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Vincent JB. Is chromium(III) supplementation beneficial for dietary rodent models of prediabetes? J Trace Elem Med Biol 2024; 85:127482. [PMID: 38861777 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2024.127482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Chromium as the trivalent ion is believed to pharmaceutically active, increasing insulin sensitivity in high doses in genetic rodent models of diabetes. However, contradictory results have been obtained chemical rodent models of diabetes. The current review analyses the effects of dietary Cr supplementation of rodent models of prediabetes, where the condition is administered using a high-fat or high-sugar diet. Rat model studies display a range of quality, with studies utilizing basal diets of known Cr content suggesting Cr beneficially affects insulin sensitivity. Mouse model studies display too much heterogeneity in results for any firm conclusions to be drawn. Comparison of these results with those of clinical trials suggest that the effective dose of Cr may be proportionally lower for rodents than humans, if one exists for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Vincent
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0336, USA.
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Vincent JB. Is chromium(III) pharmacologically relevant? An update focused on studies with diabetic rodent models. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2024; 84:127453. [PMID: 38653006 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2024.127453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
A decade ago, the author assessed the status of chromium as the trivalent ion as an essential element and as a therapeutic agent based on rodent studies for this journal. The current review was undertaken to update considerations regarding the status of chromium, focusing on studies of Cr supplementation of diabetic rodent models over the last decade. Cr can no longer be considered an essential trace element for humans. Observed effects of Cr on rodent models of insulin resistance and diabetes are best interpreted in terms of a pharmacological role for Cr. The review of studies on the effects of Cr on rat models of diabetes is updated, and the results continue to suggest Cr increases insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues of the rodent models. The lack of effects in human studies may stem from humans receiving a comparably smaller dose than the rodent models. However, given the different responses to Cr in the rodent models, humans could potentially have different responses to Cr. Recent studies primary utilizing rodents suggest two potential complementary but also contradictory modes of action for Cr(III) at a molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Vincent
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0336, USA.
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Vincent JB. What Are the Implications of Cr(III) Serving as an Inhibitor of the Beta Subunit of Mitochondrial ATP Synthase? Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:1335-1344. [PMID: 37580526 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03809-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
A recent report has shown the active site of the beta subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase is probably the site of action of Cr(III) action, independent of the insulin signaling pathway. This works appears to answer an important question about the mode of action of Cr(III) at a molecular level when supplied in supra-nutritional levels to rodents. However, as with any good research, the research also raises several questions. The relationship between this study and the results of rodent studies of chromium supplementation and between this study and the current understanding the chromium(III) transport and detoxification system are put into perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Vincent
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487-0336, USA.
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Potential antidiabetic molecule involving a new chromium(III) complex of dipicolinic and metformin as a counter ion: Synthesis, structure, spectroscopy, and bioactivity in mice. ARAB J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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White PE, Król E, Szwengiel A, Tubacka M, Szczepankiewicz D, Staniek H, Vincent JB, Krejpcio Z. Effects of Bitter Melon and a Chromium Propionate Complex on Symptoms of Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes in Rat Models. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:1013-1026. [PMID: 32488613 PMCID: PMC7813737 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02202-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Trivalent chromium (Cr) and bitter melon (Momordica charantia L., BM) have been shown to independently interact with the insulin signaling pathway leading to improvements in the symptoms of insulin resistance and diabetes in some animal models and human subjects. The aim of this study was to examine whether the combination of the two nutritional supplements could potentially have additive effects on treating these conditions in high-fat-fed streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The experiment was conducted with 110 male Wistar rats divided into eleven groups and fed either a control or high-fat diet for 7 weeks. Half of the rats on the high-fat diet were injected with STZ (30 mg/kg body mass) to induce diabetes. The high-fat (HF) diets were then supplemented with a combination of Cr (as chromium(III) propionate complex, Cr3: either 10 or 50 mg Cr/kg diet) and bitter melon (lyophilized whole fruit: either 10 or 50 g/kg diet) for 6 weeks. After termination of the experiment, blood and internal organs were harvested for blood biochemical, hematological, and mineral (Cr) analyses using appropriate analytical methods. It was found that neither Cr(III) nor BM was able to significantly affect blood indices in HF and diabetic rats, but BM tended to improve body mass gain, blood glucose, and LDL cholesterol values, but decreased Cr content in the liver and kidneys of the Cr-co-supplemented type 2 diabetic model of rats. Supplementary Cr(III) had no appreciable effect on glucose and lipid metabolism in high-fat-fed STZ-induced diabetic rats. Supplementary BM fruit powder had some observable effects on body mass of high-fat-fed rats; these effects seem to be dampened when BM was co-administered with Cr. Cr(III) and BM appear to act as nutritional antagonists when both administered in food, probably due to binding of Cr by the polyphenol-type compounds present in the plant material. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pandora E White
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487-0336, USA
| | - Ewelina Król
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, The Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624, Poznań, Poland
| | - Artur Szwengiel
- Institute of Food Technology of Plant Origin, The Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624, Poznań, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Tubacka
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, The Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624, Poznań, Poland
| | - Dawid Szczepankiewicz
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, The Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 35, 60-637, Poznań, Poland
| | - Halina Staniek
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, The Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624, Poznań, Poland
| | - John B Vincent
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487-0336, USA
| | - Zbigniew Krejpcio
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, The Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624, Poznań, Poland.
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Król E, Krejpcio Z, Okulicz M, Śmigielska H. Chromium(III) Glycinate Complex Supplementation Improves the Blood Glucose Level and Attenuates the Tissular Copper to Zinc Ratio in Rats with Mild Hyperglycaemia. Biol Trace Elem Res 2020; 193:185-194. [PMID: 30826908 PMCID: PMC6914712 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-019-01686-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the hypoglycaemic potential of supplementary Cr in the form of chromium(III) glycinate (CrGly) in the diabetic model of rats. The experiment was conducted on 40 male Wistar rats, of which 30 were made diabetic by injection of a single dose of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg b.m.), while the remaining 10 rats served as the healthy control. After inducing hyperglycaemia, 2 groups of diabetic rats (10 rats each) were supplemented with Cr either as CrGly or chromium(III) picolinate (CrPic) given orally at a dose of 10 mg/kg diet (about 0.75 mg Cr/kg b.m.) with adequate AIN-93M diet for 7 weeks. At the termination of experiment, all animals were sacrificed to collect blood and internal organs for biochemical assays. Blood biochemical indices and tissular trace element contents (Fe, Zn, Cu, Cr) were measured and compared with the values of the untreated groups. It was found that CrGly significantly decreased blood glucose, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels more efficiently than CrPic. Furthermore, both Cr compounds normalized disturbed the serum, renal and cardiac molar Cu/Zn ratio, as well as restored the kidney Zn and Cu levels in rats with hyperglycaemia. Supplementary Cr did not increase the tissular Cr levels in diabetic rats. The study confirmed the hypoglycaemic potential of CrGly in the diabetic model of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Król
- Insitute of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, ul. Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Zbigniew Krejpcio
- Insitute of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, ul. Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624, Poznan, Poland
| | - Monika Okulicz
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, ul. Wołyńska 31, 60-624, Poznan, Poland
| | - Hanna Śmigielska
- Department of Natural Science and Quality Assurance, Poznań University of Economics and Business, al. Niepodległości 10, 61-875, Poznan, Poland
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Staniek H, Wójciak RW. The Combined Effects of Iron Excess in the Diet and Chromium(III) Supplementation on the Iron and Chromium Status in Female Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2018; 184:398-408. [PMID: 29164513 PMCID: PMC6061187 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-017-1203-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Inadequate iron supply has significant consequences to health. There are some relations between the metabolism of different trace elements, such as iron, zinc, copper and chromium. However, the direction of these interactions can be antagonistic or synergistic, and it depends on many factors. The aim of the study was to evaluate the combined effects of supplementary of chromium(III) propionate complex (Cr3) with iron excess on the Cr and Fe status in healthy female rats. The 36 healthy female Wistar rats were divided into six experimental groups (six animals in each) with different Fe levels-adequate (45 mg kg-1-100% RDA) and high (excessive-180 mg kg-1-400% RDA). At the same time, they were supplemented with Cr(III) at doses of 1, 50 and 500 mg kg-1 of diet: C1-control (Fe 45 mg kg-1, Cr 1 mg kg-1); C50 (Fe 45 mg kg-1, Cr 50 mg kg-1); C500 (Fe 45 mg kg-1, Cr 500 mg kg-1); H1 (Fe 180 mg kg-1, Cr 1 mg kg-1); H50 (Fe 180 mg kg-1, Cr 50 mg kg-1); H500 (Fe 180 mg kg-1, Cr 500 mg kg-1). The serum iron level and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) were measured with colorimetric methods. The serum ferritin level was measured by means of electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. The serum transferrin level was measured with the ELISA method. Haematological measurements were made with an automated blood analyser. The Cr and Fe tissular levels were measured with the AAS method. The exposure to a high level of Fe(III) alone or in combination with Cr caused Fe accumulation in tissues, especially in the liver and kidneys, but there were no significant changes in the TIBC, transferrin, ferritin concentration in the serum and most haematological parameters. Moreover, the serum, hepatic and renal Cr concentrations decreased. The doses of supplementary Cr(III) given separately or in combination with high level of Fe(III) disturbed the Cr content in the liver and kidneys of healthy female rats. However, they did not change most of the parameters of Fe metabolism, except the Fe kidney concentration. Supplementary Cr3 decreased the renal Fe level in groups with adequate Fe content in the diet. However, the renal Fe levels increased along with a higher Cr level in the diet in groups with high Fe content. The findings proved a relationship between Fe(III) and Cr(III) metabolism in healthy female rats. However, the direction of change varied and depended on relative amounts of these elements in the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halina Staniek
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Department of Bromatology and Food Toxicology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, ul. Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Rafał W Wójciak
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, ul. Bukowska 70, 60-812, Poznań, Poland
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Liu L, Zhang SW, Lu J, Pang XY, Lv JP. Antidiabetic Effect of High-Chromium Yeast Against Type 2 Diabetic KK-Ay Mice. J Food Sci 2018; 83:1956-1963. [PMID: 29969524 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
High chromium yeast has attracted many researchers for its high efficiency and high safety among chromium supplements. The preventive effect of oral high-chromium yeast on diabetes was assessed using KK-AY mice. Sixteen-wk-old type 2 diabetic KK-AY mice were divided into five groups and orally administered with two types of drying processed high-chromium yeast, chromium picolinate at 1000 μg Cr/kg/d, metformin (positive control), and normal yeast (negative control) for 13 weeks. The spray-dried high-chromium yeast significantly delayed the onset of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetic KK-AY mice (P < 0.05) and significantly improved fasting blood glucose, TG(triglyceride), and TCHO(total cholesterol) . Histopathological analysis showed that the spray-dried high-chromium yeast led to high affinities for the stains to the β-cells in the islets of Langerhans and alleviated hepatic steatosis. High-chromium yeast could be a potential candidate for nutritional supplement to ameliorate diabetes. PRACTICAL APPLICATION Chromium plays an important role in fat and carbohydrate metabolism. The result show that spray-dried high chromium yeast significantly delayed the onset of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetic KK-AY mice. As one of chromium supplements, the purpose of this study is to examine the efficacy of high chromium yeast on the type 2 diabetes and drying method on its bioactivity, which will be useful for research and development of high-chromium yeast and improvement of pharmacological activity-based quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Inst. of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science/Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shu-Wen Zhang
- Inst. of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science/Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Inst. of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science/Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiao-Yang Pang
- Inst. of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science/Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jia-Ping Lv
- Inst. of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science/Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China
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Jiang L, Vincent JB, Bailey MM. [Cr 3O(O 2CCH 2CH 3) 6(H 2O) 3]NO 3·H 2O (Cr3) Toxicity Potential in Bacterial and Mammalian Cells. Biol Trace Elem Res 2018; 183:342-350. [PMID: 28879636 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-017-1132-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Chromium(III) has generally been considered to be essential for proper carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and, despite recent evidence to the contrary, chromium(III)-containing compounds remain one of the most popular commercial dietary supplements. Cr3, or [Cr3O(O2CCH2CH3)6(H2O)3]NO3·H2O, is a trivalent chromium compound that is a promising chromium nutritional supplement. Studies with Cr3 have indicated that it is non-toxic in developmental and short- and long-term exposure studies in rodents, but the safety of this compound to chromosomes and cells has not been explored. The current study evaluates the mutagenicity, cytotoxicity, and clastogenicity of Cr3 in bacterial and mammalian cells and compares these results with similar studies using the bestselling Cr(III) nutritional supplement, chromium picolinate (CrPic). The mutagenicity of CrPic and Cr3 was tested in Escherichia coli FX-11 and Salmonella typhimurium (TA 98 and TA 100). Cytotoxicity was measured as a decrease in plating efficiency relative to controls after treatment with Cr3 and CrPic for 24 h in CHO K1 cells. Clastogenicity was measured by counting the number of metaphases damaged and of the total number chromosomal aberrations in CHO K1 cells. Mutagenesis assays in E. coli and S. typhimurium were negative. All treatments of Cr3 produced ≥ 84% plating efficiency except 80 μg/cm2, which reduced the plating efficiency to 62%. Cr3 at any treatment level did not produce a significant increase in the number of cells with abnormal metaphases, while treatments using ≥ 40 μg/cm2 of CrPic elevated the number significantly. These data suggest that Cr3 is significantly less mutagenic in bacteria cells and less clastogenic in CHO K1 cells, while CrPic is clastogenic in CHO K1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Overland Park, KS, USA
| | - John B Vincent
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Melissa M Bailey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Emporia State University, Emporia, KS, USA.
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Dong J, Liu B, Liang G, Yang B. Synthesis, biological activity and toxicity of chromium(III) metformin complex as potential insulin-mimetic agent in C57BL/6 mice. J COORD CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2018.1459580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Dong
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- Department of Chemistry, Taiyuan Normal University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Gang Liang
- Department of Pathology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Binsheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
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Staniek H, Krejpcio Z. The Effects of Supplementary Cr3 (Chromium(III) Propionate Complex) on the Mineral Status in Healthy Female Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2017; 180:90-99. [PMID: 28281224 PMCID: PMC5610671 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-017-0985-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
More and more people use food supplements for various reasons, e.g. to prevent mineral deficiency and diseases (e.g. osteoporosis, diabetes, anaemia). Supplements containing Cr(III) are purchased primarily for weight loss and antidiabetic effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementary Cr3 {chromium(III) propionate complex, [Cr3O(O2CCH2CH3)6(H2O)3]NO3)} on the mineral status in female Wistar rats. The study was carried out on 30 female Wistar rats, divided into five groups (six animals in each): a control group and test groups fed Cr3 supplemented diets with 100, 200, 500 and 1000 mg Cr · kg-1 diet (equivalent to 10, 20, 50 and 100 mg Cr ·kg-1 body mass (b.m.) per day) given as Cr3 for 4 weeks. Supplementary Cr3 increased the Cr content in tissues in a dose-dependent manner. High dietary doses of Cr3, 20 and 100 mg Cr · kg-1 b.m., increased the Cu content in the liver and spleen as well as the Zn content in the kidneys but decreased the liver Ca content. Doses of 50-100 mg Cr ·kg-1 b.m. decreased the serum Fe concentration and the Fe content in the liver and kidneys. Supplementation with Cr3 at doses of 10 and 100 mg Cr ·kg-1 b.m. did not affect the Mg content in the rats' tissues. In conclusion, high dietary doses of Cr3 (10 and 100 mg Cr· kg-1 b.m.) given for 4 weeks affected the mineral status of Fe, Zn, Cu and Ca in the tissues of healthy female Wistar rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halina Staniek
- Department of Human Nutrition and Hygiene, Poznań University of Life Sciences, ul. Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Zbigniew Krejpcio
- Department of Human Nutrition and Hygiene, Poznań University of Life Sciences, ul. Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624, Poznań, Poland
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12
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Haiduc I. Inverse coordination – An emerging new chemical concept. Oxygen and other chalcogens as coordination centers. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Lee YM, Wolf P, Hauner H, Skurk T. Effect of a fermented dietary supplement containing chromium and zinc on metabolic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind cross-over study. Food Nutr Res 2016; 60:30298. [PMID: 27343205 PMCID: PMC4920940 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v60.30298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For the increasing development of type 2 diabetes dietary habits play an important role. In this regard, dietary supplements are of growing interest to influence the progression of this disease. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a cascade-fermented dietary supplement based on fruits, nuts, and vegetables fortified with chromium and zinc on metabolic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS This was a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, intervention study under free-living conditions using a cross-over design. Thirty-six patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were enrolled and randomized either to receive a cascade-fermented dietary supplement enriched with chromium (100 µg/d) and zinc (15 mg/d) or a placebo similar in taste but without supplements, over a period of 12 weeks. After a wash-out period of 12 weeks, the patients received the other test product. The main outcome variable was the levels of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Other outcome variables were fasting blood glucose, fructosamine, and lipid parameters. RESULTS Thirty-one patients completed the study. HbA1c showed no relevant changes during both treatment periods, nor was there a relevant difference between the two treatments (HbA1c: p=0.48). The same results were found for fructosamine and fasting glucose (fructosamine: p=0.9; fasting glucose: p=0.31). In addition, there was no effect on lipid metabolism. CONCLUSION This intervention study does not provide evidence that a cascade-fermented plant-based dietary supplement enriched with a combination of chromium and zinc improves glucose metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus under free-living conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Mi Lee
- ZIEL Institute for Food and Health, Clinical Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany;
| | - Petra Wolf
- Institute for Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans Hauner
- ZIEL Institute for Food and Health, Clinical Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Nutritional Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Skurk
- ZIEL Institute for Food and Health, Clinical Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,ZIEL Institute for Food and Health, Core Facility Human Studies, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Rockwell R, Allen M. Chromium propionate supplementation during the peripartum period interacts with starch source fed postpartum: Production responses during the immediate postpartum and carryover periods. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:4453-4463. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Staniek H, Krejpcio Z, Wieczorek D. The Effects of High Dietary Doses of Chromium(III) Complex with Propionic Acid on Nutritional and Selected Blood Indices in Healthy Female Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016; 171:192-200. [PMID: 26432449 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-015-0518-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
People taking dietary supplements are usually determined to lose weight, supplement nutrition or reduce the risk of illness and negative effects of their state of health. Chromium(III) supplementation influence body composition and mass, glucose and lipid metabolism and it enhance insulin action. This fact could be of general interest because diabetes mellitus is an increasing health problem in many countries. The study describes the effects of high dietary doses of chromium(III) complex with propionic acid [Cr3] (from 100 to 1000 mg Cr · kg(-1) diet) on the organisms of healthy female rats, with special regard to overall nutritional, carbohydrate, lipid and blood biochemical and morphological and haematological indices. The study was carried out on 30 10-week-old female Wistar rats, which were divided into five equal groups (six animals in each): the control group and four groups of tested animals which had free access to the diet supplemented with 100, 200, 500 and 1000 mg Cr · kg(-1) (equivalent of 10, 20, 50 and 100 mg Cr · kg body weight (b.w.) · day(-1)), given as [Cr3O(O2CCH2CH3)6(H2O)3]⋅NO3, also known as Cr3, for 4 weeks. There were no significant differences in body mass gains, feeding efficiency ratio, internal organ masses or blood serum glucose concentrations, except for some changes in the serum triglycerides concentration, which decreased in the rats that received 500 and 1000 mg Cr · kg(-1) diet, as opposed to the group treated with 200 mg Cr · kg(-1) diet. The dietary supplementation of Cr3 for 4 weeks at doses of 100 to 1000 mg Cr · kg(-1) diet did not affect overall nutritional indices and most blood biochemical, morphological and haematological indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halina Staniek
- Department of Human Nutrition and Hygiene, Poznań University of Life Sciences, ul. Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Zbigniew Krejpcio
- Department of Human Nutrition and Hygiene, Poznań University of Life Sciences, ul. Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624, Poznań, Poland
| | - Daria Wieczorek
- Department of Technology and Instrumental Analysis, Faculty of Commodity Science, Poznań University of Economics, al. Niepodległości 10, 61-875, Poznań, Poland
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Navarro-Alarcon M, Ruiz-Ojeda FJ, Blanca-Herrera RM, Kaki A, Adem A, Agil A. Melatonin administration in diabetes: regulation of plasma Cr, V, and Mg in young male Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Food Funct 2014; 5:512-6. [PMID: 24441643 DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60389j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of melatonin, a neurohormone present in plants, represents an exciting approach for the maintenance of optimum health conditions. Melatonin administration ameliorates glucose homeostasis in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of melatonin in diabetes in relation to the levels and regulation of plasma chromium (Cr), vanadium (V), and magnesium (Mg) in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) and Zucker lean (ZL) rats. At the age of 6 weeks, ZDF (n = 30) and ZL (n = 30) groups were each subdivided into three groups: control (C) (n = 10), vehicle-treated (V') (n = 10) and melatonin-treated (M) (10 mg kg(-1) per day; n = 10) groups for a 6 week period. After treatment, plasma mineral concentrations were measured by flame (Mg) and electrothermal (Cr and V) atomic absorption spectrometry. No significant differences were found between the C and V' groups (p > 0.05). Plasma Mg levels were significantly lower in C-ZDF vs. C-ZL rats, demonstrating the presence of hypomagnesemia in this diabetes mellitus model. Plasma V and Cr levels were significantly higher in M-ZDF vs. C-ZDF rats. Plasma Mg levels in ZDF rats were not affected by melatonin treatment (p > 0.05). Melatonin administration ameliorates the diabetic status of ZDF rats by enhancing plasma Cr and V concentrations. This appears to be the first report of a beneficial effect of melatonin treatment on plasma Cr and V regulation in ZDF rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Navarro-Alarcon
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Spain.
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17
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Abstract
Recent research, combined with reanalysis of previous results, has revealed that chromium can no longer be considered an essential trace element. Clinical studies are ambiguous at best as to whether Cr has a pharmacological effect in humans. Observed effects of Cr on rodent models of insulin resistance and diabetes are best interpreted in terms of a pharmacological role for Cr. Studies on the effects of Cr on rat models of diabetes are reviewed herein and suggest Cr increases insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues of the rodent models. The lack of effects in human studies may stem from humans receiving a comparably smaller dose than the rodent models. However, given the different responses to Cr in the rodent models, humans could potentially have different responses to Cr.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Vincent
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0336, USA.
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18
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Prescha A, Krzysik M, Zabłocka-Słowińska K, Grajeta H. Effects of exposure to dietary chromium on tissue mineral contents in rats fed diets with fiber. Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 159:325-31. [PMID: 24752971 PMCID: PMC4052011 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-014-9973-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of diets with fiber (cellulose and/or pectin) supplemented with chromium(III) on homeostasis of selected minerals in femurs, thigh muscles, livers, and kidneys of rats. For 6 weeks, male rats were fed experimental diets: a fiber-free diet (FF), a diet containing 5% cellulose (CEL), 5% pectin (PEC), or 2.5% cellulose and 2.5% pectin (CEL+PEC). These diets had 2.53 or 0.164 mg Cr/kg diet. The tissue levels of Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, and Cr were determined by using atomic absorption spectrometry. Supplementing diets with Cr resulted in significantly higher Cr levels in the femurs of rats fed the CEL diet and significantly higher Cr and Fe levels in the rats fed the CEL+PEC diet compared to the rats fed FF diet. Muscle Ca content was significantly lower in the rats fed the CEL+PEC+Cr diet compared to the rats fed FF+Cr diet. The rats consuming the PEC+Cr diet had the highest liver Cr content. The highest kidney Zn content was observed in the rats fed diets containing Cr and one type of fiber. These results indicate that diets containing chromium at elevated dose and fiber have a significant effect on the mineral balance in rat tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Prescha
- Department of Food Science and Dietetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556, Wroclaw, Poland,
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19
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Formation of oxo-centered trinuclear chromium carboxylate complexes and hydrolysis of Cr3 as established by paramagnetic 2H NMR spectroscopy. J Inorg Biochem 2014; 131:12-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Król E, Krejpcio Z, Iwanik K. Supplementary chromium(III) propionate complex does not protect against insulin resistance in high-fat-fed rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 157:147-55. [PMID: 24415067 PMCID: PMC3905177 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-013-9877-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Improper eating habits such as high-fat or high-carbohydrate diets are responsible for metabolic changes resulting in impaired glucose tolerance, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and ultimately diabetes. Although the essentiality of trivalent chromium for humans has been recently questioned by researchers, pharmacological dosages of this element can improve insulin sensitivity in experimental animals and diabetic subjects. The aim of the study was to assess the preventive potential of the supplementary chromium(III) propionate complex (CrProp) in rats fed a high-fat diet. The experiment was conducted on 32 male Wistar rats divided into four groups and fed the following diets: the control (C, AIN-93G), high-fat diets (HF, 40% energy from fat), and a high-fat diet supplemented with CrProp at dosages of 10 and 50 mg Cr/kg diet (HF + Cr10 and HF + Cr50, respectively). After 8 weeks, high-fat feeding led to an increased body mass, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, a decreased serum urea concentration, accumulation of lipid droplets in hepatocytes, and increased renal Fe and splenic Cu contents. Supplementary CrProp in both dosages did not alleviate these changes but increased renal Cr content and normalized splenic Cu content in high-fat-fed rats. Supplementary CrProp does not prevent the development of insulin resistance in rats fed a high-fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Król
- Department of Human Nutrition and Hygiene, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624, Poznan, Poland,
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21
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Suliburska J, Krejpcio Z, Staniek H, Król E, Bogdanski P, Kupsz J, Hertig I. The effects of antihypertensive drugs on chromium status, glucose metabolism, and antioxidant and inflammatory indices in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 157:60-6. [PMID: 24249586 PMCID: PMC3895216 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-013-9864-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The long-term use of hypotensive drugs may cause side effects, including impaired glucose metabolism and mineral status. This study tested the hypothesis that some hypotensive drugs can affect tissular chromium levels and indices of glucose metabolic and antioxidant potential in rats. The experiment was performed on 40 male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), which were assigned to five groups: control (C), with perindopril (PR), with metoprolol (MT), with indapamide (ID), and with amlodipine (AM). All rats were provided ad libitum standard diet (with or without drugs) and distilled water for 45 days. Glucose and insulin levels, along with total antioxidant status (TAS) and concentrations of TNF-alpha and C-reactive protein, were assayed in serum. Chromium concentrations in the liver and kidney were determined using the flame atomic absorption spectrometry method. Detailed statistical analysis was performed using Statistica for Windows 10.0 (StatSoft, Poland). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by a post hoc Tukey test, was used to compare the data between groups. Treatment with indapamide and amlodipine resulted in significantly higher chromium concentrations in the liver and kidney (AM) of the rats, compared with the control group. A markedly higher concentration of glucose was found in the ID group. Treatment with amlodipine significantly increased TAS levels in serum and decreased TNF-alpha concentration in serum of the rats. A significant positive correlation between chromium concentration in tissues and serum TAS level was observed, as was a significant negative correlation between chromium concentration in the kidneys, and TNF-alpha and glucose levels in serum. In conclusion, the administration of amlodipine may lead to an increase in chromium accumulation in the internal organs, which is associated with increased antioxidant status and suppression of the inflammatory response of cells in SHRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Suliburska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Hygiene, Poznan University of Life Sciences, ul. Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624, Poznan, Poland,
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22
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Staniek H, Rhodes NR, Di Bona KR, Deng G, Love ST, Pledger LA, Blount J, Gomberg E, Grappe F, Cernosek C, Peoples B, Rasco JF, Krejpcio Z, Vincent JB. Comparison of tissue metal concentrations in Zucker lean, Zucker obese, and Zucker diabetic fatty rats and the effects of chromium supplementation on tissue metal concentrations. Biol Trace Elem Res 2013; 151:373-83. [PMID: 23250541 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-012-9565-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes results in several metabolic changes, including alterations in the transport, distribution, excretion, and accumulation of metals. While changes have been examined in several rat models of insulin resistance and diabetes, the metal ion concentrations in the tissues of Zucker lean, Zucker obese (an insulin resistance and early stage diabetes model), and Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF, a type 2 diabetes model) have not previously been examined in detail. The concentration of Cu, Zn, Fe, Mg, and Ca were examined in the liver, kidney, heart and spleen, and Cr concentration in the liver and kidney of these rats were examined. Zucker obese rats have a reduction in the concentration of Cu, Zn, Fe, Mg in the liver compared to ZDF and/or lean Zucker rats, presumably as a result of the increased fat content of the liver of the obese rats. ZDF rats have increased concentrations of kidney Cu compared to the lean rats, while kidney Ca concentrations are increased in the Zucker obese rats. Spleen Fe concentrations are decreased in Zucker obese rats compared to the lean rats. No effects on metal concentrations in the heart were observed between the lean, obese, and ZDF rats, and no effects on Cr concentrations were identified. Cr(III) complexes have previously been shown to have beneficial effects on the signs of insulin resistance in Zucker obese and ZDF rats. The effects of daily gavage administration of chromium picolinate ([Cr(pic)(3)]) (1 mg Cr/kg body mass), CrCl(3) (1 mg Cr/kg body mass), and Cr3 ([Cr(3)O(propionate)(6)(H(2)O)(3)](+)) (33 μg and 1 mg Cr/kg body mass) on metal concentrations in these tissues were examined. Treatment with CrCl(3) and Cr3, but not [Cr(pic)(3)], at 1 mg Cr/kg resulted in a statistically significant accumulation of Cr in the kidney of lean and obese but not ZDF rats but resulted in lowering the elevated levels of kidney Cu in ZDF rats, suggesting a beneficial effect on this symptom of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halina Staniek
- Department of Human Nutrition and Hygiene, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624, Poznan, Poland
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23
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Herring BJ, Logsdon AL, Lockard JE, Miller BM, Kim H, Calderon EA, Vincent JB, Bailey MM. Long-term exposure to [Cr(3)O(O (2)CCH (2)CH (3)) (6)(H (2)O) (3)] (+) in Wistar rats fed normal or high-fat diets does not alter glucose metabolism. Biol Trace Elem Res 2013; 151:406-14. [PMID: 23271681 PMCID: PMC3567304 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-012-9580-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The essentiality of chromium(III) has been the subject of much debate, particularly in healthy subjects. Chromium(III)-containing supplements are widely used for body mass loss, building of lean muscle mass, and improving glucose and lipid metabolism. [Cr(3)O(O(2)CCH(2)CH(3))(6)(H(2)O)(3)](+), Cr3, is one of the most-studied chromium nutritional supplements. The current study evaluates the effects of long-term (15 months) supplementation with Cr3 on body mass and glucose metabolism in Wistar rats on traditional and cafeteria-style (high fat, high carbohydrate) diets. Male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups: (1) control diet (milled Harlan Teklad LM-485 rodent diet), (2) control diet+1 mg Cr3/kg body mass/day, (3) a cafeteria-style (CAF) diet (high fat, high carbohydrate), or (4) CAF diet+1 mg Cr3/kg/day. Cr3 supplementation had no effect on fasting blood glucose levels or blood glucose levels in response to glucose and insulin challenges. Rats consuming the CAF+Cr3 diet tended to have a significantly higher body mass than rats consuming the CAF diet, but necropsy results showed no difference in visceral fat or body wall thickness between groups. These data suggest that long-term Cr3 supplementation does not significantly affect body mass in rats consuming a normal diet or glucose levels or metabolism in rats consuming either diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty J Herring
- Department of Biological Sciences, Emporia State University, 1200 Commercial Street Campus, Box 4050, Emporia, KS 66801, USA
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24
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Vincent JB, Love ST. The need for combined inorganic, biochemical, and nutritional studies of chromium(III). Chem Biodivers 2013; 9:1923-41. [PMID: 22976981 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201100440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The history of biochemical and nutritional studies of the element is unfortunately full of twists and turns, most leading to dead ends. Chromium (Cr), as the trivalent ion, has been proposed to be an essential element, a body mass and muscle development agent, and, in the form of the most popular Cr-containing nutritional supplement, to be toxic when given orally to mammals. None of these proposals, despite significant attention in the popular media, has proven to be correct. Trivalent chromium has also been proposed as a therapeutic agent to increase insulin sensitivity and affect lipid metabolism, although a molecular mechanism for such actions has not been elucidated. Greater cooperative research interactions between nutritionists, biochemists, and chemists might have avoided the earlier issues in nutritional and biochemical Cr research and is necessary to establish the potential role of Cr as a therapeutic agent at a molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Vincent
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tucaloosa, AL 35487-0336, USA.
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25
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Abstract
Over fifty years ago, the element chromium (as the trivalent ion) was proposed to be an essential element for mammals with a role in maintaining proper carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Evidence for an essential role came from dietary studies with rodents, studies on the effects of chromium on subjects on total parenteral nutrition, and studies of the absorption and transport of chromium. Over the next several decades, chromium-containing nutritional supplements became so popular for weight loss and muscle development that sales were second only to calcium among mineral supplements. However, the failure to identify the responsible biomolecules(s) that bind chromium(III) and their mode of action, particularly a postulated species named glucose tolerance factor or GTF, resulted in the status of chromium being questioned in recent years, such that the question of its being essential needs to be formally readdressed. At the same time as chromium(III)'s popularity as a nutritional supplement was growing, concerns over its safety appeared. While chromium has been conclusively shown not to have beneficial effects on body mass or composition and should be removed from the list of essential trace elements, chromium(III) compounds are generally nontoxic and have beneficial pharmacological effects in rodents models of insulin insensitivity, although human studies have not conclusively shown any beneficial effects. Mechanisms have been proposed for these pharmacological effects, but all suffer from a lack of consistent supporting evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Vincent
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487-0336, USA,
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Król E, Krejpcio Z, Michalak S, Wójciak RW, Bogdański P. Effects of combined dietary chromium(III) propionate complex and thiamine supplementation on insulin sensitivity, blood biochemical indices, and mineral levels in high-fructose-fed rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2012; 150:350-9. [PMID: 23065486 PMCID: PMC3510416 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-012-9515-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is the first step in glucose intolerance and the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus, thus effective prevention strategies should also include dietary interventions to enhance insulin sensitivity. Nutrients, such as microelement chromium(III) and thiamine, play regulatory roles in carbohydrate metabolism. The objective of this study was to evaluate the insulin-sensitizing potential of the combined supplementary chromium(III) propionate complex (CrProp) and thiamine in insulin resistance animal model (rats fed a high-fructose diet). The experiment was carried out on 40 nine-week-old male Wistar rats divided into five groups (eight animals each). Animals were fed ad libitum: the control diet (AIN-93 M) and high-fructose diets with and without a combination of two levels of CrProp (0.1 and 1 mg Cr/kg body mass/day) and two levels of thiamine (0.5 and 10 mg/kg body mass/day) for 8 weeks. At the end of the experiment rats were sacrificed to collect blood and internal organs for analyses of blood biochemical and hematologic indices as well as tissular microelement levels that were measured using appropriate methods. It was found that both supplementary CrProp and thiamine (given alone) have significant insulin-sensitizing and moderate blood-lipid-lowering properties, while the combined supplementation with these agents does not give synergistic effects in insulin-resistant rats. CrProp given separately increased kidney Cu and Cr levels, while thiamine alone increased hepatic Cu contents and decreased renal Zn and Cu contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Król
- Department of Human Nutrition and Hygiene, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 31 Wojska Polskiego, 60-624, Poznan, Poland.
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27
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Laschinsky N, Kottwitz K, Freund B, Dresow B, Fischer R, Nielsen P. Bioavailability of chromium(III)-supplements in rats and humans. Biometals 2012; 25:1051-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-012-9571-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Zhen H, Chen H, Tian Z, Zhang Z. Fe<sup>2+</sup> Coupled with Vitamin c (Vc) Can Enhance Glucose Metabolism and Decrease Blood Glucose Levels of Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/fns.2012.311207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Staniek H, Krejpcio Z, Iwanik K, Szymusiak H, Wieczorek D. Evaluation of the acute oral toxicity class of trinuclear chromium(III) glycinate complex in rat. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011; 143:1564-75. [PMID: 21243441 PMCID: PMC3221858 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-011-8959-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chromium(III) is considered as an essential element playing a role in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and various chemical forms of this element are widely used in dietary supplements. A new trinuclear chromium(III) glycinate complex [Cr(3)O(NH(2)CH(2)CO(2))(6)(H(2)O)(3)](+)NO(3)(-) (CrGly), an analogue of Cr3 (trinuclear Cr(III) propionate complex) has been synthesized as a potential source of supplementary Cr. In this study, we evaluated the acute toxicity class of CrGly in Wistar rats applying the OECD 423 procedure. Male and female Wistar rats (n = 12, 6 ♀ and 6 ♂) were given by gavage either a single dose of CrGly 2,000 mg/kg body mass (equals to 300 mg Cr(III)/kg body mass; in aqueous solution) or equivalent volumes of distilled water and fed ad libitum commercial Labofeed B diet, and observed carefully for 14 days, then sacrificed to collect blood and internal organs for biochemical and histologic examination. No death cases were detected. No abnormalities in animal behavior, body mass gains, gross organ histology, or blood morphology and biochemistry were observed. The results demonstrate that LD(50) of CrGly is greater than 2,000 mg/kg when administrated orally to rat; thus, this compound appears to belong to the fifth category in the GHS system or the fourth class ("unclassified") in the EU classification system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halina Staniek
- Department of Human Nutrition and Hygiene, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 31 Wojska Polskiego, 60-624 Poznan, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Krejpcio
- Department of Human Nutrition and Hygiene, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 31 Wojska Polskiego, 60-624 Poznan, Poland
- College of Health, Beauty and Education, 3 Brzeznicka, 60-133 Poznan, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Iwanik
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 49 Przybyszewskiego, 60-355 Poznan, Poland
| | - Henryk Szymusiak
- Department of Product Ecology, Poznan University of Economics, 10 al. Niepodległosci, 61-875 Poznan, Poland
| | - Daria Wieczorek
- Department of Technology and Environmental Protection, Poznan University of Economics, 10 al. Niepodległosci, 61-875 Poznan, Poland
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Sahin K, Tuzcu M, Orhan C, Agca CA, Sahin N, Guvenc M, Krejpcio Z, Staniek H, Hayirli A. The effects of chromium complex and level on glucose metabolism and memory acquisition in rats fed high-fat diet. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011; 143:1018-30. [PMID: 21120707 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-010-8905-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Conditions in which glucose metabolism is impaired due to insulin resistance are associated with memory impairment. It was hypothesized that supplemental chromium (Cr) may alleviate insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes and consequently improve memory acquisition, depending upon its source and level. In a complete randomized design experiment, male Wistar rats (n=60; weighing 200-220 g) were fed either normal (8%, normal diet (ND)) or high-fat (40%, high-fat diet (HFD)) diet and supplemented with Cr as either chromium-glycinate (CrGly) or chromium-acetate (CrAc) at doses of 0, 40, or 80 μg/kg body weight (BW) via drinking water from 8 to 20 weeks of age. Feeding HFD induced type 2 diabetes, as reflected by greater glucose/insulin ratio (2.98 vs. 2.74) comparing to feeding ND. Moreover, HFD rats had greater BW (314 vs. 279 g) and less serum (53 vs. 68 μg/L) and brain (14 vs. 24 ng/g) Cr concentrations than ND rats. High-fat diet caused a 32% reduction in expressions of glucose transporters 1 and 3 (GLUTs) in brain tissue and a 27% reduction in mean percentage time spent in the target quadrant and a 38% increase in spatial memory acquisition phase (SMAP) compared with ND. Compared with supplemental Cr as CrAc, CrGly was more effective to ameliorate response variables (i.e., restoration of tissue Cr concentration, enhancement of cerebral GLUTs expressions, and reduction of the glucose/insulin ratio and SMAP) in a dose-response manner, especially in rats fed HFD. Supplemental Cr as CrGly may have therapeutic potential to enhance insulin action and alleviate memory acquisition in a dose-dependent manner, through restoring tissue Cr reserve and enhancing cerebral GLUTs expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazim Sahin
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, 23119, Elazig, Turkey.
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Król E, Krejpcio Z. Evaluation of anti-diabetic potential of chromium(III) propionate complex in high-fat diet fed and STZ injected rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:3217-23. [PMID: 21939728 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2011] [Revised: 09/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the anti-diabetic potential of the chromium(III) propionate complex (CrProp) in a diabetic rat model. Male Wistar rats (n=28, 8-week old) were divided into 4 groups (with 7 rats each) and fed at libitum: the control diet (AIN-93M), and high-fat diets with or without supplementary CrProp (10 and 50mg Crkg(-1) diet; 1 and 5 mg kg(-1) body mass per day) for 5 weeks, and subsequently injected with STZ to induce diabetes. Rats were further fed the same diets for another week until the end of the experiment. Blood indices and the contents of minerals (Fe, Zn, Cu and Cr) in rat tissues were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Supplementary CrProp did not affect blood glucose level, but significantly improved insulin sensitivity (HOMA-IR index) and reduced serum levels of triacylglycerols, total and LDL cholesterols. Both supplementary dosages of CrProp (10 and 50mg Cr kg(-1) diet) normalized the increased liver Fe content, reduced hepatic and renal Cu levels and elevated renal Cr contents in diabetic rats. In conclusion, CrProp has a significant anti-diabetic (insulin-sensitizing and hypolipidemic) potential; thus it might be a candidate for a therapeutic agent in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Król
- Department of Human Nutrition and Hygiene, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624 Poznan, Poland
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Abstract
The current status and likely future directions of complexes of V(V/IV), Cr(III), Mo(VI), W(VI), Zn(II), Cu(II), and Mn(III) as potential oral drugs against type 2 diabetes are reviewed. We propose a unified model of extra- and intracellular mechanisms of anti-diabetic efficacies of V(V/IV), Mo(VI), W(VI), and Cr(III), centred on high-oxidation-state oxido/peroxido species that inhibit protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) involved in insulin signalling. The postulated oxidative mechanism of anti-diabetic activity of Cr(III) via carcinogenic Cr(VI/V) (which adds to safety concerns) is consistent with recent clinical trials on Cr(III) picolinate, where activity was apparent only in patients with poorly controlled diabetes (high oxidative stress), and the correlation between the anti-diabetic activities and ease of oxidation of Cr(III) supplements and their metabolites in vivo. Zn(II) and Cu(II) anti-diabetics act via different mechanisms and are unlikely to be used as specific anti-diabetics due to their diverse and unpredictable biological activities. Hence, future research directions are likely to centre on enhancing the bioavailability and selectivity of V(V/IV), Mo(VI), or W(VI) drugs. The strategy of potentiating circulating insulin with metal ions has distinct therapeutic advantages over interventions that stimulate the release of more insulin, or use insulin mimetics, because of many adverse side-effects of increased levels of insulin, including increased risks of cancer and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviva Levina
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Krzysik M, Grajeta H, Prescha A, Weber R. Effect of cellulose, pectin and chromium(III) on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in rats. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2011; 25:97-102. [PMID: 21376553 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The effects of cellulose, pectin and chromium(III) on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism were investigated in rats. Eighty male Buffalo rats (n=10/group, 4 weeks old) were fed experimental diets for 6 weeks. The two control groups received a fiber free diet (FF) or a fiber free diet plus chromium (FF+Cr) (2.53 mg Cr/kg diet). The other groups were fed diets containing 5% of cellulose (CEL), 5% of pectin (PEC) or 2.5% of cellulose plus 2.5% of pectin (CEL+PEC) with or without chromium. The daily food intake and body weight of the rats were not affected by the experimental diets. Total cholesterol level in plasma was significantly lower (p≤0.05) in the PEC group than the rats fed the FF diet. Feeding of rats with the PEC+Cr diet resulted in a significantly higher concentration of plasma HDL cholesterol (p≤0.05) when compared with the CEL+Cr group. No statistically significant differences in the concentrations of plasma triglycerides (TG) and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) between the groups were observed. Rats fed the CEL+Cr diet had a significantly lower content of cholesterol and rats fed the CEL+Cr diet lower contents of cholesterol and TG in the liver (p≤0.05) when compared with other groups. The concentration of HbA1c was significantly lower (p≤0.05) in rats fed the CEL and CEL+Cr diets than in other groups. A significantly lower concentration of plasma glucose (p≤0.05) was observed in rats receiving the CEL+PEC diet in comparison with the FF group. A significant effect of fiber and chromium combination was shown only in the case of triglyceride content in the liver of rats (p≤0.05). In conclusion, our results suggest that a diet containing fiber (PEC) and chromium or their supplements may be beneficial for correcting some disturbances of lipid metabolism, and a diet containing cellulose or its supplements may be used to improve glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Krzysik
- Department of Food Science and Dietetics, Silesian Piasts University of Medicine, Wroclaw, Poland
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Liu L, Jin W, Lv JP. Oral administration of the high-chromium yeast improve blood plasma variables and pancreatic islet tissue in diabetic mice. Biol Trace Elem Res 2010; 138:250-64. [PMID: 20195924 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-010-8621-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The in vivo effects of oral administration of the high-chromium yeast to healthy and diabetic mice are described. Given that these complexes are proposed to function by potentiating the actions of insulin and activating the insulin receptor kinase, changes in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism would be expected. After 15 weeks administration (500 μg Cr/kg body mass) to healthy mice, abnormal metabolism and pathological change were not observed. After 15 weeks of treatment (0-1,000 μg Cr/kg body mass) of diabetic mice, the effect of high-chromium yeast on blood lipids and blood glycosylated hemoglobin (GHb) of diabetes are not consistent. High-chromium yeast results in a lowering (P < 0.05) of GHb and triglyceride, lowering (P < 0.01) of total cholesterol, and restoration (P < 0.01) of insulin; these results are in stark contrast to those of diabetic mice of administration of normal yeast, which have no effect on these parameters and serve as control group. The histopathological analysis of pancreas islet shows that high-chromium yeast could profoundly protect the impaired pancreatic islet and β-cells from inflammatory infiltration and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Haidian District, PO Box 5109, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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Di Bona KR, Love S, Rhodes NR, McAdory D, Sinha SH, Kern N, Kent J, Strickland J, Wilson A, Beaird J, Ramage J, Rasco JF, Vincent JB. Chromium is not an essential trace element for mammals: effects of a "low-chromium" diet. J Biol Inorg Chem 2010; 16:381-90. [PMID: 21086001 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-010-0734-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chromium was proposed to be an essential trace element over 50 years ago and has been accepted as an essential element for over 30 years. However, the studies on which chromium's status are based are methodologically flawed. Whether chromium is an essential element has been examined for the first time in carefully controlled metal-free conditions using a series of purified diets containing various chromium contents. Male Zucker lean rats were housed in specially designed metal-free cages for 6 months and fed the AIN-93G diet with no added chromium in the mineral mix component of the diet, the standard AIN-93G diet, the standard AIN-93G diet supplemented with 200 μg Cr/kg, or the standard AIN-93G diet supplemented with 1,000 μg Cr/kg. The chromium content of the diet had no effect on body mass or food intake. Similarly, the chromium content of the diet had no effect on glucose levels in glucose tolerance or insulin tolerance tests. However, a distinct trend toward lower insulin levels under the curve after a glucose challenge was observed with increasing chromium content in the diet; rats on the supplemented AIN-93G diets had significantly lower areas (P < 0.05) than rats on the low-chromium diet. The studies reveal that a diet with as little chromium as reasonably possible had no effect on body composition, glucose metabolism, or insulin sensitivity compared with a chromium-"sufficient" diet. Together with the results of other recent studies, these results clearly indicate that chromium can no longer be considered an essential element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin R Di Bona
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
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Król E, Krejpcio Z. Chromium(III) propionate complex supplementation improves carbohydrate metabolism in insulin-resistance rat model. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:2791-6. [PMID: 20633590 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antidiabetic potential and safety of the chromium(III) propionate complex (CrProp) in insulin resistance induced by a high-fructose diet in rats. The experiment was carried out on 32 nine-week old male Wistar rats divided into 4 groups of 8 rats each. Animals were fed at libitum: the control diet (AIN-93M), and high-fructose diets (HF) containing various levels of Cr(III) given as CrProp (1 mg Cr kg(-1) diet (HF) and supplemented with 10 mg Cr kg(-1) diet (HFCr10), or 50 mg Cr kg(-1) diet (HFCr50), equal to approx. 0.1, 1 and 5 mg kg(-1) body mass per day) for 8 weeks. It was found that supplemental CrProp improved carbohydrate metabolism indices (decreasing serum insulin levels and insulin resistance indices HOMA-IR and HOMA-B, while increasing insulin sensitivity index QUICKI). Supplemental CrProp did not affect overall nutritional indices, blood morphology, most of the toxicity indices, blood glucose and lipids levels, while it increased kidney Cr level (HFCr50), normalized decreased liver Cu concentrations, and decreased kidney Fe and Cu levels (HFCr50). Supplemental CrProp administered at 10- and 50-fold doses of the basal dietary Cr level has a significant antidiabetic effect in insulin resistant rats. However, a prolonged treatment with this compound can affect Fe status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Król
- Department of Human Nutrition and Hygiene, University of Life Sciences, 31 Wojska Polskiego, 60-624 Poznan, Poland
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37
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Rhodes NR, McAdory D, Love S, Di Bona KR, Chen Y, Ansorge K, Hira J, Kern N, Kent J, Lara P, Rasco JF, Vincent JB. Urinary chromium loss associated with diabetes is offset by increases in absorption. J Inorg Biochem 2010; 104:790-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2010.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Revised: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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38
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Vincent JB. Chromium: celebrating 50 years as an essential element? Dalton Trans 2010; 39:3787-94. [PMID: 20372701 DOI: 10.1039/b920480f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Fifty years ago the element chromium was proposed to be an essential element for mammals with a role in maintaining proper carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Over the next several decades, chromium nutritional supplements became so popular for weight loss and muscle development that sales were second only to calcium among mineral supplements. However, the failure to identify the responsible biomolecules that bind Cr and their mode of action has resulted in the status of Cr being readdressed in recent years. This review considers research on the biochemistry of Cr(III) over the last two decades and how the results have affected the current status of Cr as an essential element.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Vincent
- Department of Chemistry and Coalition for Biomolecular Products, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0336, USA.
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39
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Staniek H, Kostrzewska-Poczekaj M, Arndt M, Szyfter K, Krejpcio Z. Genotoxicity assessment of chromium(III) propionate complex in the rat model using the comet assay. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:89-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Revised: 09/05/2009] [Accepted: 09/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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40
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Staniek H, Krejpcio Z, Iwanik K. Evaluation of the acute oral toxicity class of tricentric chromium(III) propionate complex in rat. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 48:859-64. [PMID: 20036299 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Revised: 12/12/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Chromium(III) is an essential element for carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and various chemical forms of this element are widely used in dietary supplements. Of particular interest is [Cr(3)O(O(2)CCH(2)CH(3))(6)(H(2)O)(3)](+) cation (CrProp), that has been proposed as an alternative source of Cr. However, its safety has not been studied completely. In this study, we evaluated the acute toxicity class of CrProp in Wistar rats applying the OECD 423 procedure. Male and female Wistar rats (n=12, 6 female symbol and 6 male symbol) were given by gavage either a single dose of CrProp 2000 mg kg(-1) body mass or equivalent volumes of distilled water, and fed Labofeed B diet, and observed carefully for 14 days, than sacrificed to collect samples for biochemical and histologic examination. No death cases were detected, no major abnormalities in animal behaviour, body mass gains, gross organ histology, and blood morphology, and biochemistry were observed, except some changes of liver mass and the activity of ALT in female rats. The results demonstrate that LD(50) of CrProp is greater than 2000 mg kg(-1) when administrated orally to rat, thus this compound appears to be belong the fifth category in the GHS system or the fourth class ("unclassified") in the EU classification system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halina Staniek
- Department of Human Nutrition and Hygiene, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624 Poznan, Poland
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41
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Mantovani A, Frazzoli C, La Rocca C. Risk assessment of endocrine-active compounds in feeds. Vet J 2009; 182:392-401. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2008] [Revised: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 08/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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42
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Dogukan A, Sahin N, Tuzcu M, Juturu V, Orhan C, Onderci M, Komorowski J, Sahin K. The effects of chromium histidinate on mineral status of serum and tissue in fat-fed and streptozotocin-treated type II diabetic rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2009; 131:124-32. [PMID: 19271160 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-009-8351-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of chromium histidinate (CrHis) against experimentally induced type II diabetes and on chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), selenium (Se), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu) in serum, liver, and kidney of diabetic rats. The male Wistar rats (n = 60, 8 weeks old) were divided into four groups. Group I received a standard diet (12% of calories as fat); group II were fed standard diet and received CrHis (110 mcg CrHis/kg body weight per day); group III received a high-fat diet (HFD; 40% of calories as fat) for 2 weeks and then were injected with streptozotocin (STZ) on day 14 (STZ, 40 mg/kg i.p.; HFD/STZ); group IV were treated as group III (HFD/STZ) but supplemented with 110 mcg CrHis/kg body weight per day. The mineral concentrations in the serum and tissue were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Compared to the HFD/STZ group, CrHis significantly increased body weight and reduced blood glucose in diabetic rats (p < 0.001). Concentrations of Cr, Zn, Se, and Mn in serum, liver, and kidney of the diabetic rats were significantly lower than in the control rats (p < 0.0001). In contrast, higher Fe and Cu levels were found in serum and tissues from diabetic versus the non-diabetic rats (p < 0.001). Chromium histidinate supplementation increased serum, liver, and kidney concentrations of Cr and Zn both in diabetic and non-diabetic rats (p < 0.001). Chromium supplementation increased Mn and Se levels in diabetic rats (p < 0.001); however, it decreased Cu levels in STZ-treated group (p < 0.001). Chromium histidinate supplementation did not affect Fe levels in both groups (p > 0.05). The results of the present study conclude that supplementing Cr to the diet of diabetic rats influences serum and tissue Cr, Zn, Se, Mn, and Cu concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayhan Dogukan
- Department of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
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43
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Staniek H, Krejpcio Z. The effects of tricentric chromium(III) propionate complex supplementation on pregnancy outcome and maternal and foetal mineral status in rat. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:2673-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Price Evans DA, Tariq M, Dafterdar R, Al Hussaini H, Sobki SH. Chromium chloride administration causes a substantial reduction of coronary lipid deposits, aortic lipid deposits, and serum cholesterol concentration in rabbits. Biol Trace Elem Res 2009; 130:262-72. [PMID: 19225722 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-009-8333-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This experiment was carried out to test the null hypothesis that intramuscular trivalent chromium administration would not remove lipids from the heart and ascending aorta of the hyoercholesterolemic rabbits and would not lower their serum cholesterol levels. A novel computer-based method, previously described, was used to assess the sizes of the intracardiac and aortic lesions. Clinical chemistry and histopathology were performed through routine methods. The sizes of the lipid deposits in the coronary vasculature of the hypercholesterolemic rabbits were greatly reduced as a result of the intramuscular chromium chloride injections. Lipid deposits in the ascending aorta were similarly reduced, as well as the serum cholesterol concentrations. The terminal serum chromium concentrations in the chromium-treated group were in the range of 3,258-4,513 microg/L, whereas, in the untreated animals, the concentrations were 3.2 to 6.3 microg/L. The general condition of the chromium-treated animals was good and they were continuing to gain weight up to the time they were killed. However, it was found that their liver function tests had become abnormal even though there was no evidence of hepatic histopathological lesions specifically affecting the chromium-treated group. The kidney function tests and histopathology were normal. These findings suggest that a more aggressive approach than those tried hitherto might be useful in treating atherosclerotic human patients with chromium.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Price Evans
- The Research Centre, Riyadh Military Hospital, Riyadh 11159, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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45
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Kralovec JA, Potvin MA, Wright JH, Watson LV, Ewart HS, Curtis JM, Barrow CJ. Chromium(III)–docosahexaenoic acid complex: Synthesis and characterization. J Funct Foods 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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46
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Dong F, Kandadi MR, Ren J, Sreejayan N. Chromium (D-phenylalanine)3 supplementation alters glucose disposal, insulin signaling, and glucose transporter-4 membrane translocation in insulin-resistant mice. J Nutr 2008; 138:1846-51. [PMID: 18806091 DOI: 10.1093/jn/138.10.1846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromium has gained popularity as a nutritional supplement for diabetic and insulin-resistant subjects. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of chronic administration of a novel chromium complex of d-phenylalanine [Cr(D-phe)(3)] in insulin-resistant, sucrose-fed mice. Whole-body insulin resistance was generated in FVB mice by 9 wk of sucrose feeding, following which they were randomly assigned to be unsupplemented (S group) or to receive oral Cr(D-phe)(3) in drinking water (SCr group) at a dose of 45 mug.kg(-1).d(-1) ( approximately 3.8 mug of elemental chromium.kg(-1).d(-1)). A control group (C) did not consume sucrose and was not supplemented. Sucrose-fed mice had an elevated serum insulin concentration compared with controls and this was significantly lower in sucrose-fed mice that received Cr(D-phe)(3), which did not differ from controls. Impaired glucose tolerance in sucrose-fed mice, evidenced by the poor glucose disposal rate following an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test, was significantly improved in mice receiving Cr(D-phe)(3). Chromium supplementation significantly enhanced insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation and membrane-associated glucose transporter-4 in skeletal muscles of sucrose-fed mice. In cultured adipocytes rendered insulin resistant by chronic exposure to high concentrations of glucose and insulin, Cr(D-phe)(3) augmented Akt phosphorylation and glucose uptake. These results indicate that dietary supplementation with Cr(D-phe)(3) may have potential beneficial effects in insulin-resistant, prediabetic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Dong
- University of Wyoming, School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
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47
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Abdourahman A, Edwards JG. Chromium supplementation improves glucose tolerance in diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats. IUBMB Life 2008; 60:541-8. [PMID: 18629917 DOI: 10.1002/iub.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Chromium supplementation (Cr) may be useful in the management of diabetes and appears to improve some aspects of glucose handling. However, several studies have used either high doses of Cr supplementation or have placed control animals on a Cr-deficient diet. We therefore wanted to test whether Cr dosages in the ranges that more closely approximate recommended levels of supplementation in humans are efficacious in glycemic control under normal dietary conditions. Euglycemic Wistar or diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats (a model of nonobese NIDDM) were assigned to water (control) or chromium picolinate (Cr-P) supplementation (1 or 10 mg/kg/day) groups for up to 32 weeks. Glucose tolerance was tested following an overnight fast by injecting sterile glucose (1.0 g/kg, i.p.) and then measuring blood glucose at select times to determine the sensitivity to glucose by calculation of the area under the curve. Cr-P did not significantly alter the growth of the animals. In the euglycemic Wistar rats, Cr-P supplementation did not alter the response to a glucose tolerance test. In the GK rats, Cr-P supplementation significantly improved glucose tolerance at both levels of Cr-P supplementation (1 mg/kg/day: H20; 100 +/- 11%; Cr-P 70 +/- 8%; 10 mg/kg/day: H(2)0; 100 +/- 10%; Cr-P 66 +/- 9 %). Cr-P supplementation produced a small improvement in some indices of glycemic control. There were no differences observed for the two levels of Cr-P supplementation suggested that we did not identify a threshold for Cr-P effects, and future studies may use lower doses to find a threshold effect for improving glucose tolerance in diabetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aicha Abdourahman
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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48
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Sreejayan N, Dong F, Kandadi MR, Yang X, Ren J. Chromium alleviates glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and hepatic ER stress in obese mice. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008; 16:1331-7. [PMID: 18388893 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2008.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chromium has gained popularity as a nutritional supplement for diabetic patients. This study evaluated the effect of chronic administration of a chromium complex of D-phenylalanine (Cr(D-phe)(3)) on glucose and insulin tolerance in obese mice. The study tested the hypothesis that Cr(D-phe)(3) suppresses endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and insulin resistance in these animals. METHODS AND PROCEDURES C57BL lean and ob/ob obese mice were randomly divided to orally receive vehicle or Cr(D-phe)(3) (3.8 mug of elemental chromium/kg/day) for 6 months. Insulin sensitivity was evaluated by glucose and insulin tolerance tests. Protein levels of phosphorylated pancreatic ER kinase (PERK), alpha subunit of translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2alpha) and inositol-requiring enzyme-1 (IRE-1), p-c-Jun, and insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) phosphoserine-307 were assessed by western blotting. In vitro ER stress was induced by treating cultured muscle cells with thapsigargin in the presence or absence of Cr(D-phe)(3). RESULTS ob/ob mice showed poor glucose and insulin tolerance compared to the lean controls, which was attenuated by Cr(D-phe)(3). Markers of insulin resistance (phospho-c-Jun and IRS-1 phosphoserine) and ER stress (p-PERK, p-IRE-1, p-eIF2alpha), which were elevated in ob/ob mice, were attenuated following Cr(D-phe)(3) treatment. Chromium treatment was also associated with a reduction in liver triglyceride levels and lipid accumulation. In cultured myotubes, Cr(D-phe)(3) attenuated ER stress induced by thapsigargin. DISCUSSION Oral Cr(D-phe)(3) treatment reduces glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and hepatic ER stress in obese, insulin-resistant mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nair Sreejayan
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA.
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49
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Nguyen A, Mulyani I, Levina A, Lay PA. Reactivity of Chromium(III) Nutritional Supplements in Biological Media: An X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopic Study. Inorg Chem 2008; 47:4299-309. [DOI: 10.1021/ic7024389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annie Nguyen
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Irma Mulyani
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Aviva Levina
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Peter A. Lay
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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50
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Bailey MM, Sturdivant J, Jernigan PL, Townsend MB, Bushman J, Ankareddi I, Rasco JF, Hood RD, Vincent JB. Comparison of the potential for developmental toxicity of prenatal exposure to two dietary chromium supplements, chromium picolinate and [Cr3O(O2CCH2CH3)(6(H2O)3]+, in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 83:27-31. [PMID: 18076115 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chromium(III) is generally thought to be an essential trace element that allows for proper glucose metabolism. However, chromium(III) picolinate, Cr(pic)3, a popular dietary supplement form of chromium, has been shown to be capable of generating hydroxyl radicals and oxidative DNA damage in rats. The cation [Cr3O(O2CCH2CH3)(6(H2O)3]+, Cr3, has been studied as an alternative supplemental source of chromium. It has been shown to increase insulin sensitivity and lower glycated hemoglobin levels in rats, making it attractive as a potential therapeutic treatment for gestational diabetes. To date, no studies have been published regarding the safety of Cr3 supplementation to a developing fetus. METHODS From gestation days (GD) 6-17, mated CD-1 female mice were fed diets delivering either 25 mg Cr/kg/day as Cr(pic)(3), 3.3 or 26 mg Cr/kg/day as Cr3, or the diet only to determine if Cr3 could cause developmental toxicity. Dams were sacrificed on GD 17, and their litters were examined for adverse effects. RESULTS No signs of maternal toxicity were observed. No decrease in fetal weight or significantly increased incidence of skeletal defects was observed in the Cr3 or Cr(pic)3 exposed fetuses compared to the controls. CONCLUSION Maternal exposure to either Cr(pic)3 or Cr3 at the dosages employed did not appear to cause deleterious effects to the developing offspring in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Bailey
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
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