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Caso JR, MacDowell KS, Soto M, Ruiz-Guerrero F, Carrasco-Díaz Á, Leza JC, Carrasco JL, Díaz-Marsá M. Dysfunction of Inflammatory Pathways and Their Relationship With Psychological Factors in Adult Female Patients With Eating Disorders. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:846172. [PMID: 35517819 PMCID: PMC9062031 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.846172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The attempts to clarify the origin of eating disorders (ED) have not been completely successful and their etiopathogenesis remains unknown. Current research shows an activation of the immune response in neuropsychiatric diseases, including ED. We aimed to investigate immune response parameters in patients with ED and to identify psychological factors influencing the inflammatory response. The relationship between inflammation markers and impulsivity and affective symptomatology was explored as well. Thirty-four adult female patients with current diagnosis of ED, none of them under psychopharmacological treatment (excluding benzodiazepines), were included in this study. Patients were compared with a healthy control group of fifteen adult females. The levels of inflammatory markers and indicators of oxidative/nitrosative stress were evaluated in plasma and/or in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Subjects were assessed by means of different ED evaluation tools. Additionally, the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale were also employed. Patients with ED shown increased plasma levels of the pro-inflammatory nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) and the cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), among other factors and an increment in the oxidative/nitrosative stress as well as increased glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression levels in their PBMCs. Moreover, the inflammatory prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) correlated with impulsiveness and the anti-inflammatory prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) correlated with depressive symptomatology. Our results point towards a relationship between the immune response and impulsiveness and between the immune response and depressive symptomatology in female adult patients with ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier R Caso
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica UCM, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Karina S MacDowell
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica UCM, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Soto
- Departamento de Medicina Legal, Psiquiatría y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Álvaro Carrasco-Díaz
- Facultad de Educación y Psicología, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan C Leza
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica UCM, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - José L Carrasco
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Medicina Legal, Psiquiatría y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Díaz-Marsá
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Medicina Legal, Psiquiatría y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
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Neural circuit control of innate behaviors. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2022; 65:466-499. [PMID: 34985643 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-021-2043-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
All animals possess a plethora of innate behaviors that do not require extensive learning and are fundamental for their survival and propagation. With the advent of newly-developed techniques such as viral tracing and optogenetic and chemogenetic tools, recent studies are gradually unraveling neural circuits underlying different innate behaviors. Here, we summarize current development in our understanding of the neural circuits controlling predation, feeding, male-typical mating, and urination, highlighting the role of genetically defined neurons and their connections in sensory triggering, sensory to motor/motivation transformation, motor/motivation encoding during these different behaviors. Along the way, we discuss possible mechanisms underlying binge-eating disorder and the pro-social effects of the neuropeptide oxytocin, elucidating the clinical relevance of studying neural circuits underlying essential innate functions. Finally, we discuss some exciting brain structures recurrently appearing in the regulation of different behaviors, which suggests both divergence and convergence in the neural encoding of specific innate behaviors. Going forward, we emphasize the importance of multi-angle and cross-species dissections in delineating neural circuits that control innate behaviors.
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Yan P, Gao B, Wang S, Wang S, Li J, Song M. Association of 5-HTR2A -1438A/G polymorphism with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: A meta-analysis. Neurosci Lett 2021; 755:135918. [PMID: 33940056 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Although a number of studies have been conducted on the association of -1438A/G polymorphism in serotonin 2A receptor (5-HTR2A) gene with anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN), the results remained inconsistent. We thus performed a meta-analysis to clarify the effects of -1438A/G polymorphism on the risk of AN and BN. PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, CNKI, Weipu and Wanfang databases were searched for eligible studies. Pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95 % confidence interval (CI) were calculated to estimate the strength of the association. Subgroup analysis was also performed by ethnicity. In total, 17 studies were included for the meta-analysis, of which 15 studies containing 2028 cases and 2725 controls were used for AN analysis and 7 studies containing 505 cases and 1129 controls for BN analysis. The results showed -1438A/G polymorphism was significantly associated with the risk of AN in four genetic models (allele model, A vs. G: OR = 1.31, 95 % CI = 1.11-1.64, P = 0.003; recessive model, AA vs. GA + GG: OR = 1.69, 95 % CI = 1.28-2.23, P = 0.000; dominant model, AA + GA vs. GG: OR = 1.35, 95 % CI = 1.02-1.79, P = 0.037; co-dominant model, AA vs. GG: OR = 1.94, 95 % CI = 1.29-2.92, P = 0.002) in Caucasians, but not in Asians. We failed to observe a significant association between -1438A/G polymorphism and the risk of BN either in overall or in Caucasian population. The present meta-analysis indicated that A allele and AA genotype of 5-HTR2A -1438A/G polymorphism may contribute to higher risk of AN, especially in Caucasians. However, this polymorphism was not associated with the susceptibility to BN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Yan
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Affiliated Mental Health Center & Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Bing Gao
- Department of Health Hazard Monitoring, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Shuqi Wang
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Affiliated Mental Health Center & Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Shengdong Wang
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Affiliated Mental Health Center & Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Jing Li
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Affiliated Mental Health Center & Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Mingfen Song
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Affiliated Mental Health Center & Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310013, China.
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Caso JR, Graell M, Navalón A, MacDowell KS, Gutiérrez S, Soto M, Leza JC, Carrasco JL, Marsá MD. Dysfunction of inflammatory pathways in adolescent female patients with anorexia nervosa. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 96:109727. [PMID: 31398429 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of Eating Disorders is still unknown. However, a growing body of evidence shows that there are changes in cytokine levels and an alteration in the stress response in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN). For this reason, we decided to test whether there are differences in immune parameters involved in the regulation of the inflammatory response between female adolescents with AN and healthy adolescents. METHODS The sample 27 drug-naïve AN patients the study sample included 27 AN patients at a very early stage of the disease and 23 healthy controls. Plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained for biochemical study. RESULTS Plasma levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β were significantly increased in patients with AN, while the levels of prostaglandins PGE2 (proinflammatory) and 15d-PGJ2, (anti-inflammatory) were lower compared with controls. Protein expression in PBMCs of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and the activated forms of the mitogen-activated protein kinases p38 and ERK were also increased in the AN group. Expression levels of the anti-inflammatory factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) were significantly decreased in patients. Plasma levels of lipid peroxidation markers -TBARS- were not increased in patients with AN. Components of the biochemical inflammatory response (COX-2, PGE2, TBARS, 15d-PGJ2, ERK, p65 NFκB) and glucocorticoid receptor -GR- expression and the scores on the impulsivity measures in the BARRATT, EDI and BITE questionnaires showed a significant correlation within the AN patients group. CONCLUSIONS The results for female adolescent patients with AN indicate that there is a dysfunction of intra- and intercellular inflammatory pathways characterized by higher levels of pro-inflammatory parameters in plasma and a decrease in one of the controlling cytoplasmic-nuclear pathways implicated in their modulation (i.e. PPARγ) with, at this very early stage of the disease, no effect on oxidative stress markers plasma levels. Most notably, higher severity of illness (restrictive and purging behaviour) correlated with higher levels of inflammatory markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier R Caso
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain; Dept. of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University (UCM), IUIN-UCM, IIS Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12). Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Graell
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology Service, Child Hospital Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aida Navalón
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Legal Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, (UCM), IIS Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Karina S MacDowell
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain; Dept. of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University (UCM), IUIN-UCM, IIS Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12). Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Gutiérrez
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology Service, Child Hospital Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Soto
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Legal Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, (UCM), IIS Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan C Leza
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain; Dept. of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University (UCM), IUIN-UCM, IIS Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12). Madrid, Spain
| | - José L Carrasco
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain; Dept. of Psychiatry, Legal Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, (UCM), IIS Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Díaz Marsá
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain; Dept. of Psychiatry, Legal Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, (UCM), IIS Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain.
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5
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Gilman TL, Owens WA, George CM, Metzel L, Vitela M, Ferreira L, Bowman MA, Gould GG, Toney GM, Daws LC. Age- and Sex-Specific Plasticity in Dopamine Transporter Function Revealed by Food Restriction and Exercise in a Rat Activity-Based Anorexia Paradigm. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 371:268-277. [PMID: 31481515 PMCID: PMC6795746 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.260794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Eating disorders such as anorexia typically emerge during adolescence, are characterized by engagement in compulsive and detrimental behaviors, and are often comorbid with neuropsychiatric disorders and drug abuse. No effective treatments exist. Moreover, anorexia lacks adolescent animal models, contributing to a poor understanding of underlying age-specific neurophysiological disruptions. To evaluate the contribution of dopaminergic signaling to the emergence of anorexia-related behaviors during the vulnerable adolescent period, we applied an established adult activity-based anorexia (ABA) paradigm (food restriction plus unlimited exercise access for 4 to 5 days) to adult and adolescent rats of both sexes. At the end of the paradigm, measures of plasma volume, blood hormone levels, dopamine transporter (DAT) expression and function, acute cocaine-induced locomotion, and brain water weight were taken. Adolescents were dramatically more affected by the ABA paradigm than adults in all measures. In vivo chronoamperometry and cocaine locomotor responses revealed sex-specific changes in adolescent DAT function after ABA that were independent of DAT expression differences. Hematocrit, insulin, ghrelin, and corticosterone levels did not resemble shifts typically observed in patients with anorexia, though decreases in leptin levels aligned with human reports. These findings are the first to suggest that food restriction in conjunction with excessive exercise sex-dependently and age-specifically modulate DAT functional plasticity during adolescence. The adolescent vulnerability to this relatively short manipulation, combined with blood measures, evidence need for an optimized age-appropriate ABA paradigm with greater face and predictive validity for the study of the pathophysiology and treatment of anorexia. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Adolescent rats exhibit a distinctive, sex-specific plasticity in dopamine transporter function and cocaine response after food restriction and exercise access; this plasticity is both absent in adults and not attributable to changes in dopamine transporter expression levels. These novel findings may help explain sex differences in vulnerability to eating disorders and drug abuse during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lee Gilman
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology (T.L.G., W.A.O., C.M.G., L.M., M.V., L.F., M.A.B., G.G.G., G.M.T., L.C.D.), Addiction Research, Treatment & Training Center of Excellence (T.L.G., L.C.D.), Center for Biomedical Neuroscience (G.M.T., L.C.D.), and Department of Pharmacology (L.C.D.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - W Anthony Owens
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology (T.L.G., W.A.O., C.M.G., L.M., M.V., L.F., M.A.B., G.G.G., G.M.T., L.C.D.), Addiction Research, Treatment & Training Center of Excellence (T.L.G., L.C.D.), Center for Biomedical Neuroscience (G.M.T., L.C.D.), and Department of Pharmacology (L.C.D.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Christina M George
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology (T.L.G., W.A.O., C.M.G., L.M., M.V., L.F., M.A.B., G.G.G., G.M.T., L.C.D.), Addiction Research, Treatment & Training Center of Excellence (T.L.G., L.C.D.), Center for Biomedical Neuroscience (G.M.T., L.C.D.), and Department of Pharmacology (L.C.D.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Lauren Metzel
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology (T.L.G., W.A.O., C.M.G., L.M., M.V., L.F., M.A.B., G.G.G., G.M.T., L.C.D.), Addiction Research, Treatment & Training Center of Excellence (T.L.G., L.C.D.), Center for Biomedical Neuroscience (G.M.T., L.C.D.), and Department of Pharmacology (L.C.D.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Melissa Vitela
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology (T.L.G., W.A.O., C.M.G., L.M., M.V., L.F., M.A.B., G.G.G., G.M.T., L.C.D.), Addiction Research, Treatment & Training Center of Excellence (T.L.G., L.C.D.), Center for Biomedical Neuroscience (G.M.T., L.C.D.), and Department of Pharmacology (L.C.D.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Livia Ferreira
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology (T.L.G., W.A.O., C.M.G., L.M., M.V., L.F., M.A.B., G.G.G., G.M.T., L.C.D.), Addiction Research, Treatment & Training Center of Excellence (T.L.G., L.C.D.), Center for Biomedical Neuroscience (G.M.T., L.C.D.), and Department of Pharmacology (L.C.D.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Melodi A Bowman
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology (T.L.G., W.A.O., C.M.G., L.M., M.V., L.F., M.A.B., G.G.G., G.M.T., L.C.D.), Addiction Research, Treatment & Training Center of Excellence (T.L.G., L.C.D.), Center for Biomedical Neuroscience (G.M.T., L.C.D.), and Department of Pharmacology (L.C.D.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Georgianna G Gould
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology (T.L.G., W.A.O., C.M.G., L.M., M.V., L.F., M.A.B., G.G.G., G.M.T., L.C.D.), Addiction Research, Treatment & Training Center of Excellence (T.L.G., L.C.D.), Center for Biomedical Neuroscience (G.M.T., L.C.D.), and Department of Pharmacology (L.C.D.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Glenn M Toney
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology (T.L.G., W.A.O., C.M.G., L.M., M.V., L.F., M.A.B., G.G.G., G.M.T., L.C.D.), Addiction Research, Treatment & Training Center of Excellence (T.L.G., L.C.D.), Center for Biomedical Neuroscience (G.M.T., L.C.D.), and Department of Pharmacology (L.C.D.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Lynette C Daws
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology (T.L.G., W.A.O., C.M.G., L.M., M.V., L.F., M.A.B., G.G.G., G.M.T., L.C.D.), Addiction Research, Treatment & Training Center of Excellence (T.L.G., L.C.D.), Center for Biomedical Neuroscience (G.M.T., L.C.D.), and Department of Pharmacology (L.C.D.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
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Timko CA, DeFilipp L, Dakanalis A. Sex Differences in Adolescent Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa: Beyond the Signs and Symptoms. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2019; 21:1. [PMID: 30637488 PMCID: PMC6559358 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-019-0988-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We review research related to sex differences in eating disorders (EDs) in adolescents. Prior work has explored clinical differences; thus, we examine literature in areas identified as playing an etiological or maintenance role in EDs including: genetics, hormones, neurocognitive inefficiencies, and reward circuitry. RECENT FINDINGS Sex steroids appear to a play role in the unmasking of genetic risk for development of EDs and puberty may be a heightened period of risk for females. While neurocognitive differences have been well studied in adults with ED, research with adolescents has been less conclusive. Recent work suggests that neural circuitry involved in reward and punishment may play role in development and maintenance of EDs in females. Males are underrepresented in these areas of research. Given known sex differences in healthy adolescents, it is likely there are sex differences in the putative biological etiology/maintenance of EDs. Males should be included in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Alix Timko
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Robert's Center for Pediatric Research, 2716 South Street, 8-212, Philadelphia, PA, 19146, USA.
| | - Levi DeFilipp
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Robert's Center for Pediatric Research, 2716 South Street, 8-212, Philadelphia, PA, 19146, USA
| | - Antonios Dakanalis
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Cadore 48, 20900, Monza, Italy
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Rachid F. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of eating disorders: A review of safety and efficacy. Psychiatry Res 2018; 269:145-156. [PMID: 30149272 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Eating disorders are a significant public health concern accounting for significant morbidity and mortality. Therapeutic approaches are available to treat eating disorders but less than half of the patients recover. Therapeutic alternatives are needed such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. I reviewed studies that evaluated the safety and efficacy of this technique for the treatment of eating disorders. The electronic literature on repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, theta burst and deep transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of eating disorders was retrieved. The findings were quite heterogeneous in results with some studies showing relatively positive results with reduction of both craving and eating behaviors with active stimulation versus sham. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation was safe. Research in this field was limited by the small number of studies and sample sizes, diversity of stimulation parameters, questionable placebo conditions, the lack of a sham-controlled design and the use of subjective scales lacking in sensitivity. The evidence supporting rTMS for eating disorders is somewhat promising. Future studies on high frequency rTMS of the LDLPFC/DMPFC with increased statistical power, rigorous randomization, outcome measures and optimal parameters are needed to confirm the short- and long-term safety and efficacy of rTMS for the treatment of eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fady Rachid
- 7, place de la Fusterie, 1204 Geneva, Switzerland.
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8
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Effects of single genetic variants and polygenic obesity risk scores on disordered eating in adolescents - The HUNT study. Appetite 2017; 118:8-16. [PMID: 28694222 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Improving the understanding of the role of genetic risk on disordered eating (DE). METHODS A case-control study including 1757 (F: 979, M: 778) adolescents (aged 13-19 years) from the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT), an ethnically homogenous Norwegian population based study. Cases and controls were defined using a shortened version of the Eating Attitude Test. Logistic regression was employed to test for associations between DE phenotypes and 24 obesity and eating disorder susceptibility SNPs, and the joint effect of a subset of these in a genetic risk score (GRS). RESULTS COMT was shown to be associated with poor appetite/undereating (OR: 0.6, CI 95%: 0.43-0.83, p = 0.002). Independent of obesity associations, the weighted GRS was associated to overeating in 13-15 year old females (OR: 2.07, CI 95%: 1.14-3.76, p = 0.017). Additionally, a significant association was observed between the GRS and loss of control over eating in the total sample (OR: 1.62, CI 95%: 1.01-2.61, p = 0.046). CONCLUSIONS The COMT variant (rs4680) was associated with poor appetite/undereating. Our study further confirms prior findings that obesity risk also confers risk for loss of control over eating; and overeating amongst girls.
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Mishra A, Anand M, Umesh S. Neurobiology of eating disorders - an overview. Asian J Psychiatr 2017; 25:91-100. [PMID: 28262179 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anand Mishra
- Central Institute of Psychiatry, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India.
| | - Manu Anand
- Central Institute of Psychiatry, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Shreekantiah Umesh
- K.S. Mani Centre for Cognitive Neurosciences, Central Institute of Psychiatry, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
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10
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Rozenblat V, Ong D, Fuller-Tyszkiewicz M, Akkermann K, Collier D, Engels RCME, Fernandez-Aranda F, Harro J, Homberg JR, Karwautz A, Kiive E, Klump KL, Larson CL, Racine SE, Richardson J, Steiger H, Stoltenberg SF, van Strien T, Wagner G, Treasure J, Krug I. A systematic review and secondary data analysis of the interactions between the serotonin transporter 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and environmental and psychological factors in eating disorders. J Psychiatr Res 2017; 84:62-72. [PMID: 27701012 PMCID: PMC5125869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To summarize and synthesize the growing gene x environment (GxE) research investigating the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) in the eating disorders (ED) field, and overcome the common limitation of low sample size, by undertaking a systematic review followed by a secondary data meta-analysis of studies identified by the review. METHOD A systematic review of articles using PsycINFO, PubMed, and EMBASE was undertaken to identify studies investigating the interaction between 5-HTTLPR and an environmental or psychological factor, with an ED-related outcome variable. Seven studies were identified by the systematic review, with complete data sets of five community (n = 1750, 64.5% female) and two clinical (n = 426, 100% female) samples combined to perform four secondary-data analyses: 5-HTTLPR x Traumatic Life Events to predict ED status (n = 909), 5-HTTLPR x Sexual and Physical Abuse to predict bulimic symptoms (n = 1097), 5-HTTLPR x Depression to predict bulimic symptoms (n = 1256), and 5-HTTLPR x Impulsiveness to predict disordered eating (n = 1149). RESULTS Under a multiplicative model, the low function (s) allele of 5-HTTLPR interacted with traumatic life events and experiencing both sexual and physical abuse (but not only one) to predict increased likelihood of an ED and bulimic symptoms, respectively. However, under an additive model there was also an interaction between sexual and physical abuse considered independently and 5-HTTLPR, and no interaction with traumatic life events. No other GxE interactions were significant. CONCLUSION Early promising results should be followed-up with continued cross-institutional collaboration in order to achieve the large sample sizes necessary for genetic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanja Rozenblat
- Department of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia.
| | - Deborah Ong
- Department of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | | | - Kirsti Akkermann
- Department of Psychology, Estonian Centre of Behavioural and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu 50410, Estonia
| | - David Collier
- Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Rutger C M E Engels
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando Fernandez-Aranda
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge - IDIBELL, 08907, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaanus Harro
- Department of Psychology, Estonian Centre of Behavioural and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu 50410, Estonia
| | - Judith R Homberg
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, 6525 EZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Karwautz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Evelyn Kiive
- Department of Psychology, Estonian Centre of Behavioural and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu 50410, Estonia
| | - Kelly L Klump
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1116, United States
| | - Christine L Larson
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Sarah E Racine
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1116, United States
| | - Jodie Richardson
- Eating Disorders Continuum, Douglas Institute, Montreal, Canada; Psychiatry Department, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Howard Steiger
- Eating Disorders Continuum, Douglas Institute, Montreal, Canada; Psychiatry Department, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Scott F Stoltenberg
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States
| | - Tatjana van Strien
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gudrun Wagner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Janet Treasure
- The Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel Krug
- Department of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
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Eating disorders, gene-environment interactions and the epigenome: Roles of stress exposures and nutritional status. Physiol Behav 2016; 162:181-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Sadeh-Sharvit S, Zubery E, Mankovski E, Steiner E, Lock JD. Parent-based prevention program for the children of mothers with eating disorders: Feasibility and preliminary outcomes. Eat Disord 2016; 24:312-25. [PMID: 26940552 DOI: 10.1080/10640266.2016.1153400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The children of mothers with eating disorders are at high risk of feeding and eating problems and broader developmental difficulties. The Parent-Based Prevention (PBP) of eating disorders targets risk factors and facilitates behavioral change in parents to mitigate potentially negative outcomes of their children. This pre/post uncontrolled study evaluated the feasibility and preliminary outcomes of PBP. PBP was found to be a feasible intervention for mothers with eating disorders and their spouses, with satisfactory retention rates. A total of 16 intact families were assessed at three measurement points for parents' feeding practices, child outcomes, and maternal functioning. Both parents reported improved feeding practices as well as more positive perceptions of their children in comparison to baseline. These pilot findings suggest that PBP is linked with decreased risk of eating and mental problems among the offspring of mothers with eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiri Sadeh-Sharvit
- a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , School of Medicine, Stanford University , Stanford , California , USA.,b Eating Disorders Treatment and Research Center, Hanotrim (Davidson) Clinic, Raanana , Shalvata Mental Health Center , Hod Hasharon , Israel
| | - Eynat Zubery
- b Eating Disorders Treatment and Research Center, Hanotrim (Davidson) Clinic, Raanana , Shalvata Mental Health Center , Hod Hasharon , Israel
| | - Esty Mankovski
- b Eating Disorders Treatment and Research Center, Hanotrim (Davidson) Clinic, Raanana , Shalvata Mental Health Center , Hod Hasharon , Israel
| | - Evelyne Steiner
- b Eating Disorders Treatment and Research Center, Hanotrim (Davidson) Clinic, Raanana , Shalvata Mental Health Center , Hod Hasharon , Israel
| | - James D Lock
- a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , School of Medicine, Stanford University , Stanford , California , USA
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13
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Klump KL, Hildebrandt BA, O’Connor SM, Keel PK, Neale M, Sisk CL, Boker S, Burt SA. Changes in genetic risk for emotional eating across the menstrual cycle: a longitudinal study. Psychol Med 2015; 45:3227-37. [PMID: 26174083 PMCID: PMC4631616 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291715001221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown significant within-person changes in binge eating and emotional eating across the menstrual cycle, with substantial increases in both phenotypes during post-ovulation. Increases in both estradiol and progesterone levels appear to account for these changes in phenotypic risk, possibly via increases in genetic effects. However, to date, no study has examined changes in genetic risk for binge phenotypes (or any other phenotype) across the menstrual cycle. The goal of the present study was to examine within-person changes in genetic risk for emotional eating scores across the menstrual cycle. METHOD Participants were 230 female twin pairs (460 twins) from the Michigan State University Twin Registry who completed daily measures of emotional eating for 45 consecutive days. Menstrual cycle phase was coded based on dates of menstrual bleeding and daily ovarian hormone levels. RESULTS Findings revealed important shifts in genetic and environmental influences, where estimates of genetic influences were two times higher in post- as compared with pre-ovulation. Surprisingly, pre-ovulation was marked by a predominance of environmental influences, including shared environmental effects which have not been previously detected for binge eating phenotypes in adulthood. CONCLUSIONS Our study was the first to examine within-person shifts in genetic and environmental influences on a behavioral phenotype across the menstrual cycle. Results highlight a potentially critical role for these shifts in risk for emotional eating across the menstrual cycle and underscore the need for additional, large-scale studies to identify the genetic and environmental factors contributing to menstrual cycle effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L. Klump
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Pamela K. Keel
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Michael Neale
- Departments of Psychiatry, Human Genetics, and Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Cheryl L. Sisk
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Steven Boker
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - S. Alexandra Burt
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Gervasini G, Gamero-Villarroel C. Discussing the putative role of obesity-associated genes in the etiopathogenesis of eating disorders. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 16:1287-1305. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs.15.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to the identification of mutations clearly related to Mendelian forms of obesity; genome-wide association studies and follow-up studies have in the last years pinpointed several loci associated with BMI. These genetic alterations are located in or near genes expressed in the hypothalamus that are involved in the regulation of eating behavior. Accordingly, it seems plausible that these SNPs, or others located in related genes, could also help develop aberrant conduct patterns that favor the establishment of eating disorders should other susceptibility factors or personality dimensions be present. However, and somewhat surprisingly, with few exceptions such as BDNF, the great majority of the genes governing these pathways remain untested in patients with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa or binge-eating disorder. In the present work, we review the few existing studies, but also indications and biological concepts that point to these genes in the CNS as good candidates for association studies with eating disorder patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Gervasini
- Department of Medical & Surgical Therapeutics, Division of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Extremadura, Av. Elvas s/n, E-06005, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Carmen Gamero-Villarroel
- Department of Medical & Surgical Therapeutics, Division of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Extremadura, Av. Elvas s/n, E-06005, Badajoz, Spain
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15
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Bould H, Sovio U, Koupil I, Dalman C, Micali N, Lewis G, Magnusson C. Do eating disorders in parents predict eating disorders in children? Evidence from a Swedish cohort. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2015; 132:51-9. [PMID: 25572654 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated whether parental eating disorders (ED) predict ED in children, using a large multigeneration register-based sample. METHOD We used a subset of the Stockholm Youth Cohort born 1984-1995 and resident in Stockholm County in 2001-2007 (N = 286,232), The exposure was a diagnosed eating disorder in a parent; the outcome was any eating disorder diagnosis in their offspring, given by a specialist clinician, or inferred from an appointment at a specialist eating disorder clinic. A final study sample of 158,697 (55.4%) had data on these variables and confounding factors and contributed a total of 886,241 person years to the analysis. RESULTS We found good evidence in support of the hypothesis that ED in either parent are independently associated with ED in their female children (HR 1.97 (95% CI: 1.17-3.33), P = 0.01) and that ED in mothers are independently associated with ED in their female children (HR 2.35 (95% CI: 1.39-3.97) P = 0.001). Numbers were too low to permit separate analysis of ED in parents and their male children. CONCLUSION Eating disorders in parents were associated with ED in children. This study adds to our knowledge about the intergenerational transmission of ED, which will help identify high-risk groups and brings about the possibility of targeted prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bould
- Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - U Sovio
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The Rosie Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - I Koupil
- Centre for Health Equity Studies, Stockholm University/Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Dalman
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - N Micali
- Behavioural and Brain Sciences Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - G Lewis
- Mental Health Sciences Unit, Faculty of Brain Sciences, UCL, London, UK
| | - C Magnusson
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Méquinion M, Chauveau C, Viltart O. The use of animal models to decipher physiological and neurobiological alterations of anorexia nervosa patients. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:68. [PMID: 26042085 PMCID: PMC4436882 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive studies were performed to decipher the mechanisms regulating feeding due to the worldwide obesity pandemy and its complications. The data obtained might be adapted to another disorder related to alteration of food intake, the restrictive anorexia nervosa. This multifactorial disease with a complex and unknown etiology is considered as an awful eating disorder since the chronic refusal to eat leads to severe, and sometimes, irreversible complications for the whole organism, until death. There is an urgent need to better understand the different aspects of the disease to develop novel approaches complementary to the usual psychological therapies. For this purpose, the use of pertinent animal models becomes a necessity. We present here the various rodent models described in the literature that might be used to dissect central and peripheral mechanisms involved in the adaptation to deficient energy supplies and/or the maintenance of physiological alterations on the long term. Data obtained from the spontaneous or engineered genetic models permit to better apprehend the implication of one signaling system (hormone, neuropeptide, neurotransmitter) in the development of several symptoms observed in anorexia nervosa. As example, mutations in the ghrelin, serotonin, dopamine pathways lead to alterations that mimic the phenotype, but compensatory mechanisms often occur rendering necessary the use of more selective gene strategies. Until now, environmental animal models based on one or several inducing factors like diet restriction, stress, or physical activity mimicked more extensively central and peripheral alterations decribed in anorexia nervosa. They bring significant data on feeding behavior, energy expenditure, and central circuit alterations. Animal models are described and criticized on the basis of the criteria of validity for anorexia nervosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Méquinion
- INSERM UMR-S1172, Development and Plasticity of Postnatal Brain, Lille, France
| | - Christophe Chauveau
- Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Bone Diseases, EA 4490, University of the Littoral Opal Coast, Boulogne sur Mer, France
| | - Odile Viltart
- INSERM UMR-S1172, Early stages of Parkinson diseases, University Lille 1, Lille, France
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Methylation of BDNF in women with bulimic eating syndromes: associations with childhood abuse and borderline personality disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014; 54:43-9. [PMID: 24801751 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation allows for the environmental regulation of gene expression and is believed to link environmental stressors to such mental-illness phenotypes as eating disorders. Numerous studies have shown an association between bulimia nervosa (BN) and variations in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). BDNF has also been linked to borderline personality disorder (BPD) and to such traits as reward dependence. We examined the extent to which BDNF methylation corresponded to bulimic or normal-eater status, and also to the presence of comorbid borderline personality disorder (BPD) and childhood abuse. Our sample consisted of 64 women with BN and 32 normal-eater (NE) control women. Participants were assessed for eating-disorder symptoms, comorbid psychopathology, and childhood trauma, and then they were required to provide blood samples for methylation analyses. We observed a significant site×group (BN vs. NE) interaction indicating that women with BN showed increases in methylation at specific regions of the BDNF promoter. Furthermore, examining effects of childhood abuse and BPD, we observed significant site×group interactions such that groups composed of individuals with childhood abuse or BPD had particularly high levels of methylation at selected CpG sites. Our findings suggest that BN, especially when co-occurring with childhood abuse or BPD, is associated with a propensity towards elevated methylation at specific BDNF promoter region sites. These findings imply that hypermethylation of the BDNF gene may be related to eating disorder status, developmental stress exposure, and comorbid psychopathology.
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Abstract
We examined the association between 15 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in HTR2A and characteristics of disordered eating, including weight/shape concerns, binge eating (with or without loss of control), and compensatory behaviors (purging and nonpurging). Whether a lifetime history of major depressive disorder (MDD) moderated or mediated this association was also investigated. A sample of 1533 twin women of White descent that were part of the Missouri Adolescent Female Twin Study was used. Data were collected using self-report responses to a semistructured interview. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine the association between weight/shape concerns, binge eating, and compensatory behaviors and SNPs (where carriers of the minor allele were coded as 1). Two SNPs, rs6561333 and rs2296972, showed a protective influence against binge eating, with rs2296972 being significant at a trend level after application of the false discovery rate. The SNP was not associated with MDD nor did MDD moderate its putative relation with binge eating. Pending replication, our analyses provide preliminary evidence for intronic SNPs in HTR2A and their association with binge eating. Given the well-documented role of serotonergic dysfunction in eating psychopathology, this report warrants considerable further study.
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Groleau P, Joober R, Israel M, Zeramdini N, DeGuzman R, Steiger H. Methylation of the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene promoter in women with a bulimia-spectrum disorder: associations with borderline personality disorder and exposure to childhood abuse. J Psychiatr Res 2014; 48:121-7. [PMID: 24157248 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous findings indicate that women with Bulimia Nervosa (BN), when compared to women with no eating disorder (NED), tend to display elevated methylation in the promoter region of the DRD2 gene. The preceding would be compatible with evidence of generally reduced dopamine activity in people with BN. However, altered DNA methylation has also been associated with adverse environmental exposures (such as to childhood abuse) and with psychiatric disturbances (such as Borderline Personality Disorder: BPD). In this study, we examined the extent to which DRD2 methylation was associated with the presence or absence of a bulimic eating disorder, to childhood abuse exposure, or to comorbid BPD. METHOD Women with a bulimia-spectrum disorder (BSD) and women with NED were assessed for childhood traumata, eating-disorder symptoms and BPD, and provided blood samples for methylation analyzes. RESULTS BSD and NED groups did not differ as to mean percent DRD2 promoter methylation. However, among the women with a BSD, those with BPD showed small, but significant increases in DRD2 methylation levels compared to women with NED (as indicated by Hochberg's post-hoc tests). Similarly, women with a BSD who reported a history of childhood sexual abuse showed a trend-level elevation of DRD2 methylation compared to our NED group. DISCUSSION Our findings imply that, in people with a BSD, increased methylation of the DRD2 gene promoter may be more strongly characteristic of comorbid psychopathology than it is a global correlate of the eating disorder per se. We discuss theoretical implications of our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Groleau
- Eating Disorders Program, Douglas University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Psychology Department, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Research Centre, Douglas University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Genis-Mendoza AD, Tovilla-Zarate CA, Nicolini H. [Genomic Advances in Eating Behavior Disorders]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 42:350-5. [PMID: 26573119 DOI: 10.1016/s0034-7450(13)70031-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Eating behavior disorders are a public health issue. The etiology of these types of disorders is unknown, and they may have psychiatric, chemical and biological origins. The aim of this review is to present evidence that shows the contribution of genomic research in the study of eating behavior disorders. It also shows the considerable research that has been undertaken to identify the genes that may participate in the etiology of eating behavior disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma D Genis-Mendoza
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Servicios de Atención Psiquiátrica (SAP), Secretaria de Salud, México D.F., México
| | - Carlos Alfonso Tovilla-Zarate
- Laboratorio de Genómica, División Académica Multidisciplinaria de Comalcalco, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Comalcalco, Tabasco, México; CIGEN, Centro de Investigación Genómica, Comalcalco, Tabasco, México.
| | - Humberto Nicolini
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Servicios de Atención Psiquiátrica (SAP), Secretaria de Salud, México D.F., México
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EDdb: a web resource for eating disorder and its application to identify an extended adipocytokine signaling pathway related to eating disorder. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2013; 56:1086-96. [PMID: 24302289 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-013-4573-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Eating disorder is a group of physiological and psychological disorders affecting approximately 1% of the female population worldwide. Although the genetic epidemiology of eating disorder is becoming increasingly clear with accumulated studies, the underlying molecular mechanisms are still unclear. Recently, integration of various high-throughput data expanded the range of candidate genes and started to generate hypotheses for understanding potential pathogenesis in complex diseases. This article presents EDdb (Eating Disorder database), the first evidence-based gene resource for eating disorder. Fifty-nine experimentally validated genes from the literature in relation to eating disorder were collected as the core dataset. Another four datasets with 2824 candidate genes across 601 genome regions were expanded based on the core dataset using different criteria (e.g., protein-protein interactions, shared cytobands, and related complex diseases). Based on human protein-protein interaction data, we reconstructed a potential molecular sub-network related to eating disorder. Furthermore, with an integrative pathway enrichment analysis of genes in EDdb, we identified an extended adipocytokine signaling pathway in eating disorder. Three genes in EDdb (ADIPO (adiponectin), TNF (tumor necrosis factor) and NR3C1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 1)) link the KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) "adipocytokine signaling pathway" with the BioCarta "visceral fat deposits and the metabolic syndrome" pathway to form a joint pathway. In total, the joint pathway contains 43 genes, among which 39 genes are related to eating disorder. As the first comprehensive gene resource for eating disorder, EDdb ( http://eddb.cbi.pku.edu.cn ) enables the exploration of gene-disease relationships and cross-talk mechanisms between related disorders. Through pathway statistical studies, we revealed that abnormal body weight caused by eating disorder and obesity may both be related to dysregulation of the novel joint pathway of adipocytokine signaling. In addition, this joint pathway may be the common pathway for body weight regulation in complex human diseases related to unhealthy lifestyle.
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Abstract
Disordered eating behavior is the core symptom of the complex disorders anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Twin and family studies derive high heritability estimates. Hence, substantial genetic influences on the etiology can be assumed for both. Initially, candidate gene studies pertaining to the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems and to body weight regulation comprised the core of the genetic analyses. Unfortunately, confirmed, solid findings substantiated in meta-analyses are rare, so that eventually none of these associations is unequivocal. Thus, systematic, genome-wide approaches emerged to identify genes with no a priori evidence for their involvement in eating disorders. Genome-wide association studies have hinted to formerly unknown genetic regions. However, significant genome-wide findings have not yet been reported.
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Oudijn MS, Storosum JG, Nelis E, Denys D. Is deep brain stimulation a treatment option for anorexia nervosa? BMC Psychiatry 2013; 13:277. [PMID: 24175936 PMCID: PMC4229382 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-13-277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe psychiatric disorder with high rates of morbidity, comorbidity and mortality, which in a subset of patients (21%) takes on a chronic course. Since an evidence based treatment for AN is scarce, it is crucial to investigate new treatment options, preferably focused on influencing the underlying neurobiological mechanisms of AN. The objective of the present paper was to review the evidence for possible neurobiological correlates of AN, and to hypothesize about potential targets for Deep brain stimulation (DBS) as a treatment for chronic, therapy-refractory AN. One avenue for exploring new treatment options based on the neurobiological correlates of AN, is the search for symptomatologic and neurobiologic parallels between AN and other compulsivity- or reward-related disorders. As in other compulsive disorders, the fronto-striatal circuitry, in particular the insula, the ventral striatum (VS) and the prefrontal, orbitofrontal, temporal, parietal and anterior cingulate cortices, are likely to be implicated in the neuropathogenesis of AN. In this paper we will review the few available cases in which DBS has been performed in patients with AN (either as primary diagnosis or as comorbid condition). Given the overlap in symptomatology and neurocircuitry between reward-related disorders such as obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and AN, and the established efficacy of accumbal DBS in OCD, we hypothesize that DBS of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and other areas associated with reward, e.g. the anterior cingulated cortex (ACC), might be an effective treatment for patients with chronic, treatment refractory AN, providing not only weight restoration, but also significant and sustained improvement in AN core symptoms and associated comorbidities and complications. Possible targets for DBS in AN are the ACC, the ventral anterior limb of the capsula interna (vALIC) and the VS. We suggest conducting larger efficacy studies that also explore the functional effects of DBS in AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marloes S Oudijn
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, 1105, AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jitschak G Storosum
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, 1105, AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Elise Nelis
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, 1105, AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Damiaan Denys
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, 1105, AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Abstract
Over the past decade, considerable advances have been made in understanding genetic influences on eating pathology. Eating disorders aggregate in families, and twin studies reveal that additive genetic factors account for approximately 40% to 60% of liability to anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and binge eating disorder (BED). Molecular genetics studies have been undertaken to identify alterations in deoxyribonucleic acid sequence and/or gene expression that may be involved in the pathogenesis of disordered eating behaviors, symptoms, and related disorders and to uncover potential genetic variants that may contribute to variability of treatment response. This article provides an in-depth review of the scientific literature on the genetics of AN, BN, and BED including extant studies, emerging hypotheses, future directions, and clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Trace
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.
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Wade TD, Gordon S, Medland S, Bulik CM, Heath AC, Montgomery GW, Martin NG. Genetic variants associated with disordered eating. Int J Eat Disord 2013; 46:594-608. [PMID: 23568457 PMCID: PMC3775874 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although the genetic contribution to the development of anorexia nervosa (AN) has long been recognized, there has been little progress relative to other psychiatric disorders in identifying specific susceptibility genes. Here, we have carried out a genome-wide association study on an unselected community sample of female twins surveyed for eating disorders. METHOD We conducted genome-wide association analyses in 2,564 female twins for four different phenotypes derived from self-report data relating to lifetime presence of 15 types of disordered eating: AN spectrum, bulimia nervosa (BN) spectrum, purging via substances, and a binary measure of no disordered eating behaviors versus three or more. To complement the variant level results, we also conducted gene-based association tests using VEGAS software. RESULTS Although no variants reached genome-wide significance at the level of p < 10(-8), six regions were suggestive (p < 5 × 10(-7)). The current results implicate the following genes: CLEC5A, LOC136242, TSHZ1, and SYTL5 for the AN spectrum phenotype; NT5C1B for the BN spectrum phenotype; and ATP8A2 for the disordered eating behaviors phenotype. DISCUSSION As with other medical and psychiatric phenotypes, much larger samples and meta-analyses will ultimately be needed to identify genes and pathways contributing to predisposition to eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey D Wade
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Galimberti E, Fadda E, Cavallini MC, Martoni RM, Erzegovesi S, Bellodi L. Executive functioning in anorexia nervosa patients and their unaffected relatives. Psychiatry Res 2013; 208:238-44. [PMID: 23122554 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Formal genetic studies suggested a substantial genetic influence for anorexia nervosa (AN), but currently results are inconsistent. The use of the neurocognitive endophenotype approach may facilitate our understanding of the AN pathophysiology. We investigated decision-making, set-shifting and planning in AN patients (n=29) and their unaffected relatives (n=29) compared to healthy probands (n=29) and their relatives (n=29). The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), the Tower of Hanoi (ToH) and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) were administered. Concordance rates and heritability indices were also calculated in probands/relatives. Impaired performance on the IGT and the WCST were found in both AN probands and their relatives, although planning appeared to be preserved. The IGT heritability index suggested the presence of genetic effects that influence this measure. No evidence for genetic effects was found for the WCST. The results suggest the presence of a shared dysfunctional executive profile in women with AN and their unaffected relatives, characterized by deficient decision-making and set-shifting. Concordance analysis strongly suggests that these impairments aggregate in AN families, supporting the hypothesis that they may constitute biological markers for AN. Decision-making impairment presents a moderate heritability, suggesting that decision-making may be a candidate endophenotype for AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Galimberti
- Experimental Neurology Institute, INSPE, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
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Inflammatory activation and cholinergic anti-inflammatory system in eating disorders. Brain Behav Immun 2013; 32:33-9. [PMID: 23624297 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunctional serotoninergic regulation and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis overreactivity have been consistently reported in research studies with eating disorders (ED). In addition, the links between stress response, serotonin function, HPA axis and inflammatory mechanisms in ED have also been suggested in a number of studies. In our study, inflammatory parameters in white blood cells were investigated in 26 female patients with ED and 25 healthy control subjects matched for sex, age and ethnicity. Patients were free of medication for at least two weeks at the time of the study. Results showed a significant increase in plasma levels of the proinflammatory cytokine IL1β and the protein expression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) in peripheral mononuclear blood cells (PMBCs) in ED patients compared with controls. As well as a significant increase of the oxidative-nitrosative marker TBARS (Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances) in plasma. These findings were associated with increased expression of the alpha7 subunit of the nicotinic receptor (α7nAChR) in PMBC in ED patients independent of plasma cotinine levels. These results suggest that a pro-inflammatory and oxidant phenotype might be present in ED patients. Further research on cellular inflammatory and anti-inflammatory pathways might be oriented to investigate differences between ED subtypes and to search for new potential targets for pharmacological treatment.
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Abstract
Several lines of research have found that genes in the serotonergic system may cause susceptibility to eating disorders (EDs). In particular, functional polymorphisms of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTT) have been suspected to play a role in the pathogenesis of eating disorders. Several studies have examined the association between the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and bulimia nervosa (BN). The results of these investigations have been unclear. The aims of this meta-analysis were to clarify the association between BN and 5-HTTLPR using statistical models not used by previous meta-analyses, and extend upon previous meta-analyses by including new samples. PsychINFO, ISI, and PubMed databases were searched for studies published up to May 2011. Ultimately, six case-control samples were included. Data were pooled using dominant and additive models. Both models showed a nonsignificant association between the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and BN. However, this does not detract from recent research suggesting that the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism may be responsible for the phenotypic variability in the psychopathological symptoms observed in patients with BN. Future research should examine the association of BN with 5-HTTLPR using the recently proposed triallelic model.
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Atalayer D, Gibson C, Konopacka A, Geliebter A. Ghrelin and eating disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 40:70-82. [PMID: 22960103 PMCID: PMC3522761 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence supporting a multifactorial etiology that includes genetic, neurochemical, and physiological components for eating disorders above and beyond the more conventional theories based on psychological and sociocultural factors. Ghrelin is one of the key gut signals associated with appetite, and the only known circulating hormone that triggers a positive energy balance by stimulating food intake. This review summarizes recent findings and several conflicting reports on ghrelin in eating disorders. Understanding these findings and inconsistencies may help in developing new methods to prevent and treat patients with these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Atalayer
- Department of Medicine, New York Obesity Research and Nutrition Center, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Charlisa Gibson
- Department of Medicine, New York Obesity Research and Nutrition Center, St. Luke’s-Roosevelt Hospital, New York NY, USA
| | - Alexandra Konopacka
- Department of Medicine, New York Obesity Research and Nutrition Center, St. Luke’s-Roosevelt Hospital, New York NY, USA
| | - Allan Geliebter
- Department of Medicine, New York Obesity Research and Nutrition Center, St. Luke’s-Roosevelt Hospital, New York NY, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA,Department of Psychology, Touro College, New York, NY, USA
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Melanocortin-4 Receptor in Energy Homeostasis and Obesity Pathogenesis. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 114:147-91. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386933-3.00005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Thaler L, Groleau P, Badawi G, Sycz L, Zeramdini N, Too A, Israel M, Joober R, Bruce KR, Steiger H. Epistatic interactions implicating dopaminergic genes in bulimia nervosa (BN): relationships to eating- and personality-related psychopathology. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2012; 39:120-8. [PMID: 22683321 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
We explored the influence of interactions between polymorphisms acting upon postsynaptic receptors (DRD2 TaqA1 rs1800497 and DRD4 7R) and dopamine regulators (COMT rs4680 and DAT1) on the expression of eating symptoms and personality traits in women with bulimia-spectrum eating disorders. We had 269 bulimic women provide blood for genetic assays, and measured eating-disorder symptoms and psychopathological traits using structured interviews and self-report questionnaires. We observed two epistatic interactions on symptom indices: interactions (in predicted directions) of DRD2 by DAT were seen on Body Mass Index (p=.023), and of DRD4 by COMT on self-harming behaviors (p=.014)--with genetic effects that would correspond to reduced dopamine transmission coinciding with more-pathological scores. Our findings suggest that genes acting in the dopamine system interact to influence both eating-related and personality psychopathology, with the result that lower levels of dopamine neuro-transmission correspond to increased psychopathology and body mass in women with bulimia-spectrum disorders. We discuss the implications of our observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Thaler
- Eating Disorders Program, Douglas University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Smitka K, Papezova H, Vondra K, Hill M, Hainer V, Nedvidkova J. A higher response of plasma neuropeptide Y, growth hormone, leptin levels and extracellular glycerol levels in subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue to Acipimox during exercise in patients with bulimia nervosa: single-blind, randomized, microdialysis study. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2011; 8:81. [PMID: 22093818 PMCID: PMC3245450 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-8-81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an important central orexigenic hormone predominantly produced by the hypothalamus, and recently found to be secreted in adipose tissue (AT). Acipimox (Aci) inhibits lipolysis in AT and reduces plasma glycerol and free fatty acid (FFA) levels. Exercise and Aci are enhancers of growth hormone (GH) and NPY secretion and exercise may alter leptin levels. We expect to find abnormal neuropeptidergic response in plasma and AT in patients with bulimia nervosa (BN). We hypothesize that Aci influences these peptides via a FFA-independent mechanism and that Aci inhibits lipolysis through a cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent pathway. Dysregulations of the AT-brain axis peptides might be involved in binge eating as is the case in BN. Methods The objective of this study was to determine the responses of plasma NPY, GH, leptin, FFA and glycerol levels to exercise in BN patients and healthy women (C) given the anti-lipolytic drug Aci or placebo. The secondary objective of this study was to compare the responses of extracellular glycerol levels and plasma glycerol levels to exercise alone or together with Aci administration in BN patients and C women. Extracellular glycerol was measured in vivo in subcutaneous (sc) abdominal AT using microdialysis. Eight BN and eight C women were recruited for this single-blind, randomized study. Aci or placebo was given 1 hour before the exercise (45 min, 2 W/kg of lean body mass [LBM]). NPY, GH, leptin, FFA, glycerol plasma and AT glycerol levels were measured using commercial kits. Results The primary outcome of this study was that the exercise with Aci administration resulted in plasma NPY and GH increase (after a 45-minute exercise) and leptin (after a 90-minute post-exercise recovering phase) increased more in BN patients. The secondary outcomes of this study were that the exercise with Aci administration induced a higher decrease of extracellular glycerol in BN patients compared to the C group, while the exercise induced a higher increase of glycerol concentrations in sc abdominal AT of BN patients. Plasma glycerol levels decreased more in BN patients and plasma FFA levels were depressed in both groups after the exercise with Aci administration. The exercise induced similar increases in plasma NPY, GH, FFA and glycerol levels, and a similar decrease in the plasma leptin level in both groups. Conclusions We confirm the results of a single-blind, randomized, microdialysis study, i.e. that the Aci-induced elevation in plasma NPY and GH levels during the exercise is higher in BN patients and that Aci increased plasma leptin levels in the post-exercise recovering phase (90-minute) more in BN patients. The post-exercise rise (45-minute) in AT glycerol is much more attenuated by acute Aci treatment in BN patients. Simultaneously, we found facilitated turnover of plasma glycerol after the exercise together with Aci administration in BN. Our results support the hypotheses that Aci exerts an effect on the FFA-independent and cAMP-dependent mechanism. Trial Registration Australia and New Zealand Clinical Trials Register (ANZCTR): ACTRN12611000955910
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Affiliation(s)
- Kvido Smitka
- Institute of Endocrinology, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Narodni 8, 116 94 Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Papezova
- Psychiatric Clinic, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 11, 121 08 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Vondra
- Institute of Endocrinology, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Narodni 8, 116 94 Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hill
- Institute of Endocrinology, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Narodni 8, 116 94 Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Hainer
- Institute of Endocrinology, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Narodni 8, 116 94 Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - Jara Nedvidkova
- Institute of Endocrinology, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Narodni 8, 116 94 Prague 1, Czech Republic
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Toyokawa S, Uddin M, Koenen KC, Galea S. How does the social environment 'get into the mind'? Epigenetics at the intersection of social and psychiatric epidemiology. Soc Sci Med 2011; 74:67-74. [PMID: 22119520 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The social environment plays a considerable role in determining major psychiatric disorders. Emerging evidence suggests that features of the social environment modify gene expression independently of the primary DNA sequence through epigenetic processes. Accordingly, dysfunction of epigenetic mechanisms offers a plausible mechanism by which an adverse social environment gets "into the mind" and results in poor mental health. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the studies suggesting that epigenetic changes introduced by the social environment then manifest as psychological consequences. Our goal is to build a platform to discuss the ways in which future epidemiologic studies may benefit from including epigenetic measures. We focus on schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, anorexia nervosa, and substance dependence as examples that highlight the ways in which social environmental exposures, mediated through epigenetic processes, affect mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Toyokawa
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Zerwas
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Cynthia M Bulik
- Department of Psychiatry and Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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Papazoglou D, Restas E, Papanas N, Papatheodorou K, Babouris C, Glaros D, Antonoglou C, Maltezos E. Serotonin receptor 2A -1438G/A promoter polymorphism in relation to obesity and response to sibutramine. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2011; 16:109-12. [PMID: 21977970 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2011.0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Serotonin has been related to appetite and body weight control. The aim of this study was to investigate a possible association of the -1438 /A promoter polymorphism of the serotonin 2A receptor (5HT2AR) gene with obesity-related variables and response to sibutramine. PATIENTS/METHODS We examined the potential impact of this polymorphism on obesity and related metabolic traits in a cohort of 234 overweight/obese and 103 lean Greek subjects. Additionally, we examined whether the 5HT2AR 1438A/G polymorphism influences weight reduction and change in body composition among 106 out of these subjects, who were treated with 15 g sibutramine. Genotyping was carried out by polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme analysis. RESULTS Body mass index, fat mass, and waist circumference were not significantly different across the 5HT2AR 1438A/G genotype groups in overweight/obese women. Polymorphic G allele was associated with higher triglyceride and insulin levels but not with other biochemical and metabolic parameters. Distribution of genotypes and alleles was not different between responders and nonresponders (weight loss >5 or <5 g). CONCLUSIONS Based on these results, it seems unlikely that the 5HT2AR 1438 /A polymorphism has a major impact on obesity and related traits or the response to sibutramine in Greek overweight/obese subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Papazoglou
- Outpatient Clinic of Obesity, Diabetes, and Metabolism in Second Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Although the cause of most neuropsychiatric disorders remains uncertain, new data offer alternative explanations warranting further validations. This review summarizes some recent findings that may localize the origin of eating disorders as well as some other neuropsychiatric disorders outside the brain and discuss their cause as a possible dysfunction of the gut-brain axis involving the humoral immune system. RECENT FINDINGS The gut microbiota has been identified as the main source of highest biological variability confined in an individual and also provides constant antigenic stimulation shaping up the physiological immune response. Furthermore, molecular mimicry has been shown among microbial proteins including gut microbiota and several key neuropeptides involved in the regulation of motivated behavior and emotion. Immunoglobulins reactive with these neuropeptides have been identified in humans, and their levels or affinities were associated with neuropsychiatric conditions including anxiety, depression, eating and sleep disorders. SUMMARY Cross-reacting immunoglobulins may bind both microbial sequences and neuropeptides, thereby constituting a particular way of signaling between the gut and the brain. Alteration of this link may contribute to several neuropsychiatric disorders, emphasizing the key role of nutrition among other factors influencing gut content and intestinal permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergueï O Fetissov
- Digestive System and Nutrition Laboratory (ADEN EA4311), Institute for Medical Research and Innovation, IFRMP23, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen University, Rouen, France.
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Jacquemont S, Reymond A, Zufferey F, Harewood L, Walters RG, Kutalik Z, Martinet D, Shen Y, Valsesia A, Beckmann ND, Thorleifsson G, Belfiore M, Bouquillon S, Campion D, De Leeuw N, De Vries BBA, Esko T, Fernandez BA, Fernández-Aranda F, Fernández-Real JM, Gratacòs M, Guilmatre A, Hoyer J, Jarvelin MR, Kooy FR, Kurg A, Le Caignec C, Männik K, Platt OS, Sanlaville D, Van Haelst MM, Villatoro Gomez S, Walha F, Wu BL, Yu Y, Aboura A, Addor MC, Alembik Y, Antonarakis SE, Arveiler B, Barth M, Bednarek N, Béna F, Bergmann S, Beri M, Bernardini L, Blaumeiser B, Bonneau D, Bottani A, Boute O, Brunner HG, Cailley D, Callier P, Chiesa J, Chrast J, Coin L, Coutton C, Cuisset JM, Cuvellier JC, David A, De Freminville B, Delobel B, Delrue MA, Demeer B, Descamps D, Didelot G, Dieterich K, Disciglio V, Doco-Fenzy M, Drunat S, Duban-Bedu B, Dubourg C, El-Sayed Moustafa JS, Elliott P, Faas BHW, Faivre L, Faudet A, Fellmann F, Ferrarini A, Fisher R, Flori E, Forer L, Gaillard D, Gerard M, Gieger C, Gimelli S, Gimelli G, Grabe HJ, Guichet A, Guillin O, Hartikainen AL, Heron D, Hippolyte L, Holder M, Homuth G, Isidor B, Jaillard S, Jaros Z, Jiménez-Murcia S, Joly Helas G, Jonveaux P, Kaksonen S, Keren B, Kloss-Brandstätter A, Knoers NVAM, Koolen DA, Kroisel PM, Kronenberg F, Labalme A, Landais E, Lapi E, Layet V, Legallic S, Leheup B, Leube B, Lewis S, Lucas J, Macdermot KD, Magnusson P, Marshall CR, Mathieu-Dramard M, Mccarthy MI, Meitinger T, Antonietta Mencarelli M, Merla G, Moerman A, Mooser V, Morice-Picard F, Mucciolo M, Nauck M, Coumba Ndiaye N, Nordgren A, Pasquier L, Petit F, Pfundt R, Plessis G, Rajcan-Separovic E, Paolo Ramelli G, Rauch A, Ravazzolo R, Reis A, Renieri A, Richart C, Ried JS, Rieubland C, Roberts W, Roetzer KM, Rooryck C, Rossi M, Saemundsen E, Satre V, Schurmann C, Sigurdsson E, Stavropoulos DJ, Stefansson H, Tengström C, Thorsteinsdóttir U, Tinahones FJ, Touraine R, Vallée L, Van Binsbergen E, Van Der Aa N, Vincent-Delorme C, Visvikis-Siest S, Vollenweider P, Völzke H, Vulto-Van Silfhout AT, Waeber G, Wallgren-Pettersson C, Witwicki RM, Zwolinksi S, Andrieux J, Estivill X, Gusella JF, Gustafsson O, Metspalu A, Scherer SW, Stefansson K, Blakemore AIF, Beckmann JS, Froguel P. Mirror extreme BMI phenotypes associated with gene dosage at the chromosome 16p11.2 locus. Nature 2011; 478:97-102. [PMID: 21881559 PMCID: PMC3637175 DOI: 10.1038/nature10406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Both obesity and being underweight have been associated with increased mortality. Underweight, defined as a body mass index (BMI) ≤ 18.5 kg per m(2) in adults and ≤ -2 standard deviations from the mean in children, is the main sign of a series of heterogeneous clinical conditions including failure to thrive, feeding and eating disorder and/or anorexia nervosa. In contrast to obesity, few genetic variants underlying these clinical conditions have been reported. We previously showed that hemizygosity of a ∼600-kilobase (kb) region on the short arm of chromosome 16 causes a highly penetrant form of obesity that is often associated with hyperphagia and intellectual disabilities. Here we show that the corresponding reciprocal duplication is associated with being underweight. We identified 138 duplication carriers (including 132 novel cases and 108 unrelated carriers) from individuals clinically referred for developmental or intellectual disabilities (DD/ID) or psychiatric disorders, or recruited from population-based cohorts. These carriers show significantly reduced postnatal weight and BMI. Half of the boys younger than five years are underweight with a probable diagnosis of failure to thrive, whereas adult duplication carriers have an 8.3-fold increased risk of being clinically underweight. We observe a trend towards increased severity in males, as well as a depletion of male carriers among non-medically ascertained cases. These features are associated with an unusually high frequency of selective and restrictive eating behaviours and a significant reduction in head circumference. Each of the observed phenotypes is the converse of one reported in carriers of deletions at this locus. The phenotypes correlate with changes in transcript levels for genes mapping within the duplication but not in flanking regions. The reciprocal impact of these 16p11.2 copy-number variants indicates that severe obesity and being underweight could have mirror aetiologies, possibly through contrasting effects on energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandre Reymond
- Centre de génomique intégrative
Université de Lausanne1015 Lausanne,CH
| | - Flore Zufferey
- Service de génétique médicale
CHU Vaudois1011 Lausanne,CH
| | - Louise Harewood
- Centre de génomique intégrative
Université de Lausanne1015 Lausanne,CH
| | - Robin G. Walters
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease
Imperial College LondonHammersmith hospital, London W12 0NN,GB
| | - Zoltán Kutalik
- Department of Medical Genetics
University of LausanneCH
- SIB, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics
Swiss Institute of BioinformaticsQuartier Sorge - Batiment Genopode 1015 Lausanne Switzerland,CH
| | | | - Yiping Shen
- Laboratory Medicine
Children's Hospital BostonBoston, Massachusetts 02115,US
- Center for Human Genetic Research
Massachusetts General HospitalBoston, Massachusetts 02114,US
| | - Armand Valsesia
- Department of Medical Genetics
University of LausanneCH
- SIB, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics
Swiss Institute of BioinformaticsQuartier Sorge - Batiment Genopode 1015 Lausanne Switzerland,CH
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research
Université de Lausanne1015 Lausanne,CH
| | | | | | - Marco Belfiore
- Service de génétique médicale
CHU Vaudois1011 Lausanne,CH
| | - Sonia Bouquillon
- Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale
Hôpital Jeanne de FlandreCHRU Lille59037 Lille Cedex,FR
| | - Dominique Campion
- Génétique médicale et fonctionnelle du cancer et des maladies neuropsychiatriques
INSERM : U614Université de RouenUFR de Medecine et de Pharmacie 22, Boulevard Gambetta 76183 Rouen cedex,FR
- Estonian Genome and Medicine
University of Tartu51010 Tartu,EE
| | - Nicole De Leeuw
- Department of human genetics
Radboud University Nijmegen Medical CentreNijmegen Centre for Molecular Life SciencesInstitute for Genetic and Metabolic Disorders6500 HB Nijmegen,NL
| | - Bert B. A. De Vries
- Department of human genetics
Radboud University Nijmegen Medical CentreNijmegen Centre for Molecular Life SciencesInstitute for Genetic and Metabolic Disorders6500 HB Nijmegen,NL
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome and Medicine
University of Tartu51010 Tartu,EE
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology
University of Tartu51010 Tartu,EE
| | - Bridget A. Fernandez
- Disciplines of Genetics and Medicine
Memorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John's Newfoundland,CA
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- IDIBELL, Department of Psychiatry
University Hospital of BellvitgeCIBERobn Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición08907 Barcelona,ES
| | - José Manuel Fernández-Real
- Section of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition
University Hospital of GironaBiomedical Research Institute "Dr Josep Trueta"CIBERobn Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición17007 Girona,ES
| | - Mònica Gratacòs
- CRG-UPF, Center for Genomic Regulation
CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)C/ Dr. Aiguader, 88 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain,ES
| | - Audrey Guilmatre
- Génétique médicale et fonctionnelle du cancer et des maladies neuropsychiatriques
INSERM : U614Université de RouenUFR de Medecine et de Pharmacie 22, Boulevard Gambetta 76183 Rouen cedex,FR
- Estonian Genome and Medicine
University of Tartu51010 Tartu,EE
| | - Juliane Hoyer
- Institute of Human Genetics
Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg91054 Erlangen,DE
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- Department of child and adolescent health
National Institute for Health and WelfareUniversity of OuluInstitute of Health Sciences and Biocenter OuluBox 310, 90101 Oulu,FI
| | - Frank R. Kooy
- Department of Medical Genetics
University Hospital Antwerp2650 Edegem,BE
| | - Ants Kurg
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology
University of Tartu51010 Tartu,EE
| | - Cédric Le Caignec
- Service d'ORL et de Chirurgie Cervicofaciale
INSERM : U587Hôpital d'Enfants Armand-TrousseauUniversité Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6Paris,FR
| | - Katrin Männik
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology
University of Tartu51010 Tartu,EE
| | - Orah S. Platt
- Laboratory Medicine
Children's Hospital BostonBoston, Massachusetts 02115,US
| | - Damien Sanlaville
- Service de cytogénétique constitutionnelle
Hospices Civils de LyonCHU de LyonCentre Neuroscience et Recherche69000 Lyon,FR
| | - Mieke M. Van Haelst
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease
Imperial College LondonHammersmith hospital, London W12 0NN,GB
- Department of Medical Genetics
University Medical Center Utrecht3584 EA Utrecht,NL
| | - Sergi Villatoro Gomez
- CRG-UPF, Center for Genomic Regulation
CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)C/ Dr. Aiguader, 88 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain,ES
| | - Faida Walha
- Centre de génomique intégrative
Université de Lausanne1015 Lausanne,CH
| | - Bai-Lin Wu
- Laboratory Medicine
Children's Hospital BostonBoston, Massachusetts 02115,US
- Institutes of Biomedical Science
Fudan UniversityChildren's Hospital200032 Shanghai,CN
| | - Yongguo Yu
- Laboratory Medicine
Children's Hospital BostonBoston, Massachusetts 02115,US
- Shanghai Children's Medical Center
Shanghai Children's Medical Center200127 Shanghai,CN
| | - Azzedine Aboura
- Département de génétique
Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP)Hôpital Robert DebréUniversité Paris VII - Paris Diderot48, boulevard Sérurier 75935 Paris cedex 19,FR
| | | | - Yves Alembik
- Service de cytogénétique
CHU StrasbourgHôpital de Hautepierre1 Av Moliere 67098 Strasbourg Cedex,FR
| | | | - Benoît Arveiler
- MRGM, Maladies Rares - Génétique et Métabolisme
Hôpital PellegrinService de Génétique Médicale du CHU de BordeauxUniversité Victor Segalen - Bordeaux II : EA4576146 rue Léo-Saignat - 33076 Bordeaux Cedex,FR
- Service de génétique médicale
CHU BordeauxGroupe hospitalier PellegrinUniversité de BordeauxBordeaux,FR
| | - Magalie Barth
- Service de génétique [Angers]
CHU AngersUniversité d'Angersrue Larrey, 49100 Angers,FR
| | - Nathalie Bednarek
- URCA, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne
Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique9 boulevard Paix - 51097 Reims cedex,FR
| | - Frédérique Béna
- Génétique médicale
Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève1205 Geneva,CH
| | - Sven Bergmann
- Department of Medical Genetics
University of LausanneCH
- SIB, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics
Swiss Institute of BioinformaticsQuartier Sorge - Batiment Genopode 1015 Lausanne Switzerland,CH
- Department of Molecular Genetics
Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot,IL
| | - Mylène Beri
- Laboratoire de Génétique
CHU NancyVandoeuvre les Nancy,FR
| | - Laura Bernardini
- Mendel Laboratory
IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital71013 San Giovanni Rotondo,IT
| | - Bettina Blaumeiser
- Department of Medical Genetics
University Hospital Antwerp2650 Edegem,BE
| | - Dominique Bonneau
- Service de génétique [Angers]
CHU AngersUniversité d'Angersrue Larrey, 49100 Angers,FR
| | - Armand Bottani
- Génétique médicale
Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève1205 Geneva,CH
| | - Odile Boute
- Service de Génétique clinique
Hôpital Jeanne de FlandreCHRU Lille2 avenue Oscar Lambret, 59000 Lille,FR
| | - Han G. Brunner
- Department of human genetics
Radboud University Nijmegen Medical CentreNijmegen Centre for Molecular Life SciencesInstitute for Genetic and Metabolic Disorders6500 HB Nijmegen,NL
| | - Dorothée Cailley
- Service de génétique médicale
CHU BordeauxGroupe hospitalier PellegrinUniversité de BordeauxBordeaux,FR
| | | | - Jean Chiesa
- Laboratoire de Cytogénétique
CHU Nîmes30029 Nimes,FR
| | - Jacqueline Chrast
- Centre de génomique intégrative
Université de Lausanne1015 Lausanne,CH
| | - Lachlan Coin
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease
Imperial College LondonHammersmith hospital, London W12 0NN,GB
| | - Charles Coutton
- Département de génétique et procréation
CHU GrenobleUniversité Joseph Fourier - Grenoble Ifaculté de médecine-pharmacieDomaine de la Merci, 38706 Grenoble,FR
- AGIM, AGeing and IMagery, CNRS FRE3405
Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble IEcole Pratique des Hautes EtudesCNRS : UMR5525Faculté de médecine de Grenoble, 38700 La Tronche,FR
- Laboratoire de biochimie et génétique moléculaire
CHU Grenoble38043 Grenoble,FR
| | - Jean-Marie Cuisset
- Service de Neuropédiatrie
CHRU LilleHôpital Roger Salengro59037 Lille,FR
| | | | - Albert David
- Service d'ORL et de Chirurgie Cervicofaciale
INSERM : U587Hôpital d'Enfants Armand-TrousseauUniversité Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6Paris,FR
| | | | - Bruno Delobel
- Centre de Génétique Chromosomique
GHICLHôpital Saint Vincent de PaulBoulevard de Belfort B.P. 387 59020 LILLE CEDEX,FR
| | - Marie-Ange Delrue
- MRGM, Maladies Rares - Génétique et Métabolisme
Hôpital PellegrinService de Génétique Médicale du CHU de BordeauxUniversité Victor Segalen - Bordeaux II : EA4576146 rue Léo-Saignat - 33076 Bordeaux Cedex,FR
- Service de génétique médicale
CHU BordeauxGroupe hospitalier PellegrinUniversité de BordeauxBordeaux,FR
| | - Bénédicte Demeer
- Service de génétique médicale
CHU AMIENSPlace Victor Pauchet, 80054 Amiens Cedex 1,FR
| | - Dominique Descamps
- Centre hospitalier de Béthune
Centre hospitalier de Béthune62408 Bethune,FR
| | - Gérard Didelot
- Centre de génomique intégrative
Université de Lausanne1015 Lausanne,CH
| | | | - Vittoria Disciglio
- Department of Biotechnology
Università degli studi di SienaMedical Genetics53100 Siena,IT
| | - Martine Doco-Fenzy
- Service de Génétique
CHU ReimsHôpital Maison BlancheIFR 5351092 Reims,FR
| | - Séverine Drunat
- Département de génétique
Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP)Hôpital Robert DebréUniversité Paris VII - Paris Diderot48, boulevard Sérurier 75935 Paris cedex 19,FR
| | - Bénédicte Duban-Bedu
- Centre de Génétique Chromosomique
GHICLHôpital Saint Vincent de PaulBoulevard de Belfort B.P. 387 59020 LILLE CEDEX,FR
| | - Christèle Dubourg
- IGDR, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes
CNRS : UMR6061Université de Rennes 1IFR140Faculté de Médecine - CS 34317 2 Av du Professeur Léon Bernard 35043 RENNES CEDEX,FR
| | | | - Paul Elliott
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health
Imperial College LondonSt Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG,GB
| | - Brigitte H. W. Faas
- Department of human genetics
Radboud University Nijmegen Medical CentreNijmegen Centre for Molecular Life SciencesInstitute for Genetic and Metabolic Disorders6500 HB Nijmegen,NL
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen
Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB NijmegenNL
| | - Laurence Faivre
- Department of Experimental Cardiology
Heart Failure Research Center (HFRC)Academic Medical Center (AMC)Meibergdreef 9, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam,NL
| | - Anne Faudet
- Département de Génétique Cytogénétique et Embryologie
Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP)Hôpital Pitié-SalpêtrièreUniversité Paris VI - Pierre et Marie Curie47-83, boulevard de l'Hôpital 75651 PARIS Cedex 13,FR
| | | | | | - Richard Fisher
- Institute of human genetics
International Centre for LifeNewcastle Upon Tyne NE1 4EP,GB
| | - Elisabeth Flori
- Service de cytogénétique
CHU StrasbourgHôpital de Hautepierre1 Av Moliere 67098 Strasbourg Cedex,FR
| | - Lukas Forer
- Division of genetic epidemiology
Innsbruck Medical UniversityDepartment of Medical GeneticsMolecular and Clinical Pharmacology6020 Innsbruck,AT
| | - Dominique Gaillard
- Service de Génétique
CHU ReimsHôpital Maison BlancheIFR 5351092 Reims,FR
| | - Marion Gerard
- Département de génétique
Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP)Hôpital Robert DebréUniversité Paris VII - Paris Diderot48, boulevard Sérurier 75935 Paris cedex 19,FR
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Experimental Medicine
Academy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicVídeÅ�ská 1083 142 20 Prague,CZ
| | - Stefania Gimelli
- Génétique médicale
Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève1205 Geneva,CH
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of Oulu90570 Oulu,FI
| | - Giorgio Gimelli
- Laboratorio di citogenetica
G. Gaslini Institute16147 Genova,IT
| | - Hans J. Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy
Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University Greifswald17475 Greifswald and D-18437 Stralsund,DE
| | - Agnès Guichet
- Service de génétique [Angers]
CHU AngersUniversité d'Angersrue Larrey, 49100 Angers,FR
| | - Olivier Guillin
- Génétique médicale et fonctionnelle du cancer et des maladies neuropsychiatriques
INSERM : U614Université de RouenUFR de Medecine et de Pharmacie 22, Boulevard Gambetta 76183 Rouen cedex,FR
| | - Anna-Liisa Hartikainen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of Oulu90570 Oulu,FI
| | - Délphine Heron
- Département de Génétique Cytogénétique et Embryologie
Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP)Hôpital Pitié-SalpêtrièreUniversité Paris VI - Pierre et Marie Curie47-83, boulevard de l'Hôpital 75651 PARIS Cedex 13,FR
| | | | - Muriel Holder
- Service de Génétique clinique
Hôpital Jeanne de FlandreCHRU Lille2 avenue Oscar Lambret, 59000 Lille,FR
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics
Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University GreifswaldD-17487 Greifswald,DE
| | - Bertrand Isidor
- Service d'ORL et de Chirurgie Cervicofaciale
INSERM : U587Hôpital d'Enfants Armand-TrousseauUniversité Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6Paris,FR
| | - Sylvie Jaillard
- IGDR, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes
CNRS : UMR6061Université de Rennes 1IFR140Faculté de Médecine - CS 34317 2 Av du Professeur Léon Bernard 35043 RENNES CEDEX,FR
| | - Zdenek Jaros
- Abteilung für Kinder und Jugendheilkunde
Landesklinikum Waldviertel Zwettl3910 Zwettl,AT
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- IDIBELL, Department of Psychiatry
University Hospital of BellvitgeCIBERobn Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición08907 Barcelona,ES
| | | | | | - Satu Kaksonen
- The Habilitation Unit of Folkhalsan
The Habilitation Unit of FolkhalsanFolkhalsan, SF 00250 Helsinki,FI
| | - Boris Keren
- Département de Génétique Cytogénétique et Embryologie
Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP)Hôpital Pitié-SalpêtrièreUniversité Paris VI - Pierre et Marie Curie47-83, boulevard de l'Hôpital 75651 PARIS Cedex 13,FR
| | - Anita Kloss-Brandstätter
- Division of genetic epidemiology
Innsbruck Medical UniversityDepartment of Medical GeneticsMolecular and Clinical Pharmacology6020 Innsbruck,AT
| | - Nine V. A. M. Knoers
- Department of Medical Genetics
University Medical Center Utrecht3584 EA Utrecht,NL
| | - David A. Koolen
- Department of human genetics
Radboud University Nijmegen Medical CentreNijmegen Centre for Molecular Life SciencesInstitute for Genetic and Metabolic Disorders6500 HB Nijmegen,NL
| | | | - Florian Kronenberg
- Division of genetic epidemiology
Innsbruck Medical UniversityDepartment of Medical GeneticsMolecular and Clinical Pharmacology6020 Innsbruck,AT
| | - Audrey Labalme
- Service de cytogénétique constitutionnelle
Hospices Civils de LyonCHU de LyonCentre Neuroscience et Recherche69000 Lyon,FR
| | - Emilie Landais
- Service de Génétique
CHU ReimsHôpital Maison BlancheIFR 5351092 Reims,FR
| | - Elisabetta Lapi
- Medical Genetics Unit
Children's Hospital Anna Meyer50139 Firenze,IT
| | - Valérie Layet
- Unité de Cytogénétique et Génétique Médicale
Hôpital Gustave FlaubertGroupe Hospitalier du Havre76600 Le Havre,FR
| | - Solenn Legallic
- Génétique médicale et fonctionnelle du cancer et des maladies neuropsychiatriques
INSERM : U614Université de RouenUFR de Medecine et de Pharmacie 22, Boulevard Gambetta 76183 Rouen cedex,FR
| | - Bruno Leheup
- Service de médecine infantile III et génétique clinique
CHU NancyUniversité Henri Poincaré - Nancy IPRES de l'université de Lorraine54511 Vandoeuvre les Nancy,FR
| | - Barbara Leube
- Institute of Human Genetics and Anthropology
Heinrich-Heine University Hospital DuesseldorfD-40001 Duesseldorf,DE
| | - Suzanne Lewis
- Department of Medical Genetics
University of British ColumbiaChild and Family Research InstituteVancouver V6H 3N1,CA
| | - Josette Lucas
- IGDR, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes
CNRS : UMR6061Université de Rennes 1IFR140Faculté de Médecine - CS 34317 2 Av du Professeur Léon Bernard 35043 RENNES CEDEX,FR
| | - Kay D. Macdermot
- North West Thames Regional Genetics Service
Northwick Park & St Marks HospitalHarrow HA1 3UJ,GB
| | - Pall Magnusson
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
Landspitali University HospitalIS-105 Reykjavík,IS
| | - Christian R. Marshall
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology
The Hospital for Sick ChildrenToronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7,CA
| | | | - Mark I. Mccarthy
- OCDEM, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism
University of OxfordChurchill Hospital Oxford OX3 7LJ,GB
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics
University of OxfordOxford,GB
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics
HelmholtzZentrum MünchenTechnische Universität München (TUM)German Research Center for Environmental Health85764 Neuherberg,DE
| | | | - Giuseppe Merla
- Medical Genetics Unit
IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital71013 San Giovanni Rotondo,IT
| | - Alexandre Moerman
- Service de Génétique clinique
Hôpital Jeanne de FlandreCHRU Lille2 avenue Oscar Lambret, 59000 Lille,FR
| | - Vincent Mooser
- Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline R&D
GlaxoSmithKline720 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406,US
| | - Fanny Morice-Picard
- MRGM, Maladies Rares - Génétique et Métabolisme
Hôpital PellegrinService de Génétique Médicale du CHU de BordeauxUniversité Victor Segalen - Bordeaux II : EA4576146 rue Léo-Saignat - 33076 Bordeaux Cedex,FR
- Service de génétique médicale
CHU BordeauxGroupe hospitalier PellegrinUniversité de BordeauxBordeaux,FR
| | - Mafalda Mucciolo
- Department of Biotechnology
Università degli studi di SienaMedical Genetics53100 Siena,IT
| | - Matthias Nauck
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine
Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University GreifswaldD-17475 Greifswald,DE
| | - Ndeye Coumba Ndiaye
- Génétique cardiovasculaire
Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy I : EA437354000 Nancy,FR
| | - Ann Nordgren
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery
Karolinska InstitutetSE
| | - Laurent Pasquier
- IGDR, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes
CNRS : UMR6061Université de Rennes 1IFR140Faculté de Médecine - CS 34317 2 Av du Professeur Léon Bernard 35043 RENNES CEDEX,FR
| | - Florence Petit
- Service de Génétique clinique
Hôpital Jeanne de FlandreCHRU Lille2 avenue Oscar Lambret, 59000 Lille,FR
| | - Rolph Pfundt
- Department of human genetics
Radboud University Nijmegen Medical CentreNijmegen Centre for Molecular Life SciencesInstitute for Genetic and Metabolic Disorders6500 HB Nijmegen,NL
| | - Ghislaine Plessis
- Service de génétique
CHU CaenHôpital ClémenceauAvenue Georges Clémenceau, Caen,FR
| | - Evica Rajcan-Separovic
- Department of Pathology
University of British ColumbiaChild and Family Research InstituteVancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4,CA
| | | | - Anita Rauch
- Institute of Medical Genetics
University of Zurich8603 Schwerzenbach,CH
| | - Roberto Ravazzolo
- Department of pediatrics and CEBR
University of GenovaG. Gaslini Institute16126 Genova,IT
| | - Andre Reis
- Institute of Human Genetics
Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg91054 Erlangen,DE
| | - Alessandra Renieri
- Department of Biotechnology
Università degli studi di SienaMedical Genetics53100 Siena,IT
| | - Cristobal Richart
- Department of Internal Medicine
University Hospital Juan XXIIIUniversitat Rovira y VirgiliCiber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN)Instituto Salud Carlos III43005 Tarragona,ES
| | - Janina S. Ried
- Institute of Experimental Medicine
Academy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicVídeÅ�ská 1083 142 20 Prague,CZ
| | - Claudine Rieubland
- Division of Human Genetics
University of BernDepartment of Paediatrics, Inselspital3010 Bern,CH
| | - Wendy Roberts
- Autism Research Unit
The Hospital for Sick Children and Bloorview Kids RehabilitationUniversity of TorontoToronto, Ontario, M5G 1Z8,CA
| | | | - Caroline Rooryck
- MRGM, Maladies Rares - Génétique et Métabolisme
Hôpital PellegrinService de Génétique Médicale du CHU de BordeauxUniversité Victor Segalen - Bordeaux II : EA4576146 rue Léo-Saignat - 33076 Bordeaux Cedex,FR
- Service de génétique médicale
CHU BordeauxGroupe hospitalier PellegrinUniversité de BordeauxBordeaux,FR
| | - Massimiliano Rossi
- Service de cytogénétique constitutionnelle
Hospices Civils de LyonCHU de LyonCentre Neuroscience et Recherche69000 Lyon,FR
| | | | - Véronique Satre
- Département de génétique et procréation
CHU GrenobleUniversité Joseph Fourier - Grenoble Ifaculté de médecine-pharmacieDomaine de la Merci, 38706 Grenoble,FR
- AGIM, AGeing and IMagery, CNRS FRE3405
Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble IEcole Pratique des Hautes EtudesCNRS : UMR5525Faculté de médecine de Grenoble, 38700 La Tronche,FR
| | - Claudia Schurmann
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics
Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University GreifswaldD-17487 Greifswald,DE
| | - Engilbert Sigurdsson
- University of Iceland
University of IcelandDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iceland, Hjardarhaga 2-6, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland;,IS
| | - Dimitri J. Stavropoulos
- Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine
Hospital for Sick ChildrenToronto, Ontario M5G 1X8,CA
| | | | - Carola Tengström
- Genetic Services
Rinnekoti Research FoundationKumputie 1, SF-02980 Espoo,FI
| | | | - Francisco J. Tinahones
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition
Clinic Hospital of Virgen de la VictoriaCiber Fisiopatologia y Nutricion (CIBEROBN)Instituto Salud Carlos III29010 Malaga,ES
| | - Renaud Touraine
- Service de génétique
CHU Saint-EtienneHôpital nord42055 St Etienne,FR
| | - Louis Vallée
- Service de Neuropédiatrie
CHRU LilleHôpital Roger Salengro59037 Lille,FR
| | - Ellen Van Binsbergen
- Department of Medical Genetics
University Medical Center Utrecht3584 EA Utrecht,NL
| | | | - Catherine Vincent-Delorme
- Centre de Maladies Rares
Anomalies du Développement Nord de FranceCH Arras - CHRU Lille59000 Arras,FR
| | - Sophie Visvikis-Siest
- Génétique cardiovasculaire
Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy I : EA437354000 Nancy,FR
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Internal Medicine
Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois1011 Lausanne,CH
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine
Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University GreifswaldD-17475 Greifswald,DE
| | - Anneke T. Vulto-Van Silfhout
- Department of human genetics
Radboud University Nijmegen Medical CentreNijmegen Centre for Molecular Life SciencesInstitute for Genetic and Metabolic Disorders6500 HB Nijmegen,NL
| | - Gérard Waeber
- Department of Internal Medicine
Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois1011 Lausanne,CH
| | - Carina Wallgren-Pettersson
- Department of Medical Genetics
University of HelsinskiFolkhälsan Insitute of GeneticsHaartman Institute00251 Helsinki,FI
| | | | - Simon Zwolinksi
- Institute of human genetics
International Centre for LifeNewcastle Upon Tyne NE1 4EP,GB
| | - Joris Andrieux
- Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale
Hôpital Jeanne de FlandreCHRU Lille59037 Lille Cedex,FR
| | - Xavier Estivill
- CRG-UPF, Center for Genomic Regulation
CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)C/ Dr. Aiguader, 88 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain,ES
| | - James F. Gusella
- Center for Human Genetic Research
Massachusetts General HospitalBoston, Massachusetts 02114,US
| | | | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome and Medicine
University of Tartu51010 Tartu,EE
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology
University of Tartu51010 Tartu,EE
| | - Stephen W. Scherer
- The Centre for Applied Genomics
The Hospital for Sick ChildrenMcLaughlin CentreDepartment of Molecular GeneticsUniversity of TorontoToronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7,CA
| | | | - Alexandra I. F. Blakemore
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease
Imperial College LondonHammersmith hospital, London W12 0NN,GB
| | - Jacques S. Beckmann
- Service de génétique médicale
CHU Vaudois1011 Lausanne,CH
- Department of Medical Genetics
University of LausanneCH
| | - Philippe Froguel
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease
Imperial College LondonHammersmith hospital, London W12 0NN,GB
- IBLI, Institut de biologie de Lille - IBL
Institut Pasteur de LilleCNRS : UMR8090Université Lille I - Sciences et technologiesUniversité Lille II - Droit et santéInstitut de Biologie de Lille 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette - 447 59021 LILLE CEDEX,FR
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Müller TD, Tschöp MH, Jarick I, Ehrlich S, Scherag S, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Zipfel S, Herzog W, de Zwaan M, Burghardt R, Fleischhaker C, Klampfl K, Wewetzer C, Herpertz S, Zeeck A, Tagay S, Burgmer M, Pfluger PT, Scherag A, Hebebrand J, Hinney A. Genetic variation of the ghrelin activator gene ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT) is associated with anorexia nervosa. J Psychiatr Res 2011; 45:706-11. [PMID: 21035823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Revised: 08/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal peptide hormone ghrelin promotes food intake and increases body weight and adiposity through activation of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR1a). To promote its biological action ghrelin is acylated at its serine 3 residue by the recently discovered ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT, a.k.a. membrane-bound O-acyltransferase 4, MBOAT4). Plasma levels of total and acyl-ghrelin are negatively correlated with body-mass-index (BMI); as lower the BMI as higher plasma levels of total and acylated ghrelin and vice versa. Accordingly, plasma levels of total and acyl-ghrelin are elevated in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) and decline upon weight regain. The importance of the endogenous Goat/ghrelin system in the neuroendocrine adaptation to fasting was recently highlighted by the observation that acyl-ghrelin mediated elevation of growth hormone (GH) release prevents starvation induced hypoglycemia in Goat(-/-) mice. The aim of this study was to test if genetic variation of GOAT is implicated in the etiology of AN. We therefore assessed association of 6 tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (tagSNPs), which were predicted to cover 96% the common genetic variability of GOAT plus 50 kb of the 5' and 3' flanking region, in 543 German patients with AN and 612 German normal and underweight healthy controls. Based on a recessive mode of inheritance we observed some evidence for association of the G/G genotype at SNP rs10096097 with AN (nominal two-sided p = 0.031). Based on our results we conclude that genetic variation in GOAT might be implicated in the etiology of AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo D Müller
- Obesity Research Centre, Institute for Metabolic Disease, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Assessment of dental fear and anxiety levels in eating disorder patients undergoing minor oral surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2011; 69:2078-85. [PMID: 21496999 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2010.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2010] [Accepted: 12/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to evaluate the levels of dental fear and anxiety in women with eating disorders (EDs) scheduled for oral surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 61 patients with EDs, an identical number of age-, gender-, and education-matched healthy controls, and 2 consecutive, randomly selected, clinical and nonclinical samples each consisting of 220 female subjects were included in the present study. The participants completed the demographic and clinical forms, as well as the modified dental anxiety scale (MDAS) and dental fear survey (DFS) before the surgical procedure. RESULTS The mean scores of the MDAS and DFS for the study population correlated negatively with age and positively with a previous unpleasant experience related to dentistry (P < .01 for both). Patients with EDs had significantly greater mean scores on the MDAS than the clinical and nonclinical groups (P < .05 for both). Their mean scores on the DFS were significantly greater than those for the nonclinical participants (P < .05). A significant difference was found in the DFS subscale "fear of specific situations and stimuli" compared with the healthy matched controls and clinical and nonclinical subjects (P < .05 for all). CONCLUSION The results of our study have shown that patients with EDs can be more sensitive to the auditory, visual, and contact stimuli of the oral surgery procedures under local anesthesia. They also had greater levels of dental fear and anxiety than routine clinical patients and randomly selected subjects from a nonclinical environment.
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Dalle Grave R. Eating disorders: progress and challenges. Eur J Intern Med 2011; 22:153-60. [PMID: 21402245 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2010.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Revised: 12/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eating disorders are common health problems afflicting mainly female adolescents and young women. They are associated with important physical health and psychosocial morbidity, and carry increased risk of death. Their cause is not yet completely understood and their management is complex, with some patients resisting all available treatments. AIMS OF THIS REVIEW: To provide the readers with an update regarding our knowledge and understanding of eating disorders. METHODS Medline database has been used for searching articles on eating disorders published since 1980. The key words used were eating disorders, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, bulimia, and binge eating. Professional books published during this period has been also reviewed. CONCLUSIONS In the last 30 years a substantial improvement has been achieved both in the understanding and management of eating disorders, but many problems still need to be resolved. Three principal priorities should be addressed. First, the actual classification of eating disorders should be revised, since about half the cases seen in clinical practice receive a diagnosis of eating disorder not otherwise specified, and it is common to observe a migration between eating disorder diagnoses. Second, the research on pathogenesis should better clarify the exact role of genetic and environmental risk factors, and how they interact and vary across the development and maintenance of eating disorders. Third, there is an urgent need both to disseminate the few evidence-based treatments available, and to develop more potent treatments for all the eating disorder diagnostic categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Dalle Grave
- Department of Eating & Weight Disorder, Villa Garda Hospital, Garda (VR), Italy.
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Swanson SA, Crow SJ, Le Grange D, Swendsen J, Merikangas KR. Prevalence and correlates of eating disorders in adolescents. Results from the national comorbidity survey replication adolescent supplement. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 68:714-23. [PMID: 21383252 DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 957] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Eating disorders are severe conditions, but little is known about the prevalence or correlates of these disorders from population-based surveys of adolescents. OBJECTIVES To examine the prevalence and correlates of eating disorders in a large, reprefentative sample of US adolescents. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey of adolescents with face-to-face interviews using a modified version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. SETTING Combined household and school adolescent samples. PARTICIPANTS Nationally representative sample of 10,123 adolescents aged 13 to 18 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Prevalence and correlates of eating disorders and subthreshold conditions. RESULTS Lifetime prevalence estimates of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder were 0.3%, 0.9%, and 1.6%, respectively. Important differences were observed between eating disorder subtypes concerning sociodemographic correlates, psychiatric comorbidity, role impairment, and suicidality. Although the majority of adolescents with an eating disorder sought some form of treatment, only a minority received treatment specifically for their eating or weight problems. Analyses of 2 related subthreshold conditions suggest that these conditions are often clinically significant. CONCLUSIONS Eating disorders and subthreshold eating conditions are prevalent in the general adolescent population. Their impact is demonstrated by generally strong associations with other psychiatric disorders, role impairment, and suicidality. The unmet treatment needs in the adolescent population place these disorders as important public health concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja A Swanson
- Genetic Epidemiology Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Abstract
The eating disorders anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), binge eating disorder and allied diagnoses such as eating disorder not otherwise specified are common, complex psychiatric disorders with a significant genetic component. Aetiology is unknown, but both phenotypic characteristics and genetic factors appear to be shared across these disorders, and indeed patients often change between diagnostic categories. Molecular studies have attempted to define genetic risk factors for these disorders, including case-control and family-based candidate gene association studies and linkage analysis of multiply affected nuclear families. These have used both clinical diagnoses and eating disorder-related intermediate phenotypes such as drive-for-thinness or body dissatisfaction. Candidate gene studies have focussed on neurotransmitter and neurodevelopmental systems [e.g. serotonergic, opioid, cannabinoid and dopaminergic receptors, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)], appetite regulatory peptides and their receptors [leptin, ghrelin, agouti-related protein (AgRP), melanocortin receptors, neuropeptide Y], energy balance systems (e.g. uncoupling proteins), genes implicated in obesity (e.g. FTO) and sex hormone systems (e.g. oestrogen receptors), either identified on the basis of their function alone or as positional candidates from linkage analysis. Of these studies, linkage analysis implicates 1p33-36 for AN, 1q31.3 for quantitative behavioural traits related to anorexia and 10p14 for BN, as well as other behavioural phenotypes across both disorders. Candidate gene association has implicated BDNF, delta 1 opioid receptor (OPDR1) and AgRP. More recently, with the advent of genome-wide association studies (GWAS), analysis with microsatellite markers has implicated novel candidate loci for AN at 1q41 and 11q22, and further GWAS results are expected in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sietske G Helder
- MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
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Slof-Op ‘t Landt MCT, Meulenbelt I, Bartels M, Suchiman E, Middeldorp CM, Houwing-Duistermaat JJ, van Trier J, Onkenhout EJ, Vink JM, van Beijsterveldt CEM, Brandys MK, Sanders N, Zipfel S, Herzog W, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Klampfl K, Fleischhaker C, Zeeck A, de Zwaan M, Herpertz S, Ehrlich S, van Elburg AA, Adan RAH, Scherag S, Hinney A, Hebebrand J, Boomsma DI, van Furth EF, Slagboom PE. Association study in eating disorders: TPH2 associates with anorexia nervosa and self-induced vomiting. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2010; 10:236-43. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2010.00660.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Niu W, Zhang Y, Ji K, Gu M, Gao P, Zhu D. Confirmation of top polymorphisms in hypertension genome wide association study among Han Chinese. Clin Chim Acta 2010; 411:1491-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Revised: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Hebebrand J, Scherag A, Schimmelmann BG, Hinney A. Child and adolescent psychiatric genetics. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2010; 19:259-79. [PMID: 20140632 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-010-0091-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The current status of child and adolescent psychiatric genetics appears promising in light of the initiation of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for diverse polygenic disorders and the molecular elucidation of monogenic Rett syndrome, for which recent functional studies provide hope for pharmacological treatment strategies. Within the last 50 years, tremendous progress has been made in linking genetic variation to behavioral phenotypes and psychiatric disorders. We summarize the major findings of the Human Genome Project and dwell on largely unsuccessful candidate gene and linkage studies. GWAS for the first time offer the possibility to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms and copy number variants without a priori hypotheses as to their molecular etiology. At the same time it is becoming increasingly clear that very large sample sizes are required in order to enable genome wide significant findings, thus necessitating further large-scaled ascertainment schemes for the successful elucidation of the molecular genetics of childhood and adolescent psychiatric disorders. We conclude by reflecting on different scenarios for future research into the molecular basis of early onset psychiatric disorders. This review represents the introductory article of this special issue of the European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Hebebrand
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, LVR-Klinikum Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstrasse 174, Essen, Germany.
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Hinney A, Scherag S, Hebebrand J. Genetic findings in anorexia and bulimia nervosa. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2010; 94:241-70. [PMID: 21036328 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-375003-7.00009-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) are complex disorders associated with disordered eating behavior. Heritability estimates derived from twin and family studies are high, so that substantial genetic influences on the etiology can be assumed for both. As the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems are involved in eating disorders (EDs), candidate gene studies have centered on related genes; additionally, genes relevant for body weight regulation have been considered as candidates. Unfortunately, this approach has yielded very few positive results; confirmed associations or findings substantiated in meta-analyses are scant. None of these associations can be considered unequivocally validated. Systematic genome-wide approaches have been performed to identify genes with no a priori evidence for their relevance in EDs. Family-based scans revealed linkage peaks in single chromosomal regions for AN and BN. Analyses of candidate genes in one of these regions led to the identification of genetic variants associated with AN. Currently, an international consortium is conducting a genome-wide association study for AN, which will hopefully lead to the identification of the first genome-wide significant markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Hinney
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
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