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Janoski JR, Aiello I, Lundberg CW, Finkielstein CV. Circadian clock gene polymorphisms implicated in human pathologies. Trends Genet 2024; 40:834-852. [PMID: 38871615 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2024.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms, ~24 h cycles of physiological and behavioral processes, can be synchronized by external signals (e.g., light) and persist even in their absence. Consequently, dysregulation of circadian rhythms adversely affects the well-being of the organism. This timekeeping system is generated and sustained by a genetically encoded endogenous mechanism composed of interlocking transcriptional/translational feedback loops that generate rhythmic expression of core clock genes. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and forward genetic studies show that SNPs in clock genes influence gene regulation and correlate with the risk of developing various conditions. We discuss genetic variations in core clock genes that are associated with various phenotypes, their implications for human health, and stress the need for thorough studies in this domain of circadian regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse R Janoski
- Integrated Cellular Responses Laboratory, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Ignacio Aiello
- Integrated Cellular Responses Laboratory, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Clayton W Lundberg
- Integrated Cellular Responses Laboratory, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, USA; Academy of Integrated Sciences, College of Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Carla V Finkielstein
- Integrated Cellular Responses Laboratory, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, USA; Academy of Integrated Sciences, College of Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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2
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Lee K, Hong KS, Park J, Park W. Readjustment of circadian clocks by exercise intervention is a potential therapeutic target for sleep disorders: a narrative review. Phys Act Nutr 2024; 28:35-42. [PMID: 39097996 PMCID: PMC11298283 DOI: 10.20463/pan.2024.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Circadian clocks are evolved endogenous biological systems that communicate with environmental cues to optimize physiological processes, such as the sleep-wake cycle, which is nearly related to quality of life. Sleep disorders can be treated using pharmacological strategies targeting melatonin, orexin, or core clock genes. Exercise has been widely explored as a behavioral treatment because it challenges homeostasis in the human body and affects the regulation of core clock genes. Exercise intervention at the appropriate time of the day can induce a phase shift in internal clocks. Although exercise is a strong external time cue for resetting the circadian clock, exercise therapy for sleep disorders remains poorly understood. METHODS This review focused on exercise as a potential treatment for sleep disorders by tuning the internal circadian clock. We used scientific paper depositories, including Google Scholar, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library, to identify previous studies that investigated the effects of exercise on circadian clocks and sleep disorders. RESULTS The exercise-induced adjustment of the circadian clock phase depended on exercise timing and individual chronotypes. Adjustment of circadian clocks through scheduled morning exercises can be appropriately prescribed for individuals with delayed sleep phase disorders. Individuals with advanced sleep phase disorders can synchronize their internal clocks with their living environment by performing evening exercises. Exercise-induced physiological responses are affected by age, sex, and current fitness conditions. CONCLUSION Personalized approaches are necessary when implementing exercise interventions for sleep disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwangjun Lee
- Department of Neurology, Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kwang-Seok Hong
- Department of Physical Education, College of Education, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghoon Park
- Department of Physical Education, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonil Park
- Department of Physical Education, College of Education, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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3
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Belin AC, Barloese MC. The genetics and chronobiology of cluster headache. Cephalalgia 2023; 43:3331024231208126. [PMID: 37851671 DOI: 10.1177/03331024231208126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/HYPOTHESIS Cluster headache displays uniquely rhythmic patterns in its attack manifestation. This strong chronobiological influence suggests that part of the pathophysiology of cluster headache is distinctly different from migraine and has prompted genetic investigations probing these systems. METHODS This is a narrative overview of the cluster headache chronobiological phenotype from the point of view of genetics covering existing knowledge, highlighting the specific challenges in cluster headache and suggesting novel research approaches to overcome these. RESULTS The chronobiological features of cluster headache are a hallmark of the disorder and while discrepancies between study results do exist, the main findings are highly reproducible across populations and time. Particular findings in subgroups indicate that the heritability of the disorder is linked to chronobiological systems. Meanwhile, genetic markers of circadian rhythm genes have been implicated in cluster headache, but with conflicting results. However, in two recently published genome wide association studies two of the identified four loci include genes with an involvement in circadian rhythm, MER proto-oncogene, tyrosine kinase and four and a half LIM domains 5. These findings strengthen the involvement of circadian rhythm in cluster headache pathophysiology. CONCLUSION/INTERPRETATION Studying chronobiology and genetics in cluster headache presents challenges unique to the disorder. Researchers are overcoming these challenges by pooling various data from different cohorts and performing meta-analyses providing novel insights into a classically enigmatic disorder. Further progress can likely be made by combining deep pheno- and genotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Carmine Belin
- Centre for Cluster Headache, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mads Christian Barloese
- Department of Functional and Diagnostic Imaging, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
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4
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Chauhan S, Norbury R, Faßbender KC, Ettinger U, Kumari V. Beyond sleep: A multidimensional model of chronotype. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 148:105114. [PMID: 36868368 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Chronotype can be defined as an expression or proxy for circadian rhythms of varied mechanisms, for example in body temperature, cortisol secretion, cognitive functions, eating and sleeping patterns. It is influenced by a range of internal (e.g., genetics) and external factors (e.g., light exposure), and has implications for health and well-being. Here, we present a critical review and synthesis of existing models of chronotype. Our observations reveal that most existing models and, as a consequence, associated measures of chronotype have focused solely or primarily on the sleep dimension, and typically have not incorporated social and environmental influences on chronotype. We propose a multidimensional model of chronotype, integrating individual (biological and psychological), environmental and social factors that appear to interact to determine an individual's true chronotype with potential feedback loops between these factors. This model could be beneficial not only from a basic science perspective but also in the context of understanding health and clinical implications of certain chronotypes as well as designing preventive and therapeutic approaches for related illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyam Chauhan
- Department of Psychology, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Ray Norbury
- Department of Psychology, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Veena Kumari
- Department of Psychology, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, United Kingdom.
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5
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Biscontin A, Zarantonello L, Russo A, Costa R, Montagnese S. Toward a Molecular Approach to Chronotype Assessment. J Biol Rhythms 2022; 37:272-282. [PMID: 35583112 DOI: 10.1177/07487304221099365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to develop a Polygenic Score-based model for molecular chronotype assessment. Questionnaire-based phenotypical chronotype assessment was used as a reference. In total, 54 extremely morning/morning (MM/M; 35 females, 39.7 ± 3.8 years) and 44 extremely evening/evening (EE/E; 20 females, 27.3 ± 7.7 years) individuals donated a buccal DNA sample for genotyping by sequencing of the entire genetic variability of 19 target genes known to be involved in circadian rhythmicity and/or sleep duration. Targeted genotyping was performed using the single primer enrichment technology and a specifically designed panel of 5526 primers. Among 2868 high-quality polymorphisms, a cross-validation approach lead to the identification of 83 chronotype predictive variants, including previously known and also novel chronotype-associated polymorphisms. A large (35 single-nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs]) and also a small (13 SNPs) panel were obtained, both with an estimated predictive validity of approximately 80%. Potential mechanistic hypotheses for the role of some of the newly identified variants in modulating chronotype are formulated. Once validated in independent populations encompassing the whole range of chronotypes, the identified panels might become useful within the setting of both circadian public health initiatives and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Antonella Russo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Costa
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Padova, Italy.,Chronobiology Section, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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6
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Liu K, Ouyang Y, Lin R, Ge C, Zhou M. Strong negative correlation between codon usage bias and protein structural disorder impedes protein expression after codon optimization. J Biotechnol 2022; 343:15-24. [PMID: 34763006 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
As a common phenomenon existing in almost all genomes, codon usage bias has been studied for a long time. Codon optimization is a frequently used strategy to accelerate protein synthesis rate. Besides regulating protein translation speed, codon usage bias has also be reported to affect co-translation folding and transcription. P. pastoris is a well-developed expression system, whose efficiency is tightly correlated with commercial value. However, few studies focus on the role of codon usage bias in affecting protein expression in P. pastoris. Besides, many genes in P. pastoris genome show significant negative correlation between codon usage bias and protein structural disorder tendency. It's not known whether this feature is important for their expression. In order to answer these questions, we picked 4P. pastoris gene candidates with strong negative correlation between codon usage bias and protein structural disorder. We then performed full-length codon optimization which completely eliminated the correlation. Protein and RNA assays were then used to compare protein and mRNA levels before and after codon optimization. As a result, codon optimization failed to elevate their protein expression levels, and even resulted in a decrease. As represented by the trypsin sensitivity assays, codon optimization also altered the protein structure of 0616 and 0788. Besides protein, codon optimization also affected mRNA levels. Shown by in vitro and in vivo RNA degradation assays, the mRNA stability of 0616, 0788 and 0135 were also altered by codon optimization. For each gene, the detailed effect may be related with its specific sequence and protein structure. Our results suggest that codon usage bias is an important factor to regulate gene expression level, as well as mRNA and protein stabilities in P. pastoris. "Extreme" codon optimization in genes with strong negative correlation between codon usage bias and protein structural disorder tendency may not be favored. Compromised strategies should be tried if expression is not successful. Besides, codon optimization may affect protein structural conformation more severely in structural disordered proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunshan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yaqi Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ru Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Chenyu Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Mian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
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7
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Razi Soofiyani S, Ahangari H, Soleimanian A, Babaei G, Ghasemnejad T, Safavi SE, Eyvazi S, Tarhriz V. The role of circadian genes in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer. Gene 2021; 804:145894. [PMID: 34418469 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most frequent cancer in human beings and is also the major cause of death among the other gastrointestinal cancers. The exact mechanisms of CRC development in most patients remains unclear. So far, several genetically, environmental and epigenetically risk factors have been identified for CRC development. The circadian rhythm is a 24-h rhythm that drives several biologic processes. The circadian system is guided by a central pacemaker which is located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus. Circadian rhythm is regulated by circadian clock genes, cytokines and hormones like melatonin. Disruptions in biological rhythms are known to be strongly associated with several diseases, including cancer. The role of the different circadian genes has been verified in various cancers, however, the pathways of different circadian genes in the pathogenesis of CRC are less investigated. Identification of the details of the pathways in CRC helps researchers to explore new therapies for the malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saiedeh Razi Soofiyani
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Sina Educational, Research and Treatment Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Molecular Medicine Research Center, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Ahangari
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Soleimanian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ghader Babaei
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Tohid Ghasemnejad
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Seyed Esmaeil Safavi
- Faculty of Veternary Medicine, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shirin Eyvazi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Biology, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Vahideh Tarhriz
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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8
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Li T, Cheng C, Jia C, Leng Y, Qian J, Yu H, Liu Y, Wang N, Yang Y, Al-Nusaif M, Le W. Peripheral Clock System Abnormalities in Patients With Parkinson's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:736026. [PMID: 34658839 PMCID: PMC8519399 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.736026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the altered expression of peripheral clock genes, circulating melatonin levels, and their correlations with sleep-wake phenotypes including probable rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (pRBD) symptoms in a relatively large population of Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. Methods: We determined the expression profiles of five principal clock genes, BMAL1, CLOCK, CRY1, PER1, and PER2, in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of PD patients (n = 326), and healthy controls (HC, n = 314) using quantitative real-time PCR. Melatonin concentration in the plasma of two groups was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Then we performed comprehensive association analyses on the PBMCs clock gene expression, plasma melatonin levels and sleep characteristics. Results: Our data showed that the expression levels of BMAL1, CLOCK, CRY1, PER1, and PER2 were significantly decreased in the PBMCs of PD as compared with that of HC (P < 0.05). PD patients had reduced plasma melatonin levels compared with HC (P < 0.0001). pRBD and excessive daytime sleepiness are common in these PD patients and are associated with the expression levels of all five clock genes (r = −0.344∼−0.789, P < 0.01) and melatonin concentration (r = −0.509∼−0.753, P < 0.01). Statistical analyses also revealed that a combination of five clock genes and melatonin could reach a high diagnostic performance (areas under the curves, 97%) for PD comorbid pRBD. Conclusion: This case-control study demonstrates that peripheral BMAL1, CLOCK, CRY1, PER1, PER2, and melatonin levels are altered in PD patients and may serve as endogenous markers for sleep and wakefulness disturbances of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianbai Li
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Congcong Jia
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yue Leng
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jin Qian
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Hang Yu
- Sichuan Provincial Hospital, Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Yufei Liu
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Nanxing Wang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yuting Yang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Murad Al-Nusaif
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Weidong Le
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Sichuan Provincial Hospital, Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China
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9
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PER Gene Family Polymorphisms in Relation to Cluster Headache and Circadian Rhythm in Sweden. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11081108. [PMID: 34439727 PMCID: PMC8393578 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11081108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The trigeminal autonomic cephalalgia, cluster headache (CH), is one of the most painful disorders known to man. One of the disorder's most striking features is the reported diurnal rhythmicity of the attacks. For a majority of patients, the headache attacks occur at approximately the same time every day. Genetic variants of genes involved in the circadian rhythm such as Period Circadian Regulator 1, 2, and 3 (PER1, 2 and 3) are hypothesized to have an effect on the rhythmicity of the attacks. Six PER1, 2 and 3 genetic markers; the indel rs57875989 and five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), rs2735611, rs2304672, rs934945, rs10462020, and rs228697, were genotyped, using TaqMan® or regular polymerase chain reaction (PCR), in a Swedish CH case control material. Logistic regression showed no association between CH and any of the six genetic variants; rs57875989, p = 0.523; rs2735611, p = 0.416; rs2304672, p = 0.732; rs934945, p = 0.907; rs10462020, p = 0.726; and rs228697, p = 0.717. Furthermore, no difference in allele frequency was found for patients reporting diurnal rhythmicity of attacks, nor were any of the variants linked to diurnal preference. The results of this study indicate no involvement of these PER genetic variants in CH or diurnal phenotype in Sweden.
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Park M, Kim SA, Shin J, Joo EJ. Investigation of gene-gene interactions of clock genes for chronotype in a healthy Korean population. Genomics Inform 2021; 18:e38. [PMID: 33412754 PMCID: PMC7808872 DOI: 10.5808/gi.2020.18.4.e38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronotype is an important moderator of psychiatric illnesses, which seems to be controlled in some part by genetic factors. Clock genes are the most relevant genes for chronotype. In addition to the roles of individual genes, gene-gene interactions of clock genes substantially contribute to chronotype. We investigated genetic associations and gene-gene interactions of the clock genes BHLHB2, CLOCK, CSNK1E, NR1D1, PER1, PER2, PER3, and TIMELESS for chronotype in 1293 healthy Korean individuals. Regression analysis was conducted to find associations between single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and chronotype. For gene-gene interaction analyses, the quantitative multifactor dimensionality reduction (QMDR) method, a nonparametric model-free method for quantitative phenotypes, were performed. No individual SNP or haplotype showed a significant association with chronotype by both regression analysis and single-locus model of QMDR. QMDR analysis identified NR1D1 rs2314339 and TIMELESS rs4630333 as the best SNP pairs among two-locus interaction models associated with chronotype (cross-validation consistency [CVC] = 8/10, p = 0.041). For the three-locus interaction model, the SNP combination of NR1D1 rs2314339, TIMELESS rs4630333, and PER3 rs228669 showed the best results (CVC = 4/10, p < 0.001). However, because the mean differences between genotype combinations were minor, the clinical roles of clock gene interactions are unlikely to be critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon 34824, Korea
| | - Soon Ae Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon 34824, Korea
| | - Jieun Shin
- Department of Liberal Arts, Woosuk University, Wanju 55338, Korea
| | - Eun-Jeong Joo
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon 34824, Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul 01830, Korea
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11
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Yeom JW, Jeong S, Seo JY, Jeon S, Lee HJ. Association of the Serotonin 2A Receptor rs6311 Polymorphism with Diurnal Preference in Koreans. Psychiatry Investig 2020; 17:1137-1142. [PMID: 33115187 PMCID: PMC7711123 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2020.0358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evidence for the association between circadian rhythm delay and depression is accumulating. Genetic studies have shown that certain polymorphisms in circadian genes are potential genetic markers of diurnal preference. Along with circadian genes, there is a growing interest in other genetic effects on circadian rhythms. This study evaluated whether the HTR2A rs6311 (-1438C/T) polymorphism is associated with diurnal preference in a Korean population. METHODS A total of 510 healthy subjects were included in this study. All subjects were genotyped for the HTR2A rs6311 polymorphism and they completed the Korean version of the composite scale of morningness (CSM). RESULTS The C allele carriers (C/C+C/T) showed significantly higher CSM scores compared to C allele non-carriers (T/T) (t=2.22, p= 0.03), suggesting the existence of a morning chronotype tendency in C allele carriers. In other words, the T/T genotype may be associated with the evening chronotype. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the HTR2A rs6311 polymorphism may be associated with diurnal preference in a healthy Korean population. The absence of the C allele may be responsible for the increasing susceptibility to eveningness in the Korean population. Further studies on HTR2A polymorphisms that evaluate their interactions with various candidate genes and differences in phenotypic expression of polymorphisms according to ethnic groups are warranted to fully understand their association with diurnal preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Won Yeom
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghwa Jeong
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Chronobiology Institute, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Yeon Seo
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Chronobiology Institute, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehyun Jeon
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Chronobiology Institute, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon-Jeong Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Chronobiology Institute, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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12
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Maukonen M, Havulinna AS, Männistö S, Kanerva N, Salomaa V, Partonen T. Genetic Associations of Chronotype in the Finnish General Population. J Biol Rhythms 2020; 35:501-511. [PMID: 32579418 PMCID: PMC7534025 DOI: 10.1177/0748730420935328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with a later chronotype (evening types) tend to have unhealthier behaviors and increased morbidity and mortality as compared with those with an earlier chronotype (morning types). However, the role of genetics in explaining evening types' adverse health and health behavior is unclear. Our aim was to study genetic associations of chronotype among 8433 Finns from the cross-sectional National FINRISK 2007 and 2012 studies. First, we studied associations between chronotype and 20 key clock genes with a candidate-gene approach and then performed a full genome-wide association study (GWAS) of chronotype. We also developed a genetic risk score (GRS) for chronotype based on 313 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that have previously been associated with chronotype. Chronotype was assessed with a shortened version of Horne and Östberg's Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (sMEQ), and for comparison, we also used the single self-evaluation question on chronotype from the questionnaire. Linear and logistic regression was used for statistical analysis assuming additive effects. The clock gene analysis revealed 1 independent association signal within NR1D2 (lead SNP rs4131403) that was associated with chronotype (p < 0.05; as based on both chronotype assessment methods). The GWAS analysis did not yield any genome-wide significant associations (p > 5 × 10-8). However, higher GRS was associated with evening chronotype (p < 0.001; as based on both chronotype assessment methods). In conclusion, our findings indicated novel genetic associations between chronotype and the NR1D2 clock gene, which has previously been associated with carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Furthermore, the GRS was able to capture the genetic aspect of chronotype in our study population. These findings expand our knowledge of the genetic basis of chronotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirkka Maukonen
- Department of Public Health Solutions, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aki S Havulinna
- Department of Public Health Solutions, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM/HiLIFE), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Satu Männistö
- Department of Public Health Solutions, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Veikko Salomaa
- Department of Public Health Solutions, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Partonen
- Department of Public Health Solutions, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
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Genetics of Circadian and Sleep Measures in Adults: Implications for Sleep Medicine. CURRENT SLEEP MEDICINE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40675-020-00165-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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14
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Hill VM, O’Connor RM, Shirasu-Hiza M. Tired and stressed: Examining the need for sleep. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 51:494-508. [PMID: 30295966 PMCID: PMC6453762 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A key feature of circadian rhythms is the sleep/wake cycle. Sleep causes reduced responsiveness to the environment, which puts animals in a particularly vulnerable state; yet sleep has been conserved throughout evolution, indicating that it fulfils a vital purpose. A core function of sleep across species has not been identified, but substantial advances in sleep research have been made in recent years using the genetically tractable model organism, Drosophila melanogaster. This review describes the universality of sleep, the regulation of sleep, and current theories on the function of sleep, highlighting a historical and often overlooked theory called the Free Radical Flux Theory of Sleep. Additionally, we summarize our recent work with short-sleeping Drosophila mutants and other genetic and pharmacological tools for manipulating sleep which supports an antioxidant theory of sleep and demonstrates a bi-directional relationship between sleep and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M. Hill
- Department of Genetics and Development; Columbia University Medical Center; NY, NY, 10032; USA
| | - Reed M. O’Connor
- Department of Genetics and Development; Columbia University Medical Center; NY, NY, 10032; USA
| | - Mimi Shirasu-Hiza
- Department of Genetics and Development; Columbia University Medical Center; NY, NY, 10032; USA
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15
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Compositional features and codon usage pattern of TP63 gene. Comput Biol Chem 2019; 83:107119. [PMID: 31493739 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2019.107119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The tumor protein p63encoded by the gene TP63 acts as a homologue of p53 protein. TP63 gene is the transformation factor with two initiation sites for transcriptional process and is related with stress, signal transduction and cell cycle control. The biasness in the preference of a few codons more frequently over other synonymous codons is the codon usage bias (CUB). Natural selection and mutational pressure are the two prime evolutionary forces acting on CUB. Here, the bioinformatic based analysis was performed to investigate the base distribution and CUB of TP63transcript variants (isoforms) as no work was performed earlier. Analysis of compositional features revealed variation in base content across TP63 gene isoforms and the GC content was more than 50%, indicating GC richness of its isoforms. The mean effective number of codons (ENC), a measure of CUB, was 51.83, i.e. overall CUB of TP63 gene was low. Among 13 isoforms of TP63 gene, nature selected against the CTA codon in 8 isoforms and favored five over-represented (RSCU > 1.6) codons namely CTG, CAG, ATC, AAC and GCC during evolution. Correlation between overall nucleotide composition and its 3rd codon position revealed that both mutational pressure and natural selection moulded its CUB. Further, the correlation between ENC and aromaticity depicted that variation of CUB was related to the degree of aromaticity of p63 protein.
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16
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Kim SJ, Lee SY, Suh IB, Lee JH. Association of a nonsynonymous polymorphism in PER 1 with diurnal preference in Korean adults. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2018.1478625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seong Jae Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Doeun Hospital, Jincheon, South Korea
| | - Se Yong Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chunchon, South Korea
| | - In Bum Suh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chunchon, South Korea
| | - Jung Hie Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chunchon, South Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, South Korea
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17
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Off the Clock: From Circadian Disruption to Metabolic Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071597. [PMID: 30935034 PMCID: PMC6480015 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian timekeeping allows appropriate temporal regulation of an organism’s internal metabolism to anticipate and respond to recurrent daily changes in the environment. Evidence from animal genetic models and from humans under circadian misalignment (such as shift work or jet lag) shows that disruption of circadian rhythms contributes to the development of obesity and metabolic disease. Inappropriate timing of food intake and high-fat feeding also lead to disruptions of the temporal coordination of metabolism and physiology and subsequently promote its pathogenesis. This review illustrates the impact of genetically or environmentally induced molecular clock disruption (at the level of the brain and peripheral tissues) and the interplay between the circadian system and metabolic processes. Here, we discuss some mechanisms responsible for diet-induced circadian desynchrony and consider the impact of nutritional cues in inter-organ communication, with a particular focus on the communication between peripheral organs and brain. Finally, we discuss the relay of environmental information by signal-dependent transcription factors to adjust the timing of gene oscillations. Collectively, a better knowledge of the mechanisms by which the circadian clock function can be compromised will lead to novel preventive and therapeutic strategies for obesity and other metabolic disorders arising from circadian desynchrony.
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18
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Chang AM, Duffy JF, Buxton OM, Lane JM, Aeschbach D, Anderson C, Bjonnes AC, Cain SW, Cohen DA, Frayling TM, Gooley JJ, Jones SE, Klerman EB, Lockley SW, Munch M, Rajaratnam SMW, Rueger M, Rutter MK, Santhi N, Scheuermaier K, Van Reen E, Weedon MN, Czeisler CA, Scheer FAJL, Saxena R. Chronotype Genetic Variant in PER2 is Associated with Intrinsic Circadian Period in Humans. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5350. [PMID: 30926824 PMCID: PMC6440993 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41712-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The PERIOD2 (PER2) gene is a core molecular component of the circadian clock and plays an important role in the generation and maintenance of daily rhythms. Rs35333999, a missense variant of PER2 common in European populations, has been shown to associate with later chronotype. Chronotype relates to the timing of biological and behavioral activities, including when we sleep, eat, and exercise, and later chronotype is associated with longer intrinsic circadian period (cycle length), a fundamental property of the circadian system. Thus, we tested whether this PER2 variant was associated with circadian period and found significant associations with longer intrinsic circadian period as measured under forced desynchrony protocols, the 'gold standard' for intrinsic circadian period assessment. Minor allele (T) carriers exhibited significantly longer circadian periods when determinations were based on either core body temperature or plasma melatonin measurements, as compared to non-carriers (by 12 and 11 min, respectively; accounting for ~7% of inter-individual variance). These findings provide a possible underlying biological mechanism for inter-individual differences in chronotype, and support the central role of PER2 in the human circadian timing system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Chang
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA.
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine and Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA.
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA.
- Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA.
| | - Jeanne F Duffy
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine and Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Orfeu M Buxton
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine and Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Lane
- Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine and Center for Genomic Medicine; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Daniel Aeschbach
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine and Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
- Department of Sleep and Human Factors Research, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, 51147, Germany
| | - Clare Anderson
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine and Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
- Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew C Bjonnes
- Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine and Center for Genomic Medicine; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Sean W Cain
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine and Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
- Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel A Cohen
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine and Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Timothy M Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua J Gooley
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine and Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Samuel E Jones
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth B Klerman
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine and Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Steven W Lockley
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine and Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Mirjam Munch
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine and Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
- Sleep/Wake Research Centre, College of Health, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Shantha M W Rajaratnam
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine and Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
- Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Melanie Rueger
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine and Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Martin K Rutter
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Diabetes Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Nayantara Santhi
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine and Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
- Surrey Sleep Research Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Karine Scheuermaier
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine and Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
- Wits Sleep Laboratory, Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Eliza Van Reen
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine and Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Michael N Weedon
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Charles A Czeisler
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine and Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Frank A J L Scheer
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine and Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA.
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA.
| | - Richa Saxena
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine and Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
- Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine and Center for Genomic Medicine; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
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19
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Kim P, Oster H, Lehnert H, Schmid SM, Salamat N, Barclay JL, Maronde E, Inder W, Rawashdeh O. Coupling the Circadian Clock to Homeostasis: The Role of Period in Timing Physiology. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:66-95. [PMID: 30169559 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A plethora of physiological processes show stable and synchronized daily oscillations that are either driven or modulated by biological clocks. A circadian pacemaker located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the ventral hypothalamus coordinates 24-hour oscillations of central and peripheral physiology with the environment. The circadian clockwork involved in driving rhythmic physiology is composed of various clock genes that are interlocked via a complex feedback loop to generate precise yet plastic oscillations of ∼24 hours. This review focuses on the specific role of the core clockwork gene Period1 and its paralogs on intra-oscillator and extra-oscillator functions, including, but not limited to, hippocampus-dependent processes, cardiovascular function, appetite control, as well as glucose and lipid homeostasis. Alterations in Period gene function have been implicated in a wide range of physical and mental disorders. At the same time, a variety of conditions including metabolic disorders also impact clock gene expression, resulting in circadian disruptions, which in turn often exacerbates the disease state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pureum Kim
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Henrik Oster
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hendrik Lehnert
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian M Schmid
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nicole Salamat
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Johanna L Barclay
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Erik Maronde
- Department of Anatomy, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Warrick Inder
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Oliver Rawashdeh
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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20
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Abstract
Chronobiology and chronobiological research deal with time-dependent physiological processes and behavioral correlates as well as their adaptation to environmental conditions. Chronobiological research is presently focused on the impact of circadian rhythms on human behavior. In the last three decades, chronobiology has established itself as an independent area of research evolving to an important field of clinical psychology and psychiatry. In this overview, the results of studies on the clinical importance of chronotypes are summarized. The main focus is on the role of chronotype in depressive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias J Müller
- 1 Oberberg Clinic Group, Clinics for Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Oberberg Kliniken, Berlin, Germany.,2 Department of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Gießen, Germany
| | - Anja Haag
- 3 Vitos Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Marburg, Germany
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21
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Gan-Or Z, Alcalay RN, Rouleau GA, Postuma RB. Sleep disorders and Parkinson disease; lessons from genetics. Sleep Med Rev 2018; 41:101-112. [PMID: 29449121 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson disease is a common, age-related neurodegenerative disorder, projected to afflict millions of individuals in the near future. Understanding its etiology and identifying clinical, genetic or biological markers for Parkinson disease onset and progression is therefore of major importance. Various sleep-related disorders are the most common group of non-motor symptoms in advanced Parkinson disease, but they can also occur during its prodromal phase. However, with the exception of REM sleep behavior disorder, it is unclear whether they are part of the early pathological process of Parkinson disease, or if they develop as Parkinson disease advances because of treatments and neurodegeneration progression. The advancements in genetic studies in the past two decades have generated a wealth of information, and recent genetic studies offer new insight on the association of sleep-related disorders with Parkinson disease. More specifically, comparing genetic data between Parkinson disease and sleep-related disorders can clarify their association, which may assist in determining whether they can serve as clinical markers for Parkinson disease risk or progression. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge on the genetics of sleep-related disorders in Parkinson disease context, and the potential implications on research, diagnosis, counseling and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziv Gan-Or
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
| | - Roy N Alcalay
- Department of Neurology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Guy A Rouleau
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ronald B Postuma
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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22
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Chong SYC, Xin L, Ptáček LJ, Fu YH. Disorders of sleep and circadian rhythms. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 148:531-538. [PMID: 29478598 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64076-5.00034-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Sleep is fundamental to the survival of humans. However, knowledge regarding the role of sleep and its regulation is poorly understood. Genetics in flies, mice, and humans has led to a detailed understanding of some aspects of circadian regulation. Sleep homeostasis (the effect of increasing periods of wakefulness on our sleep propensity) is largely not understood. Sleep homeostasis is distinct from, but also linked to, the circadian clock. It is only in the last two decades that our understanding of some sleep disorders has been revealed. These breakthroughs were mostly fueled by intensive investigation using genetic tools. Although modern human genetics has revolutionized scientific research of neurologic disorders beginning ~35 years ago, studies of sleep and sleep disorders have lagged behind those of many neurologic diseases. This is due to the complexity in phenotyping behaviors like sleep and the fact that sleep is strongly influenced by environmental and other factors. We have long been aware that the amount of sleep required by individuals is normally distributed in the general population with small proportions of people being natural short or natural long sleepers. However, it has been less than a decade since Mendelian families of natural short sleepers have been recognized. Recent work has made significant advances and mechanistic insights of several sleep disorders as well as familial natural short sleepers by using ever-improving human genetic and cellular molecular tools. Given recent advances into genetic and biologic understanding of sleep, the hope of understanding this indispensable process is closer. Ultimately, our growing understanding will lead to more effective treatments of human sleep disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Christin Chong
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Lijuan Xin
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Louis J Ptáček
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Ying-Hui Fu
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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23
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Denis D, French CC, Schneider MN, Gregory AM. Subjective sleep-related variables in those who have and have not experienced sleep paralysis. J Sleep Res 2017; 27:e12650. [DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Denis
- Department of Psychiatry; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
| | | | | | - Alice M. Gregory
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths; University of London; London UK
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24
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Putilov AA, Dorokhov VB, Poluektov MG. How have our clocks evolved? Adaptive and demographic history of the out-of-African dispersal told by polymorphic loci in circadian genes. Chronobiol Int 2017; 35:511-532. [DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2017.1417314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arcady A. Putilov
- Research Group for Math-Modeling of Biomedical Systems, the Research Institute for Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Vladimir B. Dorokhov
- Laboratory of Sleep/Wake Neurobiology, The Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Michael G. Poluektov
- Department of Nervous Diseases, Institute of Professional Education, I.M. Sechenov 1-st Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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25
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Gene-by-environment interactions of the CLOCK, PEMT, and GHRELIN loci with average sleep duration in relation to obesity traits using a cohort of 643 New Zealand European children. Sleep Med 2017; 37:19-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2017.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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26
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Abstract
The circadian clock interacts with the sleep homeostatic drive in humans. Chronotype and sleep parameters show substantial heritability, underscoring a genetic component to these measures. This article reviews the genetic underpinnings of chronotype and of sleep, including sleepiness, sleep quality and latency, and sleep timing and duration in healthy adult sleepers, drawing on candidate gene and genome-wide association studies. Notably, both circadian and noncircadian genes associate with individual differences in chronotype and in sleep parameters. The article concludes with a brief discussion of future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namni Goel
- Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 1017 Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6021, USA.
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27
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Fu J, Murphy KA, Zhou M, Li YH, Lam VH, Tabuloc CA, Chiu JC, Liu Y. Codon usage affects the structure and function of the Drosophila circadian clock protein PERIOD. Genes Dev 2017; 30:1761-75. [PMID: 27542830 PMCID: PMC5002980 DOI: 10.1101/gad.281030.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fu et al. show that Drosophila period (dper) codon usage is important for circadian clock function. Codon optimization of dper resulted in conformational changes of dPER protein, altered dPER phosphorylation profile and stability, and impaired dPER function in the circadian negative feedback loop, which manifests into changes in molecular rhythmicity and abnormal circadian behavioral output. Codon usage bias is a universal feature of all genomes, but its in vivo biological functions in animal systems are not clear. To investigate the in vivo role of codon usage in animals, we took advantage of the sensitivity and robustness of the Drosophila circadian system. By codon-optimizing parts of Drosophila period (dper), a core clock gene that encodes a critical component of the circadian oscillator, we showed that dper codon usage is important for circadian clock function. Codon optimization of dper resulted in conformational changes of the dPER protein, altered dPER phosphorylation profile and stability, and impaired dPER function in the circadian negative feedback loop, which manifests into changes in molecular rhythmicity and abnormal circadian behavioral output. This study provides an in vivo example that demonstrates the role of codon usage in determining protein structure and function in an animal system. These results suggest a universal mechanism in eukaryotes that uses a codon usage “code” within genetic codons to regulate cotranslational protein folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Fu
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Katherine A Murphy
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Mian Zhou
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA; School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ying H Li
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Vu H Lam
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Christine A Tabuloc
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Joanna C Chiu
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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28
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Kunorozva L, Rae DE, Roden LC. Chronotype distribution in professional rugby players: Evidence for the environment hypothesis? Chronobiol Int 2017; 34:762-772. [DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2017.1322600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lovemore Kunorozva
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dale E. Rae
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Laura C. Roden
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Kalmbach DA, Schneider LD, Cheung J, Bertrand SJ, Kariharan T, Pack AI, Gehrman PR. Genetic Basis of Chronotype in Humans: Insights From Three Landmark GWAS. Sleep 2017; 40:2662182. [PMID: 28364486 PMCID: PMC6084759 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsw048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Study Objectives Chronotype, or diurnal preference, refers to behavioral manifestations of the endogenous circadian system that governs preferred timing of sleep and wake. As variations in circadian timing and system perturbations are linked to disease development, the fundamental biology of chronotype has received attention for its role in the regulation and dysregulation of sleep and related illnesses. Family studies indicate that chronotype is a heritable trait, thus directing attention toward its genetic basis. Although discoveries from molecular studies of candidate genes have shed light onto its genetic architecture, the contribution of genetic variation to chronotype has remained unclear with few related variants identified. In the advent of large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS), scientists now have the ability to discover novel common genetic variants associated with complex phenotypes. Three recent large-scale GWASs of chronotype were conducted on subjects of European ancestry from the 23andMe cohort and the UK Biobank. This review discusses the findings of these landmark GWASs in the context of prior research. Methods We systematically reviewed and compared methodological and analytical approaches and results across the three GWASs of chronotype. Results A good deal of consistency was observed across studies with 9 genes identified in 2 of the 3 GWASs. Several genes previously unknown to influence chronotype were identified. Conclusions GWAS is an important tool in identifying common variants associated with the complex chronotype phenotype, the findings of which can supplement and guide molecular science. Future directions in model systems and discovery of rare variants are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Kalmbach
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Logan D Schneider
- Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94063
| | - Joseph Cheung
- Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94063
| | - Sarah J Bertrand
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Thiruchelvam Kariharan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Allan I Pack
- Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Philip R Gehrman
- Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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Song HM, Cho CH, Lee HJ, Moon JH, Kang SG, Yoon HK, Park YM, Kim L. Association of CLOCK, ARNTL, PER2, and GNB3 polymorphisms with diurnal preference in a Korean population. Chronobiol Int 2016; 33:1455-1463. [PMID: 27660894 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2016.1231199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphisms in human circadian genes are potential genetic markers that affect diurnal preference in several populations. In this study, we evaluated whether four polymorphisms in circadian genes CLOCK, ARNTL, PER2, and GNB3 were associated with diurnal preference in a Korean population. In all, 499 healthy subjects were genotyped for four functional polymorphisms in CLOCK, ARNTL, PER2, and GNB3. Composite scale of morningness (CSM) was applied to measure phenotype patterns of human diurnal preference. In addition, three subscale scores, i.e. "morningness," "activity planning," and "morning alertness," were extracted from the CSM. No significant associations were observed between CSM scores and CLOCK (rs1801260) genotype or T allele carrier status, CSM scores and ARNTL (rs2278749) C allele carrier status, and CSM scores and GNB3 (rs5443) genotype or C allele carrier status. However, total CSM scores and scores of its subscales were significantly associated with PER2 (rs934945) genotype (p = 0.010, p = 0.018, and p = 0.005 for total, morningness, and activity planning, respectively) and G allele carrier status (p = 0.003, p = 0.005, and p = 0.002 for total, morningness, and activity planning, respectively). The best model result obtained by performing multifactor dimensionality reduction analysis ([Formula: see text]2 = 11.2798, p = 0.0008) indicated that interaction among C/T single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in ARNTL, C/T SNP in GNB3, and G/A SNP in PER2 synergistically affected the risk associated with diurnal preference toward eveningness. These results suggest that circadian gene PER2 is associated with diurnal preference in healthy Korean population. Although polymorphisms in ARNTL and GNB3 were not significantly associated with diurnal preference, their interactions with the polymorphism in PER2 may synergistically increase the risk of diurnal preference toward eveningness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Min Song
- a Department of Biomedical Science , Korea University College of Medicine
| | - Chul-Hyun Cho
- b Department of Psychiatry , Korea University College of Medicine.,c Sleep-Wake Disorders Center, Anam Hospital, Korea University , Seoul
| | - Heon-Jeong Lee
- a Department of Biomedical Science , Korea University College of Medicine.,b Department of Psychiatry , Korea University College of Medicine.,c Sleep-Wake Disorders Center, Anam Hospital, Korea University , Seoul
| | - Joung Ho Moon
- a Department of Biomedical Science , Korea University College of Medicine
| | - Seung-Gul Kang
- d Department of Psychiatry , Gachon University School of Medicine , Incheon
| | - Ho-Kyoung Yoon
- b Department of Psychiatry , Korea University College of Medicine.,c Sleep-Wake Disorders Center, Anam Hospital, Korea University , Seoul
| | - Young-Min Park
- e Department of Psychiatry , Inje University College of Medicine , Ilsan , Republic of Korea
| | - Leen Kim
- b Department of Psychiatry , Korea University College of Medicine.,c Sleep-Wake Disorders Center, Anam Hospital, Korea University , Seoul
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Magee M, Marbas EM, Wright KP, Rajaratnam SMW, Broussard JL. Diagnosis, Cause, and Treatment Approaches for Delayed Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder. Sleep Med Clin 2016; 11:389-401. [PMID: 27542884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsmc.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Delayed sleep-wake phase disorder (DSWPD) is commonly defined as an inability to fall asleep and wake at societal times resulting in excessive daytime sleepiness. Although the cause is multifaceted, delays in sleep time are largely driven by misalignment between the circadian pacemaker and the desired sleep-wake timing schedule. Current treatment approaches focus on correcting the circadian delay; however, there is a lack of data investigating combined therapies for treatment of DSWPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Magee
- Cooperative Research Centre for Alertness, Safety and Productivity, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, BASE Facility, Ground Level 264 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, Victoria 3168, Australia; Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | - Emily M Marbas
- Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, 1725 Pleasant Street, Clare Small 114, Boulder, CO 80309-0354, USA
| | - Kenneth P Wright
- Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, 1725 Pleasant Street, Clare Small 114, Boulder, CO 80309-0354, USA
| | - Shantha M W Rajaratnam
- Cooperative Research Centre for Alertness, Safety and Productivity, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, BASE Facility, Ground Level 264 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, Victoria 3168, Australia; Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Josiane L Broussard
- Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, 1725 Pleasant Street, Clare Small 114, Boulder, CO 80309-0354, USA
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Barclay NL, Rowe R, O’Leary R, Bream D, Gregory AM. Longitudinal Stability of Genetic and Environmental Influences on the Association between Diurnal Preference and Sleep Quality in Young Adult Twins and Siblings. J Biol Rhythms 2016; 31:375-86. [DOI: 10.1177/0748730416653533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Overlapping genetic influences have been implicated in diurnal preference and subjective sleep quality. Our overall aim was to examine overlapping concurrent and longitudinal genetic and environmental effects on diurnal preference and sleep quality over ~5 years. Behavioral genetic analyses were performed on data from the longitudinal British G1219 study of young adult twins and nontwin siblings. A total of 1556 twins and siblings provided data on diurnal preference (Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire) and sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) at time 1 (mean age = 20.30 years, SD = 1.76; 62% female), and 862 participated at time 2 (mean age = 25.30 years, SD = 1.81; 66% female). Preference for eveningness was associated with poorer sleep quality at both time points ( r = 0.25 [95% confidence intervals {CIs} = 0.20-0.30] and r = 0.21 [CI = 0.15-0.28]). There was substantial overlap in the genetic influences on diurnal preference and sleep quality individually, across time (genetic correlations [rAs]: 0.64 [95% CI = 0.59-0.67] and 0.48 [95% CI = 0.42-.053]). There were moderate genetic correlations between diurnal preference and sleep quality concurrently and longitudinally (rAs = 0.29-0.60). Nonshared environmental overlap was substantially smaller for all cross-phenotype associations (nonshared environmental correlations (rEs) = -0.02 to 0.08). All concurrent and longitudinal associations within and between phenotypes were largely accounted for by genetic factors (explaining between 60% and 100% of the associations). All shared environmental effects were nonsignificant. Nonshared environmental influences played a smaller role on the associations between phenotypes (explaining between -0.06% and 40% of the associations). These results suggest that to some extent, similar genes contribute to the stability of diurnal preference and sleep quality throughout young adulthood but also that different genes play a part over this relatively short time frame. While there was evidence of genetic overlap between phenotypes concurrently and longitudinally, the possible emergence of new genetic factors (or decline of previously associated factors) suggests that molecular genetic studies focusing on young adults should consider more tightly specified age groups, given that genetic effects may be time specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola L. Barclay
- Northumbria Centre for Sleep Research, Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, UK
| | - Richard Rowe
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Rachael O’Leary
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, UK
| | - Danielle Bream
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, UK
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Paine SJ, Gander PH. Differences in circadian phase and weekday/weekend sleep patterns in a sample of middle-aged morning types and evening types. Chronobiol Int 2016; 33:1009-17. [DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2016.1192187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah-Jane Paine
- Sleep/Wake Research Centre, College of Health, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Philippa H. Gander
- Sleep/Wake Research Centre, College of Health, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
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Lee JH, Kim SJ, Lee SY, Hwang JW, Suh IB. Association of PER2 and CRY1 Polymorphisms with the Morningness-Eveningness in Korean Adults. SLEEP MEDICINE RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.17241/smr.2015.6.2.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Abstract
Sleep disorders are, in part, attributable to genetic variability across individuals. There has been considerable progress in understanding the role of genes for some sleep disorders, such as the identification of a human leukocyte antigen gene for narcolepsy. For other sleep disorders, such as insomnia, little work has been done. Optimizing phenotyping strategies is critical, as is the case for sleep apnea, for which intermediate traits such as obesity and craniofacial features may prove to be more tractable for genetic studies. Rapid advances in genotyping and statistical genetics are likely to lead to greater discoveries in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip R Gehrman
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, Suite 670, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Brendan T Keenan
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 125 South 31st Street, Suite 2100, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3403, USA
| | - Enda M Byrne
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 125 South 31st Street, Suite 2100, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3403, USA; Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Allan I Pack
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 125 South 31st Street, Suite 2100, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3403, USA
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Renaud J, Dumont F, Khelfaoui M, Foisset S, Letourneur F, Bienvenu T, Khwaja O, Dorseuil O, Billuart P. Identification of intellectual disability genes showing circadian clock-dependent expression in the mouse hippocampus. Neuroscience 2015; 308:11-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Lee KA, Gay C, Byun E, Lerdal A, Pullinger CR, Aouizerat BE. Circadian regulation gene polymorphisms are associated with sleep disruption and duration, and circadian phase and rhythm in adults with HIV. Chronobiol Int 2015; 32:1278-93. [PMID: 26512752 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2015.1087021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Genes involved in circadian regulation, such as circadian locomotor output cycles kaput [CLOCK], cryptochrome [CRY1] and period [PER], have been associated with sleep outcomes in prior animal and human research. However, it is unclear whether polymorphisms in these genes are associated with the sleep disturbances commonly experienced by adults living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). Thus, the purpose of this study was to describe polymorphisms in selected circadian genes that are associated with sleep duration or disruption as well as the sleep-wake rhythm strength and phase timing among adults living with HIV/AIDS. A convenience sample of 289 adults with HIV/AIDS was recruited from HIV clinics and community sites in the San Francisco Bay Area. A wrist actigraph was worn for 72 h on weekdays to estimate sleep duration or total sleep time (TST), sleep disruption or percentage of wake after sleep onset (WASO) and several circadian rhythm parameters: mesor, amplitude, the ratio of mesor to amplitude (circadian quotient), and 24-h autocorrelation. Circadian phase measures included clock time for peak activity (acrophase) from actigraphy movement data, and bed time and final wake time from actigraphy and self-report. Genotyping was conducted for polymorphisms in five candidate genes involved in circadian regulation: CLOCK, CRY1, PER1, PER2 and PER3. Demographic and clinical variables were evaluated as potential covariates. Interactions between genotype and HIV variables (i.e. viral load, years since HIV diagnosis) were also evaluated. Controlling for potentially confounding variables (e.g. race, gender, CD4+ T-cell count, waist circumference, medication use, smoking and depressive symptoms), CLOCK was associated with WASO, 24-h autocorrelation and objectively-measured bed time; CRY1 was associated with circadian quotient; PER1 was associated with mesor and self-reported habitual wake time; PER2 was associated with TST, mesor, circadian quotient, 24-h autocorrelation and bed and wake times; PER3 was associated with amplitude, 24-h autocorrelation, acrophase and bed and wake times. Most of the observed associations involved a significant interaction between genotype and HIV. In this chronic illness population, polymorphisms in several circadian genes were associated with measures of sleep disruption and timing. These findings extend the evidence for an association between genetic variability in circadian regulation and sleep outcomes to include the sleep-wake patterns experienced by adults living with HIV/AIDS. These results provide direction for future intervention research related to circadian sleep-wake behavior patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Lee
- a Department of Family Health Care Nursing , University of California at San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Caryl Gay
- a Department of Family Health Care Nursing , University of California at San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA .,b Lovisenberg Diakonale Hospital , Oslo , Norway
| | - Eeeseung Byun
- a Department of Family Health Care Nursing , University of California at San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Anners Lerdal
- b Lovisenberg Diakonale Hospital , Oslo , Norway .,c Department of Nursing Science , Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Clive R Pullinger
- d Department of Physiological Nursing .,e Cardiovascular Research Institute , and
| | - Bradley E Aouizerat
- d Department of Physiological Nursing .,f Institute for Human Genetics, University of California at San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA
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The bipolarity of light and dark: A review on Bipolar Disorder and circadian cycles. J Affect Disord 2015; 185:219-29. [PMID: 26241867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar Disorder is characterized by episodes running the full mood spectrum, from mania to depression. Between mood episodes, residual symptoms remain, as sleep alterations, circadian cycle disturbances, emotional deregulation, cognitive impairment and increased risk for comorbidities. The present review intends to reflect about the most recent and relevant information concerning the biunivocal relation between bipolar disorder and circadian cycles. METHODS It was conducted a literature search on PubMed database using the search terms "bipolar", "circadian", "melatonin", "cortisol", "body temperature", "Clock gene", "Bmal1 gene", "Per gene", "Cry gene", "GSK3β", "chronotype", "light therapy", "dark therapy", "sleep deprivation", "lithum" and "agomelatine". Search results were manually reviewed, and pertinent studies were selected for inclusion as appropriate. RESULTS Several studies support the relationship between bipolar disorder and circadian cycles, discussing alterations in melatonin, body temperature and cortisol rhythms; disruption of sleep/wake cycle; variations of clock genes; and chronotype. Some therapeutics for bipolar disorder directed to the circadian cycles disturbances are also discussed, including lithium carbonate, agomelatine, light therapy, dark therapy, sleep deprivation and interpersonal and social rhythm therapy. LIMITATIONS This review provides a summary of an extensive research for the relevant literature on this theme, not a patient-wise meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS In the future, it is essential to achieve a better understanding of the relation between bipolar disorder and the circadian system. It is required to establish new treatment protocols, combining psychotherapy, therapies targeting the circadian rhythms and the latest drugs, in order to reduce the risk of relapse and improve affective behaviour.
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Denis D, French CC, Rowe R, Zavos HMS, Nolan PM, Parsons MJ, Gregory AM. A twin and molecular genetics study of sleep paralysis and associated factors. J Sleep Res 2015; 24:438-46. [PMID: 25659590 PMCID: PMC4950339 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sleep paralysis is a relatively common but under-researched phenomenon. In this paper we examine prevalence in a UK sample and associations with candidate risk factors. This is the first study to investigate the heritability of sleep paralysis in a twin sample and to explore genetic associations between sleep paralysis and a number of circadian expressed single nucleotide polymorphisms. Analyses are based on data from the Genesis1219 twin/sibling study, a community sample of twins/siblings from England and Wales. In total, data from 862 participants aged 22-32 years (34% male) were used in the study. This sample consisted of monozygotic and dizygotic twins and siblings. It was found that self-reports of general sleep quality, anxiety symptoms and exposure to threatening events were all associated independently with sleep paralysis. There was moderate genetic influence on sleep paralysis (53%). Polymorphisms in the PER2 gene were associated with sleep paralysis in additive and dominant models of inheritance-although significance was not reached once a Bonferroni correction was applied. It is concluded that factors associated with disrupted sleep cycles appear to be associated with sleep paralysis. In this sample of young adults, sleep paralysis was moderately heritable. Future work should examine specific polymorphisms associated with differences in circadian rhythms and sleep homeostasis further in association with sleep paralysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Denis
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Richard Rowe
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | | | | | - Alice M Gregory
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, UK
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Micic G, Lovato N, Gradisar M, Ferguson SA, Burgess HJ, Lack LC. The etiology of delayed sleep phase disorder. Sleep Med Rev 2015; 27:29-38. [PMID: 26434674 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
According to classification manuals for sleep disorders, nine disorders are directly related to biological clock timing misalignments. Of all, delayed sleep phase disorder (DSPD) is the most commonly diagnosed, predominantly affecting adolescents, young adults, and insomnia patients. It is a persistent inability to fall asleep at earlier, more desirable and socially conventional times, coupled with extreme difficulty awakening in the morning. Considerable evidence shows a delay in the circadian clock to be associated with DSPD. Therefore, treatments have mainly focused on advancing the biological clock and sleep timing through pharmacotherapy, phototherapy and behavioral therapies. The clinical evidence indicates that these treatments are efficacious, at least in the short term. However, follow up studies show frequent patient relapse, leading researchers to speculate that alternative etiologies may be contributing to sleep and circadian clock delays in DSPD. The aim of the present paper is to review and collate current literature related to DSPD etiology in order to outline gaps in current knowledge and suggest future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gorica Micic
- Flinders University of South Australia, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | - Leon C Lack
- Flinders University of South Australia, Australia
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Mariman ECM, Bouwman FG, Aller EEJG, van Baak MA, Wang P. Extreme obesity is associated with variation in genes related to the circadian rhythm of food intake and hypothalamic signaling. Physiol Genomics 2015; 47:225-31. [PMID: 25805767 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00006.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus is important for regulation of energy intake. Mutations in genes involved in the function of the hypothalamus can lead to early-onset severe obesity. To look further into this, we have followed a strategy that allowed us to identify rare and common gene variants as candidates for the background of extreme obesity from a relatively small cohort. For that we focused on subjects with a well-selected phenotype and on a defined gene set and used a rich source of genetic data with stringent cut-off values. A list of 166 genes functionally related to the hypothalamus was generated. In those genes complete exome sequence data from 30 extreme obese subjects (60 genomes) were screened for novel rare indel, nonsense, and missense variants with a predicted negative impact on protein function. In addition, (moderately) common variants in those genes were analyzed for allelic association using the general population as reference (false discovery rate<0.05). Six novel rare deleterious missense variants were found in the genes for BAIAP3, NBEA, PRRC2A, RYR1, SIM1, and TRH, and a novel indel variant in LEPR. Common variants in the six genes for MBOAT4, NPC1, NPW, NUCB2, PER1, and PRRC2A showed significant allelic association with extreme obesity. Our findings underscore the complexity of the genetic background of extreme obesity involving rare and common variants of genes from defined metabolic and physiologic processes, in particular regulation of the circadian rhythm of food intake and hypothalamic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin C M Mariman
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands; and
| | - Freek G Bouwman
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands; and
| | - Erik E J G Aller
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands; and
| | - Marleen A van Baak
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands; and
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands; and Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics, Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Distribution and heritability of diurnal preference (chronotype) in a rural Brazilian family-based cohort, the Baependi study. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9214. [PMID: 25782397 PMCID: PMC4363835 DOI: 10.1038/srep09214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Diurnal preference (chronotype) is a useful instrument for studying circadian biology in humans. It harbours trait-like dimensions relating to circadian period and sleep homeostasis, but also has ontogenetic components (morningness increases with age). We used the Morningness-Eveningness questionnaire (MEQ) in the Baependi study, a family-based cohort study based in a small town in Minas Gerais, Brazil. The population is highly admixed and has a cohesive and conservative lifestyle. 825 individuals (497 female) aged 18–89 years (average ± SD = 46.4 ± 16.3) and belonging to 112 different families participated in this study. The average MEQ score was 63.5 ± 11.2 with a significant (P < 0.0001) linear increase with age. Morningness was significantly (P < 0.0001) higher in the rural (70.2 ± 9.8) than in the municipal zone (62.6 ± 11.1), and was also significantly (P = 0.025) higher in male (64.6 ± 10.9) than in female (62.8 ± 11.2) participants. Thus, in spite of universal access to electricity, the Baependi population was strongly shifted towards morningness, particularly in the rural zone. Heritability of MEQ score was 0.48 when adjusted for sex and age, or 0.38 when adjusted for sex, age, and residential zone. The reported MEQ score heritability is more akin to those of previous twin studies than previous family studies.
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Facer-Childs E, Brandstaetter R. The impact of circadian phenotype and time since awakening on diurnal performance in athletes. Curr Biol 2015; 25:518-22. [PMID: 25639241 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms, among other factors, have been shown to regulate key physiological processes involved in athletic performance. Personal best performance of athletes in the evening was confirmed across different sports. Contrary to this view, we identified peak performance times in athletes to be different between human "larks" and "owls" (also called "morningness/eveningness types" or "chronotypes" and referred to as circadian phenotypes in this paper), i.e., individuals with well-documented genetic and physiological differences that result in disparities between their biological clocks and how they entrain to exogenous cues, such as the environmental light/dark cycle and social factors. We found time since entrained awakening to be the major predictor of peak performance times, rather than time of day, as well as significant individual performance variations as large as 26% in the course of a day. Our novel approach combining the use of an athlete-specific chronometric test, longitudinal circadian analysis, and physical performance tests to characterize relevant sleep/wake and performance parameters in athletes allows a comprehensive analysis of the link between the circadian system and diurnal performance variation. We establish that the evaluation of an athlete's personal best performance requires consideration of circadian phenotype, performance evaluation at different times of day, and analysis of performance as a function of time since entrained awakening.
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Savalli G, Diao W, Schulz S, Todtova K, Pollak DD. Diurnal oscillation of amygdala clock gene expression and loss of synchrony in a mouse model of depression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 18:pyu095. [PMID: 25522426 PMCID: PMC4376549 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyu095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disturbances in circadian rhythm-related physiological and behavioral processes are frequently observed in depressed patients and several clock genes have been identified as risk factors for the development of mood disorders. However, the particular involvement of the circadian system in the pathophysiology of depression and its molecular regulatory interface is incompletely understood. METHODS A naturalistic animal model of depression based upon exposure to chronic mild stress was used to induce anhedonic behavior in mice. Micro-punch dissection was used to isolate basolateral amygdala tissue from anhedonic mice followed by quantitative real-time PCR-based analysis of gene expression. RESULTS Here we demonstrate that chronic mild stress-induced anhedonic behavior is associated with disturbed diurnal oscillation of the expression of Clock, Cry2, Per1, Per3, Id2, Rev-erbα, Ror-β and Ror-γ in the mouse basolateral amygdala. Clock gene desynchronization was accompanied by disruption of the diurnal expressional pattern of vascular endothelial growth factor A expression in the basolateral amygdala of anhedonic mice, also reflected in alterations of circulating vascular endothelial growth factor A levels. CONCLUSION We propose that aberrant control of diurnal rhythmicity related to depression may indeed directly result from the illness itself and establish an animal model for the further exploration of the molecular mechanisms mediating the involvement of the circadian system in the pathophysiology of mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Savalli
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Weifei Diao
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Kristina Todtova
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela D Pollak
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
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Parsons MJ, Lester KJ, Barclay NL, Archer SN, Nolan PM, Eley TC, Gregory AM. Polymorphisms in the circadian expressed genes PER3 and ARNTL2 are associated with diurnal preference and GNβ3 with sleep measures. J Sleep Res 2014; 23:595-604. [PMID: 24635757 PMCID: PMC4320759 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sleep and circadian rhythms are intrinsically linked, with several sleep traits, including sleep timing and duration, influenced by both sleep homeostasis and the circadian phase. Genetic variation in several circadian genes has been associated with diurnal preference (preference in timing of sleep), although there has been limited research on whether they are associated with other sleep measurements. We investigated whether these genetic variations were associated with diurnal preference (Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire) and various sleep measures, including: the global Pittsburgh Sleep Quality index score; sleep duration; and sleep latency and sleep quality. We genotyped 10 polymorphisms in genes with circadian expression in participants from the G1219 sample (n = 966), a British longitudinal population sample of young adults. We conducted linear regressions using dominant, additive and recessive models of inheritance to test for associations between these polymorphisms and the sleep measures. We found a significant association between diurnal preference and a polymorphism in period homologue 3 (PER3) (P < 0.005, recessive model) and a novel nominally significant association between diurnal preference and a polymorphism in aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like 2 (ARNTL2) (P < 0.05, additive model). We found that a polymorphism in guanine nucleotide binding protein beta 3 (GNβ3) was associated significantly with global sleep quality (P < 0.005, recessive model), and that a rare polymorphism in period homologue 2 (PER2) was associated significantly with both sleep duration and quality (P < 0.0005, recessive model). These findings suggest that genes with circadian expression may play a role in regulating both the circadian clock and sleep homeostasis, and highlight the importance of further studies aimed at dissecting the specific roles that circadian genes play in these two interrelated but unique behaviours.
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Rique GLN, Fernandes Filho GMC, Ferreira ADC, de Sousa-Muñoz RL. Relationship between chronotype and quality of sleep in medical students at the Federal University of Paraiba, Brazil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 7:96-102. [PMID: 26483910 PMCID: PMC4521651 DOI: 10.1016/j.slsci.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to identify chronotypes of medical students at the Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB) and its relationship to quality of sleep, daytime sleepiness, age, sex and season of birth. METHODS The final sample consisted of 221 students, assessed by four questionnaires: demographic questionnaire, Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality lndex (PSQI) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). RESULTS There was a statistically significant difference between groups with respect to chronotypes and PSQI score (p<0.0005), but not with excessive daytime sleepiness. A significant negative correlation was found between the scores of MEQ and PSQI (rho=-0.3, p<0.0005), demonstrating that the greater the eveningness, the worse the sleep quality. It was observed that 51.6% of students were classified as indifferent chronotype, 61.5% had poor quality of sleep, while 42.1% had excessive daytime sleepiness. Sex and season at birth did not differ between chronotypes. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that the evening chronotype was associated with poor quality of sleep in medical students, but not with increased daytime sleepiness, with potential impairment to their academic performance and quality of life.
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Truong T, Liquet B, Menegaux F, Plancoulaine S, Laurent-Puig P, Mulot C, Cordina-Duverger E, Sanchez M, Arveux P, Kerbrat P, Richardson S, Guénel P. Breast cancer risk, nightwork, and circadian clock gene polymorphisms. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014; 21:629-38. [PMID: 24919398 DOI: 10.1530/erc-14-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Night shift work has been associated with an increased risk of breast cancer pointing to a role of circadian disruption. We investigated the role of circadian clock gene polymorphisms and their interaction with nightwork in breast cancer risk in a population-based case-control study in France including 1126 breast cancer cases and 1174 controls. We estimated breast cancer risk associated with each of the 577 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 23 circadian clock genes. We also used a gene- and pathway-based approach to investigate the overall effect on breast cancer of circadian clock gene variants that might not be detected in analyses based on individual SNPs. Interactions with nightwork were tested at the SNP, gene, and pathway levels. We found that two SNPs in RORA (rs1482057 and rs12914272) were associated with breast cancer in the whole sample and among postmenopausal women. In this subpopulation, we also reported an association with rs11932595 in CLOCK, and with CLOCK, RORA, and NPAS2 in the analyses at the gene level. Breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women was also associated with overall genetic variation in the circadian gene pathway (P=0.04), but this association was not detected in premenopausal women. There was some evidence of an interaction between PER1 and nightwork in breast cancer in the whole sample (P=0.024), although the effect was not statistically significant after correcting for multiple testing (P=0.452). Our results support the hypothesis that circadian clock gene variants modulate breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thérèse Truong
- InsermCESP Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer, Villejuif, FranceUniversité Paris-SudUMRS 1018, Villejuif, FranceBiostatistical UnitMRC, Cambridge, UKSchool of Mathematics and PhysicsThe University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, AustraliaInsermCESP Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Epidemiology of Diabetes, Obesity and Chronic Kidney Disease Over Lifecourse, Villejuif, FranceUniversité Paris DescartesINSERM UMR-S775 EPIGENETEC, Paris, FranceDépartement d'informatique médicaleCenter Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, FranceCenter Eugène MarquisRennes, FranceInsermCESP Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer, Villejuif, FranceUniversité Paris-SudUMRS 1018, Villejuif, FranceBiostatistical UnitMRC, Cambridge, UKSchool of Mathematics and PhysicsThe University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, AustraliaInsermCESP Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Epidemiology of Diabetes, Obesity and Chronic Kidney Disease Over Lifecourse, Villejuif, FranceUniversité Paris DescartesINSERM UMR-S775 EPIGENETEC, Paris, FranceDépartement d'informatique médicaleCenter Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, FranceCenter Eugène MarquisRennes, France
| | - Benoît Liquet
- InsermCESP Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer, Villejuif, FranceUniversité Paris-SudUMRS 1018, Villejuif, FranceBiostatistical UnitMRC, Cambridge, UKSchool of Mathematics and PhysicsThe University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, AustraliaInsermCESP Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Epidemiology of Diabetes, Obesity and Chronic Kidney Disease Over Lifecourse, Villejuif, FranceUniversité Paris DescartesINSERM UMR-S775 EPIGENETEC, Paris, FranceDépartement d'informatique médicaleCenter Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, FranceCenter Eugène MarquisRennes, FranceInsermCESP Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer, Villejuif, FranceUniversité Paris-SudUMRS 1018, Villejuif, FranceBiostatistical UnitMRC, Cambridge, UKSchool of Mathematics and PhysicsThe University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, AustraliaInsermCESP Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Epidemiology of Diabetes, Obesity and Chronic Kidney Disease Over Lifecourse, Villejuif, FranceUniversité Paris DescartesINSERM UMR-S775 EPIGENETEC, Paris, FranceDépartement d'informatique médicaleCenter Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, FranceCenter Eugène MarquisRennes, France
| | - Florence Menegaux
- InsermCESP Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer, Villejuif, FranceUniversité Paris-SudUMRS 1018, Villejuif, FranceBiostatistical UnitMRC, Cambridge, UKSchool of Mathematics and PhysicsThe University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, AustraliaInsermCESP Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Epidemiology of Diabetes, Obesity and Chronic Kidney Disease Over Lifecourse, Villejuif, FranceUniversité Paris DescartesINSERM UMR-S775 EPIGENETEC, Paris, FranceDépartement d'informatique médicaleCenter Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, FranceCenter Eugène MarquisRennes, FranceInsermCESP Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer, Villejuif, FranceUniversité Paris-SudUMRS 1018, Villejuif, FranceBiostatistical UnitMRC, Cambridge, UKSchool of Mathematics and PhysicsThe University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, AustraliaInsermCESP Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Epidemiology of Diabetes, Obesity and Chronic Kidney Disease Over Lifecourse, Villejuif, FranceUniversité Paris DescartesINSERM UMR-S775 EPIGENETEC, Paris, FranceDépartement d'informatique médicaleCenter Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, FranceCenter Eugène MarquisRennes, France
| | - Sabine Plancoulaine
- InsermCESP Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer, Villejuif, FranceUniversité Paris-SudUMRS 1018, Villejuif, FranceBiostatistical UnitMRC, Cambridge, UKSchool of Mathematics and PhysicsThe University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, AustraliaInsermCESP Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Epidemiology of Diabetes, Obesity and Chronic Kidney Disease Over Lifecourse, Villejuif, FranceUniversité Paris DescartesINSERM UMR-S775 EPIGENETEC, Paris, FranceDépartement d'informatique médicaleCenter Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, FranceCenter Eugène MarquisRennes, FranceInsermCESP Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer, Villejuif, FranceUniversité Paris-SudUMRS 1018, Villejuif, FranceBiostatistical UnitMRC, Cambridge, UKSchool of Mathematics and PhysicsThe University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, AustraliaInsermCESP Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Epidemiology of Diabetes, Obesity and Chronic Kidney Disease Over Lifecourse, Villejuif, FranceUniversité Paris DescartesINSERM UMR-S775 EPIGENETEC, Paris, FranceDépartement d'informatique médicaleCenter Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, FranceCenter Eugène MarquisRennes, France
| | - Pierre Laurent-Puig
- InsermCESP Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer, Villejuif, FranceUniversité Paris-SudUMRS 1018, Villejuif, FranceBiostatistical UnitMRC, Cambridge, UKSchool of Mathematics and PhysicsThe University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, AustraliaInsermCESP Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Epidemiology of Diabetes, Obesity and Chronic Kidney Disease Over Lifecourse, Villejuif, FranceUniversité Paris DescartesINSERM UMR-S775 EPIGENETEC, Paris, FranceDépartement d'informatique médicaleCenter Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, FranceCenter Eugène MarquisRennes, France
| | - Claire Mulot
- InsermCESP Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer, Villejuif, FranceUniversité Paris-SudUMRS 1018, Villejuif, FranceBiostatistical UnitMRC, Cambridge, UKSchool of Mathematics and PhysicsThe University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, AustraliaInsermCESP Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Epidemiology of Diabetes, Obesity and Chronic Kidney Disease Over Lifecourse, Villejuif, FranceUniversité Paris DescartesINSERM UMR-S775 EPIGENETEC, Paris, FranceDépartement d'informatique médicaleCenter Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, FranceCenter Eugène MarquisRennes, France
| | - Emilie Cordina-Duverger
- InsermCESP Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer, Villejuif, FranceUniversité Paris-SudUMRS 1018, Villejuif, FranceBiostatistical UnitMRC, Cambridge, UKSchool of Mathematics and PhysicsThe University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, AustraliaInsermCESP Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Epidemiology of Diabetes, Obesity and Chronic Kidney Disease Over Lifecourse, Villejuif, FranceUniversité Paris DescartesINSERM UMR-S775 EPIGENETEC, Paris, FranceDépartement d'informatique médicaleCenter Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, FranceCenter Eugène MarquisRennes, FranceInsermCESP Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer, Villejuif, FranceUniversité Paris-SudUMRS 1018, Villejuif, FranceBiostatistical UnitMRC, Cambridge, UKSchool of Mathematics and PhysicsThe University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, AustraliaInsermCESP Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Epidemiology of Diabetes, Obesity and Chronic Kidney Disease Over Lifecourse, Villejuif, FranceUniversité Paris DescartesINSERM UMR-S775 EPIGENETEC, Paris, FranceDépartement d'informatique médicaleCenter Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, FranceCenter Eugène MarquisRennes, France
| | - Marie Sanchez
- InsermCESP Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer, Villejuif, FranceUniversité Paris-SudUMRS 1018, Villejuif, FranceBiostatistical UnitMRC, Cambridge, UKSchool of Mathematics and PhysicsThe University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, AustraliaInsermCESP Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Epidemiology of Diabetes, Obesity and Chronic Kidney Disease Over Lifecourse, Villejuif, FranceUniversité Paris DescartesINSERM UMR-S775 EPIGENETEC, Paris, FranceDépartement d'informatique médicaleCenter Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, FranceCenter Eugène MarquisRennes, FranceInsermCESP Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer, Villejuif, FranceUniversité Paris-SudUMRS 1018, Villejuif, FranceBiostatistical UnitMRC, Cambridge, UKSchool of Mathematics and PhysicsThe University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, AustraliaInsermCESP Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Epidemiology of Diabetes, Obesity and Chronic Kidney Disease Over Lifecourse, Villejuif, FranceUniversité Paris DescartesINSERM UMR-S775 EPIGENETEC, Paris, FranceDépartement d'informatique médicaleCenter Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, FranceCenter Eugène MarquisRennes, France
| | - Patrick Arveux
- InsermCESP Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer, Villejuif, FranceUniversité Paris-SudUMRS 1018, Villejuif, FranceBiostatistical UnitMRC, Cambridge, UKSchool of Mathematics and PhysicsThe University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, AustraliaInsermCESP Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Epidemiology of Diabetes, Obesity and Chronic Kidney Disease Over Lifecourse, Villejuif, FranceUniversité Paris DescartesINSERM UMR-S775 EPIGENETEC, Paris, FranceDépartement d'informatique médicaleCenter Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, FranceCenter Eugène MarquisRennes, France
| | - Pierre Kerbrat
- InsermCESP Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer, Villejuif, FranceUniversité Paris-SudUMRS 1018, Villejuif, FranceBiostatistical UnitMRC, Cambridge, UKSchool of Mathematics and PhysicsThe University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, AustraliaInsermCESP Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Epidemiology of Diabetes, Obesity and Chronic Kidney Disease Over Lifecourse, Villejuif, FranceUniversité Paris DescartesINSERM UMR-S775 EPIGENETEC, Paris, FranceDépartement d'informatique médicaleCenter Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, FranceCenter Eugène MarquisRennes, France
| | - Sylvia Richardson
- InsermCESP Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer, Villejuif, FranceUniversité Paris-SudUMRS 1018, Villejuif, FranceBiostatistical UnitMRC, Cambridge, UKSchool of Mathematics and PhysicsThe University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, AustraliaInsermCESP Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Epidemiology of Diabetes, Obesity and Chronic Kidney Disease Over Lifecourse, Villejuif, FranceUniversité Paris DescartesINSERM UMR-S775 EPIGENETEC, Paris, FranceDépartement d'informatique médicaleCenter Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, FranceCenter Eugène MarquisRennes, France
| | - Pascal Guénel
- InsermCESP Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer, Villejuif, FranceUniversité Paris-SudUMRS 1018, Villejuif, FranceBiostatistical UnitMRC, Cambridge, UKSchool of Mathematics and PhysicsThe University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, AustraliaInsermCESP Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Epidemiology of Diabetes, Obesity and Chronic Kidney Disease Over Lifecourse, Villejuif, FranceUniversité Paris DescartesINSERM UMR-S775 EPIGENETEC, Paris, FranceDépartement d'informatique médicaleCenter Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, FranceCenter Eugène MarquisRennes, FranceInsermCESP Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer, Villejuif, FranceUniversité Paris-SudUMRS 1018, Villejuif, FranceBiostatistical UnitMRC, Cambridge, UKSchool of Mathematics and PhysicsThe University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, AustraliaInsermCESP Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Epidemiology of Diabetes, Obesity and Chronic Kidney Disease Over Lifecourse, Villejuif, FranceUniversité Paris DescartesINSERM UMR-S775 EPIGENETEC, Paris, FranceDépartement d'informatique médicaleCenter Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, FranceCenter Eugène MarquisRennes, France
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Sleepiness phenomics: Modeling individual differences in subjective sleepiness profiles. Int J Psychophysiol 2014; 93:150-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Logan RW, Williams WP, McClung CA. Circadian rhythms and addiction: mechanistic insights and future directions. Behav Neurosci 2014; 128:387-412. [PMID: 24731209 DOI: 10.1037/a0036268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are prominent in many physiological and behavioral functions. Circadian disruptions either by environmental or molecular perturbation can have profound health consequences, including the development and progression of addiction. Both animal and humans studies indicate extensive bidirectional relationships between the circadian system and drugs of abuse. Addicted individuals display disrupted rhythms, and chronic disruption or particular chronotypes may increase the risk for substance abuse and relapse. Moreover, polymorphisms in circadian genes and an evening chronotype have been linked to mood and addiction disorders, and recent efforts suggest an association with the function of reward neurocircuitry. Animal studies are beginning to determine how altered circadian gene function results in drug-induced neuroplasticity and behaviors. Many studies suggest a critical role for circadian rhythms in reward-related pathways in the brain and indicate that drugs of abuse directly affect the central circadian pacemaker. In this review, we highlight key findings demonstrating the importance of circadian rhythms in addiction and how future studies will reveal important mechanistic insights into the involvement of circadian rhythms in drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan W Logan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Wilbur P Williams
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Colleen A McClung
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
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