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Jaffe JE, Metzger S, Mätz-Rensing K, Ribas A, Wittig RM, Leendertz FH. Oesophagostomum stephanostomum causing parasitic granulomas in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) of Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire. Am J Primatol 2024; 86:e23652. [PMID: 38807168 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Nematodes belonging to the genus Oesophagostomum frequently infect wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) across widely separated field sites. Nodular lesions (granulomas) containing Oesophagostomum are commonly seen in the abdomen of infected chimpanzees post-mortem. At Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire, previous studies have identified larvae of a variety of Oesophagostomum spp. in wild chimpanzee stool, based on sequencing of larval DNA, and nodular lesions associated with Oesophagostomum, identified morphologically to the genus level but not sequenced. Here we present three recent cases of parasitic granulomas found post-mortem in chimpanzees at Taï. We complement descriptions of gross pathology, histopathology and parasitology with PCR and sequencing of DNA isolated from the parasitic nodules and from adult worms found inside the nodules. In all three cases, we identify Oesophagostomum stephanostomum as the causative agent. The sequences from this study were identical to the only other published sequences from nodules in nonhuman primates-those from the wild chimpanzees of Gombe, Tanzania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny E Jaffe
- Taï Chimpanzee Project, Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
- Epidemiology of Highly Infectious Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sonja Metzger
- Taï Chimpanzee Project, Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
- Epidemiology of Highly Infectious Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Mätz-Rensing
- German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexis Ribas
- Parasitology Section, Department of Biology, Healthcare and Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science; Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roman M Wittig
- Taï Chimpanzee Project, Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
- Ape Social Mind Lab, Institute of Cognitive Sciences Marc Jeannerod, Bron, France
| | - Fabian H Leendertz
- Epidemiology of Highly Infectious Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for One Health, Greifswald, Germany
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Červená B, Prokopová T, Cameira RM, Pafčo B, Samaš P, Romportl D, Uwamahoro C, Noheri JB, Ntwari AE, Bahizi M, Nzayisenga G, Nziza J, Gilardi K, Eckardt W, Ndagijimana F, Mudakikwa A, Muvunyi R, Uwingeli P, Cranfield M, Šlapeta J, Petrželková KJ, Modrý D. Anoplocephalid tapeworms in mountain gorillas ( Gorilla beringei beringei) inhabiting the Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda. Parasitology 2024; 151:135-150. [PMID: 38017606 PMCID: PMC10941052 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182023001178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Cestodes of the family Anoplocephalidae parasitize a wide range of usually herbivorous hosts including e.g. rodents, ungulates, primates, elephants and hyraxes. While in some hosts, the epidemiology of the infection is well studied, information is lacking in others. In this study of mountain gorillas in the Virunga Massif, an extensive sample set comprising adult cestodes collected via necropsies, proglottids shed in feces, and finally, fecal samples from both night nests and identified individuals were analysed. Anoplocephala gorillae was the dominant cestode species detected in night nest samples and individually known gorillas, of which only 1 individual hosted a Bertiella sp. It was shown that the 2 species can be distinguished through microscopy based on egg morphology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for diagnostics of both species were provided. Sequences of mitochondrial (cox 1) and nuclear (ITS1, 18S rDNA, 28S rDNA) markers were used to evaluate the phylogenetic position of the 2 cestodes detected in mountain gorillas. Both types of fecal samples, from night nests and from identified individuals, provided comparable information about the prevalence of anoplocephalid cestodes, although the analysis of samples collected from identified gorilla individuals showed significant intra-individual fluctuation of A. gorillae egg shedding within a short period. Therefore, multiple samples should be examined to obtain reliable data for wildlife health management programmes, especially when application of anthelmintic treatment is considered. However, while A. gorillae is apparently a common symbiont of mountain gorillas, it does not seem to impair the health of its host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Červená
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Prokopová
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Rita Maria Cameira
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Pafčo
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Samaš
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dušan Romportl
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jan Šlapeta
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Klára Judita Petrželková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Liberec Zoo, Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - David Modrý
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources/CINeZ, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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3
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Richins T, Sapp SG, Ketzis JK, Willingham AL, Mukaratirwa S, Qvarnstrom Y, Barratt JL. Genetic characterization of Strongyloides fuelleborni infecting free-roaming African vervets ( Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) on the Caribbean island of St. Kitts. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2023; 20:153-161. [PMID: 36860205 PMCID: PMC9969202 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Human strongyloidiasis is an important neglected tropical disease primarily caused by the nematode Strongyloides stercoralis, and to a lesser extent Strongyloides fuelleborni which mainly infects non-human primates. Zoonotic sources of infection have important implications for control and prevention of morbidity and mortality caused by strongyloidiasis. Recent molecular evidence suggests that for S. fuelleborni, primate host specificity is variable among genotypes across the Old World, and consequently that these types likely vary in their capacity for human spillover infections. Populations of free-roaming vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus), introduced to the Caribbean Island of Staint Kitts from Africa, live in close contact with humans, and concern has arisen regarding their potential to serve as reservoirs of zoonotic infections. In this study, we sought to determine the genotypes of S. fuelleborni infecting St. Kitts vervets to explore whether they are potential reservoirs for human-infecting S. fuelleborni types. Fecal specimens were collected from St. Kitts vervets and S. fuelleborni infections were confirmed microscopically and by PCR. Strongyloides fuelleborni genotypes were determined from positive fecal specimens using an Illumina amplicon sequencing-based genotyping approach targeting the mitochondrial cox1 locus and 18S rDNA hypervariable regions I and IV of Strongyloides species. Phylogenetic analysis of resultant genotypes supported that S. fuelleborni from St. Kitts vervets is of an exclusively African variety, falling within the same monophyletic group as an isolate which has been detected previously in a naturally infected human from Guinea-Bissau. This observation highlights that St. Kitts vervets may serve as potential reservoirs for zoonotic S. fuelleborni infection, which warrants further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis Richins
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Parasitic Diseases Branch, USA,Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | | | - Jennifer K. Ketzis
- Biomedical Sciences, One Health Center for Zoonoses & Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Arve Lee Willingham
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture & Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates
| | - Samson Mukaratirwa
- Biomedical Sciences, One Health Center for Zoonoses & Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Yvonne Qvarnstrom
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Parasitic Diseases Branch, USA
| | - Joel L.N. Barratt
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Parasitic Diseases Branch, USA,Corresponding author.
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Dibakou SE, Ngoubangoye B, Boundenga L, Ntie S, Moussadji C, Tsoumbou TA, Setchell JM. Preliminary assessment of gastrointestinal parasites of the sun-tailed monkey (Allochrocebus solatus) in a semi-free-ranging colony. J Med Primatol 2022; 51:127-133. [PMID: 35338662 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in the sun-tailed monkey (Allochrocebus solatus) at the CIRMF primatology center is unknown. We, therefore, assessed the presence and richness (number of different parasite taxa) of gastrointestinal parasites in a semi-free-ranging colony of A. solatus. METHODS A total of 46 fecal samples were screened using a modified McMaster technique for fecal egg counts. RESULTS In the 46 samples collected, seven taxa of gastrointestinal parasites, including protozoa and nematodes were identified. The most prevalent parasite was strongyles parasites (98%), followed by Trichuris spp. (72%), Strongyloides spp. (67%) and Entamoeba coli (65%). Balantioides coli (33%), Endolimax nana (25%), and Spirurid eggs (26%) were only found in a minority of the animals. CONCLUSIONS This study contributes new host records of gastrointestinal parasites in semi-free-ranging A. solatus and highlights the need to investigate the health of this species and implement proper precautions in the management of this colony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge-Ely Dibakou
- Centre de Primatologie, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Barthélémy Ngoubangoye
- Centre de Primatologie, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon.,Department of Anthropology, and Behaviour, Ecology and Evolution Research Centre, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Larson Boundenga
- Centre de Primatologie, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon.,Department of Anthropology, and Behaviour, Ecology and Evolution Research Centre, Durham University, Durham, UK.,Groupe Evolution et Transmission Inter-espèces de Parasites (GETIP) du Département de Parasitologie, CIRMF, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Stephan Ntie
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (LABMC), Département de Biologie, Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku (USTM), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Cyr Moussadji
- Centre de Primatologie, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Thierry-Audrey Tsoumbou
- Centre de Primatologie, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Joanna M Setchell
- Department of Anthropology, and Behaviour, Ecology and Evolution Research Centre, Durham University, Durham, UK
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Köster PC, Lapuente J, Dashti A, Bailo B, Muadica AS, González-Barrio D, Calero-Bernal R, Ponce-Gordo F, Carmena D. Enteric protists in wild western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) and humans in Comoé National Park, Côte d'Ivoire. Primates 2022; 63:41-49. [PMID: 34997384 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-021-00963-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The western chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus), a subspecies of the common chimpanzee, is currently listed as Critically Endangered. Human-driven habitat loss and infectious diseases are causing dramatic chimpanzee population declines and range contractions that are bringing these primates to the brink of extinction. Little information is currently available on the occurrence of diarrhoea-causing enteric protist species in chimpanzees in general, and in western chimpanzees in particular, or on the role of humans as a potential source of these infections. In this prospective molecular epidemiological study, we investigated the presence, genetic variability, and zoonotic potential of enteric protists in faecal samples from western chimpanzees (n = 124) and humans (n = 9) in Comoé National Park, Côte d'Ivoire. Parasite detection and genotyping were conducted by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Sanger sequencing. The protist species found in the chimpanzee samples were Entamoeba dispar (14.5%), Blastocystis sp. (11.3%), Giardia duodenalis (5.8%), Troglodytella abrassarti (2.5%) and Cryptosporidium hominis (0.8%). The protist species found in the human samples were G. duodenalis (22.2%) and Blastocystis sp. (11.1%). Entamoeba histolytica, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and Balantioides coli were undetected in both chimpanzee and human samples. Sequence analyses revealed the presence of Blastocystis subtype (ST) 1 (alleles 4 and 8) and ST3 (allele 24) in chimpanzees, and ST3 (allele 52) in humans. ST1 allele 8 represents a chimpanzee-adapted Blastocystis genetic variant. Cross-species transmission of pathogenic enteric protists between chimpanzees and humans might be possible in Comoé National Park, although the frequency and extent of zoonotic events remain to be fully elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela C Köster
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre of Microbiology, Carretera de Majadahonda a Pozuelo Km 2 Majadahonda, 28220, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Lapuente
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
- Comoé Chimpanzee Conservation Project (CCCP) Comoé National Park, Kakpin, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Alejandro Dashti
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre of Microbiology, Carretera de Majadahonda a Pozuelo Km 2 Majadahonda, 28220, Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Bailo
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre of Microbiology, Carretera de Majadahonda a Pozuelo Km 2 Majadahonda, 28220, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aly S Muadica
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre of Microbiology, Carretera de Majadahonda a Pozuelo Km 2 Majadahonda, 28220, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Licungo, 106 Quelimane, Zambézia, Mozambique
| | - David González-Barrio
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre of Microbiology, Carretera de Majadahonda a Pozuelo Km 2 Majadahonda, 28220, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Calero-Bernal
- SALUVET, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Ponce-Gordo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre of Microbiology, Carretera de Majadahonda a Pozuelo Km 2 Majadahonda, 28220, Madrid, Spain.
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6
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Sirima C, Bizet C, Hamou H, Červená B, Lemarcis T, Esteban A, Peeters M, Mpoudi Ngole E, Mombo IM, Liégeois F, Petrželková KJ, Boussinesq M, Locatelli S. Soil-transmitted helminth infections in free-ranging non-human primates from Cameroon and Gabon. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:354. [PMID: 34225777 PMCID: PMC8259424 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04855-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zoonotic diseases are a serious threat to both public health and animal conservation. Most non-human primates (NHP) are facing the threat of forest loss and fragmentation and are increasingly living in closer spatial proximity to humans. Humans are infected with soil-transmitted helminths (STH) at a high prevalence, and bidirectional infection with NHP has been observed. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, genetic diversity, distribution and presence of co-infections of STH in free-ranging gorillas, chimpanzees and other NHP species, and to determine the potential role of these NHP as reservoir hosts contributing to the environmental sustenance of zoonotic nematode infections in forested areas of Cameroon and Gabon. METHODS A total of 315 faecal samples from six species of NHPs were analysed. We performed PCR amplification, sequencing and maximum likelihood analysis of DNA fragments of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) nuclear ribosomal DNA to detect the presence and determine the genetic diversity of Oesophagostomum spp., Necator spp. and Trichuris spp., and of targeted DNA fragments of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) to detect the presence of Ascaris spp. RESULTS Necator spp. infections were most common in gorillas (35 of 65 individuals), but also present in chimpanzees (100 of 222 individuals) and in one of four samples from greater spot-nosed monkeys. These clustered with previously described type II and III Necator spp. Gorillas were also the most infected NHP with Oesophagostomum (51/65 individuals), followed by chimpanzees (157/222 individuals), mandrills (8/12 samples) and mangabeys (7/12 samples), with O. stephanostomum being the most prevalent species. Oesophagostomum bifurcum was detected in chimpanzees and a red-capped mangabey, and a non-classified Oesophagostomum species was detected in a mandrill and a red-capped mangabey. In addition, Ternidens deminutus was detected in samples from one chimpanzee and three greater spot-nosed monkeys. A significant relative overabundance of co-infections with Necator and Oesophagostomum was observed in chimpanzees and gorillas. Trichuris sp. was detected at low prevalence in a gorilla, a chimpanzee and a greater spot-nosed monkey. No Ascaris was observed in any of the samples analysed. CONCLUSIONS Our results on STH prevalence and genetic diversity in NHP from Cameroon and Gabon corroborate those obtained from other wild NHP populations in other African countries. Future research should focus on better identifying, at a molecular level, the species of Necator and Oesophagostomum infecting NHP and determining how human populations may be affected by increased proximity resulting from encroachment into sylvatic STH reservoir habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Sirima
- Institut de Recherche Pour Le Développement (IRD), UMI 233-TransVIHMI-INSERM U1175–University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - C. Bizet
- Institut de Recherche Pour Le Développement (IRD), UMI 233-TransVIHMI-INSERM U1175–University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - H. Hamou
- Institut de Recherche Pour Le Développement (IRD), UMI 233-TransVIHMI-INSERM U1175–University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - B. Červená
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná 8, 603 65 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - T. Lemarcis
- Institut de Recherche Pour Le Développement (IRD), UMI 233-TransVIHMI-INSERM U1175–University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - A. Esteban
- Institut de Recherche Pour Le Développement (IRD), UMI 233-TransVIHMI-INSERM U1175–University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - M. Peeters
- Institut de Recherche Pour Le Développement (IRD), UMI 233-TransVIHMI-INSERM U1175–University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - E. Mpoudi Ngole
- Projet Prévention du Sida Au Cameroun (PRESICA) and Virology Laboratory IMPM/IRD, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - I. M. Mombo
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon
| | - F. Liégeois
- Present Address: Institut de Recherche Pour Le Développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses Et Vecteurs : Écologie, Génétique, Évolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), IRD 224-CNRS 5290–University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - K. J. Petrželková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná 8, 603 65 Brno, Czech Republic
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - M. Boussinesq
- Institut de Recherche Pour Le Développement (IRD), UMI 233-TransVIHMI-INSERM U1175–University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - S. Locatelli
- Institut de Recherche Pour Le Développement (IRD), UMI 233-TransVIHMI-INSERM U1175–University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Present Address: Institut de Recherche Pour Le Développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses Et Vecteurs : Écologie, Génétique, Évolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), IRD 224-CNRS 5290–University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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7
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Hasegawa H, McLennan MR, Huffman MA, Matsuura K. Notes on Morphology and Life History of Probstmayria gombensis (Nematoda: Cosmocercoidea: Atractidae), Parasitic in Eastern Chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii, in Bulindi, Uganda. J Parasitol 2021; 107:155-162. [PMID: 33662115 DOI: 10.1645/20-88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Probstmayria gombensis File, 1976 (Nematoda: Cosmocercoidea: Atractidae) individuals discharged in the feces of eastern chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii, in Bulindi, Uganda, were examined morphologically. Adults and fourth-stage larvae, all females, found in the feces, and the third-stage larvae excised from the uterus of the gravid females were described. By close observation of the molting worms, it was considered that the uterine third-stage larvae attain molting phase, and then are laid to become fourth-stage larvae. Nutrients required for larval development in the uterus seem to be supplied by the mother after the eggshell is formed. After some growth in the host intestine, the fourth-stage larvae undergo the final molt to the adult stage. The genital primordium was very small in the early fourth-stage larvae but rapidly developed with embryonation in the pre-molt and molting phases. Such precocity suggests parthenogenetic reproduction without insemination by males. This style may enhance rapid autoinfection in the host intestine under the condition of male worm scarcity. Several ellipsoidal pseudocoelomocytes with granules of unknown function were found ventral to the intestine of the adults, fourth-stage larvae, and third-stage larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Hasegawa
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Hasama, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Matthew R McLennan
- Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom.,Bulindi Chimpanzee and Community Project, P.O. Box 245, Hoima, Uganda
| | - Michael A Huffman
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Keiko Matsuura
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Hasama, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
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PATHOLOGY OF SPIRURID INFECTION IN VERVET MONKEYS ( CHLOROCEBUS PYGERYTHRUS) HOUSED IN A PRIMATE REHABILITATION CENTER. J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 52:217-222. [PMID: 33827179 DOI: 10.1638/2019-0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Spirurids, specifically the Rictularia, Chitwoodspirura, Streptopharagus, and Protospirura genera, have been reported to parasitize all nonhuman primate taxa. Spirurid pathogenesis in nonhuman primates has not been reported frequently; however, Protospirura muricola has been associated with serious gastric pathologies, including gastric perforation. This study was a retrospective study of 38 vervet monkey (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) necropsies performed in a primate sanctuary that houses captive orphaned or injured wild-born vervet monkeys. Individuals were categorized according to their age, sex, and body condition score to investigate the relationships between these factors and parasite presence. This study identified P. muricola in 47.37% of the necropsied carcasses. Regarding individual factors associated with P. muricola infection, no significant differences between males and females were observed; however, relationships between parasite presence and poor body condition and advanced host age were observed. Furthermore, one monkey death was potentially directly related to spirurid pathogenic action, because the individual showed gastric perforation.
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N'da KM, Dahourou LD, Gbati OB, Alambedji RB. Diversity and prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites with zoonotic potential of Green Monkeys in Bandia Reserve in Senegal. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONE HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.14202/ijoh.2021.65-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Parasitic and infectious diseases are ubiquitous threats to primate and human populations. This study was carried out to study the diversity and frequency of gastrointestinal parasites with zoonotic potential in green monkeys in the Bandia Reserve located in Senegal.
Materials and Methods: For this study, 164 stool samples of Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus (green monkey) were collected from October to November 2018 from Bandia Reserve. Stool samples were processed using the merthiolate-iodine-formalin staining technique and the modified Ritchie method. The slides were examined under a microscope and the identification of parasites was based on the morphology of protozoan cysts and helminth eggs. The analysis of data was conducted using R version 3.4.3 with p=0.05.
Results: A total of six species of parasites were found, including five protozoa (Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba histolytica/ dispar, Entamoeba hartmanni, Endolimax nana, and Iodamoeba butschlii) and one nematode (Strongyloides spp.). The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasite was 76.2% (95% CI: 69.7%-82.7%). Two parasites with zoonotic potential, mainly E. histolytica/dispar with a prevalence of 13.4% (95% CI: 8.2%-18.6%) and Strongyloides spp. with a prevalence of 6.7% (95% CI: 2.9%-10.5%), were found.
Conclusion: This study indicated that the monkeys of the Bandia Reserve are infested by zoonotic parasites and can, therefore, ensure transmission to visitors to the Reserve. The parasitological data that we report are the first available for these species of monkeys in the Bandia Reserve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacou Martial N'da
- Department of Public Health and Environment, Inter-States School of Veterinary Sciences and Medicine (EISMV) of Dakar, BP 5077 Dakar, Senegal
| | - Laibané Dieudonné Dahourou
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Rural Development (ISEDR), University of Dedougou, BP 176 Dedougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Oubri Bassa Gbati
- Department of Public Health and Environment, Inter-States School of Veterinary Sciences and Medicine (EISMV) of Dakar, BP 5077 Dakar, Senegal
| | - Rianatou Bada Alambedji
- Department of Public Health and Environment, Inter-States School of Veterinary Sciences and Medicine (EISMV) of Dakar, BP 5077 Dakar, Senegal
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10
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Köster PC, Dashti A, Bailo B, Muadica AS, Maloney JG, Santín M, Chicharro C, Migueláñez S, Nieto FJ, Cano-Terriza D, García-Bocanegra I, Guerra R, Ponce-Gordo F, Calero-Bernal R, González-Barrio D, Carmena D. Occurrence and Genetic Diversity of Protist Parasites in Captive Non-Human Primates, Zookeepers, and Free-Living Sympatric Rats in the Córdoba Zoo Conservation Centre, Southern Spain. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:700. [PMID: 33807707 PMCID: PMC8035673 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Little information is currently available on the epidemiology of parasitic and commensal protist species in captive non-human primates (NHP) and their zoonotic potential. This study investigates the occurrence, molecular diversity, and potential transmission dynamics of parasitic and commensal protist species in a zoological garden in southern Spain. The prevalence and genotypes of the main enteric protist species were investigated in faecal samples from NHP (n = 51), zookeepers (n = 19) and free-living rats (n = 64) by molecular (PCR and sequencing) methods between 2018 and 2019. The presence of Leishmania spp. was also investigated in tissues from sympatric rats using PCR. Blastocystis sp. (45.1%), Entamoeba dispar (27.5%), Giardia duodenalis (21.6%), Balantioides coli (3.9%), and Enterocytozoon bieneusi (2.0%) (but not Troglodytella spp.) were detected in NHP. Giardia duodenalis (10.5%) and Blastocystis sp. (10.5%) were identified in zookeepers, while Cryptosporidium spp. (45.3%), G. duodenalis (14.1%), and Blastocystis sp. (6.25%) (but not Leishmania spp.) were detected in rats. Blastocystis ST1, ST3, and ST8 and G. duodenalis sub-assemblage AII were identified in NHP, and Blastocystis ST1 in zookeepers. Giardia duodenalis isolates failed to be genotyped in human samples. In rats, four Cryptosporidium (C. muris, C. ratti, and rat genotypes IV and V), one G. duodenalis (assemblage G), and three Blastocystis (ST4) genetic variants were detected. Our results indicate high exposure of NHP to zoonotic protist species. Zoonotic transmission of Blastocysts ST1 was highly suspected between captive NHP and zookeepers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela C. Köster
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, 28220 Madrid, Spain; (P.C.K.); (A.D.); (B.B.); (A.S.M.); (C.C.); (S.M.); (F.J.N.)
| | - Alejandro Dashti
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, 28220 Madrid, Spain; (P.C.K.); (A.D.); (B.B.); (A.S.M.); (C.C.); (S.M.); (F.J.N.)
| | - Begoña Bailo
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, 28220 Madrid, Spain; (P.C.K.); (A.D.); (B.B.); (A.S.M.); (C.C.); (S.M.); (F.J.N.)
| | - Aly S. Muadica
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, 28220 Madrid, Spain; (P.C.K.); (A.D.); (B.B.); (A.S.M.); (C.C.); (S.M.); (F.J.N.)
- Departamento de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Licungo, Quelimane 106, Zambézia, Mozambique
| | - Jenny G. Maloney
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA; (J.G.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Mónica Santín
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA; (J.G.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Carmen Chicharro
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, 28220 Madrid, Spain; (P.C.K.); (A.D.); (B.B.); (A.S.M.); (C.C.); (S.M.); (F.J.N.)
| | - Silvia Migueláñez
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, 28220 Madrid, Spain; (P.C.K.); (A.D.); (B.B.); (A.S.M.); (C.C.); (S.M.); (F.J.N.)
| | - Francisco J. Nieto
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, 28220 Madrid, Spain; (P.C.K.); (A.D.); (B.B.); (A.S.M.); (C.C.); (S.M.); (F.J.N.)
| | - David Cano-Terriza
- Animal Health and Zoonosis Research Group (GISAZ), Department of Animal Health, University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; (D.C.-T.); (I.G.-B.)
| | - Ignacio García-Bocanegra
- Animal Health and Zoonosis Research Group (GISAZ), Department of Animal Health, University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; (D.C.-T.); (I.G.-B.)
| | - Rafael Guerra
- Veterinary Services, Córdoba Zoo Conservation Centre, 14071 Córdoba, Spain;
| | - Francisco Ponce-Gordo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Rafael Calero-Bernal
- SALUVET, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - David González-Barrio
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, 28220 Madrid, Spain; (P.C.K.); (A.D.); (B.B.); (A.S.M.); (C.C.); (S.M.); (F.J.N.)
- SALUVET, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, 28220 Madrid, Spain; (P.C.K.); (A.D.); (B.B.); (A.S.M.); (C.C.); (S.M.); (F.J.N.)
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11
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Rivero J, Cutillas C, Callejón R. Trichuris trichiura (Linnaeus, 1771) From Human and Non-human Primates: Morphology, Biometry, Host Specificity, Molecular Characterization, and Phylogeny. Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:626120. [PMID: 33681315 PMCID: PMC7934208 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.626120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human trichuriasis is a Neglected Tropical Disease, which affects hundreds of millions of persons worldwide. Several studies have reported that non-human primates (NHP) represent important reservoirs for several known zoonotic infectious diseases. In this context, Trichuris infections have been found in a range of NHP species living in natural habitats, including colobus monkeys, macaques, baboons, and chimpanzees. To date, the systematics of the genus Trichuris parasitizing humans and NHP is unclear. During many years, Trichuris trichiura was considered as the whipworm present in humans and primates. Subsequently, molecular studies suggested that Trichuris spp. in humans and NHP represent several species that differ in host specificity. This work examines the current knowledge of T. trichiura and its relationship to whipworm parasites in other primate host species. A phylogenetic hypothesis, based on three mitochondrial genes (cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1, cytochrome b, and large subunit rRNA-encoding gene) and two fragments of ribosomal DNA (Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 and 2), allowed us to define a complex of populations of T. trichiura hosting in a large variety of NHP species, in addition to humans. These populations were divided into four phylogenetic groups with a different degree of host specificity. From these data, we carry out a new morphological and biometrical description of the populations of Trichuris based on data cited by other authors as well as those provided in this study. The presence of T. trichiura is analyzed in several NHP species in captivity from different garden zoos as possible reservoir of trichuriasis for humans. This study contributes to clarify questions that lead to identification of new taxa and will determine parasite transmission routes between these primates, allowing the implementation of appropriate control and prevention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Rivero
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Cristina Cutillas
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Rocío Callejón
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
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12
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Mbuthia P, Murungi E, Owino V, Akinyi M, Eastwood G, Nyamota R, Lekolool I, Jeneby M. Potentially zoonotic gastrointestinal nematodes co-infecting free ranging non-human primates in Kenyan urban centres. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:1023-1033. [PMID: 33400394 PMCID: PMC8136933 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural infections with soil-transmitted nematodes occur in non-human primates (NHPs) and have the potential to cross primate-species boundaries and cause diseases of significant public health concern. Despite the presence of NHPs in most urban centres in Kenya, comprehensive studies on their gastrointestinal parasites are scant. OBJECTIVE Conduct a cross-sectional survey to identify zoonotic nematodes in free-ranging NHPs found within four selected urban and peri-urban centres in Kenya. METHODS A total of 86 NHPs: 41 African green monkeys [AGMs] (Chlorocebus aethiops), 30 olive baboons (Papio anubis), 5 blue monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis stuhlmanni) and 10 red-tailed monkeys (Cercopithecus ascanius) were sampled once in situ and released back to their habitat. Microscopy was used to identify nematodes egg and larvae stages in the samples. Subsequently, PCR coupled with high-resolution melting (PCR-HRM) analysis and sequencing were used to identify nodule worms. RESULTS NHPs inhabiting densely populated urban environs in Kenya were found infected with a rich diversity of nematodes including three potentially zoonotic nematodes including Oesophagostomum stephanostomum, Oesophagostomum bifurcum and Trichostrongylus colubriformis and co-infections were common. CONCLUSION Phylogenetic analysis showed that O. stephanostomum from red-tailed and blue monkeys have a close evolutionary relatedness to human isolates suggesting the zoonotic potential of this parasite. Moreover, we also report the first natural co-infection of O. bifurcum and O. stephanostomum in free-ranging AGMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peris Mbuthia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University, Egerton, Kenya
| | - Edwin Murungi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kisii University, Kisii, Kenya
| | - Vincent Owino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University, Egerton, Kenya
| | - Mercy Akinyi
- Animal Sciences Department, Institute of Primate Research (IPR), Karen, Kenya
| | - Gillian Eastwood
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Richard Nyamota
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University, Egerton, Kenya
| | | | - Maamun Jeneby
- Zoonoses Unit, Tropical Infectious Diseases Department, Institute of Primate Research (IPR), Karen, Kenya
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13
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Ochieng JR, Rwego IB, Kisakye JJM, Brown M. Gastrointestinal parasites of blue monkeys (
Cercopithecus mitis
) and grey‐cheeked mangabeys (
Lophocebus albigena
) at the Ngogo Research Site in Kibale National Park, Uganda. Afr J Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.12833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James Robert Ochieng
- Department of Zoology, Entomology and Fisheries Sciences College of Natural Sciences Makerere University Kampala Uganda
| | - Innocent B. Rwego
- Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystem and Veterinary Public Health College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosafety (COVAB) Makerere University Kampala Uganda
| | - John Joseph M. Kisakye
- Department of Zoology, Entomology and Fisheries Sciences College of Natural Sciences Makerere University Kampala Uganda
| | - Michelle Brown
- Department of Anthropology University of California Santa Barbara CA USA
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14
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Blersch R, Archer C, Suleman E, Young C, Kindler D, Barrett L, Henzi SP. Gastrointestinal Parasites of Vervet Monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) in a High Latitude, Semi-Arid Region of South Africa. J Parasitol 2019. [DOI: 10.1645/19-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary Blersch
- Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 6T5, Canada
| | - Colleen Archer
- Pollution Research Group, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa
| | - Essa Suleman
- National Zoological Garden, South African National Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 754, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Christopher Young
- Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 6T5, Canada
| | - Duodané Kindler
- National Zoological Garden, South African National Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 754, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Louise Barrett
- Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 6T5, Canada
| | - S. Peter Henzi
- Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 6T5, Canada
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15
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A Review of Strongyloides spp. Environmental Sources Worldwide. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8030091. [PMID: 31252665 PMCID: PMC6789455 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8030091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Strongyloides spp. are parasitic nematodes that are transmitted through the environment and are capable of causing disease. These nematodes affect an estimated 3–300 million humans worldwide. Identifying the environmental reservoirs of Strongyloides spp. is essential for the development of appropriate control strategies. This systematic literature review examined all published studies that identified Strongyloidesstercoralis, Strongyloidesfuelleborni, Strongyloidesfuellebornikellyi, and Strongyloides spp. from an environmental source. Most studies detected the nematode from dog and primate fecal samples. Other environmental sources identified were ruminants, cats, rodents, insects, water, soil, as well as fruit and vegetables. Most studies used microscopy-based identification techniques; however, several employed molecular-based techniques, which have become increasingly popular for the detection of Strongyloides spp. A limitation identified was a lack of studies that comprehensively screened all potential environmental samples in a region. Future research should undertake this holistic screening process to identify which environmental reservoirs pose the greatest significance to human health. Potential controls can be identified through the identification of environmental sources. Understanding where Strongyloides spp. is commonly found within the environment of endemic areas will inform environmental control strategies to reduce this neglected disease.
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16
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Obanda V, Maingi N, Muchemi G, Ng’ang’a CJ, Angelone S, Archie EA. Infection dynamics of gastrointestinal helminths in sympatric non-human primates, livestock and wild ruminants in Kenya. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217929. [PMID: 31181093 PMCID: PMC6557494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal parasites are neglected infections, yet they cause significant burden to animal and human health globally. To date, most studies of gastrointestinal parasites focus on host-parasite systems that involve either a single parasite or a host species. However, when hosts share habitat and resources, they may also cross-transmit generalist gastrointestinal parasites. Here we explore multi-host-parasite interactions in a single ecosystem to understand the infection patterns, especially those linked to livestock-wildlife interfaces and zoonotic risk. METHODS We used both coprological methods (flotation and sedimentation; N = 1,138 fecal samples) and molecular identification techniques (rDNA and mtDNA; N = 18 larvae) to identify gastrointestinal parasites in nine sympatric host species (cattle, sheep, goats, wildebeest, Grant's gazelles, Thomson's gazelles, impala, vervet monkeys and baboons) in the Amboseli ecosystem, Kenya. RESULTS We found that the host community harbored a diverse community of gastrointestinal helminths, including 22 species and/or morphotypes that were heterogeneously distributed across the hosts. Six zoonotic gastrointestinal helminths were identified: Trichuris spp., Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Enterobius spp. Oesophagostomum bifurcum, Strongyloides stercoralis and Strongyloides fuelleborni. The dominant parasite was Trichuris spp, whose ova occurred in two morphological types. Baboons were co-infected with Strongyloides fuelleborni and S. stercoralis. CONCLUSIONS We found that the interface zone shared by wild ungulates, livestock and non-human primates is rich in diversity of gastrointestinal helminths, of which some are extensively shared across the host species. Closely related host species were most likely to be infected by the same parasite species. Several parasites showed genetic sub-structuring according to either geography or host species. Of significance and contrary to expectation, we found that livestock had a higher parasite richness than wild bovids, which is a health risk for both conservation and livestock production. The zoonotic parasites are of public health risk, especially to pastoralist communities living in areas contiguous to wildlife areas. These results expand information on the epidemiology of these parasites and highlights potential zoonotic risk in East African savanna habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Obanda
- Department of Veterinary Services, Kenya Wildlife Service, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ndichu Maingi
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gerald Muchemi
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Chege J. Ng’ang’a
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Samer Angelone
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda, Américo Vespucio s/n, Sevilla, Spain
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies (IEU), University of Zürich Winterthurerstrasse, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Elizabeth A. Archie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Indiana, United States of America
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17
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Ito A, Eckardt W, Stoinski TS, Gillespie TR, Tokiwa T. Three new Troglodytella and a new Gorilloflasca ciliates (Entodiniomorphida) from mountain gorillas ( Gorilla beringei beringei ) in Rwanda. Eur J Protistol 2018; 65:42-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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18
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Odeniran PO, Ademola IO, Jegede HO. A review of wildlife tourism and meta-analysis of parasitism in Africa's national parks and game reserves. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:2359-2378. [PMID: 29948206 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5958-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The recent increase of parasitic diseases associated with wildlife tourism can be traced to human contact with wildlife and intense modification of wildlife habitat. The continental estimates of parasitic diseases among visited wildlife-tourists and mammalian wildlife present in conservation areas are lacking; therefore, a general review was necessary to provide insights into Africa's parasitic disease burden and transmission between humans and wildlife. A two-step analysis was conducted with searches in Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science and Global Health. All diseases reported without prevalence were grouped and analysed as categorical data while meta-analysis of prevalence rates of parasitic diseases in wildlife from national parks and reserves in Africa was conducted. Only 4.7% of the tourist centres reported routine wildlife diagnosis for parasitic diseases. Disease intensity shows that cryptosporidiosis and seven other parasitic diseases were observed in both human and wildlife; however, no significant difference in intensity between human and wildlife hosts was observed. Schistosomiasis intensity reports showed a significant increase (P < 0.05) while entamoebiasis showed a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in humans as compared to wildlife. Visiting tourists were more infected with malaria, while wildlife was more infected with parasitic gastroenteritis (PGE). The meta-analysis of wildlife revealed the highest prevalence of PGE with mixed parasites and lowest prevalence of Giardia spp. at 99.9 and 5.7%, respectively. The zoonotic and socioeconomic impact of some of these parasites could pose a severe public threat to tourism. Pre- and post-travel clinical examinations are important for tourists while routine examination, treatment and rational surveillance are important for these animals to improve wildlife tourism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Olalekan Odeniran
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Isaiah Oluwafemi Ademola
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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19
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Teklemariam D, Legesse M, Degarege A, Liang S, Erko B. Schistosoma mansoni and other intestinal parasitic infections in schoolchildren and vervet monkeys in Lake Ziway area, Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:146. [PMID: 29463304 PMCID: PMC5819654 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3248-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To assess Schistosoma mansoni and other intestinal parasitic infections in schoolchildren and vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops) in Bochessa Village, Ziway, Ethiopia. Results Fecal specimens from selected schoolchildren and droppings of the vervet monkeys were collected and microscopically examined for intestinal parasites using the Kato-Katz thick smear and formol-ether concentration techniques. The prevalences of S. mansoni, Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, Enterobius vermicularis, hookworms, Hymenolepis nana and Taenia species among the children were 35.7, 26.9, 24.1, 2.1, 2.1, 1.07 and 2.1%, respectively (by Kato-Katz) and 39.3, 36.1, 35.6, 2.9, 10.0, 4.3, and 2.9%, respectively (by formol-ether concentration). Prevalence of S. mansoni in vervet monkeys ranged from 10 to 20%. B. pfeifferi snails were exposed to S. mansoni miracidia from vervet origin, shed cercariae were then used to infect lab-bred albino mice. Adult worms were harvested from the mice 5 weeks post-exposure to cercariae to establish the schistosome life cycle and confirm the infection in the vervet monkeys. The natural infection of S. mansoni in vervet monkeys suggests that the non-human primate is likely to be implicated in the local transmission of schistosomiasis. Further epidemiological and molecular studies are needed to fully elucidate zoonotic role of non-human primate in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mengistu Legesse
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abraham Degarege
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stemple College of Public Health, Florida International University, Miami, USA
| | - Song Liang
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.,Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Berhanu Erko
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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TERIO KARENA, LONSDORF ELIZABETHV, KINSEL MICHAELJ, RAPHAEL JANE, LIPENDE IDDI, COLLINS ANTHONY, LI YINGYING, HAHN BEATRICEH, TRAVIS DOMINICA, GILLESPIE THOMASR. Oesophagostomiasis in non-human primates of Gombe National Park, Tanzania. Am J Primatol 2018; 80:10.1002/ajp.22572. [PMID: 27309976 PMCID: PMC5161720 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Oesophagostomum sp. is a parasitic nematode that frequently infects wild chimpanzees. Although nodular lesions are commonly associated with infection, some wild chimpanzee populations seem to tolerate Oesophagostomum nodular lesions while those at Gombe and other sites suffer from associated morbidity and mortality. From August 2004 to December 2013, we examined demographic (i.e., age, sex) and individual correlates (i.e., fecal consistency, Oesophagostomum egg production) to Oesophagostomum-associated pathology in 14 individually recognized chimpanzees at Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania. In addition, we characterized Oesophagostomum-associated pathology in 14 individual sympatric primates including baboons, colobus, and cercopithecid monkeys. In five chimpanzees, there was no evidence of any significant underlying disease aside from oesophagostomiasis to explain the thin condition or diarrhea. All five of these chimpanzees had moderate to numerous parasitic nodules. In general, nodules were more numerous in older chimpanzees. Three of four chimpanzees with the highest average Oesophagostomum egg counts in feces collected during the year prior to their death had numerous parasitic nodules at necropsy. In contrast, the four chimpanzees with the lowest egg counts had only moderate numbers of nodules. No association (P = 0.74) was noted between frequency of diarrhea in the year prior to death and the number of nodules noted at necropsy. Nodules were also present in all baboons examined documenting pathology associated with Oesophagostomum infection in wild baboons. In contrast, no lesions were noted in colobus or cercopithecid monkeys, although it is uncertain if they are infected as no fecal studies have been completed in these species to date at Gombe. Sequence of DNA isolated from nodules in chimpanzees matched (99%) Oesophagostomum stephanostomum. Further research is needed to identify the types of Oesophagostomum causing lesions in baboons and to determine if baboons suffer from these infections. Am. J. Primatol. 80:e22572, 2018. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- KAREN A. TERIO
- Zoological Pathology Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Brookfield, Illinois
| | | | - MICHAEL J. KINSEL
- Zoological Pathology Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Brookfield, Illinois
| | - JANE RAPHAEL
- Gombe National Park, Tanzania National Parks, Kigoma, Tanzania
| | - IDDI LIPENDE
- Gombe Stream Research Center, Jane Goodall Institute, Kigoma, Tanzania
| | - ANTHONY COLLINS
- Gombe Stream Research Center, Jane Goodall Institute, Kigoma, Tanzania
| | - YINGYING LI
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - BEATRICE H. HAHN
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - DOMINIC A. TRAVIS
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - THOMAS R. GILLESPIE
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Program in Population Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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21
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Valenta K, Twinomugisha D, Godfrey K, Liu C, Schoof VAM, Goldberg TL, Chapman CA. Comparison of gastrointestinal parasite communities in vervet monkeys. Integr Zool 2017; 12:512-520. [PMID: 28685946 PMCID: PMC5725676 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Globally, habitat degradation is accelerating, especially in the tropics. Changes to interface habitats can increase environmental overlap among nonhuman primates, people, and domestic animals and change stress levels in wildlife, leading to changes in their risk of parasite infections. However, the direction and consequences of these changes are unclear, since animals may benefit by exploiting human resources (e.g., improving nutritional health by eating nutritious crops) and decreasing susceptibility to infection, or interactions with humans may lead to chronic stress and increased susceptibility to infection. Vervet monkeys are an excellent model to understand parasitic disease transmission because of their tolerance to anthropogenic disturbance. Here we quantify the gastrointestinal parasites of a group of vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops) near Lake Nabugabo, Uganda, that frequently overlaps with people in their use of a highly modified environment. We compare the parasites found in this population to seven other sites where vervet monkey gastrointestinal parasites have been identified. The vervets of Lake Nabugabo have the greatest richness of parasites documented to date. We discuss how this may reflect differences in sampling intensity or differences in the types of habitat where vervet parasites have been sampled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Valenta
- McGill School of Environment, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Kathleen Godfrey
- McGill School of Environment, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cynthia Liu
- McGill School of Environment, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Valérie A M Schoof
- Bilingual Biology Program, Department of Multidisciplinary Studies, Glendon Campus, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tony L Goldberg
- Makerere University Biological Field Station, Kampala, Uganda.,Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Colin A Chapman
- McGill School of Environment, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Makerere University Biological Field Station, Kampala, Uganda.,Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, USA
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22
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McLennan MR, Hasegawa H, Bardi M, Huffman MA. Gastrointestinal parasite infections and self-medication in wild chimpanzees surviving in degraded forest fragments within an agricultural landscape mosaic in Uganda. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180431. [PMID: 28692673 PMCID: PMC5503243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring health in wild great apes is integral to their conservation and is especially important where they share habitats with humans, given the potential for zoonotic pathogen exchange. We studied the intestinal parasites of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) inhabiting degraded forest fragments amid farmland and villages in Bulindi, Uganda. We first identified protozoan and helminth parasites infecting this population. Sixteen taxa were demonstrated microscopically (9 protozoa, 5 nematodes, 1 cestode, and 1 trematode). DNA sequence analysis enabled more precise identification of larval nematodes (e.g. Oesophagostomum stephanostomum, O. bifurcum, Strongyloides fuelleborni, Necator sp. Type II) and tapeworm proglottids (genus Bertiella). To better understand the ecology of infections, we used multidimensional scaling analysis to reveal general patterns of association among parasites, climate, and whole leaf swallowing-a prevalent self-medicative behaviour at Bulindi linked to control of nodular worms (Oesophagostomum spp.). Prevalence of parasites varied with climate in diverse ways. For example, Oesophagostomum sp. was detected in faeces at higher frequencies with increasing rainfall but was most clearly associated with periods of low temperature. Certain parasites occurred together within chimpanzee hosts more or less frequently than expected by chance. For example, the commensal ciliate Troglodytella abrassarti was negatively associated with Balantidium coli and Oesophagostomum sp., possibly because the latter taxa make the large intestine less suitable for T. abrassarti. Whole leaves in faeces showed independent associations with the prevalence of Oesophagostomum sp., Strongyloides sp., and hookworm by microscopic examination, and with egestion of adult O. stephanostomum by macroscopic inspection. All parasites identified to species or genus have been reported in wild chimpanzees inhabiting less-disturbed environments than Bulindi. Nevertheless, several disease-causing taxa infecting these chimpanzees are potentially transmissible between apes and humans (e.g. rhabditoid and strongyle nematodes), underscoring the importance of identifying and reducing risks of pathogen exchange in shared landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. McLennan
- Anthropology Centre for Conservation, Environment and Development, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Bulindi Chimpanzee and Community Project, Hoima, Uganda
| | - Hideo Hasegawa
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Hasama, Yufu, Oita, Japan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Hasama, Yufu, Oita, Japan
| | - Massimo Bardi
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, Virginia, United States of America
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Molecular identification of Entamoeba species in savanna woodland chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii). Parasitology 2016; 143:741-8. [PMID: 26935395 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182016000263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
To address the molecular diversity and occurrence of pathogenic species of the genus Entamoeba spp. in wild non-human primates (NHP) we conducted molecular-phylogenetic analyses on Entamoeba from wild chimpanzees living in the Issa Valley, Tanzania. We compared the sensitivity of molecular [using a genus-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR)] and coproscopic detection (merthiolate-iodine-formaldehyde concentration) of Entamoeba spp. We identified Entamoeba spp. in 72 chimpanzee fecal samples (79%) subjected to species-specific PCRs for six Entamoeba species/groups (Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba nuttalli, Entamoeba dispar, Entamoeba moshkovskii, Entamoeba coli and Entamoeba polecki ST2). We recorded three Entamoeba species: E. coli (47%), E. dispar (16%), Entamoeba hartmanni (51%). Coproscopically, we could only distinguish the cysts of complex E. histolytica/dispar/moshkovskii/nuttalli and E. coli. Molecular prevalence of entamoebas was higher than the prevalence based on the coproscopic examination. Our molecular phylogenies showed that sequences of E. dispar and E. coli from Issa chimpanzees are closely related to sequences from humans and other NHP from GenBank. The results showed that wild chimpanzees harbour Entamoeba species similar to those occurring in humans; however, no pathogenic species were detected. Molecular-phylogenetic methods are critical to improve diagnostics of entamoebas in wild NHP and for determining an accurate prevalence of Entamoeba species.
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Ota N, Hasegawa H, McLennan MR, Kooriyama T, Sato H, Pebsworth PA, Huffman MA. Molecular identification of Oesophagostomum spp. from 'village' chimpanzees in Uganda and their phylogenetic relationship with those of other primates. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2015; 2:150471. [PMID: 26716002 PMCID: PMC4680617 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.150471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Oesophagostomum spp. are parasitic nematodes of mammals, including humans and other primates. To identify species and determine phylogeny, we analysed DNA sequences of adult and larval Oesophagostomum from wild chimpanzees in Bulindi, Uganda, which inhabit degraded forest fragments amid villages. Oesophagostome larvae and/or eggs from baboons in Tanzania and South Africa and from a Japanese macaque were also sequenced. Based on the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) of nuclear ribosomal DNA and partial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (Cox1) of mtDNA, O. stephanostomum and O. bifurcum were identified from chimpanzees. Bulindi is the second locality where molecular detection of O. bifurcum in wild chimpanzees has been made. While most O. stephanostomum had ITS2 genotypes recorded previously, three new genotypes were detected. Among four ITS2 genotypes of O. bifurcum from chimpanzees, one was identical to that from various monkey species in Kibale, Uganda, and baboons from Tanzania and South Africa; another was shared by a baboon from Tanzania. No genotype was identical with that of the cryptic species reported from humans and monkeys in Kibale. Phylogeny based on Cox1 sequences of O. stephanostomum showed locality-dependent clades, whereas those of O. bifurcum formed clades composed of worms from different hosts and localities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narumi Ota
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Hideo Hasegawa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Matthew R. McLennan
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Anthropology Centre for Conservation, Environment and Development, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane Campus, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Takanori Kooriyama
- Department of Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582, Bunkyodai-Midori, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sato
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 7s53-8515, Japan
| | - Paula A. Pebsworth
- Department of Anthropology, The University of Texas, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
- Department of Soil Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Michael A. Huffman
- Section of Social Systems Evolution, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, 41-2, Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
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Human Trichuriasis: Whipworm Genetics, Phylogeny, Transmission and Future Research Directions. CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40475-015-0062-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Abstract
Cross-species infection among humans, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and baboons (Papio spp.) is potentially a significant public health issue in Africa, and of concern in the conservation of P. troglodytes. However, to date, no statistical comparisons have been made between the prevalence, richness and composition of parasite communities in sympatric populations of baboons and P. troglodytes. We compared parasite communities in sympatric P. troglodytes and Papio papio living in a wilderness site, in the Republic of Senegal, West Africa. We asked whether, in the absence of humans, there are significant differences between these hosts in their interactions with gastrointestinal parasites. We tested whether host, location, or time of collection accounted for variation in prevalence, richness and community composition, and compared prevalence across six studies. We concluded that, despite being closely related, there are significant differences between these two hosts with respect to their parasite communities. At our study site, prevalence of Balantidium, Trichuris and Watsonius was higher in P. papio. Papio papio harboured more parasites per host, and we found evidence of a positive association between Trichuris and Balantidium in P. troglodytes but not P. papio.
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Kouassi RYW, McGraw SW, Yao PK, Abou-Bacar A, Brunet J, Pesson B, Bonfoh B, N’goran EK, Candolfi E. Diversity and prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in seven non-human primates of the Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire. Parasite 2015; 22:1. [PMID: 25619957 PMCID: PMC4306024 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2015001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites and infectious diseases are well-known threats to primate populations. The main objective of this study was to provide baseline data on fecal parasites in the cercopithecid monkeys inhabiting Côte d'Ivoire's Taï National Park. Seven of eight cercopithecid species present in the park were sampled: Cercopithecus diana, Cercopithecus campbelli, Cercopithecus petaurista, Procolobus badius, Procolobus verus, Colobus polykomos, and Cercocebus atys. We collected 3142 monkey stool samples between November 2009 and December 2010. Stool samples were processed by direct wet mount examination, formalin-ethyl acetate concentration, and MIF (merthiolate, iodine, formalin) concentration methods. Slides were examined under microscope and parasite identification was based on the morphology of cysts, eggs, and adult worms. A total of 23 species of parasites was recovered including 9 protozoa (Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba histolytica/dispar, Entamoeba hartmanni, Endolimax nana, Iodamoeba butschlii, Chilomastix mesnili, Giardia sp., Balantidium coli, and Blastocystis sp.), 13 nematodes (Oesophagostomum sp., Ancylostoma sp., Anatrichosoma sp., Capillariidae Gen. sp. 1, Capillariidae Gen. sp. 2, Chitwoodspirura sp., Subulura sp., spirurids [cf Protospirura muricola], Ternidens sp., Strongyloides sp., Trichostrongylus sp., and Trichuris sp.), and 1 trematode (Dicrocoelium sp.). Diversity indices and parasite richness were high for all monkey taxa, but C. diana, C. petaurista, C. atys, and C. campbelli exhibited a greater diversity of parasite species and a more equitable distribution. The parasitological data reported are the first available for these cercopithecid species within Taï National Park.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Yao Wa Kouassi
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Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët Boigny 22 BP 770 Abidjan 22 Côte d’Ivoire
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Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire 01 BP 1303 Abidjan 01 Côte d’Ivoire
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Laboratoire de Parasitologie et de Mycologie Médicale, Plateau Technique de Microbiologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg 1 rue Koeberlé 67000
Strasbourg France
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Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale, EA 7292, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Université de Strasbourg 3 rue Koeberlé 67000
Strasbourg France
| | - Scott William McGraw
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Department of Anthropology, Ohio State University, 4064 Smith Laboratory 174 West 18th Avenue Columbus Ohio
43210 USA
| | - Patrick Kouassi Yao
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Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët Boigny 22 BP 770 Abidjan 22 Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Ahmed Abou-Bacar
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Laboratoire de Parasitologie et de Mycologie Médicale, Plateau Technique de Microbiologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg 1 rue Koeberlé 67000
Strasbourg France
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Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale, EA 7292, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Université de Strasbourg 3 rue Koeberlé 67000
Strasbourg France
| | - Julie Brunet
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Laboratoire de Parasitologie et de Mycologie Médicale, Plateau Technique de Microbiologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg 1 rue Koeberlé 67000
Strasbourg France
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Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg 74 route du Rhin 67401
Illkirch cedex France
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Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale, EA 7292, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Université de Strasbourg 3 rue Koeberlé 67000
Strasbourg France
| | - Bernard Pesson
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Laboratoire de Parasitologie et de Mycologie Médicale, Plateau Technique de Microbiologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg 1 rue Koeberlé 67000
Strasbourg France
| | - Bassirou Bonfoh
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Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire 01 BP 1303 Abidjan 01 Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Eliezer Kouakou N’goran
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Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët Boigny 22 BP 770 Abidjan 22 Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Ermanno Candolfi
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Laboratoire de Parasitologie et de Mycologie Médicale, Plateau Technique de Microbiologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg 1 rue Koeberlé 67000
Strasbourg France
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Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale, EA 7292, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Université de Strasbourg 3 rue Koeberlé 67000
Strasbourg France
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Ghai RR, Chapman CA, Omeja PA, Davies TJ, Goldberg TL. Nodule worm infection in humans and wild primates in Uganda: cryptic species in a newly identified region of human transmission. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2641. [PMID: 24421915 PMCID: PMC3888470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) are a major health concern in tropical and sub-tropical countries. Oesophagostomum infection is considered endemic to West Africa but has also been identified in Uganda, East Africa, among primates (including humans). However, the taxonomy and ecology of Oesophagostomum in Uganda have not been studied, except for in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), which are infected by both O. bifurcum and O. stephanostomum. METHODS AND FINDINGS We studied Oesophagostomum in Uganda in a community of non-human primates that live in close proximity to humans. Prevalence estimates based on microscopy were lower than those based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR), indicating greater sensitivity of PCR. Prevalence varied among host species, with humans and red colobus (Procolobus rufomitratus) infected at lowest prevalence (25% and 41% by PCR, respectively), and chimpanzees, olive baboons (Papio anubis), and l'hoest monkeys (Cercopithecus lhoesti) infected at highest prevalence (100% by PCR in all three species). Phylogenetic regression showed that primates travelling further and in smaller groups are at greatest risk of infection. Molecular phylogenetic analyses revealed three cryptic clades of Oesophagostomum that were not distinguishable based on morphological characteristics of their eggs. Of these, the clade with the greatest host range had not previously been described genetically. This novel clade infects humans, as well as five other species of primates. CONCLUSIONS Multiple cryptic forms of Oesophagostomum circulate in the people and primates of western Uganda, and parasite clades differ in host range and cross-species transmission potential. Our results expand knowledge about human Oesophagostomum infection beyond the West African countries of Togo and Ghana, where the parasite is a known public health concern. Oesophagostomum infection in humans may be common throughout Sub-Saharan Africa, and the transmission of this neglected STH among primates, including zoonotic transmission, may vary among host communities depending on their location and ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria R. Ghai
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Colin A. Chapman
- Department of Anthropology and McGill School of Environment, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, and Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, New York, United States of America
- Makerere University Biological Field Station, Fort Portal, Uganda
| | - Patrick A. Omeja
- Makerere University Biological Field Station, Fort Portal, Uganda
| | | | - Tony L. Goldberg
- Makerere University Biological Field Station, Fort Portal, Uganda
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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Mati VLT, Ferreira Junior FC, Pinto HA, de Melo AL. Strongyloides cebus (Nematoda: Strongyloididae) in Lagothrix cana (Primates: Atelidae) from the Brazilian Amazon: aspects of clinical presentation, anatomopathology, treatment, and parasitic biology. J Parasitol 2013; 99:1009-18. [PMID: 23909511 DOI: 10.1645/13-288.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract : Seven cases of parasitism by Strongyloides cebus were identified in Lagothrix cana from Brazil. Aspects of the clinical presentation, treatment, pathology, and parasitic biology of these infections are described. Moderate to severe disease was observed, requiring hospitalization of 3 primates, and diarrhea was the most common clinical sign described. One L. cana individual died, for which ulcerative enteritis was the major finding upon histopathological analysis. The use of ivermectin in these atelids was safe and effective against the parasite. Parallel attempts to experimentally infect gerbils with the parasite failed. Lagothrix cana is presented as a new host for S. cebus. The evidence that Strongyloides infections are common in nonhuman primates under free-living conditions, and even more prevalent in captive animals, likely represents a neglected problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Luís Tenório Mati
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, CP 486, CEP 30123-970, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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30
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Drakulovski P, Locatelli S, Butel C, Pion S, Krasteva D, Mougdi-Pole E, Delaporte E, Peeters M, Mallié M. Use of RNAlater as a preservation method for parasitic coprology studies in wild-living chimpanzees. Exp Parasitol 2013; 135:257-61. [PMID: 23850999 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the use of an RNA stabilisation buffer, RNAlater (Ambion, Austin, Texas), as a preservation medium for parasitic coprology analysis of faecal samples collected from chimpanzees living in the wild (Pan troglodytes troglodytes). Thirty faecal samples collected in the forests of south-east Cameroon (Mambele area) from 2003 to 2011 were preserved in RNAlater at -80 °C and analysed for their parasite content. We identified and counted parasitic elements and assessed their shape, size and morphology in relation to the storage time of the samples. We found that parasite elements were identifiable in RNAlater preserved samples after as many as 7 years, showing that RNAlater could be an effective and reliable preservation medium for coprology. Thus, its use could be an interesting way to optimise sample collection for several types of studies (parasitology and bacteriology/virology) at once, especially considering the logistically challenging and time-consuming field campaigns needed to obtain these faecal samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Drakulovski
- UMI 233 "TransVIHMI", Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD), University of Montpellier 1 (UM1), Montpellier, France.
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