTER 2020; 3:628-651. [PMID: 32838297 PMCID: PMC7346839 DOI: 10.1016/j.matt.2020.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) highlights the importance of rapid and sensitive diagnostics of viral infection that enables the efficient tracing of cases and the implementation of public health measures for disease containment. The immediate actions from both academia and industry have led to the development of many COVID-19 diagnostic systems that have secured fast-track regulatory approvals and have been serving our healthcare frontlines since the early stage of the pandemic. On diagnostic technologies, many of these clinically validated systems have significantly benefited from the recent advances in micro- and nanotechnologies in terms of platform design, analytical method, and system integration and miniaturization. The continued development of new diagnostic platforms integrating micro- and nanocomponents will address some of the shortcomings we have witnessed in the existing COVID-19 diagnostic systems. This Perspective reviews the previous and ongoing research efforts on developing integrated micro- and nanosystems for nucleic acid-based virus detection, and highlights promising technologies that could provide better solutions for the diagnosis of COVID-19 and other viral infectious diseases. With the summary and outlook of this rapidly evolving research field, we hope to inspire more research and development activities to better prepare our society for future public health crises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Qin
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Ran Peng
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Ilina Kolker Baravik
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
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Osman A, Al Daajani M, Alsahafi A. Re-positive coronavirus disease 2019 PCR test: could it be a reinfection? New Microbes New Infect 2020; 37:100748. [PMID: 32843984 PMCID: PMC7439804 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak started in December 2019 and rapidly spread around the globe as a major health threat. Several reports on re-positive cases subsequent to discharge from hospitals caught our attention. We aimed to highlight RT-qPCR positivity re-detection after discharge from isolation, with special consideration of the possible reasons behind it. We found that re-positive RT-qPCR assays for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 after previous negative results might be attributed to false-negative laboratory results and prolonged viral shedding, rather than to re-infection. These findings are encouraging and should be validated in a larger cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.A. Osman
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, Faculty of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia
| | - M.M. Al Daajani
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Public Health Agency, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - A.J. Alsahafi
- Family Medicine and Public Health Consultant, Public Health Department, Jeddah Health Affairs, Saudi Arabia
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44
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Bao L, Zhang C, Dong J, Zhao L, Li Y, Sun J. Oral Microbiome and SARS-CoV-2: Beware of Lung Co-infection. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1840. [PMID: 32849438 PMCID: PMC7411080 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, the cause of COVID-19, has become a public health emergency of global concern. Like the SARS and influenza pandemics, there have been a large number of cases coinfected with other viruses, fungi, and bacteria, some of which originate from the oral cavity. Capnocytophaga, Veillonella, and other oral opportunistic pathogens were found in the BALF of the COVID-19 patients by mNGS. Risk factors such as poor oral hygiene, cough, increased inhalation under normal or abnormal conditions, and mechanical ventilation provide a pathway for oral microorganisms to enter the lower respiratory tract and thus cause respiratory disease. Lung hypoxia, typical symptoms of COVID-19, would favor the growth of anaerobes and facultative anaerobes originating from the oral microbiota. SARS-CoV-2 may aggravate lung disease by interacting with the lung or oral microbiota via mechanisms involving changes in cytokines, T cell responses, and the effects of host conditions such as aging and the oral microbiome changes due to systemic diseases. Because the oral microbiome is closely associated with SARS-CoV-2 co-infections in the lungs, effective oral health care measures are necessary to reduce these infections, especially in severe COVID-19 patients. We hope this review will draw attention from both the scientific and clinical communities on the role of the oral microbiome in the current global pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiajia Dong
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianxun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Dharavath B, Yadav N, Desai S, Sunder R, Mishra R, Ketkar M, Bhanshe P, Gupta A, Redhu AK, Patkar N, Dutt S, Gupta S, Dutt A. A one-step, one-tube real-time RT-PCR based assay with an automated analysis for detection of SARS-CoV-2. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04405. [PMID: 32665985 PMCID: PMC7341355 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Early diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients is essential to control the dynamics of the COVID-19 pandemic. We develop a rapid and accurate one-step multiplex TaqMan probe-based real-time RT-PCR assay, along with a computational tool to systematically analyse the data. Our assay could detect to a limit of 15 copies of SARS-CoV-2 transcripts-based on experiments performed by spiking total human RNA with in vitro synthesized viral transcripts. The assay was evaluated by performing 184 validations for the SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid gene and human RNase P as an internal control reference gene with dilutions ranging from 1-100 ng for human RNA on a cohort of 26 clinical samples. 5 of 26 patients were confirmed to be infected with SARS-CoV-2, while 21 tested negative, consistent with the standards. The accuracy of the assay was found to be 100% sensitive and 100% specific based on the 26 clinical samples that need to be further verified using a large number of clinical samples. In summary, we present a rapid, easy to implement real-time PCR based assay with automated analysis using a novel COVID qPCR Analyzer tool with graphical user interface (GUI) to analyze the raw qRT-PCR data in an unbiased manner at a cost of under $3 per reaction and turnaround time of less than 2h, to enable in-house SARS-CoV-2 testing across laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhasker Dharavath
- Integrated Cancer Genomics Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research, and Education in Cancer, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, 410210, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400094, India
| | - Neelima Yadav
- Integrated Cancer Genomics Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research, and Education in Cancer, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, 410210, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400094, India
| | - Sanket Desai
- Integrated Cancer Genomics Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research, and Education in Cancer, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, 410210, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400094, India
| | - Roma Sunder
- Integrated Cancer Genomics Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research, and Education in Cancer, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, 410210, India
| | - Rohit Mishra
- Integrated Cancer Genomics Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research, and Education in Cancer, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, 410210, India
| | - Madhura Ketkar
- Shilpee Dutt Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research, and Education in Cancer, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, 410210, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400094, India
| | - Prasanna Bhanshe
- Haematopathology Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research, and Education in Cancer, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, 410210, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400094, India
| | - Anurodh Gupta
- Haematopathology Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research, and Education in Cancer, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, 410210, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400094, India
| | - Archana Kumari Redhu
- Integrated Cancer Genomics Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research, and Education in Cancer, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, 410210, India
| | - Nikhil Patkar
- Haematopathology Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research, and Education in Cancer, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, 410210, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400094, India
| | - Shilpee Dutt
- Shilpee Dutt Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research, and Education in Cancer, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, 410210, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400094, India
| | - Sudeep Gupta
- Department of Medical Oncology, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research, and Education in Cancer, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, 410210, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400094, India
| | - Amit Dutt
- Integrated Cancer Genomics Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research, and Education in Cancer, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, 410210, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400094, India
- Adjunct Faculty, Institute of Advanced Virology, Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment, Govt of Kerala, Thonnakkal, Kerala, 695317, India
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Sessa F, Bertozzi G, Cipolloni L, Baldari B, Cantatore S, D’Errico S, Di Mizio G, Asmundo A, Castorina S, Salerno M, Pomara C. Clinical-Forensic Autopsy Findings to Defeat COVID-19 Disease: A Literature Review. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E2026. [PMID: 32605192 PMCID: PMC7409028 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9072026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2 was identified for the first time in China, in December 2019. Confirmed cases of COVID-19 have been reported around the world; indeed, this infection has been declared a pandemic. Consequently, the scientific community is working hard to gain useful information about the history of this virus, its transmission, diagnosis, clinical features, radiological findings, research and development of candidate therapeutics as well as vaccines. This review aims to analyze the diagnostic techniques used to ascertain the COVID-19 infection, critically reviewing positive points and criticism for forensic implications, obviously including autopsy. Finally, this review proposes a practical workflow to be applied in the management of corpses during this outbreak of the COVID-19 infection, which could be useful in cases of future infectious disease emergencies. Analyzing the diagnostic methods, to date, virus nucleic acid RT-PCR represents the standard method used to ascertain the COVID-19 infection in living subjects and corpses, even if this technique has several criticisms: mainly, the staff should be highly specialized, working in high-throughput settings, able to handle high workloads and aware of health risks and the importance of the results. Thus, IgG/IgM serological tests have been developed, overcoming RT-qPCR duration, costs, and management, not requiring highly trained personnel. Nevertheless, serological tests present problems; the WHO recommends the use of these new point-of-care immunodiagnostic tests only in research settings. Furthermore, nothing has yet been published regarding the possibility of applying these methods during post-mortem investigations. In light of this scenario, in this review, we suggest a flow chart for the pathologist called on to ascertain the cause of death of a subject with historical and clinical findings of COVID-19 status or without any anamnestic, diagnostic, or exposure information. Indeed, the literature data confirmed the analytical vulnerabilities of the kits used for laboratory diagnosis of COVID-19, particularly during postmortem examinations. For these reasons, autopsy remains the gold standard method to ascertain the exact cause of death (from or with COVID-19 infection, or other causes), to consequently provide real data for statistical evaluations and to take necessary measures to contain the risks of the infection. Moreover, performing autopsies could provide information on the pathogenesis of the COVID-19 infection with obvious therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Sessa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (G.B.); (S.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Bertozzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (G.B.); (S.C.)
| | - Luigi Cipolloni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (G.B.); (S.C.)
| | - Benedetta Baldari
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00186 Rome, Italy;
| | - Santina Cantatore
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (G.B.); (S.C.)
| | - Stefano D’Errico
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34100 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Giulio Di Mizio
- Department of Law, Forensic Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Alessio Asmundo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e Delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali, Sezione di Medicina Legale, Università di Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy;
| | - Sergio Castorina
- Anatomy, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies G.F. Ingrassia, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy;
| | - Monica Salerno
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia”, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy;
| | - Cristoforo Pomara
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia”, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy;
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Kashir J, Yaqinuddin A. Loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays as a rapid diagnostic for COVID-19. Med Hypotheses 2020; 141:109786. [PMID: 32361529 PMCID: PMC7182526 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Recently, a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2; coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19) has emerged, rapidly spreading and severely straining the capacity of the global health community. Many nations are employing combinations of containment and mitigation strategies, where early diagnosis of COVID-19 is vital in controlling illness progression and limiting viral spread within the population. Thus, rapid and accurate methods of early detection are vital to contain COVID-19 and prevent further spread and predicted subsequent infectious waves of viral recurrence in future. Immediately after its initial characterization, Chinese and American Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCs) rapidly employed molecular assays for detection of COVID-19, mostly employing real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) methods. However, such methods require specific expensive items of equipment and highly trained analysts, requiring upwards of 4–8 h to process. These requirements coupled with associated financial pressures may prevent effective deployment of such diagnostic tests. Loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is method of nucleic acid amplification which exhibits increased sensitivity and specificity are significantly rapid, and do not require expensive reagents or instruments, which aids in cost reduction for coronavirus detection. Studies have shown the successful application of LAMP assays in various forms to detect coronavirus RNA in patient samples, demonstrating that 1–10 copies of viral RNA template per reaction are sufficient for successful detection, ~100-fold more sensitive than conventional RT-PCR methods. Importantly, studies have also now demonstrated the effectiveness of LAMP methodology in the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA at significantly low levels, particularly following numerous improvements to LAMP assay protocols. We hypothesise that recent advancements in enhanced LAMP protocols assay perhaps represent the best chance for a rapid and robust assay for field diagnosis of COVID-19, without the requirement of specialized equipment and highly trained professionals to interpret results. Herein, we present our arguments with a view to disseminate such findings, to assist the combat of this virus that is proving so devastating. We hope that this strategy could be applied rapidly, and confirmed for viability with clinical samples, before being rolled out for mass-diagnostic testing in these current times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junaid Kashir
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Comparative Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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48
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Tahamtan
- Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Abdollah Ardebili
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
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49
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Yu F, Du L, Ojcius DM, Pan C, Jiang S. Measures for diagnosing and treating infections by a novel coronavirus responsible for a pneumonia outbreak originating in Wuhan, China. Microbes Infect 2020; 22:74-79. [PMID: 32017984 PMCID: PMC7102556 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
On 10 January 2020, a new coronavirus causing a pneumonia outbreak in Wuhan City in central China was denoted as 2019-nCoV by the World Health Organization (WHO). As of 24 January 2020, there were 887 confirmed cases of 2019-nCoV infection, including 26 deaths, reported in China and other countries. Therefore, combating this new virus and stopping the epidemic is a matter of urgency. Here, we focus on advances in research and development of fast diagnosis methods, as well as potential prophylactics and therapeutics to prevent or treat 2019-nCoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yu
- The College of Life and Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Bao Ding, China
| | - Lanying Du
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - David M Ojcius
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, School of Dentistry, San Francisco, USA
| | - Chungen Pan
- Guangdong Haid Institute of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary, Haid Research Institute, Guangdong Haid Group Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, USA; Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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50
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Shen M, Zhou Y, Ye J, Abdullah Al-Maskri AA, Kang Y, Zeng S, Cai S. Recent advances and perspectives of nucleic acid detection for coronavirus. J Pharm Anal 2020; 10:97-101. [PMID: 32292623 PMCID: PMC7102540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2020.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent pneumonia outbreak caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is posing a great threat to global public health. Therefore, rapid and accurate identification of pathogenic viruses plays a vital role in selecting appropriate treatments, saving people’s lives and preventing epidemics. It is important to establish a quick standard diagnostic test for the detection of the infectious disease (COVID-19) to prevent subsequent secondary spread. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is regarded as a gold standard test for the molecular diagnosis of viral and bacterial infections with high sensitivity and specificity. Isothermal nucleic acid amplification is considered to be a highly promising candidate method due to its fundamental advantage in quick procedure time at constant temperature without thermocycler operation. A variety of improved or new approaches also have been developed. This review summarizes the currently available detection methods for coronavirus nucleic acid. It is anticipated that this will assist researchers and clinicians in developing better techniques for timely and effective detection of coronavirus infection. This review summarizes the currently available detection methods for coronavirus nucleic acid. It will assist researchers in developing better techniques for timely and effective detection of coronavirus infection. It will help the establishment of SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection method which is useful for the early diagnosis of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minzhe Shen
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Jiawei Ye
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Abdu Ahmed Abdullah Al-Maskri
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Yu Kang
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Su Zeng
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Sheng Cai
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
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