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Xu X, Khunsriraksakul C, Eales JM, Rubin S, Scannali D, Saluja S, Talavera D, Markus H, Wang L, Drzal M, Maan A, Lay AC, Prestes PR, Regan J, Diwadkar AR, Denniff M, Rempega G, Ryszawy J, Król R, Dormer JP, Szulinska M, Walczak M, Antczak A, Matías-García PR, Waldenberger M, Woolf AS, Keavney B, Zukowska-Szczechowska E, Wystrychowski W, Zywiec J, Bogdanski P, Danser AHJ, Samani NJ, Guzik TJ, Morris AP, Liu DJ, Charchar FJ, Tomaszewski M. Genetic imputation of kidney transcriptome, proteome and multi-omics illuminates new blood pressure and hypertension targets. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2359. [PMID: 38504097 PMCID: PMC10950894 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46132-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Genetic mechanisms of blood pressure (BP) regulation remain poorly defined. Using kidney-specific epigenomic annotations and 3D genome information we generated and validated gene expression prediction models for the purpose of transcriptome-wide association studies in 700 human kidneys. We identified 889 kidney genes associated with BP of which 399 were prioritised as contributors to BP regulation. Imputation of kidney proteome and microRNAome uncovered 97 renal proteins and 11 miRNAs associated with BP. Integration with plasma proteomics and metabolomics illuminated circulating levels of myo-inositol, 4-guanidinobutanoate and angiotensinogen as downstream effectors of several kidney BP genes (SLC5A11, AGMAT, AGT, respectively). We showed that genetically determined reduction in renal expression may mimic the effects of rare loss-of-function variants on kidney mRNA/protein and lead to an increase in BP (e.g., ENPEP). We demonstrated a strong correlation (r = 0.81) in expression of protein-coding genes between cells harvested from urine and the kidney highlighting a diagnostic potential of urinary cell transcriptomics. We uncovered adenylyl cyclase activators as a repurposing opportunity for hypertension and illustrated examples of BP-elevating effects of anticancer drugs (e.g. tubulin polymerisation inhibitors). Collectively, our studies provide new biological insights into genetic regulation of BP with potential to drive clinical translation in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Xu
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - James M Eales
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sebastien Rubin
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - David Scannali
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sushant Saluja
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - David Talavera
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Havell Markus
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Lida Wang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Maciej Drzal
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Akhlaq Maan
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Abigail C Lay
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Priscilla R Prestes
- Health Innovation and Transformation Centre, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Australia
| | - Jeniece Regan
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Avantika R Diwadkar
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Matthew Denniff
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Grzegorz Rempega
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Jakub Ryszawy
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Robert Król
- Department of General, Vascular and Transplant Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - John P Dormer
- Department of Cellular Pathology, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Monika Szulinska
- Department of Obesity, Metabolic Disorders Treatment and Clinical Dietetics, Karol Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marta Walczak
- Department of Internal Diseases, Metabolic Disorders and Arterial Hypertension, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Andrzej Antczak
- Department of Urology and Uro-oncology, Karol Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Pamela R Matías-García
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Adrian S Woolf
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Royal Manchester Children's Hospital and Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Bernard Keavney
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust Manchester, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Wojciech Wystrychowski
- Department of General, Vascular and Transplant Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Joanna Zywiec
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetology and Nephrology, Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Pawel Bogdanski
- Department of Obesity, Metabolic Disorders Treatment and Clinical Dietetics, Karol Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - A H Jan Danser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Tomasz J Guzik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Center for Medical Genomics OMICRON, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrew P Morris
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Division of Musculoskeletal & Dermatological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Dajiang J Liu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Fadi J Charchar
- Health Innovation and Transformation Centre, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Australia
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Maciej Tomaszewski
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust Manchester, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK.
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2
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Ni W, Zhao Y, Shen J, Yin Q, Wang Y, Li Z, Tang T, Wen Y, Zhang Y, Jiang W, Jiang L, Wei J, Gan W, Zhang A, Zhou X, Wang B, Liu BC. Therapeutic role of miR-26a on cardiaorenal injury in mice model of angiotensin-II induced chronic kidney disease through inhibition of LIMS1/ILK pathway. Chin Med J (Engl) 2024:00029330-990000000-00985. [PMID: 38445356 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with common pathophysiological processes, such as inflammation and fibrosis, in both the heart and the kidney. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms that drive these processes are not yet fully understood. Therefore, this study focused on the molecular mechanism of heart and kidney injury in CKD. METHODS We generated a microRNA (miR)-26a knockout (KO) mouse model to investigate the role of miR-26a in angiotensin (Ang)-II-induced cardiac and renal injury. We performed Ang-II modeling in wild type (WT) mice and miR-26a KO mice, with six mice in each group. In addition, Ang-II-treated AC16 cells and HK2 cells were used as in vitro models of cardiac and renal injury in the context of CKD. Histological staining, immunohistochemistry, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and Western blotting were applied to study the regulation of miR-26a on Ang-II-induced cardiac and renal injury. Immunofluorescence reporter assays were used to detect downstream genes of miR-26a, and immunoprecipitation was employed to identify the interacting protein of LIM and senescent cell antigen-like domain 1 (LIMS1). We also used an adeno-associated virus (AAV) to supplement LIMS1 and explored the specific regulatory mechanism of miR-26a on Ang-II-induced cardiac and renal injury. Dunnett's multiple comparison and t-test were used to analyze the data. RESULTS Compared with the control mice, miR-26a expression was significantly downregulated in both the kidney and the heart after Ang-II infusion. Our study identified LIMS1 as a novel target gene of miR-26a in both heart and kidney tissues. Downregulation of miR-26a activated the LIMS1/integrin-linked kinase (ILK) signaling pathway in the heart and kidney, which represents a common molecular mechanism underlying inflammation and fibrosis in heart and kidney tissues during CKD. Furthermore, knockout of miR-26a worsened inflammation and fibrosis in the heart and kidney by inhibiting the LIMS1/ILK signaling pathway; on the contrary, supplementation with exogenous miR-26a reversed all these changes. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that miR-26a could be a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of cardiorenal injury in CKD. This is attributed to its ability to regulate the LIMS1/ILK signaling pathway, which represents a common molecular mechanism in both heart and kidney tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Ni
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, China
| | - Yajie Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, China
| | - Jinxin Shen
- Department of Neonates, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Qing Yin
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225100, China
| | - Zuolin Li
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, China
| | - Taotao Tang
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, China
| | - Yi Wen
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, China
| | - Yilin Zhang
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, China
| | - Liangyunzi Jiang
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, China
| | - Jinxuan Wei
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, China
| | - Weihua Gan
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, China
| | - Aiqing Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhou
- Department of Neonates, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, China
| | - Bi-Cheng Liu
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, China
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Luo L, Kieneker LM, Yang Y, Janse RJ, Bosi A, de Boer RA, Vart P, Carrero JJ, Gansevoort RT. An increase in albuminuria is associated with a higher incidence of malignancies. Clin Kidney J 2024; 17:sfae009. [PMID: 38455523 PMCID: PMC10919336 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfae009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background A single albuminuria measurement is reported to be an independent predictor of cancer risk. Whether change in albuminuria is also independently associated with cancer is not known. Methods We included 64 303 subjects of the Stockholm CREAtinine Measurements (SCREAM) project without a history of cancer and with at least two urine albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) tests up to 2 years apart. Albuminuria changes were quantified by the fold-change in ACR over 2 years, and stratified into the absence of clinically elevated albuminuria (i.e. never), albuminuria that remained constant, and albuminuria that increased or decreased. The primary outcome was overall cancer incidence. Secondary outcomes were site-specific cancer incidences. Results During a median follow-up of 3.7 (interquartile range 3.6-3.7) years, 5126 subjects developed de novo cancer. After multivariable adjustment including baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate and baseline ACR, subjects with increasing ACR over 2 years had a 19% (hazard ratio 1.19; 95% confidence interval 1.08-1.31) higher risk of overall cancer compared with those who never had clinically elevated ACR. No association with cancer risk was seen in the groups with decreasing or constant ACR. Regarding site-specific cancer risks, subjects with increasing ACR or constant ACR had a higher risk of developing urinary tract and lung cancer. No other associations between 2-year ACR changes and site-specific cancers were found. Conclusions Increases in albuminuria over a 2-year period are associated with a higher risk of developing overall, urinary tract and lung cancer, independent of baseline kidney function and albuminuria. These data add important weight to the link that exists between albuminuria and cancer incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Luo
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lyanne M Kieneker
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yuanhang Yang
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roemer J Janse
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alessandro Bosi
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rudolf A de Boer
- Erasmus MC, Cardiovascular Institute, Thorax Center, Department of Cardiology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Priya Vart
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Juan-Jesus Carrero
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ron T Gansevoort
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Martínez-Rojas MÁ, Balcázar H, González-Soria I, González-Rivera JM, Rodríguez-Vergara ME, Velazquez-Villegas LA, León-Contreras JC, Pérez-Villalva R, Correa F, Rosetti F, Bobadilla NA. Transient inhibition of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 after ischemia/reperfusion injury ameliorates chronic kidney disease. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e173675. [PMID: 38516890 PMCID: PMC11063941 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.173675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, dapagliflozin (Dapa), exhibited nephroprotective effects in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We assessed the efficacy of short-term Dapa administration following acute kidney injury (AKI) in preventing CKD. Male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to Sham surgery, bilateral ischemia for 30 minutes (abbreviated as IR), and IR + Dapa groups. Daily treatment with Dapa was initiated just 24 hours after IR and maintained for only 10 days. Initially, rats were euthanized at this point to study early renal repair. After severe AKI, Dapa promptly restored creatinine clearance (CrCl) and significantly reduced renal vascular resistance compared with the IR group. Furthermore, Dapa effectively reversed the mitochondrial abnormalities, including increased fission, altered mitophagy, metabolic dysfunction, and proapoptotic signaling. To study this earlier, another set of rats was studied just 5 days after AKI. Despite persistent renal dysfunction, our data reveal a degree of mitochondrial protection. Remarkably, a 10-day treatment with Dapa demonstrated effectiveness in preventing CKD transition in an independent cohort monitored for 5 months after AKI. This was evidenced by improvements in proteinuria, CrCl, glomerulosclerosis, and fibrosis. Our findings underscore the potential of Dapa in preventing maladaptive repair following AKI, emphasizing the crucial role of early intervention in mitigating AKI long-term consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel Martínez-Rojas
- Unidad de Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departmento de Nefrología y Metabolismo Mineral
| | - Hiram Balcázar
- Unidad de Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departmento de Nefrología y Metabolismo Mineral
| | - Isaac González-Soria
- Unidad de Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departmento de Nefrología y Metabolismo Mineral
| | - Jesús Manuel González-Rivera
- Unidad de Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departmento de Nefrología y Metabolismo Mineral
| | - Mauricio E. Rodríguez-Vergara
- Unidad de Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departmento de Nefrología y Metabolismo Mineral
| | | | - Juan Carlos León-Contreras
- Departmento de Patología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosalba Pérez-Villalva
- Unidad de Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departmento de Nefrología y Metabolismo Mineral
| | - Francisco Correa
- Departmento de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Florencia Rosetti
- Departmento de Inmunología y Reumatología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Norma A. Bobadilla
- Unidad de Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departmento de Nefrología y Metabolismo Mineral
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Gamiño-Gutiérrez JA, Terán-Hernández IM, Castellar-Lopez J, Villamizar-Villamizar W, Osorio-Llanes E, Palacios-Cruz M, Rosales W, Chang AY, Díaz-Ariza LA, Ospino MC, Mendoza-Torres E. Novel Insights into the Cardioprotective Effects of the Peptides of the Counter-Regulatory Renin-Angiotensin System. Biomedicines 2024; 12:255. [PMID: 38397857 PMCID: PMC10887066 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12020255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, cardiovascular diseases are a major contributor to morbidity and mortality worldwide, having a significant negative impact on both the economy and public health. The renin-angiotensin system contributes to a high spectrum of cardiovascular disorders and is essential for maintaining normal cardiovascular homeostasis. Overactivation of the classical renin-angiotensin system is one of the most important pathophysiological mechanisms in the progression of cardiovascular diseases. The counter-regulatory renin-angiotensin system is an alternate pathway which favors the synthesis of different peptides, including Angiotensin-(1-7), Angiotensin-(1-9), and Alamandine. These peptides, via the angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R), MasR, and MrgD, initiate multiple downstream signaling pathways that culminate in the activation of various cardioprotective mechanisms, such as decreased cardiac fibrosis, decreased myocardial hypertrophy, vasodilation, decreased blood pressure, natriuresis, and nitric oxide synthesis. These cardioprotective effects position them as therapeutic alternatives for reducing the progression of cardiovascular diseases. This review aims to show the latest findings on the cardioprotective effects of the main peptides of the counter-regulatory renin-angiotensin system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivana María Terán-Hernández
- Grupo de Investigación Avanzada en Biomedicina, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Libre Seccional Barranquilla, Barranquilla 081001, Colombia; (I.M.T.-H.); (W.V.-V.); (L.A.D.-A.); (M.C.O.)
| | - Jairo Castellar-Lopez
- Grupo de Investigación Avanzada en Biomedicina, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Universidad Libre Seccional Barranquilla, Barranquilla 081001, Colombia; (J.C.-L.); (E.O.-L.); (W.R.)
| | - Wendy Villamizar-Villamizar
- Grupo de Investigación Avanzada en Biomedicina, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Libre Seccional Barranquilla, Barranquilla 081001, Colombia; (I.M.T.-H.); (W.V.-V.); (L.A.D.-A.); (M.C.O.)
| | - Estefanie Osorio-Llanes
- Grupo de Investigación Avanzada en Biomedicina, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Universidad Libre Seccional Barranquilla, Barranquilla 081001, Colombia; (J.C.-L.); (E.O.-L.); (W.R.)
| | | | - Wendy Rosales
- Grupo de Investigación Avanzada en Biomedicina, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Universidad Libre Seccional Barranquilla, Barranquilla 081001, Colombia; (J.C.-L.); (E.O.-L.); (W.R.)
| | - Aileen Y. Chang
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA;
| | - Luis Antonio Díaz-Ariza
- Grupo de Investigación Avanzada en Biomedicina, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Libre Seccional Barranquilla, Barranquilla 081001, Colombia; (I.M.T.-H.); (W.V.-V.); (L.A.D.-A.); (M.C.O.)
| | - María Clara Ospino
- Grupo de Investigación Avanzada en Biomedicina, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Libre Seccional Barranquilla, Barranquilla 081001, Colombia; (I.M.T.-H.); (W.V.-V.); (L.A.D.-A.); (M.C.O.)
| | - Evelyn Mendoza-Torres
- Grupo de Investigación Avanzada en Biomedicina, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Libre Seccional Barranquilla, Barranquilla 081001, Colombia; (I.M.T.-H.); (W.V.-V.); (L.A.D.-A.); (M.C.O.)
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Almazmomi MA, Esmat A, Naeem A. Acute Kidney Injury: Definition, Management, and Promising Therapeutic Target. Cureus 2023; 15:e51228. [PMID: 38283512 PMCID: PMC10821757 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.51228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is caused by a sudden loss of renal function, resulting in the build-up of waste products and a significant increase in mortality and morbidity. It is commonly diagnosed in critically ill patients, with its occurrence estimated at up to 50% in patients hospitalized in the intensive critical unit. Despite ongoing efforts, the death rate associated with AKI has remained high over the past half-century. Thus, it is critical to investigate novel therapy options for preventing the epidemic. Many studies have found that inflammation and Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) activation have a significant role in the pathogenesis of AKI. Noteworthy, challenges in the search for efficient pharmacological therapy for AKI have arisen due to the multifaceted origin and complexity of the clinical history of people with the disease. This article focuses on kidney injury's epidemiology, risk factors, and pathophysiological processes. Specifically, it focuses on the role of TLRs especially type 4 in disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meaad A Almazmomi
- Pharmaceutical Care Department, Ministry of National Guard - Health Affairs, Jeddah, SAU
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Ahmed Esmat
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Anjum Naeem
- Pharmaceutical Care Department, Ministry of National Guard - Health Affairs, Jeddah, SAU
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7
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Zhao H, Yang CE, Liu T, Zhang MX, Niu Y, Wang M, Yu J. The roles of gut microbiota and its metabolites in diabetic nephropathy. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1207132. [PMID: 37577423 PMCID: PMC10413983 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1207132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a severe microvascular complication of diabetes, which increases the risk of renal failure and causes a high global disease burden. Due to the lack of sustainable treatment, DN has become the primary cause of end-stage renal disease worldwide. Gut microbiota and its metabolites exert critical regulatory functions in maintaining host health and are associated with many pathogenesis of aging-related chronic diseases. Currently, the theory gut-kidney axis has opened a novel angle to understand the relationship between gut microbiota and multiple kidney diseases. In recent years, accumulating evidence has revealed that the gut microbiota and their metabolites play an essential role in the pathophysiologic processes of DN through the gut-kidney axis. In this review, we summarize the current investigations of gut microbiota and microbial metabolites involvement in the progression of DN, and further discuss the potential gut microbiota-targeted therapeutic approaches for DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- Clinical Experimental Center, Xi’an Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Active Peptides, the Affiliated Xi’an International Medical Center Hospital, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Cheng-E Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tian Liu
- Clinical Experimental Center, Xi’an Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Active Peptides, the Affiliated Xi’an International Medical Center Hospital, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ming-Xia Zhang
- Clinical Experimental Center, Xi’an Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Active Peptides, the Affiliated Xi’an International Medical Center Hospital, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan Niu
- Clinical Experimental Center, Xi’an Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Active Peptides, the Affiliated Xi’an International Medical Center Hospital, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ming Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Clinical Experimental Center, Xi’an Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Active Peptides, the Affiliated Xi’an International Medical Center Hospital, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
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Kosaki K, Park J, Matsui M, Sugaya T, Kuro-O M, Saito C, Yamagata K, Maeda S. Elevated urinary angiotensinogen excretion links central and renal hemodynamic alterations. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11518. [PMID: 37460637 PMCID: PMC10352254 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38507-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Inappropriate activation of intrarenal renin-angiotensin system (RAS) may contribute to the pathogenesis of cardio-renal syndrome (CRS). We aimed to examine the cross-sectional associations of urinary angiotensinogen (AGT) excretion, a biomarker of intrarenal RAS activity, with central (aortic) and renal hemodynamic parameters in middle-aged and older adults, including patients with chronic kidney disease. Aortic and renal hemodynamic parameters were measured using applanation tonometry and duplex ultrasonography in 282 participants. Urinary AGT, liver-type fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP), and plasma N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels were measured for each participant. Multiple linear regression analyses demonstrated that urinary AGT levels were associated with aortic blood pressures, pulsatile measures of renal blood flow, plasma NT-proBNP and urinary L-FABP levels after adjusting for potential covariates, including age, sex, body mass index, estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and medication use. Additionally, when classified based on GFR stages and urinary AGT levels, plasma NT-proBNP and urinary L-FABP levels increased in participants with lower GFR and higher AGT groups. Our findings suggest that urinary AGT excretion is a shared determinant of central (aortic) and renal hemodynamics in middle-aged and older adults, providing clinical evidence for the potential role of intrarenal RAS activity in the development of CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisei Kosaki
- Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan.
- Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Jiyeon Park
- Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan
| | - Masahiro Matsui
- Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sugaya
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Makoto Kuro-O
- Division of Anti-aging Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Chie Saito
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Yamagata
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- R&D Center for Smart Wellness City Policies, University of Tsukuba, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiji Maeda
- Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
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9
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Ulpiano Trillig A, Damianaki A, Hendriks-Balk M, Brito W, Garessus J, Burnier M, Wuerzner G, Pruijm M. Determinants of Renal Micro-Perfusion as Assessed with Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound in Healthy Males and Females. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4141. [PMID: 37373834 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12124141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The renal microcirculation is essential to maintain the renal function, but its determinants in humans have been poorly studied. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) allows the non-invasive quantification of the cortical micro-perfusion at the bedside using the perfusion index (PI). The aims of this study were to assess whether differences exist in PI between healthy males and females and to identify clinical determinants associated with cortical micro-perfusion. (2) Methods: Healthy, normotensive volunteers (eGFR > 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, no albuminuria) underwent CEUS under standardized conditions with the destruction-reperfusion (DR) technique. The mean PI of four DR sequences was reported as the primary outcome measure (3) Results: A total of 115 subjects (77 females and 38 males) completed the study; the mean ± SD age was, respectively, 37.1 ± 12.2 and 37.1 ± 12.7 years in females and males, and the mean eGFR was 105.9 ± 15.1 and 91.0 ± 17.4 mL/min/1.73 m2. The PI (median) was higher in females than in males, i.e., 2705 (IQR 1641-3777) vs. 1965 (IQR 1294-3346) arbitrary units (a.u), p = 0.02). A correlation analysis showed positive associations between PI and eGFR, female sex, heart rate, plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone concentrations (PAC), negative associations with potassium, bicarbonate and systolic blood pressure, and no associations with age, body mass index and renal resistive index (RRI). In a multivariate linear regression analysis, only PRA remained significantly associated with PI. (4) Conclusions: Although the PI was higher among females, this association was no longer significant after adjustment for covariates. There was no difference in females tested during the follicular or the luteal phases. In conclusion, the PI was only weakly influenced by classic clinical variables, but was positively associated with PRA, suggesting that the renin-angiotensin system plays a role in the regulation of the cortical micro-perfusion in humans. Identifying which other factors contribute to the large variations in micro-perfusion across individuals needs further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Ulpiano Trillig
- Service of Nephrology and Hypertension, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 17, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aikaterini Damianaki
- Service of Nephrology and Hypertension, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 17, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mariëlle Hendriks-Balk
- Service of Nephrology and Hypertension, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 17, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Wendy Brito
- Service of Nephrology and Hypertension, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 17, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Garessus
- Service of Nephrology and Hypertension, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 17, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michel Burnier
- Service of Nephrology and Hypertension, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 17, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Grégoire Wuerzner
- Service of Nephrology and Hypertension, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 17, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Menno Pruijm
- Service of Nephrology and Hypertension, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 17, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
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10
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Youn EK, Cho HM, Jung JK, Yoon GE, Eto M, Kim JI. Pathologic HDAC1/c-Myc signaling axis is responsible for angiotensinogen transcription and hypertension induced by high-fat diet. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 164:114926. [PMID: 37244179 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
High-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity is a cause of resistant hypertension. We have shown a possible link between histone deacetylases (HDACs) and renal angiotensinogen (Agt) upregulation in the HFD-induced hypertension, whereas the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Here, using a HDAC1/2 inhibitor romidepsin (FK228) and siRNAs, we determined roles of HDAC1 and HDAC2 in HFD-induced hypertension and found the pathologic signaling axis between HDAC1 and Agt transcription. Treatment with FK228 canceled the increased blood pressure of male C57BL/6 mice induced by HFD. FK228 also blocked upregulation of renal Agt mRNA, protein, angiotensin II (Ang II) or serum Ang II. Activation and nuclear accumulation of both HDAC1 and HDAC2 occurred in the HFD group. The HFD-induced HDAC activation was associated with an increase in deacetylated c-Myc transcription factor. Silencing of HDAC1, HDAC2 or c-Myc in HRPTEpi cells decreased Agt expression. However, only HDAC1 knockdown, but not HDAC2, increased c-Myc acetylation, suggesting selective roles in two enzymes. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay revealed that HFD induced the binding of HDAC1 and deacetylated c-Myc at the Agt gene promoter. A putative c-Myc binding sequence in the promotor region was necessary for Agt transcription. Inhibition of c-Myc downregulated Agt and Ang II levels in kidney and serum, ameliorating HFD-induced hypertension. Thus, the abnormal HDAC1/2 in the kidney may be responsible for the upregulation of the Agt gene expression and hypertension. The results expose the pathologic HDAC1/c-myc signaling axis in kidney as a promising therapeutic target for obesity-associated resistant hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui Kyung Youn
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Min Cho
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Ki Jung
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga-Eun Yoon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Masumi Eto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ehime 794-8555, Japan
| | - Jee In Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Barkhordarian M, Lawrence JA, Ulusan S, Erbay MI, Aronow WS, Gupta R. Benefit and risk evaluation of quinapril hydrochloride. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2023; 22:271-277. [PMID: 37060355 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2023.2203481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are a mainstay of antihypertensive therapy. Quinapril hydrochloride, a less commonly used, and less-studied ACE inhibitor has been approved for its primary use in hypertension. Studies also indicate its off-label use for congestive heart failure and diabetic nephropathy. The ANDI and TREND trials have been pivotal in demonstrating the effectiveness of quinapril. AREAS COVERED The authors conducted a review of the literature analyzing the clinical efficacy and safety profile of quinapril. This review discusses the development of quinapril, provides an updated summary of the indications and contraindications, and presents a comparison with other ACE inhibitors. EXPERT OPINION Quinapril is a safe and well-tolerated antihypertensive medication with a favorable safety profile compared to other ACE inhibitors. However, a lack of ample recent clinical trials and post-marketing data investigating the efficacy of quinapril in large cohorts has resulted in limited use in clinical practice. Quinapril may be an effective antihypertensive option for elderly populations as well as those who cannot tolerate the side effects profiles of other ACE inhibitors and as an additional treatment option for patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Barkhordarian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hackensack Meridian Health - Palisades Medical Center, North Bergen, NJ, USA
| | - Jannel A Lawrence
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ross University School of Medicine, Largo, MD, USA
| | - Sebahat Ulusan
- Suleyman Demirel University School of Medicine, Isparta, Turkey
| | | | - Wilbert S Aronow
- Department of Cardiology, Westchester Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Rahul Gupta
- Lehigh Valley Heart Institute, Lehigh Valley Health Network, Allentown, PA, USA
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12
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Ji L, Mishra M, De Geest B. The Role of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors in Heart Failure Management: The Continuing Challenge of Clinical Outcome Endpoints in Heart Failure Trials. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1092. [PMID: 37111578 PMCID: PMC10140883 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The introduction of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors in the management of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) may be regarded as the first effective treatment in these patients. However, this proposition must be evaluated from the perspective of the complexity of clinical outcome endpoints in heart failure. The major goals of heart failure treatment have been categorized as: (1) reduction in (cardiovascular) mortality, (2) prevention of recurrent hospitalizations due to worsening heart failure, and (3) improvement in clinical status, functional capacity, and quality of life. The use of the composite primary endpoint of cardiovascular death and hospitalization for heart failure in SGLT2 inhibitor HFpEF trials flowed from the assumption that hospitalization for heart failure is a proxy for subsequent cardiovascular death. The use of this composite endpoint was not justified since the effect of the intervention on both components was clearly distinct. Moreover, the lack of convincing and clinically meaningful effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on metrics of heart failure-related health status indicates that the effect of this class of drugs in HFpEF patients is essentially restricted to an effect on hospitalization for heart failure. In conclusion, SGLT2 inhibitors do not represent a substantial breakthrough in the management of HFpEF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bart De Geest
- Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Catholic University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (L.J.); (M.M.)
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13
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Smith D, Layton A. The intrarenal renin-angiotensin system in hypertension: insights from mathematical modelling. J Math Biol 2023; 86:58. [PMID: 36952058 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-023-01891-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of volume homeostasis and blood pressure. In addition to the well-studied systemic RAS, local RAS have been documented in various tissues, including the kidney. Given the role of the intrarenal RAS in the pathogenesis of hypertension, a role established via various pharmacologic and genetic studies, substantial efforts have been made to unravel the processes that govern intrarenal RAS activity. In particular, several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the rise in intrarenal angiotensin II (Ang II) that accompanies Ang II infusion, including increased angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R)-mediated uptake of Ang II and enhanced intrarenal Ang II production. However, experimentally isolating their contribution to the intrarenal accumulation of Ang II in Ang II-induced hypertension is challenging, given that they are fundamentally connected. Computational modelling is advantageous because the feedback underlying each mechanism can be removed and the effect on intrarenal Ang II can be studied. In this work, the mechanisms governing the intrarenal accumulation of Ang II during Ang II infusion experiments are delineated and the role of the intrarenal RAS in Ang II-induced hypertension is studied. To accomplish this, a compartmental ODE model of the systemic and intrarenal RAS is developed and Ang II infusion experiments are simulated. Simulations indicate that AT1R-mediated uptake of Ang II is the primary mechanism by which Ang II accumulates in the kidney during Ang II infusion. Enhanced local Ang II production is unnecessary. The results demonstrate the role of the intrarenal RAS in the pathogenesis of Ang II-induced hypertension and consequently, clinical hypertension associated with an overactive RAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delaney Smith
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Anita Layton
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
- Cheriton School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
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14
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Shan M, Li S, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Zhou Y, Shi L. Maternal exercise upregulates the DNA methylation of Agtr1a to enhance vascular function in offspring of hypertensive rats. Hypertens Res 2023; 46:654-666. [PMID: 36539461 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-022-01124-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The angiotensin II signaling system regulates vascular dysfunction and is involved in the programming of hypertension. Maternal exercise has been linked to both short-term and long-term benefits for the mother and fetus. However, the impacts of maternal exercise on the intravascular renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in hypertensive offspring remain unexamined. This study examined whether maternal exercise has an epigenetic effect in repressing angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) expression, which leads to favorable alterations in the mesenteric artery (MA) function of spontaneously hypertensive offspring. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) pregnant rats were randomly divided into an exercise group and a control group. Blood pressure, vascular tone, AT1R protein and mRNA expression, and AT1R gene (Agtr1a) promoter methylation status were examined in the MAs of 3-month-old male offspring. Maternal exercise significantly reduced the resting blood pressure and cardiovascular reactivity of offspring from SHRs. Furthermore, Ang II-AT1R activity in regulating vascular tone and AT1R expression was decreased in the MAs of the SHR offspring from the exercise groups. Importantly, exercise during gestation suppressed AT1R expression via hypermethylation of the Agtr1a promoter region and upregulated DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) expression in MAs of SHR offspring. These results suggest that maternal exercise upregulates DNMT expression, resulting in hypermethylation and repression of the Agtr1a gene, which may prevent MA dysfunction in the offspring of SHRs. A mechanistic model on the epigenetics of exercise during pregnancy. Maternal exercise during pregnancy triggers hypermethylation and transcriptional suppression of the Agtr1a gene via increased DNMT1 and DNMT3B expression in MAs of SHR offspring. Downregulation of AT1R expression reduces the contribution of Ang II to vascular tone, ultimately improving vascular structure and function. VSMC vascular smooth muscle cell; Ang II angiotensin II; AT1aR angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) alpha subtypes; Agtr1a AT1R alpha isoform gene; MAs mesenteric arteries; BP blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Shan
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Lijun Shi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, 100084, China. .,Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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15
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Ma S, Xu J, Zheng Y, Li Y, Wang Y, Li H, Fang Z, Li J. Qian Yang Yu Yin granule improves hypertensive renal damage: A potential role for TRPC6-CaMKKβ-AMPK-mTOR-mediated autophagy. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 302:115878. [PMID: 36341814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Qian Yang Yu Yin granules (QYYYG) have a long history in the treatment of hypertensive renal damage (HRD) in China. Clinical studies have found that QYYYG stabilizes blood pressure and prevents early renal damage. However, the exact mechanism is not entirely clear. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the therapeutic effect and further explore the therapeutic mechanism of QYYYG against HRD. MATERIALS AND METHODS The efficacy of QYYYG in treating HRD was assessed in spontaneous hypertension rats (SHR). Renal autophagy and the TRPC6-CaMKKβ-AMPK pathway in rats were evaluated. The regulatory role of QYYYG in angiotensin II (Ang II) induced abnormal autophagy in rat podocytes was determined by detecting autophagy-related proteins, intracellular Ca2+ content, and the TRPC6-CaMKKβ-AMPK-mTOR pathway expressions. Finally, we established a stable rat podocyte cell line overexpressing TRPC6 and used the cells to verify the regulatory effects of QYYYG. RESULTS QYYYG alleviated HRD and reversed the abnormal expression of autophagy-related genes in the SHR. In vitro, QYYYG protected against Ang II-induced podocyte damage. Furthermore, treatment of podocytes with QYYYG reversed Ang II-induced autophagy and inhibited Ang II-stimulated TRPC6 activation, Ca2+ influx and activation CaMKKβ-AMPK pathway. Overexpression of TRPC6 resulted in pronounced activation of CaMKKβ, AMPK, and autophagy induction in rat podocytes, which were significantly attenuated by QYYYG. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggested that QYYYG may exert its HRD protective effects in part by regulating the abnormal autophagy of podocytes through the TRPC6-CaMKKβ-AMPK-mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Ma
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Junyao Xu
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yawei Zheng
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yin Li
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yixuan Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Haitao Li
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Zhuyuan Fang
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jie Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
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Deng J, Li L, Feng Y, Yang J. Comprehensive Management of Blood Pressure in Patients with Septic AKI. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12031018. [PMID: 36769666 PMCID: PMC9917880 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12031018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the serious complications of sepsis in clinical practice, and is an important cause of prolonged hospitalization, death, increased medical costs, and a huge medical burden to society. The pathogenesis of AKI associated with sepsis is relatively complex and includes hemodynamic abnormalities due to inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and shock, which subsequently cause a decrease in renal perfusion pressure and eventually lead to ischemia and hypoxia in renal tissue. Active clinical correction of hypotension can effectively improve renal microcirculatory disorders and promote the recovery of renal function. Furthermore, it has been found that in patients with a previous history of hypertension, small changes in blood pressure may be even more deleterious for kidney function. Therefore, the management of blood pressure in patients with sepsis-related AKI will directly affect the short-term and long-term renal function prognosis. This review summarizes the pathophysiological mechanisms of microcirculatory disorders affecting renal function, fluid management, vasopressor, the clinical blood pressure target, and kidney replacement therapy to provide a reference for the clinical management of sepsis-related AKI, thereby promoting the recovery of renal function for the purpose of improving patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Deng
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400120, China
| | - Lina Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400120, China
| | - Yuanjun Feng
- Department of Renal Rheumatology, Space Hospital Affiliated to Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563002, China
| | - Jurong Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400120, China
- Correspondence: or
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17
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Repova K, Baka T, Krajcirovicova K, Stanko P, Aziriova S, Reiter RJ, Simko F. Melatonin as a Potential Approach to Anxiety Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416187. [PMID: 36555831 PMCID: PMC9788115 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety disorders are the most common mental diseases. Anxiety and the associated physical symptoms may disturb social and occupational life and increase the risk of somatic diseases. The pathophysiology of anxiety development is complex and involves alterations in stress hormone production, neurosignaling pathways or free radical production. The various manifestations of anxiety, its complex pathophysiological background and the side effects of available treatments underlie the quest for constantly seeking therapies for these conditions. Melatonin, an indolamine produced in the pineal gland and released into the blood on a nightly basis, has been demonstrated to exert anxiolytic action in animal experiments and different clinical conditions. This hormone influences a number of physiological actions either via specific melatonin receptors or by receptor-independent pleiotropic effects. The underlying pathomechanism of melatonin's benefit in anxiety may reside in its sympatholytic action, interaction with the renin-angiotensin and glucocorticoid systems, modulation of interneuronal signaling and its extraordinary antioxidant and radical scavenging nature. Of importance, the concentration of this indolamine is significantly higher in cerebrospinal fluid than in the blood. Thus, ensuring sufficient melatonin production by reducing light pollution, which suppresses melatonin levels, may represent an endogenous neuroprotective and anxiolytic treatment. Since melatonin is freely available, economically undemanding and has limited side effects, it may be considered an additional or alternative treatment for various conditions associated with anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Repova
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 81108 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Tomas Baka
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 81108 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Kristina Krajcirovicova
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 81108 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Stanko
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 81108 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Silvia Aziriova
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 81108 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Russel J. Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, Long School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Fedor Simko
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 81108 Bratislava, Slovakia
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 83305 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +421-(0)2-59357276
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Zhong QM, Wang JL. Seasonal flexibility of kidney structure and factors regulating water and salt in Eremias multiocellata. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2022; 274:111301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.111301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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Manosroi W, Danpanichkul P, Atthakomol P. Effect of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors on aldosterone and renin levels in diabetes mellitus type 2 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19603. [PMID: 36380013 PMCID: PMC9666660 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24280-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) on plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) and plasma renin activity (PRA) levels are still inconclusive. This meta-analysis aimed to demonstrate the changes in PAC and PRA levels after the use of SGLT2i in type 2 diabetes patients. A search for relevant publications was performed using PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Cochrane, and Embase databases from their inception through May 2022. Inclusion criteria were studies that contained data on crude PAC and PRA levels before and after the use of SGLT2i in adult type 2 diabetes patients. Standardized mean difference (SMD) with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was calculated. Data was separately analyzed by study design: randomized controlled study (RCT) and non-randomized controlled study (non-RCT). Ten studies involving 380 patients were included with two RCT and eight non-RCT. Serum PAC levels showed no significant change after the use of SGLT2i in both RCT and non-RCT. Significantly higher PRA levels were observed after the use of SGLT2i in both RCT and non-RCT with SMD of 0.40 ng/mL/hr; 95% CI (0.06, 0.74) and SMD of 0.36 ng/mL/hr; 95%CI (0.17, 0.55), respectively. Subgroup analysis found significantly higher PRA levels after the use of SGLT2i (SMD 0.45 ng/mL/hr; 95% CI (0.18, 0.71)) only in subgroups that used for three months or less. The use of SGLT2i in diabetes mellitus type 2 patients can affect PRA levels, especially during short-term use. PRA levels should be interpreted with caution in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Worapaka Manosroi
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 110 Intrawarorot Road Soi 2, Si Phum, Amphoe Mueang, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
- Faculty of Medicine, Clinical Epidemiology and Clinical Statistics Center, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
| | - Pojsakorn Danpanichkul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pichitchai Atthakomol
- Faculty of Medicine, Clinical Epidemiology and Clinical Statistics Center, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Orthopedics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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20
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Kaur R, Singh R. Mechanistic insights into CKD-MBD-related vascular calcification and its clinical implications. Life Sci 2022; 311:121148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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21
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Hypertension and renal disease programming: focus on the early postnatal period. Clin Sci (Lond) 2022; 136:1303-1339. [PMID: 36073779 DOI: 10.1042/cs20220293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The developmental origin of hypertension and renal disease is a concept highly supported by strong evidence coming from both human and animal studies. During development there are periods in which the organs are more vulnerable to stressors. Such periods of susceptibility are also called 'sensitive windows of exposure'. It was shown that as earlier an adverse event occurs; the greater are the consequences for health impairment. However, evidence show that the postnatal period is also quite important for hypertension and renal disease programming, especially in rodents because they complete nephrogenesis postnatally, and it is also important during preterm human birth. Considering that the developing kidney is vulnerable to early-life stressors, renal programming is a key element in the developmental programming of hypertension and renal disease. The purpose of this review is to highlight the great number of studies, most of them performed in animal models, showing the broad range of stressors involved in hypertension and renal disease programming, with a particular focus on the stressors that occur during the early postnatal period. These stressors mainly include undernutrition or specific nutritional deficits, chronic behavioral stress, exposure to environmental chemicals, and pharmacological treatments that affect some important factors involved in renal physiology. We also discuss the common molecular mechanisms that are activated by the mentioned stressors and that promote the appearance of these adult diseases, with a brief description on some reprogramming strategies, which is a relatively new and promising field to treat or to prevent these diseases.
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22
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Chen Z, Liang W, Hu J, Zhu Z, Feng J, Ma Y, Yang Q, Ding G. Sirt6 deficiency contributes to mitochondrial fission and oxidative damage in podocytes via
ROCK1‐Drp1
signalling pathway. Cell Prolif 2022; 55:e13296. [PMID: 35842903 PMCID: PMC9528772 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Materials and Methods Results Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowei Chen
- Division of Nephrology Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei China
- Nephrology and Urology Research Institute of Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Wei Liang
- Division of Nephrology Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei China
- Nephrology and Urology Research Institute of Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Jijia Hu
- Division of Nephrology Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei China
- Nephrology and Urology Research Institute of Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Zijing Zhu
- Division of Nephrology Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei China
- Nephrology and Urology Research Institute of Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Jun Feng
- Division of Nephrology Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei China
- Nephrology and Urology Research Institute of Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Yiqiong Ma
- Division of Nephrology Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei China
- Nephrology and Urology Research Institute of Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Qian Yang
- Division of Nephrology Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei China
- Nephrology and Urology Research Institute of Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Guohua Ding
- Division of Nephrology Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei China
- Nephrology and Urology Research Institute of Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei China
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23
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Kumar V, Kohli HS. Biomarkers for early diagnosis of diabetic kidney disease: still a long way to go. Indian J Med Res 2022; 156:14-16. [PMID: 36510893 PMCID: PMC9903386 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1094_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Kumar
- Department of Nephrology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160 012, India
| | - Harbir Singh Kohli
- Department of Nephrology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160 012, India,For correspondence:
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24
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Lin H, Geurts F, Hassler L, Batlle D, Mirabito Colafella KM, Denton KM, Zhuo JL, Li XC, Ramkumar N, Koizumi M, Matsusaka T, Nishiyama A, Hoogduijn MJ, Hoorn EJ, Danser AHJ. Kidney Angiotensin in Cardiovascular Disease: Formation and Drug Targeting. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:462-505. [PMID: 35710133 PMCID: PMC9553117 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of local formation of angiotensin II in the kidney has changed over the last 10-15 years. Local synthesis of angiotensinogen in the proximal tubule has been proposed, combined with prorenin synthesis in the collecting duct. Binding of prorenin via the so-called (pro)renin receptor has been introduced, as well as megalin-mediated uptake of filtered plasma-derived renin-angiotensin system (RAS) components. Moreover, angiotensin metabolites other than angiotensin II [notably angiotensin-(1-7)] exist, and angiotensins exert their effects via three different receptors, of which angiotensin II type 2 and Mas receptors are considered renoprotective, possibly in a sex-specific manner, whereas angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptors are believed to be deleterious. Additionally, internalized angiotensin II may stimulate intracellular receptors. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) not only generates angiotensin-(1-7) but also acts as coronavirus receptor. Multiple, if not all, cardiovascular diseases involve the kidney RAS, with renal AT1 receptors often being claimed to exert a crucial role. Urinary RAS component levels, depending on filtration, reabsorption, and local release, are believed to reflect renal RAS activity. Finally, both existing drugs (RAS inhibitors, cyclooxygenase inhibitors) and novel drugs (angiotensin receptor/neprilysin inhibitors, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors, soluble ACE2) affect renal angiotensin formation, thereby displaying cardiovascular efficacy. Particular in the case of the latter three, an important question is to what degree they induce renoprotection (e.g., in a renal RAS-dependent manner). This review provides a unifying view, explaining not only how kidney angiotensin formation occurs and how it is affected by drugs but also why drugs are renoprotective when altering the renal RAS. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Angiotensin formation in the kidney is widely accepted but little understood, and multiple, often contrasting concepts have been put forward over the last two decades. This paper offers a unifying view, simultaneously explaining how existing and novel drugs exert renoprotection by interfering with kidney angiotensin formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lin
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Frank Geurts
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Luise Hassler
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Daniel Batlle
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Katrina M Mirabito Colafella
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Kate M Denton
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Jia L Zhuo
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Xiao C Li
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Nirupama Ramkumar
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Masahiro Koizumi
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Taiji Matsusaka
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Akira Nishiyama
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Martin J Hoogduijn
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Ewout J Hoorn
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - A H Jan Danser
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
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25
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Sakuyama A, Ogawa Y, Xu L, Komatsu M, Miura T, Namai-Takahashi A, Kohzuki M, Ito O. Effects of Exercise Training on the Renin-Angiotensin System in the Kidneys of Dahl Salt-Sensitive Rats. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:1105-1113. [PMID: 35220367 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exercise training (Ex) has antihypertensive and renal protective effects; however, the precise mechanisms remain unclear. The renal renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a vital role in renal function and pathology. Therefore, we investigated the effects of Ex on the renal RAS components in Dahl salt-sensitive (Dahl-S) rats. METHODS Male Dahl-S rats were divided into four groups: normal salt diet + sedentary, normal salt diet + Ex, high-salt diet (HS, 8% NaCl) + sedentary, and HS + Ex. Treadmill running was performed for 8 wk in the Ex groups. RESULTS Ex attenuated the HS-induced renal dysfunction and glomerular injury without causing blood pressure alterations. HS increased urinary excretion of both total and intact angiotensinogen. Ex decreased the HS-induced increased urinary excretion of total angiotensinogen. However, it did not change the HS-induced urinary excretion of intact angiotensinogen, indicating reduced intact angiotensinogen cleaving. Ex restored the HS-induced increased angiotensinogen and angiotensin II type 1 receptor expressions in the outer medulla and the HS-induced increased angiotensin-converting enzyme expression in the cortex. Ex restored the HS-induced decreased renin expression in the cortex and outer medulla, and the HS-induced decreased angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, angiotensin II type 2 receptor, and Mas receptor expressions in the outer medulla. CONCLUSIONS Ex attenuates HS-induced renal dysfunction, glomerular injury, and renal RAS dysregulation in Dahl-S rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoshiko Ogawa
- Department of Sport and Medical Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, JAPAN
| | - Lusi Xu
- Division of General Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Faculty of Medicine, Sendai, JAPAN
| | - Miwa Komatsu
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rehabilitation Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, JAPAN
| | - Takahiro Miura
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rehabilitation Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, JAPAN
| | - Asako Namai-Takahashi
- Division of General Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Faculty of Medicine, Sendai, JAPAN
| | - Masahiro Kohzuki
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rehabilitation Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, JAPAN
| | - Osamu Ito
- Division of General Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Faculty of Medicine, Sendai, JAPAN
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26
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Amatruda JG, Scherzer R, Rao VS, Ivey-Miranda JB, Shlipak MG, Estrella MM, Testani JM. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Activation and Diuretic Response in Ambulatory Patients With Heart Failure. Kidney Med 2022; 4:100465. [PMID: 35620081 PMCID: PMC9127684 DOI: 10.1016/j.xkme.2022.100465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale & Objective Heart failure treatment relies on loop diuretics to induce natriuresis and decongestion, but the therapy is often limited by diuretic resistance. We explored the association of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activation with diuretic response. Study Design Observational cohort. Setting & Population Euvolemic ambulatory adults with chronic heart failure were administered torsemide in a monitored environment. Predictors Plasma total renin, active renin, angiotensinogen, and aldosterone levels. Urine total renin and angiotensinogen levels. Outcomes Sodium output per doubling of diuretic dose and fractional excretion of sodium per doubling of diuretic dose. Analytical Approach Robust linear regression models estimated the associations of each RAAS intermediate with outcomes. Results The analysis included 56 participants, and the median age was 65 years; 50% were women, and 41% were Black. The median home diuretic dose was 80-mg furosemide equivalents. In unadjusted and multivariable-adjusted models, higher levels of RAAS measures were generally associated with lower diuretic efficiency. Higher plasma total renin remained significantly associated with lower sodium output per doubling of diuretic dose (β = -0.41 [-0.76, -0.059] per SD change) with adjustment; higher plasma total and active renin were significantly associated with lower fractional excretion of sodium per doubling of diuretic dose (β = -0.48 [-0.83, -0.14] and β = -0.51 [-0.95, -0.08], respectively) in adjusted models. Stratification by RAAS inhibitor use did not substantially alter these associations. Limitations Small sample size; highly selected participants; associations may not be causal. Conclusions Among multiple measures of RAAS activation, higher plasma total and active renin levels were consistently associated with lower diuretic response. These findings highlight the potential drivers of diuretic resistance and underscore the need for high-quality trials of decongestive therapy enhanced by RAAS blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G. Amatruda
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System & University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Rebecca Scherzer
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System & University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Veena S. Rao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Juan B. Ivey-Miranda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Hospital de Cardiología, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Michael G. Shlipak
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System & University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, CA
| | - Michelle M. Estrella
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System & University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA
- Address for Correspondence: Michelle M. Estrella, MD, MHS, 4150 Clement St, Building 2, Room 145, San Francisco, CA 94121.
| | - Jeffrey M. Testani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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Lai JJ, Chau ZL, Chen S, Hill JJ, Korpany KV, Liang N, Lin L, Lin Y, Liu JK, Liu Y, Lunde R, Shen W. Exosome Processing and Characterization Approaches for Research and Technology Development. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2103222. [PMID: 35332686 PMCID: PMC9130923 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that share components of their parent cells and are attractive in biotechnology and biomedical research as potential disease biomarkers as well as therapeutic agents. Crucial to realizing this potential is the ability to manufacture high-quality exosomes; however, unlike biologics such as proteins, exosomes lack standardized Good Manufacturing Practices for their processing and characterization. Furthermore, there is a lack of well-characterized reference exosome materials to aid in selection of methods for exosome isolation, purification, and analysis. This review informs exosome research and technology development by comparing exosome processing and characterization methods and recommending exosome workflows. This review also provides a detailed introduction to exosomes, including their physical and chemical properties, roles in normal biological processes and in disease progression, and summarizes some of the on-going clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J. Lai
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWA98195USA
| | - Zoe L. Chau
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWA98195USA
| | - Sheng‐You Chen
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWA98195USA
| | - John J. Hill
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWA98195USA
| | | | - Nai‐Wen Liang
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchu30013Taiwan
| | - Li‐Han Lin
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringNational Taiwan UniversityTaipei City10617Taiwan
| | - Yi‐Hsuan Lin
- Department of Engineering and System ScienceNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchu30013Taiwan
| | - Joanne K. Liu
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWA98195USA
| | - Yu‐Chung Liu
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchu30013Taiwan
| | - Ruby Lunde
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWA98195USA
| | - Wei‐Ting Shen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental SciencesNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchu30013Taiwan
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Cook JR, Ausiello J. Functional ACE2 deficiency leading to angiotensin imbalance in the pathophysiology of COVID-19. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2022; 23:151-170. [PMID: 34195965 PMCID: PMC8245275 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-021-09663-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, uses angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as its primary cell-surface receptor. ACE2 is a key enzyme in the counter-regulatory pathway of the broader renin-angiotensin system (RAS) that has been implicated in a broad array of human pathology. The RAS is composed of two competing pathways that work in opposition to each other: the "conventional" arm involving angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) generating angiotensin-2 and the more recently identified ACE2 pathway that generates angiotensin (1-7). Following the original SARS pandemic, additional studies suggested that coronaviral binding to ACE2 resulted in downregulation of the membrane-bound enzyme. Given the similarities between the two viruses, many have posited a similar process with SARS-CoV-2. Proponents of this ACE2 deficiency model argue that downregulation of ACE2 limits its enzymatic function, thereby skewing the delicate balance between the two competing arms of the RAS. In this review we critically examine this model. The available data remain incomplete but are consistent with the possibility that the broad multisystem dysfunction of COVID-19 is due in large part to functional ACE2 deficiency leading to angiotensin imbalance with consequent immune dysregulation and endothelial cell dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R Cook
- New York-Presbyterian Hospital and the Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - John Ausiello
- New York-Presbyterian Hospital and the Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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29
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Porter AW, Nguyen DN, Clayton DR, Ruiz WG, Mutchler SM, Ray EC, Marciszyn AL, Nkashama LJ, Subramanya AR, Gingras S, Kleyman TR, Apodaca G, Hendershot LM, Brodsky JL, Buck TM. The molecular chaperone GRP170 protects against ER stress and acute kidney injury in mice. JCI Insight 2022; 7:151869. [PMID: 35104250 PMCID: PMC8983141 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.151869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular chaperones are responsible for maintaining cellular homeostasis, and one such chaperone, GRP170, is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident that oversees both protein biogenesis and quality control. We previously discovered that GRP170 regulates the degradation and assembly of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), which reabsorbs sodium in the distal nephron and thereby regulates salt-water homeostasis and blood pressure. To define the role of GRP170 - and, more generally, molecular chaperones in kidney physiology - we developed an inducible, nephron-specific GRP170-KO mouse. Here, we show that GRP170 deficiency causes a dramatic phenotype: profound hypovolemia, hyperaldosteronemia, and dysregulation of ion homeostasis, all of which are associated with the loss of ENaC. Additionally, the GRP170-KO mouse exhibits hallmarks of acute kidney injury (AKI). We further demonstrate that the unfolded protein response (UPR) is activated in the GRP170-deficient mouse. Notably, the UPR is also activated in AKI when originating from various other etiologies, including ischemia, sepsis, glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and transplant rejection. Our work establishes the central role of GRP170 in kidney homeostasis and directly links molecular chaperone function to kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan W. Porter
- Department of Biological Sciences,,Department of Pediatrics, Nephrology Division
| | | | | | - Wily G. Ruiz
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division
| | | | - Evan C. Ray
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division
| | | | | | | | | | - Thomas R. Kleyman
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division,,Department of Cell Biology, and,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Linda M. Hendershot
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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The Nephrotoxin Puromycin Aminonucleoside Induces Injury in Kidney Organoids Differentiated from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040635. [PMID: 35203286 PMCID: PMC8870209 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney diseases, including acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD), which can progress to end stage renal disease (ESRD), are a worldwide health burden. Organ transplantation or kidney dialysis are the only effective available therapeutic tools. Therefore, in vitro models of kidney diseases and the development of prospective therapeutic options are urgently needed. Within the kidney, the glomeruli are involved in blood filtration and waste excretion and are easily affected by changing cellular conditions. Puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN) is a nephrotoxin, which can be employed to induce acute glomerular damage and to model glomerular disease. For this reason, we generated kidney organoids from three iPSC lines and treated these with PAN in order to induce kidney injury. Morphological observations revealed the disruption of glomerular and tubular structures within the kidney organoids upon PAN treatment, which were confirmed by transcriptome analyses. Subsequent analyses revealed an upregulation of immune response as well as inflammatory and cell-death-related processes. We conclude that the treatment of iPSC-derived kidney organoids with PAN induces kidney injury mediated by an intertwined network of inflammation, cytoskeletal re-arrangement, DNA damage, apoptosis and cell death. Furthermore, urine-stem-cell-derived kidney organoids can be used to model kidney-associated diseases and drug discovery.
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31
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Role and Mechanism of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System in the Onset and Development of Cardiorenal Syndrome. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2022; 2022:3239057. [PMID: 35111237 PMCID: PMC8803448 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3239057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS), a clinical syndrome involving multiple pathological mechanisms, exhibits high morbidity and mortality. According to the primary activity of the disease, CRS can be divided into cardiorenal syndrome (type I and type II), renal heart syndrome (type III and type IV), and secondary heart and kidney disease (type V). The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is an important humoral regulatory system of the body that exists widely in various tissues and organs. As a compensatory mechanism, the RAAS is typically activated to participate in the regulation of target organ function. RAAS activation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of CRS. The RAAS induces the onset and development of CRS by mediating oxidative stress, uremic toxin overload, and asymmetric dimethylarginine production. Research on the mechanism of RAAS-induced CRS can provide multiple intervention methods that are of great significance for reducing end-stage organ damage and further improving the quality of life of patients with CRS.
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32
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Lourenço BN, Coleman AE, Berghaus RD, Tarigo JL, Schmiedt CW, Brown SA. Characterization of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system in cats with naturally occurring chronic kidney disease. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:647-655. [PMID: 35352404 PMCID: PMC8965263 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The role of the renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system in cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is incompletely understood. Objective To characterize components of the intrarenal renin‐angiotensin system (RAS) in cats with CKD. Animals Eleven cats with naturally occurring CKD (CKD group) and 8 healthy control cats. Methods Renal tissue samples were evaluated by reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction for renin, angiotensinogen, angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE), and angiotensin II type 1 receptor transcript levels, and by liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry for quantification of angiotensin I, II, III, and IV concentrations. Linear mixed models were used to compare gene transcript levels and concentrations of angiotensin peptides between groups. Results Cats of the CKD group were significantly older (P < .001) and more likely to be neutered (P = .007) than healthy control cats. Kidneys from cats with CKD had significantly higher transcript levels of angiotensinogen (P < .001) and lower transcript levels of ACE (P < .001) than those from control cats. Renal angiotensin I concentrations were increased in CKD compared with control kidneys (P = .001). No other significant differences in renal transcript levels or angiotensin peptide concentrations were noted between groups. Conclusion and Clinical Importance The intrarenal RAS might be activated in cats with CKD. Small sample size and differences in age, neuter status, and dietary sodium intake between groups might have limited the ability to identify a significant difference in concentration of renal angiotensin II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca N Lourenço
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Amanda E Coleman
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Roy D Berghaus
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Jaime L Tarigo
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Chad W Schmiedt
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Scott A Brown
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Ryuzaki M, Miyashita K, Sato M, Inoue H, Fujii K, Hagiwara A, Uto A, Endo S, Oshida T, Kinouchi K, Itoh H. Activation of the intestinal tissue renin-angiotensin system by transient sodium loading in salt-sensitive rats. J Hypertens 2022; 40:33-45. [PMID: 34285148 PMCID: PMC8654260 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000002974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The renal tissue renin-angiotensin system is known to be activated by salt loading in salt-sensitive rats; however, the response in other organs remains unclear. METHOD Spontaneously hypertensive rats were subjected to normal tap water or transient high-salt-concentration water from 6 to 14 weeks of age and were thereafter given normal tap water. From 18 to 20 weeks of age, rats given water with a high salt concentration were treated with an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker, valsartan. RESULTS Sustained blood pressure elevation by transient salt loading coincided with a persistent decrease in the fecal sodium content and sustained excess of the circulating volume in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Administration of valsartan sustainably reduced the blood pressure and normalized the fecal sodium levels. Notably, transient salt loading persistently induced the intestinal tissue renin-angiotensin system and enhanced sodium transporter expression exclusively in the small intestine of salt-sensitive rats, suggesting the potential connection of intestinal sodium absorption to salt sensitivity. CONCLUSION These results reveal the previously unappreciated contribution of the intestinal tissue renin-angiotensin system to sodium homeostasis and blood pressure regulation in the pathophysiology of salt-sensitive hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Ryuzaki
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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34
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Kale A, Sankrityayan H, Anders HJ, Gaikwad AB. Klotho in kidney diseases: A crosstalk between the renin-angiotensin system and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2021; 38:819-825. [PMID: 34850136 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfab340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Klotho is a transmembrane anti-ageing protein that exists in three forms, i.e., α-Klotho, β-Klotho, and γ-Klotho with distinct organ-specific expression and functions in the body. Here we focus on α-Klotho (mentioned as 'Klotho' only), abundantly expressed by the distal and proximal convoluted tubules of the kidney. Significant decline in systemic and renal Klotho level is a new hallmark for kidney disease progression. Emerging research portrays Klotho as a promising diagnostic as well as a therapeutic target for diabetic and non-diabetic kidney disease. Even so, the underlying mechanisms of Klotho regulation and the strategies to restore its systemic as well as the renal level are still lacking. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and/or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are the current standard of care for kidney diseases where the molecular mechanisms for their nephroprotective action are still ambiguous. Moreover, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) also plays a crucial role in kidney disease progression. Few studies have claimed that RAAS has a direct relation with ER stress generation and vice versa in kidney disease. Interestingly, RAAS and ER stress modulation is associated with Klotho regulation in kidney disease. Here we focus on how the RAAS and ER stress connects with Klotho regulation in kidney disease. We also discuss Klotho and ER stress in an alliance with the concept of hemodynamic and metabolic overload in kidney disease. In addition, we highlight novel approaches to implement Klotho as a therapeutic target via RAAS and ER stress modulation for the treatment of diabetic and non-diabetic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajinath Kale
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India
| | - Himanshu Sankrityayan
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India
| | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of the Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anil Bhanudas Gaikwad
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India
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35
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Qin F, Li J, Dai YF, Zhong XG, Pan YJ. Renal denervation inhibits the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Clin Exp Hypertens 2021; 44:83-92. [PMID: 34818958 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2021.1996587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to explore the effect of renal denervation (RDN) on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Our experimental rats were randomly divided into the RDN group conducted by painting 10% phenol on the bilateral renal nerves (RDNX), the shamoperation group simply painting with saline (Sham), and the normotension control group (WKY) following all the animal blood and tissues of kidney, hypothalamus, and adrenal gland collected and examined 2 weeks after RDN operation. We found that the aldosterone (ALD) levels in serum and tissues all decreased in the RDNX group compared with the Sham group (p < .05). Meantime, the expression of angiotensin II type1 receptor (AT1R) mRNA also exhibited significantly reduced by 2.22-fold in the RDNX group compared to the Sham group identical to the expression of AT1R protein in the renal cortex and outer stripe of the outer medulla (OSOM) subjected to denervation surgery, which manifested the lower ATIR protein expression than the Sham group (p < .05). Besides, the expression of angiotensin II (Ang II) protein in the cortex , OSOM, and inner stripe of the outer medulla were all attenuated by RDN in comparison with the Sham group (p < .05). RDN reduced intrarenal RAAS and circulating RAAS to lower blood pressure and repair renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Qin
- Department of Hypertension, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi China
| | - Jianling Li
- Department of Hypertension, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi China.,Department of Graduate School, Post-doctoral Stations of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yong-Fa Dai
- Department of Hypertension, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi China
| | - Xiao-Ge Zhong
- Department of Hypertension, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi China
| | - Ya-Jin Pan
- Department of Hypertension, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi China
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36
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Kawanami D, Takashi Y, Muta Y, Oda N, Nagata D, Takahashi H, Tanabe M. Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists in Diabetic Kidney Disease. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:754239. [PMID: 34790127 PMCID: PMC8591525 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.754239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a major cause of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) worldwide. Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) plays an important role in the development of DKD. A series of preclinical studies revealed that MR is overactivated under diabetic conditions, resulting in promoting inflammatory and fibrotic process in the kidney. Clinical studies demonstrated the usefulness of MR antagonists (MRAs), such as spironolactone and eplerenone, on DKD. However, concerns regarding their selectivity for MR and hyperkalemia have remained for these steroidal MRAs. Recently, nonsteroidal MRAs, including finerenone, have been developed. These agents are highly selective and have potent anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic properties with a low risk of hyperkalemia. We herein review the current knowledge and future perspectives of MRAs in DKD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiji Kawanami
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuichi Takashi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Muta
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naoki Oda
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Dai Nagata
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takahashi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Makito Tanabe
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
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Sakaki Y, Urushihara M, Nagai T, Fujioka K, Kondo S, Kinoshita Y, Hattori T, Kagami S. Urinary angiotensin converting enzyme 2 and disease activity in pediatric IgA nephropathy. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION 2021; 68:292-296. [PMID: 34759147 DOI: 10.2152/jmi.68.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Background : Our previous studies demonstrated that the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system (RAS) status was activated in pediatric patients with chronic glomerulonephritis. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression in the kidney is associated with the development of pediatric IgA nephropathy. Methods : We analyzed urinary ACE2 levels and ACE2 expression in the kidney tissues of pediatric patients with IgA nephropathy treated with RAS blockade. Paired tests were used to analyze changes from the first to the second biopsy. Results : Urinary ACE2 levels were significantly decreased after RAS blockade treatment, accompanied by decreased ACE2 expression levels in kidney tissues, urinary protein levels and mesangial hypercellularity scores. Urinary ACE2 levels at the first biopsy were positively correlated with the ACE2 expression levels. Conclusions : These data suggest that urinary ACE2 is associated with ACE2 expression in the diseased kidney, which correlates with the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy in pediatric patients. J. Med. Invest. 68 : 292-296, August, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Sakaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Biomedical Scicences, The Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Maki Urushihara
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Biomedical Scicences, The Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takashi Nagai
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Biomedical Scicences, The Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Keisuke Fujioka
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Biomedical Scicences, The Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Shuji Kondo
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Biomedical Scicences, The Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yukiko Kinoshita
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Biomedical Scicences, The Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Tomoki Hattori
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Biomedical Scicences, The Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Shoji Kagami
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Biomedical Scicences, The Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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Yanofsky SM, Dugas CM, Katsurada A, Liu J, Saifudeen Z, El-Dahr SS, Satou R. Angiotensin II biphasically regulates cell differentiation in human iPSC-derived kidney organoids. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2021; 321:F559-F571. [PMID: 34448643 PMCID: PMC8616599 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00134.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human kidney organoid technology holds promise for novel kidney disease treatment strategies and utility in pharmacological and basic science. Given the crucial roles of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and angiotensin II (ANG II) in the progression of kidney development and injury, we investigated the expression of RAS components and effects of ANG II on cell differentiation in human kidney organoids. Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived kidney organoids were induced using a modified 18-day Takasato protocol. Gene expression analysis by digital PCR and immunostaining demonstrated the formation of renal compartments and expression of RAS components. The ANG II type 1 receptor (AT1R) was strongly expressed in the early phase of organoid development (around day 0), whereas ANG II type 2 receptor (AT2R) expression levels peaked on day 5. Thus, the organoids were treated with 100 nM ANG II in the early phase on days 0-5 (ANG II-E) or during the middle phase on days 5-10 (ANG II-M). ANG II-E was observed to decrease levels of marker genes for renal tubules and proximal tubules, and the downregulation of renal tubules was inhibited by an AT1R antagonist. In contrast, ANG II-M increased levels of markers for podocytes, the ureteric tip, and the nephrogenic mesenchyme, and an AT2R blocker attenuated the ANG II-M-induced augmentation of podocyte formation. These findings demonstrate RAS expression and ANG II exertion of biphasic effects on cell differentiation through distinct mediatory roles of AT1R and AT2R, providing a novel strategy to establish and further characterize the developmental potential of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived kidney organoids.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study demonstrates angiotensin II exertion of biphasic effects on cell differentiation through distinct mediatory roles of angiotensin II type 1 receptor and type 2 receptor in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived kidney organoids, providing a novel strategy to establish and further characterize the developmental potential of the human kidney organoids.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II/pharmacology
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Line
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Humans
- Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells/drug effects
- Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells/metabolism
- Kidney/cytology
- Kidney/drug effects
- Kidney/metabolism
- Organoids/cytology
- Organoids/drug effects
- Organoids/metabolism
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/agonists
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/agonists
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/metabolism
- Renin-Angiotensin System/drug effects
- Signal Transduction
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy M Yanofsky
- Department of Physiology and Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Courtney M Dugas
- Department of Physiology and Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Akemi Katsurada
- Department of Physiology and Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Jiao Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Zubaida Saifudeen
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Samir S El-Dahr
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Ryousuke Satou
- Department of Physiology and Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
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39
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Zhu J, Qiu JG, Xu WT, Ma HX, Jiang K. Alamandine protects against renal ischaemia-reperfusion injury in rats via inhibiting oxidative stress. J Pharm Pharmacol 2021; 73:1491-1502. [PMID: 34244746 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgab091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was to determine whether alamandine (Ala) could reduce ischaemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury of kidney in rats. METHODS Renal I/R was induced by an occlusion of bilateral renal arteries for 70 min and a 24-h reperfusion in vivo, and rat kidney proximal tubular epithelial cells NRK52E were exposed to 24 h of hypoxia and followed by 3-h reoxygenation (H/R) in vitro. RESULTS The elevated serum creatinine (Cr), blood cystatin C (CysC) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels in I/R rats were inhibited by Ala treatment. Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF)-α, IL-1β, IL-6, cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-8 and Bax were increased, and Bcl2 was reduced in the kidney of I/R rats, which were reversed by Ala administration. Ala reversed the increase of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-8 and Bax and the decrease of Bcl2 in the H/R NRK52E cells. Ala could also inhibit the increase of oxidative stress levels in the kidney of I/R rats. NADPH oxidase 1 (Nox1) overexpression reversed the improving effects of Ala on renal function, inflammation and apoptosis of I/R rats. CONCLUSION These results indicated that Ala could improve renal function, attenuate inflammation and apoptosis in the kidney of I/R rats via inhibiting oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, People's Hospital of Liyang, Changzhou, China
| | - Jian-Guo Qiu
- Department of Urology, Lianshui People's Hospital Affiliated to Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, China
| | - Wei-Tao Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Zaozhuang Mining Group Central Hospital, Zaozhuang, China
| | - Hong-Xiang Ma
- Department of Urology, People's Hospital of Liyang, Changzhou, China
| | - Ke Jiang
- Department of Urology, People's Hospital of Liyang, Changzhou, China
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40
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Ma K, Wang Y, Wang M, Wang Z, Wang X, Ju X, He R. Antihypertensive activity of the ACE-renin inhibitory peptide derived from Moringa oleifera protein. Food Funct 2021; 12:8994-9006. [PMID: 34382048 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo01103k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Moringa oleifera (MO) leaf is a potential plant protein resource with high nutritional and medicinal value. The study aims to investigate the hypotensive activity and stability of MO leaf peptides. MO leaf protein was extracted and then hydrolyzed with Alcalase to produce the MO leaf protein hydrolysate (MOPH). The MOPH was separated into peptide fractions with different molecular weights by membrane ultrafiltration. The MOPH and ultrafiltration fractions were evaluated for antihypertensive activity. Inhibition of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (84.71 ± 0.07%) and renin (43.72 ± 0.02%) was significantly higher for <1 kDa peptides when compared to other fractions. Oral administration of the <1 kDa component in spontaneously hypertensive rats positively lowers the blood pressure (∼17 mmHg). The <1 kDa component was isolated and purified subsequently; the final active component was identified by mass spectrometry and amino acid sequence analysis. Two highly active ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) and renin dual inhibitory peptides Leu-Gly-Phe-Phe (LGF) and Gly-Leu-Phe-Phe (GLFF) were obtained. The two peptides exhibited a good dual inhibitory activity of ACE and renin with IC50 values of LGF (0.29 ± 0.13 mM, 1.88 ± 0.08 mM) and GLFF (0.31 ± 0.04 mM, 2.80 ± 0.08 mM). Furthermore, in vivo models, LGF and GLFF significantly reduced the systolic blood pressure (19.4 mmHg; 18.2 mmHg) and diastolic blood pressure (12 mmHg; 13.8 mmHg) of SHRs (spontaneously hypertensive rats). The peptide transmembrane transport experiments and simulated gastrointestinal digestion experiments with LGF and GLFF showed that they can resist gastrointestinal digestion in a complete form. Thus, bioactive peptides from MO leaf may possess the potential to be used for treating hypertension in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keer Ma
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Yujiao Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Mingjie Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Zhigao Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.
| | - Xingrong Ju
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Rong He
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China.
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41
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Okagu IU, Ndefo JC, Aham EC, Obeme-Nmom JI, Agboinghale PE, Aguchem RN, Nechi RN, Lammi C. Lupin-Derived Bioactive Peptides: Intestinal Transport, Bioavailability and Health Benefits. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13093266. [PMID: 34579144 PMCID: PMC8469740 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a renewed interest on the reliance of food-based bioactive compounds as sources of nutritive factors and health-beneficial chemical compounds. Among these food components, several proteins from foods have been shown to promote health and wellness as seen in proteins such as α/γ-conglutins from the seeds of Lupinus species (Lupin), a genus of leguminous plant that are widely used in traditional medicine for treating chronic diseases. Lupin-derived peptides (LDPs) are increasingly being explored and they have been shown to possess multifunctional health improving properties. This paper discusses the intestinal transport, bioavailability and biological activities of LDPs, focusing on molecular mechanisms of action as reported in in vitro, cell culture, animal and human studies. The potentials of several LDPs to demonstrate multitarget mechanism of regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, chemo- and osteoprotective properties, and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities position LDPs as good candidates for nutraceutical development for the prevention and management of medical conditions whose etiology are multifactorial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Innocent U. Okagu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria; (I.U.O.); (E.C.A.); (R.N.A.)
| | - Joseph C. Ndefo
- Department of Science Laboratory Technology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria
- Correspondence: (J.C.N.); (C.L.)
| | - Emmanuel C. Aham
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria; (I.U.O.); (E.C.A.); (R.N.A.)
| | - Joy I. Obeme-Nmom
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Pure and Applied Sciences, Landmark University, PMB 1001, Omu-Aran 251101, Nigeria;
| | | | - Rita N. Aguchem
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria; (I.U.O.); (E.C.A.); (R.N.A.)
| | - Regina N. Nechi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria;
| | - Carmen Lammi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Correspondence: (J.C.N.); (C.L.)
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42
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Cooper SL, Boyle E, Jefferson SR, Heslop CRA, Mohan P, Mohanraj GGJ, Sidow HA, Tan RCP, Hill SJ, Woolard J. Role of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone and Kinin-Kallikrein Systems in the Cardiovascular Complications of COVID-19 and Long COVID. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8255. [PMID: 34361021 PMCID: PMC8347967 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. Patients may present as asymptomatic or demonstrate mild to severe and life-threatening symptoms. Although COVID-19 has a respiratory focus, there are major cardiovascular complications (CVCs) associated with infection. The reported CVCs include myocarditis, heart failure, arrhythmias, thromboembolism and blood pressure abnormalities. These occur, in part, because of dysregulation of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) and Kinin-Kallikrein System (KKS). A major route by which SARS-CoV-2 gains cellular entry is via the docking of the viral spike (S) protein to the membrane-bound angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The roles of ACE2 within the cardiovascular and immune systems are vital to ensure homeostasis. The key routes for the development of CVCs and the recently described long COVID have been hypothesised as the direct consequences of the viral S protein/ACE2 axis, downregulation of ACE2 and the resulting damage inflicted by the immune response. Here, we review the impact of COVID-19 on the cardiovascular system, the mechanisms by which dysregulation of the RAAS and KKS can occur following virus infection and the future implications for pharmacological therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L. Cooper
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK;
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Eleanor Boyle
- School of Medicine, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (E.B.); (S.R.J.); (C.R.A.H.); (P.M.); (G.G.J.M.); (H.A.S.); (R.C.P.T.)
| | - Sophie R. Jefferson
- School of Medicine, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (E.B.); (S.R.J.); (C.R.A.H.); (P.M.); (G.G.J.M.); (H.A.S.); (R.C.P.T.)
| | - Calum R. A. Heslop
- School of Medicine, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (E.B.); (S.R.J.); (C.R.A.H.); (P.M.); (G.G.J.M.); (H.A.S.); (R.C.P.T.)
| | - Pirathini Mohan
- School of Medicine, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (E.B.); (S.R.J.); (C.R.A.H.); (P.M.); (G.G.J.M.); (H.A.S.); (R.C.P.T.)
| | - Gearry G. J. Mohanraj
- School of Medicine, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (E.B.); (S.R.J.); (C.R.A.H.); (P.M.); (G.G.J.M.); (H.A.S.); (R.C.P.T.)
| | - Hamza A. Sidow
- School of Medicine, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (E.B.); (S.R.J.); (C.R.A.H.); (P.M.); (G.G.J.M.); (H.A.S.); (R.C.P.T.)
| | - Rory C. P. Tan
- School of Medicine, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (E.B.); (S.R.J.); (C.R.A.H.); (P.M.); (G.G.J.M.); (H.A.S.); (R.C.P.T.)
| | - Stephen J. Hill
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK;
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Jeanette Woolard
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK;
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
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43
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Liang S, Li Q, Lai Q, Zhou Y, Zhang H, Chen X, Yao B, Xu W, Yang X. Beta-2-Microglobulin is an Independent Risk Factor for Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis in Patients with Primary Aldosteronism. J Atheroscler Thromb 2021; 29:937-952. [PMID: 34305082 PMCID: PMC9174095 DOI: 10.5551/jat.62851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To identify the association between serum beta-2-microglobulin (B2M) or cystatin C (CysC) and asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis in patients with primary aldosteronism (PA).
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 265 subjects were enrolled, including 83 patients with PA, 91 with essential hypertension (EH), and 91 normotensive (NT) controls. B2M, CysC, plasma renin activity (PRA), and plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) were measured, and the aldosterone-to-renin ratio (ARR) was calculated. Carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), increased cIMT, and presence of carotid plaque or carotid stenosis <50% in the carotid artery were measuredvia ultrasonography to evaluate the degree of asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis.
Results: CIMT increased in the NT, EH, and PA groups (0.60 (0.50, 0.80) mm vs. 0.80 (0.60, 1.00) mm vs. 0.90 (0.70, 1.10) mm,P<0.01), so as the prevalence of increased cIMT and presence of carotid plaque (bothP<0.05). The B2M and CysC levels exhibited the same trend (B2M: 1.60±0.34 mg/L, 1.80±0.41 mg/L, 1.98±0.64 mg/L,P<0.05; CysC: 0.76±0.12 mg/L, 0.88±0.17 mg/L, 0.94±0.23 mg/L,P<0.05). B2M, CysC, PAC, and ARR were all positively associated with cIMT (allP<0.01) in the PA group. After adjusting for potential confounders, B2M, PAC, but not CysC or ARR were independently associated with increased cIMT and presence of carotid plaque and carotid stenosis <50%, respectively. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis revealed that B2M and PAC demonstrated significant predictive ability for increased cIMT and presence of carotid plaque and carotid stenosis <50%.
Conclusion: B2M is an independent risk factor for asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis in patients with PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangyan Liang
- Department of VIP Medical Service Center, the 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Qingling Li
- Department of VIP Medical Service Center, the 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Qianwei Lai
- Department of VIP Medical Service Center, the 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of VIP Medical Service Center, the 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, the 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Xueyan Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Bin Yao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Wen Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Xubin Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University
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44
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Kui Y, Yanyun D, Wan J, Yaqin W, Lu C, Wen Z, Wusan W, Zhangqing M, Jiajie L. Combination of Valsartan and Melatonin to Treat Non-Dipping Hypertension Rats via Circadian Clock System. INT J PHARMACOL 2021. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2021.442.454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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45
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Mogi M. A disturbance beyond the barrier-chronic kidney disease allows angiotensinogen invasion. Hypertens Res 2021; 44:874-876. [PMID: 34050333 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-021-00676-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Mogi
- Department of Pharmacology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Tohon, Ehime, Japan.
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46
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DNA Methylation of the Angiotensinogen Gene, AGT, and the Aldosterone Synthase Gene, CYP11B2 in Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094587. [PMID: 33925539 PMCID: PMC8123855 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensinogen (AGT) and aldosterone play key roles in the regulation of blood pressure and are implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. DNA methylation typically acts to repress gene transcription. The aldosterone synthase gene CYP11B2 is regulated by angiotensin II and potassium. DNA methylation negatively regulates AGT and CYP11B2 expression and dynamically changes in response to continuous promoter stimulation of each gene. High salt intake and excess circulating aldosterone cause DNA demethylation around the CCAAT-enhancer-binding-protein (CEBP) sites of the ATG promoter region, thereby converting the phenotype of AGT expression from an inactive to an active state in visceral adipose tissue and heart. A close association exists between low DNA methylation at CEBP-binding sites and increased AGT expression in salt-sensitive hypertensive rats. Salt-dependent hypertension may be partially affected by increased cardiac AGT expression. CpG dinucleotides in the CYP11B2 promoter are hypomethylated in aldosterone-producing adenomas. Methylation of recognition sequences of transcription factors, including CREB1, NGFIB (NR4A1), and NURR1 (NR4A2) diminish their DNA-binding activity. The methylated CpG-binding protein MECP2 interacts directly with the methylated CYP11B2 promoter. Low salt intake and angiotensin II infusion lead to upregulation of CYP11B2 expression and DNA hypomethylation in the adrenal gland. Treatment with the angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist decreases CYP11B2 expression and leads to DNA hypermethylation. A close association between low DNA methylation and increased CYP11B2 expression are seen in the hearts of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. These results indicate that epigenetic regulation of both AGT and CYP11B2 contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases.
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47
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Catheter-Based Radiofrequency Renal Sympathetic Denervation Decreases Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Hypertensive Dogs. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:9938486. [PMID: 33986629 PMCID: PMC8093032 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9938486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This study explored the effects of renal sympathetic denervation (RDN) on hyperlipidity-induced cardiac hypertrophy in beagle dogs. Sixty beagles were randomly assigned to the control group, RDN group, or sham-operated group. The control group was fed with a basal diet, while the other two groups were given a high-fat diet to induce model hypertension. The RDN group underwent an RDN procedure, and the sham-operated group underwent only renal arteriography. At 1, 3, and 6 months after the RDN procedure, the diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) levels were markedly decreased in the RDN group relative to the sham group (P < 0.05). After 6 months, serum norepinephrine (NE) and angiotensin II (AngII), as well as left ventricular levels, in the RDN group were statistically lower than those in the sham group (P < 0.05). Also, the left ventricular mass (LVM) and left ventricular mass index (LVMI) were significantly decreased, while the E/A peak ratio was drastically elevated (P < 0.05). Pathological examination showed that the degree of left ventricular hypertrophy and fibrosis in the RDN group was statistically decreased relative to those of the sham group and that the collagen volume fraction (CVF) and perivascular circumferential collagen area (PVCA) were also significantly reduced (P < 0.05). Renal sympathetic denervation not only effectively reduced blood pressure levels in hypertensive dogs but also reduced left ventricular hypertrophy and myocardial fibrosis and improved left ventricular diastolic function. The underlying mechanisms may involve a reduction of NE and AngII levels in the circulation and myocardial tissues, which would lead to the delayed occurrence of left ventricular remodeling.
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48
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Dean AQ, Bozza WP, Twomey JD, Luo S, Nalli A, Zhang B. The fight against COVID-19: Striking a balance in the renin-angiotensin system. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:2214-2220. [PMID: 33865979 PMCID: PMC8049177 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) enters host cells by interacting with membrane-bound angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a vital element in the renin–angiotensin system (RAS), which regulates blood pressure, fluid balance, and cardiovascular functions. We herein evaluate existing evidence for the molecular alterations within the RAS pathway (e.g., ACE2 and angiotensin II) during SARS-CoV-2 infection and subsequent Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). This includes reports regarding potential effect of RAS blockade (e.g., ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers) on ACE2 expression and clinical outcomes in patients with co-morbidities commonly treated with these agents. The collective evidence suggests a dual role for ACE2 in COVID-19, depending on the stage of infection and the coexisting diseases in individual patients. This information is further discussed with respect to potential therapeutic strategies targeting RAS for COVID-19 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Q Dean
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - William P Bozza
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Julianne D Twomey
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Shen Luo
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Ancy Nalli
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Baolin Zhang
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
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49
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Ferrari F, Martins VM, Fuchs FD, Stein R. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Inhibitors in COVID-19: A Review. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2021; 76:e2342. [PMID: 33852652 PMCID: PMC8009081 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2021/e2342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the multiple uncertainties surrounding the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, a research letter published in The Lancet implicated drugs that antagonize the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in an unfavorable prognosis of COVID-19. This report prompted investigations to identify mechanisms by which blocking angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) could lead to serious consequences in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The possible association between RAAS inhibitors use and unfavorable prognosis in this disease may have been biased by the presence of underlying cardiovascular diseases. As the number of COVID-19 cases has increased worldwide, it has now become possible to investigate the association between RAAS inhibitors and unfavorable prognosis in larger cohorts. Observational studies and one randomized clinical trial failed to identify any consistent association between the use of these drugs and unfavorable prognosis in COVID-19. In view of the accumulated clinical evidence, several scientific societies recommend that treatment with RAAS inhibitors should not be discontinued in patients diagnosed with COVID-19 (unless contraindicated). This recommendation should be followed by clinicians and patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Ferrari
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Cardiologia e Ciencias Cardiovasculares, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, BR
| | | | - Flávio Danni Fuchs
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Cardiologia e Ciencias Cardiovasculares, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, BR
- Divisao de Cardiologia, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, BR
| | - Ricardo Stein
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Cardiologia e Ciencias Cardiovasculares, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, BR
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, BR
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López-Fernández-Sobrino R, Soliz-Rueda JR, Suárez M, Mulero M, Arola L, Bravo FI, Muguerza B. Blood Pressure-Lowering Effect of Wine Lees: Dose-Response Study, Effect of Dealcoholization and Possible Mechanisms of Action. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041142. [PMID: 33808475 PMCID: PMC8066631 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The antihypertensive effect of wine lees (WL) has been previously evidenced. In this study, the antihypertensive properties of different doses of WL were evaluated in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). In addition, the blood pressure (BP)-lowering effect of dried (dealcoholized) WL powder (WLPW) and the mechanisms involved in its functionality were investigated. Furthermore, a possible hypotensive effect of WLPW was discarded in Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. The administration of WL at different doses caused a dose-dependent decrease in BP of SHR up to 5.0 mL/kg bw, exhibiting the maximum decrease at 6 h post-administration. WLPW caused a greater drop in BP than WL, showing an antihypertensive effect higher and more prolonged than the drug Captopril. Moreover, the BP-lowering effect of WLPW was specific to the hypertensive state since an undesirable hypotensive effect in normotensive WKY rats was ruled out. Finally, WLPW improved oxidative stress and increased the activity of the antioxidant endogen system of SHR. These results suggest that WLPW could be used as functional ingredient for foods or nutraceuticals to ameliorate hypertension. Nevertheless, further clinical studies are needed to evaluate its long-term antihypertensive efficiency.
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