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Melo-Fonseca F, Gasik M, Cruz A, Moreira D, S. Silva F, Miranda G, Mendes Pinto I. Engineering a Hybrid Ti6Al4V-Based System for Responsive and Consistent Osteogenesis. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:8985-8994. [PMID: 38434873 PMCID: PMC10905591 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
As the aging population increases worldwide, the incidence of musculoskeletal diseases and the need for orthopedic implants also arise. One of the most desirable goals in orthopedic reconstructive therapies is de novo bone formation. Yet, reproducible, long-lasting, and cost-effective strategies for implants that strongly induce osteogenesis are still in need. Nanoengineered titanium substrates (and their alloys) are among the most used materials in orthopedic implants. Although having high biocompatibility, titanium alloys hold a low bioactivity profile. The osteogenic capacity and osseointegration of Ti-based implantable systems are limited, as they critically depend on the body-substrate interactions defined by blood proteins adsorbed into implant surfaces that ultimately lead to the recruitment, proliferation, and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to comply bone formation and regeneration. In this work, a hybrid Ti6Al4V system combining micro- and nanoscale modifications induced by hydrothermal treatment followed by functionalization with a bioactive compound (fibronectin derived from human plasma) is proposed, aiming for bioactivity improvement. An evaluation of the biological activity and cellular responses in vitro with respect to bone regeneration indicated that the integration of morphological and chemical modifications into Ti6Al4V surfaces induces the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs to improve bone regeneration by an enhancement of mineral matrix formation that accelerates the osseointegration process. Overall, this hybrid system has numerous competitive advantages over more complex treatments, including reproducibility, low production cost, and potential for improved long-term maintenance of the implant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Melo-Fonseca
- Center
for MicroElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), University of Minho, Guimarães 4800-058, Portugal
- LABBELS—Associate
Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães 4710-057, Portugal
- International
Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Braga 4715-330, Portugal
| | - Michael Gasik
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University
Foundation, Espoo 00076, Finland
| | - Andrea Cruz
- International
Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Braga 4715-330, Portugal
| | - Daniel Moreira
- Institute
for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), Porto 4200-135, Portugal
| | - Filipe S. Silva
- Center
for MicroElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), University of Minho, Guimarães 4800-058, Portugal
- LABBELS—Associate
Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Georgina Miranda
- CICECO, Aveiro
Institute of Materials, Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Inês Mendes Pinto
- International
Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Braga 4715-330, Portugal
- Institute
for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), Porto 4200-135, Portugal
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Holkar K, Kale V, Pethe P, Ingavle G. The symbiotic effect of osteoinductive extracellular vesicles and mineralized microenvironment on osteogenesis. J Biomed Mater Res A 2024; 112:155-166. [PMID: 37671776 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of bone-related diseases has raised concern about the need for an osteoinductive and mechanically stronger scaffold-based bone tissue engineering (BTE) alternative. A mineralized microenvironment, similar to the native bone microenvironment, is required in the scaffold to recruit and differentiate local mesenchymal stem cells at the bone defect site. Further, extracellular vesicles (EVs), pre-osteoblasts' secretome, contain osteoinductive cargo and have recently been exploited in bone regeneration. This work developed a cell-free and mechanically strong interpenetrating network-based scaffold for BTE by combining the action of osteoinductive EVs with a mineralized microenvironment. The MC3T3 (a pre-osteoblast cell line) is used as a source of EVs and as the target population. The optimal concentration of MC3T3-EVs was first determined to induce osteogenesis in target cells. The osteoinductive potential of the scaffold was estimated in vitro by osteogenesis-related markers like the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzyme and calcium content. The MC3T3-EVs cargo was also studied for osteoinductive signals such as ALP, calcium, and mRNA. The findings of this work indicated that MC3T3-EVs at a 90 μg/mL dose had significantly higher ALP activity than 0 μg/mL (1.47-fold), 10 μg/mL (1.41-fold), and 30 μg/mL (1.39-fold) EV-concentration on day 14. Further combination of the optimum dose of EVs with a mineralized microenvironment significantly enhanced ALP activity (1.5-fold) and mineralization (3.36-fold) as compared to the control group on day 7. EV cargo analysis revealed the presence of calcium, the ALP enzyme, and the mRNAs necessary for osteogenesis and angiogenesis. ALP activity was significantly boosted in the EV-containing target cells as early as day 1, and mineralization began on day 7 because MC3T3-EVs carry ALP enzymes and calcium as cargo. When osteoinductive EVs were combined with an osteoconductive mineralized microenvironment, osteogenesis was significantly enhanced in target cells at early time points. The interaction between osteoinductive EVs and the mineralized milieu facilitates the process of osteogenesis in the target cells and suggests a potential cell-free strategy for in vivo bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketki Holkar
- Symbiosis Centre for Stem Cell Research (SCSCR), Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, India
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences (SSBS), Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, India
| | - Vaijayanti Kale
- Symbiosis Centre for Stem Cell Research (SCSCR), Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, India
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences (SSBS), Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, India
| | - Prasad Pethe
- Symbiosis Centre for Stem Cell Research (SCSCR), Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, India
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences (SSBS), Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, India
| | - Ganesh Ingavle
- Symbiosis Centre for Stem Cell Research (SCSCR), Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, India
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences (SSBS), Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, India
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da Silva Sasso GR, Florencio-Silva R, de Pizzol-Júnior JP, Gil CD, Simões MDJ, Sasso-Cerri E, Cerri PS. Additional Insights Into the Role of Osteocalcin in Osteoblast Differentiation and in the Early Steps of Developing Alveolar Process of Rat Molars. J Histochem Cytochem 2023; 71:689-708. [PMID: 37953508 PMCID: PMC10691409 DOI: 10.1369/00221554231211630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated whether osteocalcin (OCN) is present in osteoblast precursors and its relationship with initial phases of alveolar process formation. Samples of maxillae of 16-, 18-, and 20-day-old rat embryos (E16, E18, and E20, respectively), and 05-, 10-, and 15-day-old postnatal rats (P05, P10, and P15, respectively) were fixed and embedded in paraffin or araldite. Immunohistochemistry for osterix (Osx), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and OCN detection was performed and the number of immunolabelled cells was computed. Non-decalcified sections were subjected to the von Kossa method combined with immunohistochemistry for Osx or OCN detection. For OCN immunolocalization, samples were fixed in 0.5% glutaraldehyde/2% formaldehyde and embedded in LR White resin. The highest number of ALP- and OCN-immunolabelled cells was observed in dental follicle of E16 specimens, mainly in basal portions of dental alveolus. In corresponding regions, osteoblasts in differentiation adjacent to von Kossa-positive bone matrix exhibited Osx and OCN immunoreactivity. Ultrastructural analysis revealed OCN immunoreactive particles inside osteoblast in differentiation, and in bone matrix associated with collagen fibrils and within matrix vesicles, at early stages of alveolar process formation. Our results indicate that OCN plays a role in osteoblast differentiation and may regulate calcium/phosphate precipitation during early mineralization of the alveolar process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Rodrigues da Silva Sasso
- Disciplina de Histologia e Biologia Estrutural, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Rinaldo Florencio-Silva
- Disciplina de Histologia e Biologia Estrutural, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brasil
- Departamento de Ginecologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brasil
| | - José Paulo de Pizzol-Júnior
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Morphology, Genetics, Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Damas Gil
- Disciplina de Histologia e Biologia Estrutural, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Manuel de Jesus Simões
- Disciplina de Histologia e Biologia Estrutural, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Estela Sasso-Cerri
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Morphology, Genetics, Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sérgio Cerri
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Morphology, Genetics, Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
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Vermeulen S, Knoops K, Duimel H, Parvizifard M, van Beurden D, López-Iglesias C, Giselbrecht S, Truckenmüller R, Habibović P, Tahmasebi Birgani Z. An in vitro model system based on calcium- and phosphate ion-induced hMSC spheroid mineralization. Mater Today Bio 2023; 23:100844. [PMID: 38033367 PMCID: PMC10682137 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A challenge in regenerative medicine is creating the three-dimensional organic and inorganic in vitro microenvironment of bone, which would allow the study of musculoskeletal disorders and the generation of building blocks for bone regeneration. This study presents a microwell-based platform for creating spheroids of human mesenchymal stromal cells, which are then mineralized using ionic calcium and phosphate supplementation. The resulting mineralized spheroids promote an osteogenic gene expression profile through the influence of the spheroids' biophysical environment and inorganic signaling and require less calcium or phosphate to achieve mineralization compared to a monolayer culture. We found that mineralized spheroids represent an in vitro model for studying small molecule perturbations and extracellular mediated calcification. Furthermore, we demonstrate that understanding pathway signaling elicited by the spheroid environment allows mimicking these pathways in traditional monolayer culture, enabling similar rapid mineralization events. In sum, this study demonstrates the rapid generation and employment of a mineralized cell model system for regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Vermeulen
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Kèvin Knoops
- Microscopy CORE Lab, M4I Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Duimel
- Microscopy CORE Lab, M4I Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Maryam Parvizifard
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Denis van Beurden
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Carmen López-Iglesias
- Microscopy CORE Lab, M4I Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Stefan Giselbrecht
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Roman Truckenmüller
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Pamela Habibović
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Zeinab Tahmasebi Birgani
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Skelton AM, Cohen DJ, Boyan BD, Schwartz Z. Osteoblast-Derived Matrix Vesicles Exhibit Exosomal Traits and a Unique Subset of microRNA: Their Caveolae-Dependent Endocytosis Results in Reduced Osteogenic Differentiation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12770. [PMID: 37628952 PMCID: PMC10454939 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix vesicles (MVs) are nano-sized extracellular vesicles that are anchored in the extracellular matrix (ECM). In addition to playing a role in biomineralization, osteoblast-derived MVs were recently suggested to have regulatory duties. The aims of this study were to establish the characteristics of osteoblast-derived MVs in the context of extracellular vesicles like exosomes, assess their role in modulating osteoblast differentiation, and examine their mechanism of uptake. MVs were isolated from the ECM of MG63 human osteoblast-like cell cultures and characterized via enzyme activity, transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, Western blot, and small RNA sequencing. Osteoblasts were treated with MVs from two different culture conditions (growth media [GM]; osteogenic media [OM]) to evaluate their effects on the differentiation and production of inflammatory markers and on macrophage polarization. MV endocytosis was assessed using a lipophilic, fluorescent dye and confocal microscopy with the role of caveolae determined using methyl-β-cyclodextrin. MVs exhibited a four-fold enrichment in alkaline phosphatase specific activity compared to plasma membranes; were 50-150 nm in diameter; possessed exosomal markers CD63, CD81, and CD9 and endosomal markers ALIX, TSG101, and HSP70; and were selectively enriched in microRNA linked to an anti-osteogenic effect and to M2 macrophage polarization. Treatment with GM or OM MVs decreased osteoblast differentiation. Osteoblasts endocytosed MVs using a mechanism that involves caveolae. These results support the hypothesis that osteoblasts produce MVs that participate in the regulation of osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M. Skelton
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (A.M.S.); (B.D.B.)
| | - D. Joshua Cohen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA;
| | - Barbara D. Boyan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (A.M.S.); (B.D.B.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA;
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Zvi Schwartz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA;
- Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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6
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Idaszek J, Jaroszewicz J, Choińska E, Górecka Ż, Hyc A, Osiecka-Iwan A, Wielunska-Kuś B, Święszkowski W, Moskalewski S. Toward osteomimetic formation of calcium phosphate coatings with carbonated hydroxyapatite. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 149:213403. [PMID: 37075660 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Biomimetic production of coatings on various types of scaffolds is based mainly on simulated body fluid precipitation (SBF) of apatites, or, if the HCO3- is present, carbonated apatites. Recently, we proposed formation of calcium phosphates (CaP) precipitates by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) hydrolysing glycerophosphate in presence of calcium ions as an alternative to SBF. Since apatites synthesized in bone by the ALP activity contain carbonate anions, it was tempting to investigate whether the phosphatase method could be advanced into osteomimetic one. Therefore, taking example from the SBF studies, phosphatase incubation medium was enriched with carbonate ions at 4.2 and 27 mM concentration. X-ray diffraction of the precipitates disclosed peaks typical for hydroxyapatite (HAP). FTIR analysis showed that at both concentration of carbonate ions, apatites underwent both B and A substitution, more extensive at higher concentration. Thus, osteomimetic approach produced carbonated hydroxyapatites of the type encountered in bone tissue even at HCO3- concentration as low as 4.2 mM. Composite plates made of poly(ε-caprolactone) and mixture of β-tricalcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite at mass ratio of 1:0.5:0.5, respectively, were covered by CaP coatings, i.e., CaP-0, CaP-4.2, CaP-27, by incubation in phosphatase medium containing 0, 4.2 or 27 mM of NaHCO3, respectively. Pristine or coated PCL50 plates were used to study release of calcium and adsorption/desorption of proteins, or seeded with human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) for study of cell adhesion, spreading and osteogenic differentiation. Introduction of carbonate into the CaP coatings significantly increased release of Ca2+ in a carbonate concentration-dependent manner; the release was up to 4 times higher, when compared to CaP-0 coating, and reached 0.41 ± 0.01 mM for CaP-27 after first 24 h. Coating CaP-4.2 yielded significantly higher adsorption of bovine serum albumin and cytochrome C than CaP-0. All of the CaP coatings improved significantly hMSC adhesion, however, only CaP-4.2 provided 2 times higher cell number than PCL50 after 2 weeks of culture. Interestingly, ALP activity calculated per cell number was the highest on pristine plates, presumably because hMSC differentiate preferentially into osteoblasts at lower seeding densities. It appears, therefore, that the osteomimetic approach may be useful for production of carbonated hydroxyapatite coatings, but requires further studies and replacing intestinal phosphatase used in this work with one originating from bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Idaszek
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Woloska 141, Warsaw 02-507, Poland.
| | - Jakub Jaroszewicz
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Woloska 141, Warsaw 02-507, Poland
| | - Emilia Choińska
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Woloska 141, Warsaw 02-507, Poland
| | - Żaneta Górecka
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Woloska 141, Warsaw 02-507, Poland
| | - Anna Hyc
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Osiecka-Iwan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Wielunska-Kuś
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Woloska 141, Warsaw 02-507, Poland
| | - Wojciech Święszkowski
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Woloska 141, Warsaw 02-507, Poland
| | - Stanisław Moskalewski
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
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de Oliveira MC, Heredia JE, da Silva FRF, Macari S. Extracellular Vesicles in Bone Remodeling and Osteoporosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1418:155-168. [PMID: 37603279 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-1443-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a systemic disorder characterized by bone mass loss, leading to fractures due to weak and brittle bones. The bone tissue deterioration process is related to an impairment of bone remodeling orchestrated mainly by resident bone cells, including osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes, and their progenitors. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoparticles emerging as regulatory molecules and potential biomarkers for bone loss. Although the progress in studies relating to EVs and bone loss has increased in the last years, research on bone cells, animal models, and mainly patients is still limited. Here, we aim to review the recent advances in this field, summarizing the effect of EV components such as proteins and miRNAs in regulating bone remodeling and, consequently, osteoporosis progress and treatment. Also, we discuss the potential application of EVs in clinical practice as a biomarker and bone loss therapy, demonstrating that this rising field still needs to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Chaves de Oliveira
- Immunometabolism, Department of Nutrition, Nursing School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Joyce Elisa Heredia
- Immunometabolism, Department of Nutrition, Nursing School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Soraia Macari
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Li X, Zhang W, Fan Y, Niu X. MV-mediated biomineralization mechanisms and treatments of biomineralized diseases. MEDICINE IN NOVEL TECHNOLOGY AND DEVICES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medntd.2022.100198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Liu C, Li Y, Han G. Advances of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Released Extracellular Vesicles in Periodontal Bone Remodeling. DNA Cell Biol 2022; 41:935-950. [PMID: 36315196 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2022.0359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoparticles that include exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies; they interact with target cell surface receptors and transport contents, including mRNA, proteins, and enzymes into the cytoplasm of target cells to function. The biological fingerprints of EVs practically mirror those of the parental cells they originated from. In the bone remodeling microenvironment, EVs could act on osteoblasts to regulate the bone formation, promote osteoclast differentiation, and regulate bone resorption. Therefore, there have been many attempts wherein EVs were used to achieve targeted therapy in bone-related diseases. Periodontitis, a common bacterial infectious disease, could cause severe alveolar bone resorption, resulting in tooth loss, whereas research on periodontal bone regeneration is also an urgent question. Therefore, EVs-related studies are important for periodontal bone remodeling. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of mesenchymal stem cell-EVs involved in periodontal bone remodeling and explore the functional gene expression through a comparative analysis of transcriptomic content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoran Liu
- Department of Oral Geriatrics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Li
- Department of Oral Geriatrics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghong Han
- Department of Oral Geriatrics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
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Could BMPs Therapy Be Improved if BMPs Were Used in Composition Acting during Bone Formation in Endochondral Ossification? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810327. [PMID: 36142232 PMCID: PMC9499665 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) inspired hope for the successful treatment of bone disorders, but side effects worsening the clinical effects were eventually observed. BMPs exert a synergistic effect, stimulating osteogenesis; however, predicting the best composition of growth factors for use in humans is difficult. Chondrocytes present within the growth plate produce growth factors stored in calcified cartilage adhering to metaphysis. These factors stimulate initial bone formation in metaphysis. We have previously determined the growth factors present in bovine calcified cartilage and produced by rat epiphyseal chondrocytes. The results suggest that growth factors stimulating physiological ossification are species dependent. The collection of human calcified cartilage for growth factors determination does not appear feasible, but chondrocytes for mRNA determination could be obtained. Their collection from young recipients, in view of the Academy of Medical Royal Colleges Recommendation, would be ethical. The authors of this review do not have facilities to conduct such a study and can only appeal to competent institutions to undertake the task. The results could help to formulate a better recipe for the stimulation of bone formation and improve clinical results.
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11
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Wang ZX, Luo ZW, Li FXZ, Cao J, Rao SS, Liu YW, Wang YY, Zhu GQ, Gong JS, Zou JT, Wang Q, Tan YJ, Zhang Y, Hu Y, Li YY, Yin H, Wang XK, He ZH, Ren L, Liu ZZ, Hu XK, Yuan LQ, Xu R, Chen CY, Xie H. Aged bone matrix-derived extracellular vesicles as a messenger for calcification paradox. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1453. [PMID: 35304471 PMCID: PMC8933454 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29191-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipocyte differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (BMSCs) instead of osteoblast formation contributes to age- and menopause-related marrow adiposity and osteoporosis. Vascular calcification often occurs with osteoporosis, a contradictory association called “calcification paradox”. Here we show that extracellular vesicles derived from aged bone matrix (AB-EVs) during bone resorption favor BMSC adipogenesis rather than osteogenesis and augment calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells. Intravenous or intramedullary injection of AB-EVs promotes bone-fat imbalance and exacerbates Vitamin D3 (VD3)-induced vascular calcification in young or old mice. Alendronate (ALE), a bone resorption inhibitor, down-regulates AB-EVs release and attenuates aging- and ovariectomy-induced bone-fat imbalance. In the VD3-treated aged mice, ALE suppresses the ovariectomy-induced aggravation of vascular calcification. MiR-483-5p and miR-2861 are enriched in AB-EVs and essential for the AB-EVs-induced bone-fat imbalance and exacerbation of vascular calcification. Our study uncovers the role of AB-EVs as a messenger for calcification paradox by transferring miR-483-5p and miR-2861. This study uncovers the role of extracellular vesicles from bone matrix as a messenger in the development of osteoporosis and vascular calcification (calcification paradox) during skeletal aging and menopause by transferring miR-483-5p and miR-2861.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Xing Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhong-Wei Luo
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fu-Xing-Zi Li
- The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jia Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shan-Shan Rao
- Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yi-Wei Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yi-Yi Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jiang-Shan Gong
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jing-Tao Zou
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Zhejiang Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi-Juan Tan
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yin Hu
- Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - You-You Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hao Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiao-Kai Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ze-Hui He
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lu Ren
- The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zheng-Zhao Liu
- Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Bone Joint Degeneration and Injury, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiong-Ke Hu
- Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ling-Qing Yuan
- The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ran Xu
- The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chun-Yuan Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Hui Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,Hunan Key Laboratory of Bone Joint Degeneration and Injury, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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12
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Brown SV, Dewitt S, Clayton A, Waddington RJ. Identifying the Efficacy of Extracellular Vesicles in Osteogenic Differentiation: An EV-Lution in Regenerative Medicine. FRONTIERS IN DENTAL MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fdmed.2022.849724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have long been the focus for regenerative medicine and the restoration of damaged or aging cells throughout the body. However, the efficacy of MSCs in cell-based therapy still remains unpredictable and carries with it enumerable risks. It is estimated that only 3-10% of MSCs survive transplantation, and there remains undefined and highly variable heterogeneous biological potency within these administered cell populations. The mode of action points to secreted factors produced by MSCs rather than the reliance on engraftment. Hence harnessing such secreted elements as a replacement for live-cell therapies is attractive. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogenous lipid bounded structures, secreted by cells. They comprise a complex repertoire of molecules including RNA, proteins and other factors that facilitate cell-to-cell communication. Described as protected signaling centers, EVs can modify the cellular activity of recipient cells and are emerging as a credible alternative to cell-based therapies. EV therapeutics demonstrate beneficial roles for wound healing by preventing apoptosis, moderating immune responses, and stimulating angiogenesis, in addition to promoting cell proliferation and differentiation required for tissue matrix synthesis. Significantly, EVs maintain their signaling function following transplantation, circumventing the issues related to cell-based therapies. However, EV research is still in its infancy in terms of their utility as medicinal agents, with many questions still surrounding mechanistic understanding, optimal sourcing, and isolation of EVs for regenerative medicine. This review will consider the efficacy of using cell-derived EVs compared to traditional cell-based therapies for bone repair and regeneration. We discuss the factors to consider in developing productive lines of inquiry and establishment of standardized protocols so that EVs can be harnessed from optimal secretome production, to deliver reproducible and effective therapies.
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13
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Vermeulen S, Birgani ZT, Habibovic P. Biomaterial-induced pathway modulation for bone regeneration. Biomaterials 2022; 283:121431. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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14
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Sekaran S, Vimalraj S, Thangavelu L. The Physiological and Pathological Role of Tissue Nonspecific Alkaline Phosphatase beyond Mineralization. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11111564. [PMID: 34827562 PMCID: PMC8615537 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) is a key enzyme responsible for skeletal tissue mineralization. It is involved in the dephosphorylation of various physiological substrates, and has vital physiological functions, including extra-skeletal functions, such as neuronal development, detoxification of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an anti-inflammatory role, bile pH regulation, and the maintenance of the blood brain barrier (BBB). TNAP is also implicated in ectopic pathological calcification of soft tissues, especially the vasculature. Although it is the crucial enzyme in mineralization of skeletal and dental tissues, it is a logical clinical target to attenuate vascular calcification. Various tools and studies have been developed to inhibit its activity to arrest soft tissue mineralization. However, we should not neglect its other physiological functions prior to therapies targeting TNAP. Therefore, a better understanding into the mechanisms mediated by TNAP is needed for minimizing off targeted effects and aid in the betterment of various pathological scenarios. In this review, we have discussed the mechanism of mineralization and functions of TNAP beyond its primary role of hard tissue mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Sekaran
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai 600 077, Tamil Nadu, India;
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Selvaraj Vimalraj
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai 600 077, Tamil Nadu, India;
- Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Lakshmi Thangavelu
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai 600 077, Tamil Nadu, India;
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15
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Yerneni SS, Adamik J, Weiss LE, Campbell PG. Cell trafficking and regulation of osteoblastogenesis by extracellular vesicle associated bone morphogenetic protein 2. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12155. [PMID: 34669267 PMCID: PMC8528095 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are characterized by complex cargo composition and carry a wide array of signalling cargo, including growth factors (GFs). Beyond surface-associated GFs, it is unclear if EV intralumenal growth factors are biologically active. Here, bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2), loaded directly into the lumen of EVs designated engineered BMP2-EVs (eBMP2-EVs), was comprehensively characterized including its regulation of osteoblastogenesis. eBMP2-EVs and non-EV 'free' BMP2 were observed to similarly regulate osteoblastogenesis. Furthermore, cell trafficking experiments suggest rapid BMP2 recycling and its extracellular release as 'free' BMP2 and natural occurring BMP2-EVs (nBMP2-EVs), with both being osteogenic. Interestingly, BMP2 occurs on the EV surface of nBMP2-EVs and is susceptible to proteolysis, inhibition by noggin and complete dissociation from nBMP2-EVs over 3 days. Whereas, within the eBMP2-EVs, BMP2 is protected from proteolysis, inhibition by noggin and is retained in EV lumen at 100% for the first 24 h and ∼80% after 10 days. Similar to 'free' BMP2, bioprinted eBMP2-EV microenvironments induced osteogenesis in vitro and in vivo in spatial registration to the printed patterns. Taken together, BMP2 signalling involves dynamic BMP2 cell trafficking in and out of the cell involving EVs, with distinct differences between these nBMP2-EVs and eBMP2-EVs attributable to the BMP2 cargo location with EVs. Lastly, eBMP2-EVs appear to deliver BMP2 directly into the cytoplasm, initiating BMP2 signalling within the cell, bypassing its cell surface receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juraj Adamik
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of MedicineUPMC Hillman Cancer CenterPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Lee E. Weiss
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- The Robotics InstituteCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- The McGowan Institute for Regenerative MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Phil G. Campbell
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- The McGowan Institute for Regenerative MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Engineering Research Accelerator, College of EngineeringCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
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16
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Extracellular Vesicles from Mesenchymal Stem Cells as Potential Treatments for Osteoarthritis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061287. [PMID: 34067325 PMCID: PMC8224601 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative disorder of the joint and its prevalence and severity is increasing owing to ageing of the population. Osteoarthritis is characterized by the degradation of articular cartilage and remodeling of the underlying bone. There is little understanding of the cellular and molecular processes involved in pathophysiology of OA. Currently the treatment for OA is limited to painkillers and anti-inflammatory drugs, which only treat the symptoms. Some patients may also undergo surgical procedures to replace the damaged joints. Extracellular vesicles (EV) play an important role in intercellular communications and their concentration is elevated in the joints of OA patients, although their mechanism is unclear. Extracellular vesicles are naturally released by cells and they carry their origin cell information to be delivered to target cells. On the other hand, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are highly proliferative and have a great potential in cartilage regeneration. In this review, we provide an overview of the current OA treatments and their limitations. We also discuss the role of EV in OA pathophysiology. Finally, we highlight the therapeutic potential of MSC-derived EV in OA and their challenges.
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17
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Iwan A, Moskalewski S, Hyc A. Growth factor profile in calcified cartilage from the metaphysis of a calf costochondral junction, the site of initial bone formation. Biomed Rep 2021; 14:54. [PMID: 33884197 PMCID: PMC8056382 DOI: 10.3892/br.2021.1430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Endochondral bone formation is orchestrated by growth factors produced by chondrocytes and deposited in the cartilage matrix. Whilst some of these factors have been identified, the complete list and their relationship remains unknown. In the present study, the growth factors were isolated from non-calcified and calcified cartilage of costochondral junctions. Cartilage dissected from the ribs of 6-20-week-old calves was purchased from a local butcher within 24 h of the death of the animal. The isolation involved hyaluronidase digestion, guanidinium hydrochloride (GuHCl) extraction, HCl decalcification and GuHCl extraction of the decalcified matrix. Growth factors were purified by heparin chromatography and their quantities were estimated using ELISA. Decalcified cartilage was also used for protein sequence analysis (data are available via ProteomeXchange; ID, PXD021781). Bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7), growth/differentiation factor-5 (GDF-5) and NEL-like protein-1 (NELL-1), all known growth factors that stimulate bone formation, quantitatively accounted for the majority of the material obtained in all steps of isolation. Thus, cartilage serves as a store for growth factors. During initial bone formation septoclasts release osteoclastogenesis-stimulating factors deposited in non-calcified cartilage. Osteoclasts dissolve calcified cartilage and transport the released factors required for the stimulation of osteoprogenitor cells to deposit osteoid. High concentrations of BMP-7, GDF-5 and NELL-1 at the site of initial bone formation may suggest that their synergistic action favours osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Iwan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw PL02004, Poland
| | - Stanisław Moskalewski
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw PL02004, Poland
| | - Anna Hyc
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw PL02004, Poland
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Matrix Vesicles: Role in Bone Mineralization and Potential Use as Therapeutics. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14040289. [PMID: 33805145 PMCID: PMC8064082 DOI: 10.3390/ph14040289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is a complex organ maintained by three main cell types: osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes. During bone formation, osteoblasts deposit a mineralized organic matrix. Evidence shows that bone cells release extracellular vesicles (EVs): nano-sized bilayer vesicles, which are involved in intercellular communication by delivering their cargoes through protein–ligand interactions or fusion to the plasma membrane of the recipient cell. Osteoblasts shed a subset of EVs known as matrix vesicles (MtVs), which contain phosphatases, calcium, and inorganic phosphate. These vesicles are believed to have a major role in matrix mineralization, and they feature bone-targeting and osteo-inductive properties. Understanding their contribution in bone formation and mineralization could help to target bone pathologies or bone regeneration using novel approaches such as stimulating MtV secretion in vivo, or the administration of in vitro or biomimetically produced MtVs. This review attempts to discuss the role of MtVs in biomineralization and their potential application for bone pathologies and bone regeneration.
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19
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Yi G, Ma Y, Chen Y, Yang X, Yang B, Tian W. A Review of the Functions of Matrix Vesicles in Periodontal Tissues. Stem Cells Dev 2021; 30:165-176. [PMID: 33349125 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2020.0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontal tissues consist of cementum, periodontal ligaments, and alveolar bone, which provide indispensable support for physiological activities involving mastication, swallowing, and pronunciation. The formation of periodontal tissues requires a complex process, during which a close relationship with biomineralization is noticeable. Alveolar bone and cementum are physically hard, both of which are generated from biomineralization and possess the exact mechanical properties resembling other hard tissues. However, when periodontitis, congenital abnormalities, periapical diseases, and other pathological conditions affect the organism, the most common symptom, alveolar bone defect, is always unavoidable, which results in difficulties for current clinical treatment. Thus, exploring effective therapies to improve the prognosis is important. Matrix vesicles (MVs), a special subtype of extracellular vesicles related to histogenesis, are widely produced by the stem cells of developing hard tissues. With the assistance of the enzymes and transporters contained within them, MVs can construct the extracellular matrix and an adequate microenvironment, thus promoting biomineralization and periodontal development. Presently, MVs can be effectively extracted and delivered by scaffolds and generate hard tissues in vitro and in vivo, which are expected to be translated into therapies for alveolar bone defects. In this review, we generalize recent research progress on MV morphology, molecular composition, biological mechanism, and, in particular, the biological functions in periodontal development. In addition to the above unique roles of MVs, we further describe the available MV-related biotechnologies and achievements that make them promising for coping with existing problems and improving the treatment of alveolar bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genzheng Yi
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yue Ma
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xueting Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Weidong Tian
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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20
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Sun H, Burrola S, Wu J, Ding WQ. Extracellular Vesicles in the Development of Cancer Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176097. [PMID: 32847103 PMCID: PMC7504131 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small lipid bilayer-delimited nanoparticles released from all types of cells examined thus far. Several groups of EVs, including exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies, have been identified according to their size and biogenesis. With extensive investigations on EVs over the last decade, it is now recognized that EVs play a pleiotropic role in various physiological processes as well as pathological conditions through mediating intercellular communication. Most notably, EVs have been shown to be involved in cancer initiation and progression and EV signaling in cancer are viewed as potential therapeutic targets. Furthermore, as membrane nanoparticles, EVs are natural products with some of them, such as tumor exosomes, possessing tumor homing propensity, thus leading to strategies utilizing EVs as drug carriers to effectively deliver cancer therapeutics. In this review, we summarize recent reports on exploring EVs signaling as potential therapeutic targets in cancer as well as on developing EVs as therapeutic delivery carriers for cancer therapy. Findings from preclinical studies are primarily discussed, with early phase clinical trials reviewed. We hope to provide readers updated information on the development of EVs as cancer therapeutic targets or therapeutic carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyao Sun
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (H.S.); (S.B.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215001, China
| | - Stephanie Burrola
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (H.S.); (S.B.)
| | - Jinchang Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215001, China
- Section of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221006, China
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (W.-Q.D.); Tel.: +86-1377-604-8328 (J.W.); +1-405-271-1605 (W.-Q.D.)
| | - Wei-Qun Ding
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (H.S.); (S.B.)
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (W.-Q.D.); Tel.: +86-1377-604-8328 (J.W.); +1-405-271-1605 (W.-Q.D.)
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21
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Biomaterials and extracellular vesicles in cell-free therapy for bone repair and regeneration: Future line of treatment in regenerative medicine. MATERIALIA 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mtla.2020.100736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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22
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Abstract
Matrix mineralization can be divided into physiological mineralization and pathological mineralization. There is a consensus among existing studies that matrix vesicles (MVs) are the starting sites of bone mineralization, and each component of MVs serves a certain function in mineralization. In addition, ectopic MVs pathologically promote undesired calcification, the primary focus of which is the promotion of vascular calcification. However, the specific mechanisms of the actions of MVs in bone-vascular axis cross-talk have not been fully elucidated. This review summarizes the latest research in this field and explores the roles of MVs in the bone-vascular axis with the aim of generating new ideas for the prevention and treatment of vascular calcification and bone metabolic disease.
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23
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Zhu S, Bennett S, Kuek V, Xiang C, Xu H, Rosen V, Xu J. Endothelial cells produce angiocrine factors to regulate bone and cartilage via versatile mechanisms. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:5957-5965. [PMID: 32483430 PMCID: PMC7255007 DOI: 10.7150/thno.45422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood vessels are conduits distributed throughout the body, supporting tissue growth and homeostasis by the transport of cells, oxygen and nutrients. Endothelial cells (ECs) form the linings of the blood vessels, and together with pericytes, are essential for organ development and tissue homeostasis through producing paracrine signalling molecules, called angiocrine factors. In the skeletal system, ECs - derived angiocrine factors, combined with bone cells-released angiogenic factors, orchestrate intercellular crosstalk of the bone microenvironment, and the coupling of angiogenesis-to-osteogenesis. Whilst the involvement of angiogenic factors and the blood vessels of the skeleton is relatively well established, the impact of ECs -derived angiocrine factors on bone and cartilage homeostasis is gradually emerging. In this review, we survey ECs - derived angiocrine factors, which are released by endothelial cells of the local microenvironment and by distal organs, and act specifically as regulators of skeletal growth and homeostasis. These may potentially include angiocrine factors with osteogenic property, such as Hedgehog, Notch, WNT, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF), and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Understanding the versatile mechanisms by which ECs-derived angiocrine factors orchestrate bone and cartilage homeostasis, and pathogenesis, is an important step towards the development of therapeutic potential for skeletal diseases.
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24
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Liu G, Lu T, Li Y, Liu Y, Ji X, Jia W, Sun M, Luo Y. Exosomal proteome from the serum, bone marrow, and palm and toe pustular skin tissues of a single patient with SAPHO syndrome. J Proteomics 2020; 216:103673. [PMID: 32001333 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Exosome proteomic analysis may reveal differentially abundant proteins that are of significance for clarifying the pathogenesis of SAPHO (Synovitis, Acne, Pustulosis, Hyperostosis and Osteitis) syndrome. Exosomes were isolated from the serum, bone marrow and skin tissue of the palm and toe pustular areas in a unique patient with SAPHO syndrome. The exosomes were not different from those of healthy subjects in size (114.1 ± 73.7 nm) or morphology. Label-free exosome proteomic analysis identified 198 more abundant proteins and 183 less abundant compared with those of healthy subjects. Gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed that these proteins were involved in binding with a variety of biological molecules and participated in biological processes related to autoimmunity or inflammation. A total of 243 KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genomes) pathways were enriched, of which 43 were related to immune function. It was speculated that five differentially abundant proteins, Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1/MK01), Tyrosine protein kinase (SYK), Integrin beta-3 (ITB3), Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2a catalytic subunit alpha isoform (PP2AA) and Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2a 65 kDa regulatory subunit A beta isoform (2AAB), associated with multiple KEGG pathways, forms an interaction network that may be involved in the occurrence, development and prognosis of SAPHO syndrome. SIGNIFICANCE: Exosomes of SAPHO syndrome patient were not significantly different from those of healthy subjects in size and morphology. Label-free proteomic analysis of exosomal proteins in patient with SAPHO syndrome speculated 5 proteins MAPK1, SYK, ITB3, PP2AA and 2AAB, which may be involved in the occurrence, development and prognosis of SAPHO syndrome by binding with other biological molecules. It is speculated for the first time that proteins Histone H2A type 1-J and Histone H4 were related to SAPHO syndrome. Clinic relevance. Exosome proteomics can suggest novel pathological data in patients with SAPHO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guomin Liu
- Jilin Provincial Changbai Mountain Anti-tumor Medicine Engineering Center, Changchun, Jilin, China; Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, China.
| | - Tiancheng Lu
- Jilin Provincial Changbai Mountain Anti-tumor Medicine Engineering Center, Changchun, Jilin, China; Life Sciences College, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China.
| | - Yalong Li
- Jilin Provincial Changbai Mountain Anti-tumor Medicine Engineering Center, Changchun, Jilin, China; Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, China.
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, China; Jilin Provincial Changbai Mountain Anti-tumor Medicine Engineering Center, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| | - Xuan Ji
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, China; Jilin Provincial Changbai Mountain Anti-tumor Medicine Engineering Center, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| | - Wenyuan Jia
- Jilin Provincial Changbai Mountain Anti-tumor Medicine Engineering Center, Changchun, Jilin, China; Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, China.
| | - Maolei Sun
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, China; Jilin Provincial Changbai Mountain Anti-tumor Medicine Engineering Center, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| | - Yungang Luo
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, China; Jilin Provincial Changbai Mountain Anti-tumor Medicine Engineering Center, Changchun, Jilin, China.
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Gunnella F, Kunisch E, Horbert V, Maenz S, Bossert J, Jandt KD, Plöger F, Kinne RW. In Vitro Release of Bioactive Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (GDF5, BB-1, and BMP-2) from a PLGA Fiber-Reinforced, Brushite-Forming Calcium Phosphate Cement. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11090455. [PMID: 31484306 PMCID: PMC6781330 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11090455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone regeneration of sheep lumbar osteopenia is promoted by targeted delivery of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) via a biodegradable, brushite-forming calcium-phosphate-cement (CPC) with stabilizing poly(l-lactide-co-glycolide) acid (PLGA) fibers. The present study sought to quantify the release and bioactivity of BMPs from a specific own CPC formulation successfully used in previous in vivo studies. CPC solid bodies with PLGA fibers (0%, 5%, 10%) containing increasing dosages of GDF5, BB-1, and BMP-2 (2 to 1000 µg/mL) were ground and extracted in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or pure sheep serum/cell culture medium containing 10% fetal calf serum (FCS; up to 30/31 days). Released BMPs were quantified by ELISA, bioactivity was determined via alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity after 3-day exposure of different osteogenic cell lines (C2C12; C2C12BRlb with overexpressed BMP-receptor-1b; MCHT-1/26; ATDC-5) and via the influence of the extracts on the expression of osteogenic/chondrogenic genes and proteins in human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hASCs). There was hardly any BMP release in PBS, whereas in medium + FCS or sheep serum the cumulative release over 30/31 days was 11-34% for GDF5 and 6-17% for BB-1; the release of BMP-2 over 14 days was 25.7%. Addition of 10% PLGA fibers significantly augmented the 14-day release of GDF5 and BMP-2 (to 22.6% and 43.7%, respectively), but not of BB-1 (13.2%). All BMPs proved to be bioactive, as demonstrated by increased ALP activity in several cell lines, with partial enhancement by 10% PLGA fibers, and by a specific, early regulation of osteogenic/chondrogenic genes and proteins in hASCs. Between 10% and 45% of bioactive BMPs were released in vitro from CPC + PLGA fibers over a time period of 14 days, providing a basis for estimating and tailoring therapeutically effective doses for experimental and human in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Gunnella
- Experimental Rheumatology Unit, Department of Orthopedics, Jena University Hospital, Waldkrankenhaus "Rudolf Elle", Klosterlausnitzer Str. 81, 07607 Eisenberg, Germany
| | - Elke Kunisch
- Experimental Rheumatology Unit, Department of Orthopedics, Jena University Hospital, Waldkrankenhaus "Rudolf Elle", Klosterlausnitzer Str. 81, 07607 Eisenberg, Germany
| | - Victoria Horbert
- Experimental Rheumatology Unit, Department of Orthopedics, Jena University Hospital, Waldkrankenhaus "Rudolf Elle", Klosterlausnitzer Str. 81, 07607 Eisenberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Maenz
- Chair of Materials Science, Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Jörg Bossert
- Chair of Materials Science, Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Klaus D Jandt
- Chair of Materials Science, Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena School for Microbial Communication (JSMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Raimund W Kinne
- Experimental Rheumatology Unit, Department of Orthopedics, Jena University Hospital, Waldkrankenhaus "Rudolf Elle", Klosterlausnitzer Str. 81, 07607 Eisenberg, Germany.
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26
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Abstract
The process of fracture healing is complex and requires an interaction of multiple organ systems. Cell-cell communication is known to be very important during this process. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membranous vesicles generated from a variety of cells. Proteins, RNAs, small molecules, and mitochondria DNA were found to be transported among cells through EVs. EV-based cross talk represents a substantial cell-cell communication pattern that can both interact with cells through molecular surfaces and transfer molecules to cells. These interactions can assist in the synchronization of cellular functions among cells of the same kind, and coordinate the functions of different types of cells. After activation, platelets, neutrophils, macrophages, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and mesenchymal stem cell (') all secrete EVs, promoting the fracture healing process. Moreover, some studies have found evidence that EVs may be used for diagnosis and treatment of delayed fracture healing, and may be significantly involved in the pathophysiology of fracture healing disturbances. In this review, we summarize recent findings on EVs released by fracture healing-related cells, and EV-mediated communications during fracture healing. We also highlight the potential applications of EVs in fracture healing. Lastly, the prospect of EVs for research and clinical use is discussed.
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Signal Exchange through Extracellular Vesicles in Neuromuscular Junction Establishment and Maintenance: From Physiology to Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112804. [PMID: 31181747 PMCID: PMC6600513 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromuscular junction (NMJ) formation involves morphological changes both in motor terminals and muscle membrane. The molecular mechanisms leading to NMJ formation and maintenance have not yet been fully elucidated. During the last decade, it has become clear that virtually all cells release different types of extracellular vesicles (EVs), which can be taken up by nearby or distant cells modulating their activity. Initially, EVs were associated to a mechanism involved in the elimination of unwanted material; subsequent evidence demonstrated that exosomes, and more in general EVs, play a key role in intercellular communication by transferring proteins, lipids, DNA and RNA to target cells. Recently, EVs have emerged as potent carriers for Wnt, bone morphogenetic protein, miRNA secretion and extracellular traveling. Convincing evidence demonstrates that presynaptic terminals release exosomes that are taken up by muscle cells, and these exosomes can modulate synaptic plasticity in the recipient muscle cell in vivo. Furthermore, recent data highlighted that EVs could also be a potential cause of neurodegenerative disorders. Indeed, mutant SOD1, TDP-43 and FUS/TLS can be secreted by neural cells packaged into EVs and enter in neighboring neural cells, contributing to the onset and severity of the disease.
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Wei Y, Tang C, Zhang J, Li Z, Zhang X, Miron RJ, Zhang Y. Extracellular vesicles derived from the mid-to-late stage of osteoblast differentiation markedly enhance osteogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 514:252-258. [PMID: 31029430 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an important role in biological functions and may feature innate therapeutic potential for diseases. In the present study, EVs released by osteoblasts at different stages of the mineralization process were investigated for their potential ability to promote bone formation. Results showed that the characteristics of EVs of mineralizing osteoblasts changed with regularity. EVs derived from the mid-to-late differentiation stage remarkably promoted osteoblast differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and improved osteoporosis in ovariectomized mice. The findings also revealed that the effect of EVs on osteogenesis was related with the maturity of matrix vesicles (MVs), a kind of EVs selectively released by mineralizing-related cells. Nevertheless, only the EVs from the mid-to-late stage showed osteoinductive properties, Synthetic cartilage lymph (SCL) treatment of EVs from the middle stage could promote MV maturation but showed no effect on osteoinduction. Additionally, EVs derived at the middle and mid-to-late stages showed innate bone-targeting potential. Collectively, this study demonstrated that EVs released by osteoblasts at the mid-to-late differentiation stage markedly enhance osteogenesis. Our findings present the prospective use of osteoblast-released EVs in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wei
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China; Department of Dental Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuizhu Tang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinglun Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihao Li
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430076, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxin Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China; Department of Dental Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Richard J Miron
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China; Department of Dental Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China.
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29
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Asmussen N, Lin Z, McClure MJ, Schwartz Z, Boyan BD. Regulation of extracellular matrix vesicles via rapid responses to steroid hormones during endochondral bone formation. Steroids 2019; 142:43-47. [PMID: 29233620 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Endochondral bone formation is a precise and highly ordered process whose exact regulatory framework is still being elucidated. Multiple regulatory pathways are known to be involved. In some cases, regulation impacts gene expression, resulting in changes in chondrocyte phenotypic expression and extracellular matrix synthesis. Rapid regulatory mechanisms are also involved, resulting in release of enzymes, factors and micro RNAs stored in extracellular matrisomes called matrix vesicles. Vitamin D metabolites modulate endochondral development via both genomic and rapid membrane-associated signaling pathways. 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1α,25(OH)2D3] acts through the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and a membrane associated receptor, protein disulfide isomerase A3 (PDIA3). 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [24R,25(OH)2D3] affects primarily chondrocytes in the resting zone (RC) of the growth plate, whereas 1α,25(OH)2D3 affects cells in the prehypertrophic and upper hypertrophic cell zones (GC). This includes genomically directing the cells to produce matrix vesicles with zone specific characteristics. In addition, vitamin D metabolites produced by the cells interact directly with the matrix vesicle membrane via rapid signal transduction pathways, modulating their activity in the matrix. The matrix vesicle payload is able to rapidly impact the extracellular matrix via matrix processing enzymes as well as providing a feedback mechanism to the cells themselves via the contained micro RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Asmussen
- School of Integrative Life Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Zhao Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Michael J McClure
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Zvi Schwartz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; Department of Periodontics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Barbara D Boyan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
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30
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Boere J, Malda J, van de Lest CHA, van Weeren PR, Wauben MHM. Extracellular Vesicles in Joint Disease and Therapy. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2575. [PMID: 30483255 PMCID: PMC6240615 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as a potential therapy is currently explored for different disease areas. When it comes to the treatment of joint diseases this approach is still in its infancy. As in joint diseases both inflammation and the associated articular tissue destruction are important factors, both the immune-suppressive and the regenerative properties of EVs are potentially advantageous characteristics for future therapy. There is, however, only limited knowledge on the basic features, such as numerical profile and function, of EVs in joint articular tissues in general and their linking medium, the synovial fluid, in particular. Further insight is urgently needed in order to appreciate the full potential of EVs and to exploit these in EV-mediated therapies. Physiologic joint homeostasis is a prerequisite for proper functioning of joints and we postulate that EVs play a key role in the regulation of joint homeostasis and hence can have an important function in re-establishing disturbed joint homeostasis, and, in parallel, in the regeneration of articular tissues. In this mini-review EVs in the joint are explained from a historical perspective in both health and disease, including the potential niche for EVs in articular tissue regeneration. Furthermore, the translational potential of equine models for human joint biology is discussed. Finally, the use of MSC-derived EVs that is recently gaining ground is highlighted and recommendations are given for further EV research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janneke Boere
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jos Malda
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Chris H A van de Lest
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - P René van Weeren
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marca H M Wauben
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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31
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Chu C, Wei S, Wang Y, Wang Y, Man Y, Qu Y. Extracellular vesicle and mesenchymal stem cells in bone regeneration: recent progress and perspectives. J Biomed Mater Res A 2018; 107:243-250. [PMID: 30378760 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Transplanting mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been widely perceived as an ideal treatment for bone repair and regeneration, owing to their differential potential. However, researchers found that very few intravenous MSCs could stay in the target tissue, whereas the majority of them are trapped in liver, spleen, and lung, largely reducing its therapeutic effects. Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have attracted increased attention due to their function in bone repair and advantages over traditional cell therapy. Also, MSCs-derived EVs are likely to achieve the osteogenic goal via modulating the cells and cytokines involved in bone metabolism. This review aims at summarizing the function of EVs and MSCs in bone metabolism and regeneration. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 107A: 243-250, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Shimin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yuanjing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yufei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yi Man
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yili Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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32
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Itel F, Skovhus Thomsen J, Städler B. Matrix Vesicles-Containing Microreactors as Support for Bonelike Osteoblasts to Enhance Biomineralization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:30180-30190. [PMID: 30113809 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b10886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic cell mimicry aims to provide a source of cell-like assemblies, which exhibit the core structural or functional properties of their natural counterparts with broad envisioned applications in biomedicine. Bone tissue engineering (BTE) aims at promoting and inciting the natural healing process of, for instance, critically sized bone defects. Microreactors designed to co-assemble with biological bone-forming osteoblasts like SaOS-2 cells to start biomineralization are reported for the first time. The alginate-based microparticles are equipped with active alkaline phosphatase-loaded artificial liposomes or SaOS-2-derived matrix vesicles (MVs). Spheroids assembled from SaOS-2 cells and microreactors not only exhibit higher cell viability, but also show enhanced biomineralization when MVs are present. The active biomineralization stimulation of the microreactors is illustrated by colorimetric calcium quantification and micro-computed tomography. These findings show the promising potential of applying cell mimicry in BTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Itel
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) , Aarhus University , Gustav Wieds Vej 14 , 8000 Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Jesper Skovhus Thomsen
- Department of Biomedicine , Aarhus University , Wilhelm Meyers Allé 3 , 8000 Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Brigitte Städler
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) , Aarhus University , Gustav Wieds Vej 14 , 8000 Aarhus , Denmark
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33
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Abstract
Large bone defects remain a tremendous clinical challenge. There is growing evidence in support of treatment strategies that direct defect repair through an endochondral route, involving a cartilage intermediate. While culture-expanded stem/progenitor cells are being evaluated for this purpose, these cells would compete with endogenous repair cells for limited oxygen and nutrients within ischaemic defects. Alternatively, it may be possible to employ extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by culture-expanded cells for overcoming key bottlenecks to endochondral repair, such as defect vascularization, chondrogenesis, and osseous remodelling. While mesenchymal stromal/stem cells are a promising source of therapeutic EVs, other donor cells should also be considered. The efficacy of an EV-based therapeutic will likely depend on the design of companion scaffolds for controlled delivery to specific target cells. Ultimately, the knowledge gained from studies of EVs could one day inform the long-term development of synthetic, engineered nanovesicles. In the meantime, EVs harnessed from in vitro cell culture have near-term promise for use in bone regenerative medicine. This narrative review presents a rationale for using EVs to improve the repair of large bone defects, highlights promising cell sources and likely therapeutic targets for directing repair through an endochondral pathway, and discusses current barriers to clinical translation. Cite this article: E. Ferreira, R. M. Porter. Harnessing extracellular vesicles to direct endochondral repair of large bone defects. Bone Joint Res 2018;7:263-273. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.74.BJR-2018-0006.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Ferreira
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - R. M. Porter
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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34
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Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), as nanometer-scale particles, include exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies. EVs are released by most cell types, such as bone marrow stem cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and immune cells. In bone-remodeling microenvironments, EVs deliver specific proteins (e.g., tenascin C and Sema4D), microRNAs (e.g., miR-214-3p, miR-183-5p, and miR-196a), and other growth factors (e.g., bone morphogenetic protein 1 to 7 and transforming growth factor β1) to osteoblasts and regulate bone formation. In addition, EVs can deliver cytokines, such as RANK (receptor activator of nuclear factor κB) and RANKL (RANK ligand), and microRNAs, such as miR-218 and miR-148a, to modulate osteoclast differentiation during bone resorption. EVs also transfer bioactive molecules and have targeted therapies in bone-related diseases. Moreover, bioactive molecules in EVs are biomarkers in bone-related diseases. We highlight the emerging role of EVs in bone remodeling during physiologic and pathologic conditions and summarize the role of EVs in tooth development and regeneration. At the end of this review, we discuss the challenges of EV application in the treatment of bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Liu
- 1 Department of Endodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Sun
- 2 Department of Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Q Zhang
- 1 Department of Endodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
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35
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Bottini M, Mebarek S, Anderson KL, Strzelecka-Kiliszek A, Bozycki L, Simão AMS, Bolean M, Ciancaglini P, Pikula JB, Pikula S, Magne D, Volkmann N, Hanein D, Millán JL, Buchet R. Matrix vesicles from chondrocytes and osteoblasts: Their biogenesis, properties, functions and biomimetic models. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:532-546. [PMID: 29108957 PMCID: PMC5801150 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix vesicles (MVs) are released from hypertrophic chondrocytes and from mature osteoblasts, the cells responsible for endochondral and membranous ossification. Under pathological conditions, they can also be released from cells of non-skeletal tissues such as vascular smooth muscle cells. MVs are extracellular vesicles of approximately 100-300nm diameter harboring the biochemical machinery needed to induce mineralization. SCOPE OF THE REVIEW The review comprehensively delineates our current knowledge of MV biology and highlights open questions aiming to stimulate further research. The review is constructed as a series of questions addressing issues of MVs ranging from their biogenesis and functions, to biomimetic models. It critically evaluates experimental data including their isolation and characterization methods, like lipidomics, proteomics, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and proteoliposome models mimicking MVs. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS MVs have a relatively well-defined function as initiators of mineralization. They bind to collagen and their composition reflects the composition of lipid rafts. We call attention to the as yet unclear mechanisms leading to the biogenesis of MVs, and how minerals form and when they are formed. We discuss the prospects of employing upcoming experimental models to deepen our understanding of MV-mediated mineralization and mineralization disorders such as the use of reconstituted lipid vesicles, proteoliposomes and, native sample preparations and high-resolution technologies. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE MVs have been extensively investigated owing to their roles in skeletal and ectopic mineralization. MVs serve as a model system for lipid raft structures, and for the mechanisms of genesis and release of extracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Bottini
- University of Rome Tor Vergata, Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, 00133 Roma, Italy; Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Saida Mebarek
- Universite Lyon 1, UFR Chimie Biochimie, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; ICBMS UMR 5246 CNRS, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; INSA, Lyon, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; CPE, Lyon, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; Universite de Lyon, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Karen L Anderson
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Agnieszka Strzelecka-Kiliszek
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lukasz Bozycki
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ana Maria Sper Simão
- Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Departamento de Química, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Maytê Bolean
- Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Departamento de Química, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Pietro Ciancaglini
- Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Departamento de Química, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Joanna Bandorowicz Pikula
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Slawomir Pikula
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - David Magne
- Universite Lyon 1, UFR Chimie Biochimie, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; ICBMS UMR 5246 CNRS, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; INSA, Lyon, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; CPE, Lyon, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; Universite de Lyon, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Niels Volkmann
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dorit Hanein
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - José Luis Millán
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Rene Buchet
- Universite Lyon 1, UFR Chimie Biochimie, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; ICBMS UMR 5246 CNRS, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; INSA, Lyon, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; CPE, Lyon, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; Universite de Lyon, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
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Lin Z, McClure MJ, Zhao J, Ramey AN, Asmussen N, Hyzy SL, Schwartz Z, Boyan BD. MicroRNA Contents in Matrix Vesicles Produced by Growth Plate Chondrocytes are Cell Maturation Dependent. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3609. [PMID: 29483516 PMCID: PMC5826934 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21517-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondrocytes at different maturation states in the growth plate produce matrix vesicles (MVs), membrane organelles found in the extracellular matrix, with a wide range of contents, such as matrix processing enzymes and receptors for hormones. We have shown that MVs harvested from growth zone (GC) chondrocyte cultures contain abundant small RNAs, including miRNAs. Here, we determined whether RNA also exists in MVs produced by less mature resting zone (RC) chondrocytes and, if so, whether it differs from the RNA in MVs produced by GC cells. Our results showed that RNA, small RNA specifically, was present in RC-MVs, and it was well-protected from RNase by the phospholipid membrane. A group of miRNAs was enriched in RC-MVs compared RC-cells, suggesting that miRNAs are selectively packaged into MVs. High throughput array and RNA sequencing showed that ~39% miRNAs were differentially expressed between RC-MVs and GC-MVs. Individual RT-qPCR also confirmed that miR-122-5p and miR-150-5p were expressed at significantly higher levels in RC-MVs compared to GC-MVs. This study showed that growth plate chondrocytes at different differentiation stages produce different MVs with different miRNA contents, further supporting extracellular vesicle miRNAs play a role as “matrisomes” that mediate the cell–cell communication in cartilage and bone development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Lin
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Michael J McClure
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Junjun Zhao
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,General Dentistry, 9th People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Allison N Ramey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Niels Asmussen
- School of Integrated Life Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Sharon L Hyzy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Zvi Schwartz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Periodontics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Barbara D Boyan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA. .,Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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37
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Li Q, Huang QP, Wang YL, Huang QS. Extracellular vesicle-mediated bone metabolism in the bone microenvironment. J Bone Miner Metab 2018; 36:1-11. [PMID: 28766139 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-017-0860-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are phospholipid membrane-enclosed entities containing specific proteins, RNA, miRNA, and lncRNA. EVs are released by various cells and play a vital role in cell communication by transferring their contents from the host cells to the recipient cells. The role of EVs has been characterized in a wide range of physiological and pathophysiological processes. In this context, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of the regulatory effects of EVs, with a focus on bone metabolism and the bone microenvironment. The roles of EVs in cell communication among bone-related cells, stem cells, tumor cells, and other cells under physiological or pathological conditions are also discussed. In addition, promising applications for EVs in treating bone-related diseases are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Space Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 YouyiXilu, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qiu-Ping Huang
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Space Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 YouyiXilu, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Space Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 YouyiXilu, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Sheng Huang
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Space Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 YouyiXilu, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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38
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Claassen H, Schicht M, Fleiner B, Hillmann R, Hoogeboom S, Tillmann B, Paulsen F. Different Patterns of Cartilage Mineralization Analyzed by Comparison of Human, Porcine, and Bovine Laryngeal Cartilages. J Histochem Cytochem 2017; 65:367-379. [PMID: 28388264 DOI: 10.1369/0022155417703025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Laryngeal cartilages undergo a slow ossification process during aging, making them an excellent model for studying cartilage mineralization and ossification processes. Pig laryngeal cartilages are similar to their human counterparts in shape and size, also undergo mineralization, facilitating the study of cartilage mineralization. We investigated the processes of cartilage mineralization and ossification and compared these with the known processes in growth plates. Thyroid cartilages from glutaraldehyde-perfused male minipigs and from domestic pigs were used for X-ray, light microscopic, and transmission electron microscopic analyses. We applied different fixation and postfixation solutions to preserve cell shape, proteoglycans, and membranes. In contrast to the ossifying human thyroid cartilage, predominantly cartilage mineralization was observed in minipig and domestic pig thyroid cartilages. The same subset of chondrocytes responsible for growth plate mineralization is also present in thyroid cartilage mineralization. Besides mineralization mediated by matrix vesicles, a second pattern of cartilage mineralization was observed in thyroid cartilage only. Here, the formation and growth of crystals were closely related to collagen fibrils, which served as guide rails for the expansion of mineralization. It is hypothesized that the second pattern of cartilage mineralization may be similar to a maturation of mineralized cartilage after initial matrix vesicles-mediated cartilage mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horst Claassen
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg (MLU), Halle, Germany (HC).,Institute of Anatomy (HC, RH, BT) and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (BF), Kiel, Germany
| | - Martin Schicht
- Institute of Anatomy 2, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany (MS, SH, FP)
| | - Bernd Fleiner
- Institute of Anatomy (HC, RH, BT) and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (BF), Kiel, Germany
| | - Ralf Hillmann
- Institute of Anatomy (HC, RH, BT) and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (BF), Kiel, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hoogeboom
- Institute of Anatomy 2, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany (MS, SH, FP)
| | - Bernhard Tillmann
- Institute of Anatomy (HC, RH, BT) and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (BF), Kiel, Germany
| | - Friedrich Paulsen
- Institute of Anatomy 2, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany (MS, SH, FP)
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39
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Sathy BN, Olvera D, Gonzalez-Fernandez T, Cunniffe GM, Pentlavalli S, Chambers P, Jeon O, Alsberg E, McCarthy HO, Dunne N, Haut Donahue TL, Kelly DJ. RALA complexed α-TCP nanoparticle delivery to mesenchymal stem cells induces bone formation in tissue engineered constructs in vitro and in vivo. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:1753-1764. [PMID: 32263916 DOI: 10.1039/c6tb02881k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A range of bone regeneration strategies, from growth factor delivery and/or mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation to endochondral tissue engineering, have been developed in recent years. Despite their tremendous promise, the clinical translation and future use of many of these strategies is being hampered by concerns such as off target effects associated with growth factor delivery. Therefore the overall objective of this study was to investigate the influence of alpha-tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) nanoparticle delivery into MSCs using an amphipathic cell penetrating peptide RALA, on osteogenesis in vitro and both intramembranous and endochondral bone formation in vivo. RALA complexed α-TCP nanoparticle delivery to MSCs resulted in an increased expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and an upregulation in a number of key osteogenic genes. When α-TCP stimulated MSCs were encapsulated into alginate hydrogels, enhanced mineralization of the engineered construct was observed over a 28 day culture period. Furthermore, the in vivo bone forming potential of RALA complexed α-TCP nanoparticle delivery to MSCs was found to be comparable to growth factor delivery. Recognizing the potential and limitations associated with endochondral bone tissue engineering strategies, we then sought to explore how α-TCP nanoparticle delivery to MSCs influences early mineralization of engineered cartilage templates in vitro and their subsequent ossification in vivo. Despite accelerating mineralization of engineered cartilage templates in vitro, RALA complexed α-TCP nanoparticle delivery did not enhance endochondral bone formation in vivo. Therefore the potential of RALA complexed α-TCP nanoparticle delivery appears to be as an alternative to growth factor delivery as a single stage strategy for promoting bone generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binulal N Sathy
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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40
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Royo F, Palomo L, Mleczko J, Gonzalez E, Alonso C, Martínez I, Pérez-Cormenzana M, Castro A, Falcon-Perez JM. Metabolically active extracellular vesicles released from hepatocytes under drug-induced liver-damaging conditions modify serum metabolome and might affect different pathophysiological processes. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 98:51-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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41
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Smith SJ, Emery R, Pitsillides A, Clarkin CE, Mahajan S. Detection of early osteogenic commitment in primary cells using Raman spectroscopy. Analyst 2017; 142:1962-1973. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an02469f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy as a simple and sensitive method to measure early osteogenic responses in primary cultures of bone cells is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roger Emery
- Division of Surgery
- Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics
- Imperial College London
- UK
| | | | | | - Sumeet Mahajan
- Department of Chemistry and the Institute for Life Sciences
- University of Southampton
- UK
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42
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Extracellular Vesicles and Autophagy in Osteoarthritis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:2428915. [PMID: 28078284 PMCID: PMC5203887 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2428915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a type of chronic joint disease that is characterized by the degeneration and loss of articular cartilage and hyperplasia of the synovium and subchondral bone. There is reasonable knowledge about articular cartilage physiology, biochemistry, and chondrocyte metabolism. However, the etiology and pathogenesis of OA remain unclear and need urgent clarification to guide the early diagnosis and treatment of OA. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membrane-linking particles that are released from cells. In recent decades, several special biological properties have been found in EV, especially in terms of cartilage. Autophagy plays a critical role in the regulation of cellular homeostasis. Likewise, more and more research has gradually focused on the effect of autophagy on chondrocyte proliferation and function in OA. The synthesis and release of EV are closely associated with autophagy. At the same time, both EV and autophagy play a role in OA development. Based on the mechanism of EV and autophagy in OA development, EV may be beneficial in the early diagnosis of OA; on the other hand, the combination of EV and autophagy-related regulatory drugs may provide insight into possible OA therapeutic strategies.
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43
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Malda J, Boere J, van de Lest CHA, van Weeren PR, Wauben MHM. Extracellular vesicles — new tool for joint repair and regeneration. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2016; 12:243-9. [PMID: 26729461 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2015.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs), present in synovial fluid and cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM), are involved in joint development and in the regulation of joint homeostasis. Although the exact function of EVs in these processes remains incompletely defined, the knowledge already acquired in this field suggests a role for these EVs as biomarkers of joint disease, and as a new tool to restore joint homeostasis and enhance articular tissue regeneration. In addition to direct injection of therapeutic EVs into the target site, surface coating of scaffolds and embedding of EVs in hydrogels might also lead to novel therapeutic possibilities. Based on the existing literature of EVs in synovial fluid and articular tissues, and investigation of the molecular factors (including microRNAs) active in joint homeostasis (or during its disturbance), we postulate novel perspectives for the implementation of EVs as a regenerative medicine approach in joint repair.
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44
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Lin Z, Rodriguez NE, Zhao J, Ramey AN, Hyzy SL, Boyan BD, Schwartz Z. Selective enrichment of microRNAs in extracellular matrix vesicles produced by growth plate chondrocytes. Bone 2016; 88:47-55. [PMID: 27080510 PMCID: PMC4899086 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Matrix vesicles (MVs) are membrane organelles found in the extracellular matrix of calcifying cells, which contain matrix processing enzymes and regulate the extracellular environment via action of these enzymes. It is unknown whether MVs are also exosomic mediators of cell-cell communication via transfer of RNA material, and specifically, microRNA (miRNA). We investigated the presence of RNA in MVs isolated from cultures of costochondral growth zone chondrocytes. Our results showed that the average yield of MV RNA was 1.93±0.78ng RNA/10(4) cells, which was approximately 0.1% of the parent cell's total RNA. MV RNA was well-protected from RNase by the lipid membrane and was highly enriched in small RNA molecules compared to cells. Moreover, coding and non-coding small RNAs in MVs were in proportions that differed from parent cells. Enrichment of specific miRNAs was consistently observed in all three miRNA detection platforms that we used, suggesting that miRNAs are selectively packaged into MVs. MV-enriched miRNAs were related to different signaling pathways associated with bone formation. This study suggests a significant role for MVs as "matrisomes" in cell-cell communication in cartilage and bone development via transfer of specific miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Lin
- Department of Periodontics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Nicholas E Rodriguez
- School of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Junjun Zhao
- Department of Periodontics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States; General Dentistry, 9th People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Allison N Ramey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Sharon L Hyzy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Barbara D Boyan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States.
| | - Zvi Schwartz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States; Department of Periodontics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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45
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Chen Q, Bei JJ, Liu C, Feng SB, Zhao WB, Zhou Z, Yu ZP, Du XJ, Hu HY. HMGB1 Induces Secretion of Matrix Vesicles by Macrophages to Enhance Ectopic Mineralization. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156686. [PMID: 27243975 PMCID: PMC4887028 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous clinical conditions have been linked to ectopic mineralization (EM). This process of pathological biomineralization is complex and not fully elucidated, but thought to be started within matrix vesicles (MVs). We hypothesized that high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a cytokine associated with biomineralizing process under physiological and pathological conditions, induces EM via promoting MVs secretion from macrophages. In this study, we found that HMGB1 significantly promoted secretion of MVs from macrophages and subsequently led to mineral deposition in elevated Ca/Pi medium in vitro. Transmission electron microscopy of calcifying MVs showed formation of hydroxyapatite crystals in the vesicle interior. Subcutaneous injection into mice with MVs derived from HMGB1-treated cells showed a greater potential to initiate regional mineralization. Mechanistic experiments revealed that HMGB1 activated neutral sphingomyelinase2 (nSMase2) that involved the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and p38 MAPK (upstream of nSMase2). Inhibition of nSMase2 with GW4869 or p38 MAPK with SB-239063 prevented MVs secretion and mineral deposition. Collectively, HMGB1 induces MVs secretion from macrophages at least in part, via the RAGE/p38 MAPK/nSMase2 signaling pathway. Our findings thus reveal a novel mechanism by which HMGB1 induces ectopic mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Out-patient, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun-Jie Bei
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chuan Liu
- Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shi-Bin Feng
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei-Bo Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zheng-Ping Yu
- Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Du
- Experimental Cardiology, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Hou-Yuan Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail:
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46
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Cole AE, Murray SS, Xiao J. Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 Signalling in Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells during Development and after Injury. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:9260592. [PMID: 27293450 PMCID: PMC4884839 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9260592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Substantial progress has been made in identifying the extracellular signalling pathways that regulate neural stem and precursor cell biology in the central nervous system (CNS). The bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), in particular BMP4, are key players regulating neuronal and glial cell development from neural precursor cells in the embryonic, postnatal, and injured CNS. Here we review recent studies on BMP4 signalling in the generation of neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendroglial cells in the CNS. We also discuss putative mechanisms that BMP4 may utilise to influence glial cell development following CNS injury and highlight some questions for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair E. Cole
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Simon S. Murray
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Junhua Xiao
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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47
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Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), spherical bilayered proteolipids, behave as paracrine effectors since they are released from cells to deliver signals to other cells. They control a diverse range of biological processes by transferring proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids between cells and are secreted by a wide spectrum of cell types and are found in various biological fluids. EVs are formed at the plasma membrane or in endosomes and are heterogeneous in size and composition. Increasing understanding of the working mechanisms is promising for therapeutic and diagnostic opportunities. In this review, we will focus on the recent developments in this emerging field with special emphasis on the role of EVs in the bone microenvironment, with a central role for the osteoblasts in the communication with a diversity of cells, including bone metastases.
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48
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Ramchandani D, Weber GF. Interactions between osteopontin and vascular endothelial growth factor: Implications for skeletal disorders. Bone 2015; 81:7-15. [PMID: 26123594 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are characterized by a convergence in function for maintaining the homeostasis of the skeletal and renal systems (the bone-renal-vascular axis regulates bone metabolism). The two cytokines contribute to bone remodeling, dental healing, kidney function, and the adjustment to microgravity. Often, they are co-expressed or one molecule induces the other, however, in some settings OPN-associated pathways and VEGF-associated pathways are distinct. In bone remodeling, OPN and VEGF are regulated under the influence of growth factors and hormones, hypoxia and inflammation, the micro-environment, and various physical forces. Their abundance can be affected by drug treatment. OPN and VEGF are variably associated with kidney disease. Their balanced levels are critical for restoring endothelial cell function and ameliorating the adverse effects of microgravity. Here, we review the relevant 83 papers of 257 articles published, and listed in PubMed under the key words OPN and VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Georg F Weber
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, USA.
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49
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Vilder EYGD, Vanakker OM. From variome to phenome: Pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of ectopic mineralization disorders. World J Clin Cases 2015; 3:556-574. [PMID: 26244149 PMCID: PMC4517332 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v3.i7.556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ectopic mineralization - inappropriate biomineralization in soft tissues - is a frequent finding in physiological aging processes and several common disorders, which can be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Further, pathologic mineralization is seen in several rare genetic disorders, which often present life-threatening phenotypes. These disorders are classified based on the mechanisms through which the mineralization occurs: metastatic or dystrophic calcification or ectopic ossification. Underlying mechanisms have been extensively studied, which resulted in several hypotheses regarding the etiology of mineralization in the extracellular matrix of soft tissue. These hypotheses include intracellular and extracellular mechanisms, such as the formation of matrix vesicles, aberrant osteogenic and chondrogenic signaling, apoptosis and oxidative stress. Though coherence between the different findings is not always clear, current insights have led to improvement of the diagnosis and management of ectopic mineralization patients, thus translating pathogenetic knowledge (variome) to the phenotype (phenome). In this review, we will focus on the clinical presentation, pathogenesis and management of primary genetic soft tissue mineralization disorders. As examples of dystrophic calcification disorders Pseudoxanthoma elasticum, Generalized arterial calcification of infancy, Keutel syndrome, Idiopathic basal ganglia calcification and Arterial calcification due to CD73 (NT5E) deficiency will be discussed. Hyperphosphatemic familial tumoral calcinosis will be reviewed as an example of mineralization disorders caused by metastatic calcification.
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Denninger KCM, Litman T, Marstrand T, Moller K, Svensson L, Labuda T, Andersson Å. Kinetics of gene expression and bone remodelling in the clinical phase of collagen-induced arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2015; 17:43. [PMID: 25889670 PMCID: PMC4391727 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0531-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pathological bone changes differ considerably between inflammatory arthritic diseases and most studies have focused on bone erosion. Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) is a model for rheumatoid arthritis, which, in addition to bone erosion, demonstrates bone formation at the time of clinical manifestations. The objective of this study was to use this model to characterise the histological and molecular changes in bone remodelling, and relate these to the clinical disease development. Methods A histological and gene expression profiling time-course study on bone remodelling in CIA was linked to onset of clinical symptoms. Global gene expression was studied with a gene chip array system. Results The main histopathological changes in bone structure and inflammation occurred during the first two weeks following the onset of clinical symptoms in the joint. Hereafter, the inflammation declined and remodelling of formed bone dominated. Global gene expression profiling showed simultaneous upregulation of genes related to bone changes and inflammation in week 0 to 2 after onset of clinical disease. Furthermore, we observed time-dependent expression of genes involved in early and late osteoblast differentiation and function, which mirrored the histopathological bone changes. The differentially expressed genes belong to the bone morphogenetic pathway (BMP) and, in addition, include the osteoblast markers integrin-binding sialoprotein (Ibsp), bone gamma-carboxyglutamate protein (Bglap1), and secreted phosphoprotein 1 (Spp1). Pregnancy-associated protein A (Pappa) and periostin (Postn), differentially expressed in the early disease phase, are proposed to participate in bone formation, and we suggest that they play a role in early bone formation in the CIA model. Comparison to human genome-wide association studies (GWAS) revealed differential expression of several genes associated with human arthritis. Conclusions In the CIA model, bone formation in the joint starts shortly after onset of clinical symptoms, which results in bony fusion within one to two weeks. This makes it a candidate model for investigating the relationship between inflammation and bone formation in inflammatory arthritis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13075-015-0531-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja C M Denninger
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen, Ø DK-2100, Denmark. .,Disease Pharmacology/Molecular Biomedicine, LEO Pharma A/S, Industriparken 55, Ballerup, DK-2750, Denmark.
| | - Thomas Litman
- Disease Pharmacology/Molecular Biomedicine, LEO Pharma A/S, Industriparken 55, Ballerup, DK-2750, Denmark.
| | - Troels Marstrand
- Disease Pharmacology/Molecular Biomedicine, LEO Pharma A/S, Industriparken 55, Ballerup, DK-2750, Denmark.
| | - Kristian Moller
- Disease Pharmacology/Molecular Biomedicine, LEO Pharma A/S, Industriparken 55, Ballerup, DK-2750, Denmark.
| | - Lars Svensson
- Disease Pharmacology/Molecular Biomedicine, LEO Pharma A/S, Industriparken 55, Ballerup, DK-2750, Denmark.
| | - Tord Labuda
- Disease Pharmacology/Molecular Biomedicine, LEO Pharma A/S, Industriparken 55, Ballerup, DK-2750, Denmark.
| | - Åsa Andersson
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen, Ø DK-2100, Denmark.
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