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Senvanpan N, Phimolsarnnousith V, Rattanavong S, Mayxay M, Reinharz D, Fine AE, Horwood PF, Dussart P, Blacksell SD, Pruvot M, Newton PN, Robinson MT. Longitudinal comparison of bacterial pathogen seropositivity among wet market vendors in the Lao People's Democratic Republic. One Health 2023; 17:100618. [PMID: 37811399 PMCID: PMC7615163 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Wild animal trade for human consumption is a global issue, involving complex interactions between economics, culture, food security and conservation. Whilst being a biodiversity issue, it is also a major public health concern, with recent epidemics and pandemics of zoonotic pathogens linked to interactions with wildlife. At three time points, between March 2017 and June 2018, a longitudinal sero-survey of 150 market vendors from three wet markets in Laos (selling vegetables, domestic animal meat and/or wildlife meat) was conducted to determine if vendors had been differentially exposed to three endemic bacterial pathogens - Orientia tsutsugamushi, Rickettsia typhi, and Leptospira spp. A total of 367 serum samples were tested by IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunofluorescence assay (IFA, for scrub typhus group (STG) and typhus group (TG) only). Among vendors, 32.7% were IgG-positive for at least one pathogen, 13.3% sero-converted during the study. Multi-season occupancy modelling for STG indicated a significantly higher prevalence of STG IgG in vegetable vendors (27.3%) and wildlife vendors (28.4%) than in domestic animal meat vendors (6.9 %, p=0.05), and higher in Phonsavanh market (OR=9.6, p=0.03) compared to Lak Sao and Salavan markets. Estimated mean incidence was 57 cases per 10,000 per 7.5-month period. For TG, vendor age had a significant effect on prevalence (OR=1.04, p=0.006), estimated mean incidence was 64 cases per 10,000 per season (7.5-month period). Despite individuals selling domestic meat having a higher prevalence of Leptospira infections than those that did not (11.6% versus 4.5%), the difference was not significant. Whilst this study has a number of limitations, including vendors changing what food types they sold and no investigation of exposure outside of markets, the finding that the risk of exposure of vendors to zoonotic pathogens may be associated with types of food sold for human consumption warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilandone Senvanpan
- Institute de la Francophonie pour la Médecine Tropicale (IFMT)/Lao Tropical & Public Health Institute, Vientiane, Laos
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos
| | - Vilayouth Phimolsarnnousith
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos
| | - Sayaphet Rattanavong
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos
| | - Mayfong Mayxay
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Institute of Research and Education Development (IRED), University of Health Sciences, Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Laos
| | - Daniel Reinharz
- Institute de la Francophonie pour la Médecine Tropicale (IFMT)/Lao Tropical & Public Health Institute, Vientiane, Laos
- Département de Médecine Sociale et Préventive, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Amanda E. Fine
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Health Program, 2300 Southern Blvd, Bronx, NY 10460, USA
| | - Paul F. Horwood
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Philippe Dussart
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Stuart D. Blacksell
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mathieu Pruvot
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Health Program, 2300 Southern Blvd, Bronx, NY 10460, USA
- University of Calgary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Paul N. Newton
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Matthew T. Robinson
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Tumelty L, Fa JE, Coad L, Friant S, Mbane J, Kamogne CT, Tata CY, Ickowitz A. A systematic mapping review of links between handling wild meat and zoonotic diseases. One Health 2023; 17:100637. [PMID: 38024256 PMCID: PMC10665173 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
1.Hunting, trade, and consumption of wildlife present a serious threat to global public health as it places humans in close contact with zoonotic pathogens.2.We systematically mapped the literature on wild meat handling and zoonotic disease transmission (1996-2022) using the online database Web of Science and Google search engine and identified 6229 articles out of which 253 were finally selected for use in our mapping review; 51 of these provided specific information regarding transmission risks.3.The reviewed studies reported 43 zoonotic pathogens (17 bacteria, 15 viruses, and 11 parasites) that could pose a potential risk to human health.4.Sixteen hygienic and sanitary behaviours were described in the reviewed studies. Disease surveillance was the most frequent. Most of the surveillance studies were carried out in Europe and were less common in the tropics.5.To inform policy and practical actions effectively, it is imperative to broaden our understanding of how various mitigation behaviours can be employed to minimize the risk of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Tumelty
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), CIFOR Headquarters, Bogor 16115, Indonesia
| | - Julia E. Fa
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), CIFOR Headquarters, Bogor 16115, Indonesia
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - Lauren Coad
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), CIFOR Headquarters, Bogor 16115, Indonesia
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Rd, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Sagan Friant
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Joseph Mbane
- Center for International Forestry Research-World Agroforestry (CIFOR-ICRAF), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Cedric Thibaut Kamogne
- Center for International Forestry Research-World Agroforestry (CIFOR-ICRAF), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Amy Ickowitz
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)-World Agroforestry Center, Beit Zayit, Israel
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3
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Kamau E, Bessaud M, Majumdar M, Martin J, Simmonds P, Harvala H. Estimating prevalence of Enterovirus D111 in human and non-human primate populations using cross-sectional serology. J Gen Virol 2023; 104:001915. [PMID: 37910158 PMCID: PMC10768692 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses primarily affect young children with a varying severity of disease. Recent outbreaks of severe respiratory and neurological disease due to EV-D68 and EV-A71, as well as atypical hand-foot-and-mouth-disease due to CVA6, have brought to light the potency of enteroviruses to emerge as severe human pathogens. Enterovirus D111 (EV-D111) is an enteric pathogen initially detected in Central Africa in human and wildlife samples and was recently detected in environmental samples. The natural history and epidemiology of EV-D111 are poorly studied. Here, the presence of serum neutralizing antibodies to EV-D111 was estimated in human and wildlife samples from five countries. We report high prevalence of neutralizing antibodies measured against EV-D111 in human populations (range, 55-83 %), a proxy for previous infection, which indicates active virus circulation in absence of detection in clinical cases and a high number of undiagnosed infections. Notably, seroprevalence in samples from the UK varied by age and was higher in children and older adults (1-5 and >60 years old), but lower in ages 11-60. EV-D111 seroprevalence in apes and Old World monkeys was 50 % (33-66 %), which also suggests prior exposure and supports existing knowledge of enterovirus circulation in wild and captive apes and Old World monkeys. Generally, reported cases of infection likely underestimate the prevalence of infection particularly when the knowledge of community transmission is limited. Continued serologic surveillance and detection of EV-D111 in clinical and environmental samples will allow for a more robust assessment of EV-D111 epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Everlyn Kamau
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mael Bessaud
- Institut Pasteur-Unité de Biologie des Virus Entériques, Paris, France
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Enteroviruses and Viral Vaccines, Paris, France
| | - Manasi Majumdar
- Science Research and Innovation, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, UK
| | - Javier Martin
- Science Research and Innovation, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, UK
| | - Peter Simmonds
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Heli Harvala
- Microbiology Services, NHS Blood Transfusion, London, UK
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Rizzolo JB, Zhu A, Chen R. Wildlife Consumption, Health, and Zoonotic Disease in China After the Emergence of COVID-19. ECOHEALTH 2023; 20:323-342. [PMID: 38006517 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-023-01651-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
There has been much discussion in the conservation and policy realms of COVID-19 as a zoonotic disease, or a disease transmitted from wildlife to humans. However, wildlife consumption in China is not only a potential source of disease but also a practice embedded in complex beliefs about health. This paper used survey data (N = 974) collected in China in June 2021 to examine attitudes and behaviors related to (a) wildlife consumption, (b) Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and (c) zoonotic risk after the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic. 40.1% of respondents self-reported that they are less likely to consume wild animals since the outbreak of COVID-19. Respondents who used wildlife supplements for TCM, who believed in the benefits of wild animal consumption and fresh slaughter of wildlife, and who had higher levels of agreement with the zoonotic origin of COVID-19 were more likely to report that they had decreased their wildlife consumption after the outbreak of COVID-19. Use of wildlife in TCM significantly increased the odds that a respondent believed that COVID-19 was very likely zoonotic. We discuss how situating wildlife consumption within complex beliefs about health and disease can assist with protecting wildlife and public health in the wake of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Bell Rizzolo
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
| | - Annah Zhu
- Environmental Policy Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Warren CJ, Yu S, Peters DK, Barbachano-Guerrero A, Yang Q, Burris BL, Worwa G, Huang IC, Wilkerson GK, Goldberg TL, Kuhn JH, Sawyer SL. Primate hemorrhagic fever-causing arteriviruses are poised for spillover to humans. Cell 2022; 185:3980-3991.e18. [PMID: 36182704 PMCID: PMC9588614 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Simian arteriviruses are endemic in some African primates and can cause fatal hemorrhagic fevers when they cross into primate hosts of new species. We find that CD163 acts as an intracellular receptor for simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV; a simian arterivirus), a rare mode of virus entry that is shared with other hemorrhagic fever-causing viruses (e.g., Ebola and Lassa viruses). Further, SHFV enters and replicates in human monocytes, indicating full functionality of all of the human cellular proteins required for viral replication. Thus, simian arteriviruses in nature may not require major adaptations to the human host. Given that at least three distinct simian arteriviruses have caused fatal infections in captive macaques after host-switching, and that humans are immunologically naive to this family of viruses, development of serology tests for human surveillance should be a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody J Warren
- BioFrontiers Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Shuiqing Yu
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Douglas K Peters
- BioFrontiers Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Arturo Barbachano-Guerrero
- BioFrontiers Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Qing Yang
- BioFrontiers Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Bridget L Burris
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX 78602, USA
| | - Gabriella Worwa
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - I-Chueh Huang
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Gregory K Wilkerson
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX 78602, USA
| | - Tony L Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Sara L Sawyer
- BioFrontiers Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA.
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Friant S, Bonwitt J, Ayambem WA, Ifebueme NM, Alobi AO, Otukpa OM, Bennett AJ, Shea C, Rothman JM, Goldberg TL, Jacka JK. Zootherapy as a potential pathway for zoonotic spillover: a mixed-methods study of the use of animal products in medicinal and cultural practices in Nigeria. ONE HEALTH OUTLOOK 2022; 4:5. [PMID: 35216623 PMCID: PMC8881094 DOI: 10.1186/s42522-022-00060-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding how and why people interact with animals is important for the prevention and control of zoonoses. To date, studies have primarily focused on the most visible forms of human-animal contact (e.g., hunting and consumption), thereby blinding One Health researchers and practitioners to the broader range of human-animal interactions that can serve as cryptic sources of zoonotic diseases. Zootherapy, the use of animal products for traditional medicine and cultural practices, is widespread and can generate opportunities for human exposure to zoonoses. Existing research examining zootherapies omits details necessary to adequately assess potential zoonotic risks. METHODS We used a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative data from questionnaires, key informant interviews, and field notes to examine the use of zootherapy in nine villages engaged in wildlife hunting, consumption, and trade in Cross River State, Nigeria. We analyzed medicinal and cultural practices involving animals from a zoonotic disease perspective, by including details of animal use that may generate pathways for zoonotic transmission. We also examined the sociodemographic, cultural, and environmental contexts of zootherapeutic practices that can further shape the nature and frequency of human-animal interactions. RESULTS Within our study population, people reported using 44 different animal species for zootherapeutic practices, including taxonomic groups considered to be "high risk" for zoonoses and threatened with extinction. Variation in use of animal parts, preparation norms, and administration practices generated a highly diverse set of zootherapeutic practices (n = 292) and potential zoonotic exposure risks. Use of zootherapy was patterned by demographic and environmental contexts, with zootherapy more commonly practiced by hunting households (OR = 2.47, p < 0.01), and prescriptions that were gender and age specific (e.g., maternal and pediatric care) or highly seasonal (e.g., associated with annual festivals and seasonal illnesses). Specific practices were informed by species availability and theories of healing (i.e., "like cures like" and sympathetic healing and magic) that further shaped the nature of human-animal interactions via zootherapy. CONCLUSIONS Epidemiological investigations of zoonoses and public health interventions that aim to reduce zoonotic exposures should explicitly consider zootherapy as a potential pathway for disease transmission and consider the sociocultural and environmental contexts of their use in health messaging and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagan Friant
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
| | - Jesse Bonwitt
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA
- Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Wilfred A. Ayambem
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Nzube M. Ifebueme
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Alobi O. Alobi
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Oshama M. Otukpa
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Andrew J. Bennett
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI USA
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Department, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center–Frederick, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD USA
| | - Corrigan Shea
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Jessica M. Rothman
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, NY USA
| | - Tony L. Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Jerry K. Jacka
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
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Mahero MW, Pelican KM, Waila JM, Namusisi S, Rwego IB, Kajura C, Nyatuna C, Boulware DR, Hartter J, Mugisha L, Robertson C, Travis DA. "There are many fevers": Communities' perception and management of Febrile illness and its relationship with human animal interactions in South-Western Uganda. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010125. [PMID: 35192636 PMCID: PMC8929701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnosing the causative agent of febrile illness in resource-limited countries is a challenge in part due to lack of adequate diagnostic infrastructure to confirm cause of infection. Most febrile illnesses (>60%) are non-malarial, with a significant proportion being zoonotic and likely from animal origins. To better characterize the pathways for zoonotic disease transmission and control in vulnerable communities, adequate information on the communities' experiences and lexicon describing fever, and their understanding and perceptions of risk pathways is required. We undertook an ethnographic study to understand behaviors, exposures, and attitudes toward fever at the community level. Our hope is to better elucidate areas of priority surveillance and diagnostic investment. A focused ethnography consisting of participant observation, informal conversations, 4 barazas (community meetings), and formal ethnographic interviews (13 Focus group discussions and 17 Key informant interviews) was conducted between April and November 2015 in Kasese and Hoima Districts in Uganda. Perception of illness and associated risk factors was heavily influenced by the predominant livelihood activity of the community. The term "fever" referred to multiple temperature elevating disease processes, recognized as distinct pathological occurrences. However, malaria was the illness often cited, treated, or diagnosed both at the health facilities and through self-diagnosis and treatment. As expected, fever is as an important health challenge affecting all ages. Recognition of malarial fever was consistent with a biomedical model of disease while non-malarial fevers were interpreted mainly through ethno etiological models of explanation. These models are currently being used to inform education and prevention strategies and treatment regimens toward the goal of improving patients' outcomes and confidence in the health system. Development of treatment algorithms that consider social, cultural, and economic contexts, especially where human-animal interaction is prevalent, should factor animal exposure and zoonotic illnesses as important differentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wandanje Mahero
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota United States of America
| | - Katherine M. Pelican
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota United States of America
| | - Jacinta M. Waila
- Makerere University, School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Shamilah Namusisi
- Makerere University, School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Innocent B. Rwego
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota United States of America
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - David R. Boulware
- Dept. of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Joel Hartter
- Environmental Studies Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Lawrence Mugisha
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- EcoHealth Research Group, Conservation & Ecosystem Health Alliance (CEHA), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Cheryl Robertson
- School of Nursing, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA United States of America
| | - Dominic A. Travis
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota United States of America
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9
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Lee-Cruz L, Lenormand M, Cappelle J, Caron A, De Nys H, Peeters M, Bourgarel M, Roger F, Tran A. Mapping of Ebola virus spillover: Suitability and seasonal variability at the landscape scale. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009683. [PMID: 34424896 PMCID: PMC8425568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The unexpected Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa in 2014 involving the Zaire ebolavirus made clear that other regions outside Central Africa, its previously documented niche, were at risk of future epidemics. The complex transmission cycle and a lack of epidemiological data make mapping areas at risk of the disease challenging. We used a Geographic Information System-based multicriteria evaluation (GIS-MCE), a knowledge-based approach, to identify areas suitable for Ebola virus spillover to humans in regions of Guinea, Congo and Gabon where Ebola viruses already emerged. We identified environmental, climatic and anthropogenic risk factors and potential hosts from a literature review. Geographical data layers, representing risk factors, were combined to produce suitability maps of Ebola virus spillover at the landscape scale. Our maps show high spatial and temporal variability in the suitability for Ebola virus spillover at a fine regional scale. Reported spillover events fell in areas of intermediate to high suitability in our maps, and a sensitivity analysis showed that the maps produced were robust. There are still important gaps in our knowledge about what factors are associated with the risk of Ebola virus spillover. As more information becomes available, maps produced using the GIS-MCE approach can be easily updated to improve surveillance and the prevention of future outbreaks. Ebola virus disease is a highly pathogenic disease transmitted from wildlife to humans. It was first described in 1976 and its distribution remained restricted to Central Africa until 2014, when an outbreak in West Africa, causing more than 28,000 cases and more than 11,000 deaths, took place. Anthropogenic factors, such as bushmeat hunting, trade and consumption, and environmental and climatic factors, may promote the contact between humans and infected animals, such as bats, primates and duikers, increasing the risk of virus transmission to the human population. In this study, we used the spatial multicriteria evaluation framework to gather all available information on risk factors and animal species susceptible to infection, and produce maps of areas suitable for Ebola virus spillover in regions in Guinea, Congo and Gabon. The resulting maps highlighted high spatial and temporal variability in the suitability for Ebola virus spillover. Data from reported cases of Ebola virus transmission from wild animals to humans were used to validate the maps. The approach developed is capable of integrating a wide diversity of risk factors, and provides a flexible and simple tool for surveillance, which can be updated as more data and knowledge on risk factors become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Lee-Cruz
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR TETIS, Montpellier, France
- TETIS, Univ Montpellier, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Maxime Lenormand
- TETIS, Univ Montpellier, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Julien Cappelle
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Alexandre Caron
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- Faculdade Veterinaria, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Hélène De Nys
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Martine Peeters
- TransVIHMI, IRD, INSERM, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Mathieu Bourgarel
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - François Roger
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Annelise Tran
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR TETIS, Montpellier, France
- TETIS, Univ Montpellier, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
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Hilderink M, de Winter I. No need to beat around the bushmeat-The role of wildlife trade and conservation initiatives in the emergence of zoonotic diseases. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07692. [PMID: 34386637 PMCID: PMC8342965 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Wildlife species constitute a vast and uncharted reservoir of zoonotic pathogens that can pose a severe threat to global human health. Zoonoses have become increasingly impactful over the past decades, and the expanding trade in wildlife is unarguably among the most significant risk factors for their emergence. Despite several warnings from the academic community about the spillover risks associated with wildlife trade, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic underlines that current policies on the wildlife industry are deficient. Conservation initiatives, rather than practices that attempt to eradicate zoonotic pathogens or the wild species that harbour them, could play a vital role in preventing the emergence of life-threatening zoonoses. This review explores how wildlife conservation initiatives could effectively reduce the risk of new zoonotic diseases emerging from the wildlife trade by integrating existing literature on zoonotic diseases and risk factors associated with wildlife trade. Conservation should mainly aim at reducing human-wildlife interactions in the wildlife trade by protecting wildlife habitats and providing local communities with alternative protein sources. In addition, conservation should focus on regulating the legal wildlife trade and education about disease transfer and safer hunting and butchering methods. By uniting efforts for wildlife protection and universal concern for preventing zoonotic epidemics, conservation initiatives have the potential to safeguard both biodiversity, animal welfare, and global human health security.
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11
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Sameroff S, Tokarz R, Jain K, Oleynik A, Carrington CVF, Lipkin WI, Oura CAL. Novel quaranjavirus and other viral sequences identified from ticks parasitizing hunted wildlife in Trinidad and Tobago. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2021; 12:101730. [PMID: 33957484 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hunters are at a higher risk for exposure to zoonotic pathogens due to their close interactions with wildlife and arthropod vectors. In this study, high throughput sequencing was used to explore the viromes of two tick species, Amblyomma dissimile and Haemaphysalis juxtakochi, removed from hunted wildlife in Trinidad and Tobago. We identified sequences from 3 new viral species, from the viral families Orthomyxoviridae, Chuviridae and Tetraviridae in A. dissimile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Sameroff
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, United States; School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.
| | - Rafal Tokarz
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Komal Jain
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Alexandra Oleynik
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Christine V F Carrington
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - W Ian Lipkin
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Christopher A L Oura
- School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
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12
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Human-Wildlife Conflict Mitigation Impacts Community Perceptions around Kibale National Park, Uganda. DIVERSITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/d13040145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The attitudes of community members living around protected areas are an important and often overlooked consideration for effective conservation strategies. Around Kibale National Park (KNP) in western Uganda, communities regularly face the threat of crop destruction from wildlife, including from a variety of endangered species, such as African elephants (Loxodonta africana), common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), and red colobus monkeys (Piliocolobus tephrosceles), as well as other nonhuman primates, including olive baboons (Papio anubis). These frequent negative interactions with wildlife lead many community members to resent the park and the animals that live within it. To mitigate these issues, community members around KNP partnered with researchers to start a participatory action research project to reduce human-wildlife interactions. The project tested four sustainable human-wildlife conflict mitigation strategies: digging and maintaining trenches around the park border, installing beehive fences in swampy areas where trenches could not be dug, planting tea as a buffer, and growing garlic as a cash crop. These physical exclusion methods and agriculture-based deterrents aimed to reduce crop destruction by wild animals and improve conditions for humans and wildlife alike. We conducted oral surveys with members of participating communities and a nonparticipating community that border KNP to determine the impact of these sustainable human-wildlife conflict mitigation strategies on attitudes toward KNP, wildlife officials, and animal species in and around KNP. We found that there is a positive correlation between participation in the project and perceived benefits of living near KNP. We also found that respondents who participated in the project reported more positive feelings about the Uganda Wildlife Authority, the organization that oversees KNP. This research will help inform future conservation initiatives around KNP and other areas where humans and animals face conflict through crop damage.
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13
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Halbrook M, Gadoth A, Shankar A, Zheng H, Campbell EM, Hoff NA, Muyembe JJ, Wemakoy EO, Rimoin AW, Switzer WM. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 transmission dynamics in rural villages in the Democratic Republic of the Congo with high nonhuman primate exposure. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0008923. [PMID: 33507996 PMCID: PMC7872225 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has a history of nonhuman primate (NHP) consumption and exposure to simian retroviruses yet little is known about the extent of zoonotic simian retroviral infections in DRC. We examined the prevalence of human T-lymphotropic viruses (HTLV), a retrovirus group of simian origin, in a large population of persons with frequent NHP exposures and a history of simian foamy virus infection. We screened plasma from 3,051 persons living in rural villages in central DRC using HTLV EIA and western blot (WB). PCR amplification of HTLV tax and LTR sequences from buffy coat DNA was used to confirm infection and to measure proviral loads (pVLs). We used phylogenetic analyses of LTR sequences to infer evolutionary histories and potential transmission clusters. Questionnaire data was analyzed in conjunction with serological and molecular data. A relatively high proportion of the study population (5.4%, n = 165) were WB seropositive: 128 HTLV-1-like, 3 HTLV-2-like, and 34 HTLV-positive but untypeable profiles. 85 persons had HTLV indeterminate WB profiles. HTLV seroreactivity was higher in females, wives, heads of households, and increased with age. HTLV-1 LTR sequences from 109 persons clustered strongly with HTLV-1 and STLV-1 subtype B from humans and simians from DRC, with most sequences more closely related to STLV-1 from Allenopithecus nigroviridis (Allen's swamp monkey). While 18 potential transmission clusters were identified, most were in different households, villages, and health zones. Three HTLV-1-infected persons were co-infected with simian foamy virus. The mean and median percentage of HTLV-1 pVLs were 5.72% and 1.53%, respectively, but were not associated with age, NHP exposure, village, or gender. We document high HTLV prevalence in DRC likely originating from STLV-1. We demonstrate regional spread of HTLV-1 in DRC with pVLs reported to be associated with HTLV disease, supporting local and national public health measures to prevent spread and morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Halbrook
- University of California Los Angeles, Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Adva Gadoth
- University of California Los Angeles, Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Anupama Shankar
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - HaoQiang Zheng
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ellsworth M. Campbell
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Nicole A. Hoff
- University of California Los Angeles, Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jean-Jacques Muyembe
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Emile Okitolonda Wemakoy
- Kinshasa School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Anne W. Rimoin
- University of California Los Angeles, Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AWR); (WMS)
| | - William M. Switzer
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AWR); (WMS)
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14
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Milich KM, Sorbello K, Kolinski L, Busobozi R, Kugonza M. Case study of participatory action research for wildlife conservation. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Krista M. Milich
- Department of Anthropology Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - Kayce Sorbello
- Department of Anthropology Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - Lev Kolinski
- Department of Anthropology Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis Missouri USA
| | | | - Moses Kugonza
- Makerere University Biological Field Station Fort Portal Uganda
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15
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Dell BM, Souza MJ, Willcox AS. Attitudes, practices, and zoonoses awareness of community members involved in the bushmeat trade near Murchison Falls National Park, northern Uganda. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239599. [PMID: 32986741 PMCID: PMC7521682 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The harvest of bushmeat is widespread in the tropics and sub-tropics. Often in these communities, there is a dependence on bushmeat for both food security and basic income. Despite the importance of bushmeat for households worldwide, the practice raises concern for transmission of zoonotic pathogens through hunting, food preparation, and consumption. In Uganda, harvest of wildlife is illegal, but bushmeat hunting, is commonplace. We interviewed 292 women who cook for their households and 180 self-identified hunters from 21 villages bordering Murchison Falls National Park in Uganda to gain insights into bushmeat preferences, opportunity for zoonotic pathogen transmission, and awareness of common wildlife-associated zoonoses. Both hunters and women who cook considered primates to be the most likely wildlife species to carry diseases humans can catch. Among common zoonotic pathogens, the greatest proportions of women who cook and hunters believed that pathogens causing stomach ache or diarrhea and monkeypox can be transmitted by wildlife. Neither women who cook nor hunters report being frequently injury during cooking, butchering, or hunting, and few report taking precautions while handling bushmeat. The majority of women who cook believe that hunters and dealers never or rarely disguise primate meat as another kind of meat in market, while the majority of hunters report that they usually disguise primate meat as another kind of meat. These data play a crucial role in our understanding of potential for exposure to and infection with zoonotic pathogens in the bushmeat trade. Expanding our knowledge of awareness, perceptions and risks enables us to identify opportunities to mitigate infections and injury risk and promote safe handling practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- BreeAnna M. Dell
- Department of Biomedical & Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Marcy J. Souza
- Department of Biomedical & Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Adam S. Willcox
- Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
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16
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Mummah RO, Hoff NA, Rimoin AW, Lloyd-Smith JO. Controlling emerging zoonoses at the animal-human interface. ONE HEALTH OUTLOOK 2020; 2:17. [PMID: 33073176 PMCID: PMC7550773 DOI: 10.1186/s42522-020-00024-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For many emerging or re-emerging pathogens, cases in humans arise from a mixture of introductions (via zoonotic spillover from animal reservoirs or geographic spillover from endemic regions) and secondary human-to-human transmission. Interventions aiming to reduce incidence of these infections can be focused on preventing spillover or reducing human-to-human transmission, or sometimes both at once, and typically are governed by resource constraints that require policymakers to make choices. Despite increasing emphasis on using mathematical models to inform disease control policies, little attention has been paid to guiding rational disease control at the animal-human interface. METHODS We introduce a modeling framework to analyze the impacts of different disease control policies, focusing on pathogens exhibiting subcritical transmission among humans (i.e. pathogens that cannot establish sustained human-to-human transmission). We quantify the relative effectiveness of measures to reduce spillover (e.g. reducing contact with animal hosts), human-to-human transmission (e.g. case isolation), or both at once (e.g. vaccination), across a range of epidemiological contexts. RESULTS We provide guidelines for choosing which mode of control to prioritize in different epidemiological scenarios and considering different levels of resource and relative costs. We contextualize our analysis with current zoonotic pathogens and other subcritical pathogens, such as post-elimination measles, and control policies that have been applied. CONCLUSIONS Our work provides a model-based, theoretical foundation to understand and guide policy for subcritical zoonoses, integrating across disciplinary and species boundaries in a manner consistent with One Health principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riley O. Mummah
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, 610 Charles E Young Dr S, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Nicole A. Hoff
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Anne W. Rimoin
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - James O. Lloyd-Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, 610 Charles E Young Dr S, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
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17
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Philavong C, Pruvot M, Reinharz D, Mayxay M, Khammavong K, Milavong P, Rattanavong S, Horwood PF, Dussart P, Douangngeun B, Theppangna W, Fine AE, Robinson MT, Newton PN. Perception of health risks in Lao market vendors. Zoonoses Public Health 2020; 67:796-804. [PMID: 32812389 PMCID: PMC7461205 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Wet markets are a critical part of South‐East Asian culture and economy. However, their role in circulation and transmission of both endemic and emerging disease is a source of concern in a region considered a hotspot of disease emergence. In the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR, Laos), live and dead wild animals are frequently found in wet markets, despite legislation against the bushmeat trade. This is generally considered to increase the risk of disease transmission and emergence, although whether or not wildlife vendors themselves have indeed increased incidence of zoonotic disease has rarely been assessed. In preparation for a future longitudinal study of market vendors investigating vendors’ exposure to zoonotic pathogens, we conducted a pilot survey of Lao market vendors of wildlife meat, livestock meat and vegetables, to identify demographic characteristics and potential control groups within markets. We also investigated baseline risk perception for infectious diseases among market vendors and assessed the association between risk perception and risk mitigation behaviours. The surveys conducted with 177 vendors revealed similar age, sex, ethnic background and geographical origin between vendor types, but differences in professional background and work history for livestock meat vendors. The perception of disease risk was very low across all vendors, as was the reported use of personal protective equipment, and the two appeared unrelated. Personal risk discounting and assumptions about transmission routes may explain this lack of association. This information will help inform the development of future research, risk communication and risk mitigation policy, especially in the light of the COVID‐19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanfong Philavong
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao PDR.,Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Lao PDR.,Institut de la Francophonie pour la Médecine Tropicale, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Mathieu Pruvot
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Health Program, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Reinharz
- Institut de la Francophonie pour la Médecine Tropicale, Vientiane, Lao PDR.,Département de Médecine Sociale et Préventive, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Mayfong Mayxay
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao PDR.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Institute of Research and Education Development, University of Health Sciences, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | | | | | - Sayapeth Rattanavong
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Paul F Horwood
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.,Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Philippe Dussart
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Bounlom Douangngeun
- Department of Livestock and Fisheries, National Animal Health Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Watthana Theppangna
- Department of Livestock and Fisheries, National Animal Health Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Amanda E Fine
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Health Program, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Matthew T Robinson
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao PDR.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul N Newton
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao PDR.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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18
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Coyle AH, Berrian AM, van Rooyen J, Bagnol B, Smith MH. Gender Roles and One Health Risk Factors at the Human-Livestock-Wildlife Interface, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. ECOHEALTH 2020; 17:233-247. [PMID: 32285224 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-020-01478-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Gender sensitivity in health promotion has been widely recommended, yet attention to gender roles and gender-disaggregated studies is often lacking in disease research and public health intervention planning. In the rural Mnisi community of Mpumalanga, South Africa, where zoonotic pathogens are known to contribute to acute febrile illness, community and household tasks may increase an individual's risk of exposure, and these tasks are likely to be influenced by gender. This study described the roles and responsibilities of community residents, specifically those that have been identified as critical control points for infectious pathogen exposure, by gender. Male gender-typed tasks included those associated with livestock and poultry husbandry, hunting and slaughtering wildlife, and rodent control. Female gender-typed tasks included animal-sourced food preparation, domestic cleaning and maintenance, and caregiving to children and ill family members. Given the gender-specific nature of these tasks, potential pathogen exposure and transmission patterns of infectious diseases may be also gender specific. These data can inform the development and revision of health promotion strategies, such as the community-based One Health Training and Leadership program, prioritizing outcomes for male and female participants alike. Gender-disaggregated analysis is recommended for effective risk mitigation and community-wide health promotion using a One Health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison H Coyle
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Amanda M Berrian
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1920 Coffey Road, A190 Sisson Hall, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Jacques van Rooyen
- Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Hans Hoheisen Wildlife Research Station, Orpen Gate, Kruger National Park, South Africa
- Conservation South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Brigitte Bagnol
- Department of Anthropology, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Martin H Smith
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Human Ecology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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19
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Doshi RH, Alfonso VH, Morier D, Hoff NA, Sinai C, Mulembakani P, Kisalu N, Cheng A, Ashbaugh H, Gadoth A, Cowell B, Okitolonda EW, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Rimoin AW. Monkeypox Rash Severity and Animal Exposures in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. ECOHEALTH 2020; 17:64-73. [PMID: 31875271 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-019-01459-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Experimental studies have suggested a larger inoculum of monkeypox virus may be associated with increased rash severity; however, little data are available on the relationship between specific animal exposures and rash severity in endemic regions. Using cross-sectional data from an active surveillance program conducted between 2005 and 2007 in the Sankuru Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, we explored the possible relationship between rash severity and exposures to rodents and non-human primates among confirmed MPX cases. Among the 223 PCR-confirmed MPX cases identified during active surveillance, the majority of cases (n = 149) presented with mild rash (5-100 lesions) and 33% had a more serious presentation (> 100 lesions). No association between exposure to rodents and rash severity was found in the multivariable analysis. Those that self-reported hunting NHP 3 weeks prior to onset of MPX symptoms had 2.78 times the odds of severe rash than those that did not report such exposure (95% CI: 1.18, 6.58). This study provides a preliminary step in understanding the association between animal exposure and rash severity and demonstrates correlation with exposure to NHPs and human MPX presentation. Additional research exploring the relationship between rash severity and NHPs is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena H Doshi
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Vivian H Alfonso
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Douglas Morier
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Nicole A Hoff
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Cyrus Sinai
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Prime Mulembakani
- Kinshasa School of Public Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Neville Kisalu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alvan Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Hayley Ashbaugh
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Adva Gadoth
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Brian Cowell
- Texas A&M School of Public Health, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Emile W Okitolonda
- Kinshasa School of Public Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - Anne W Rimoin
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
- , Los Angeles, USA.
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20
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Robertson G, Perry M, Vinh PV, Ngoc DTT, Thanh TPT, My PT, Thao HD, Rabaa M, Baker S, Woolhouse M. Pig Exposure and Health Outcomes in Hospitalized Infectious Disease Patients in Vietnam. ECOHEALTH 2020; 17:28-40. [PMID: 31845120 PMCID: PMC7109191 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-019-01460-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Many infectious diseases have a zoonotic origin, and several have had major public health implications. Contact with animals is a known risk factor for zoonotic infections, although there are limited data on disease symptoms and pathogens associated with contact with different animal species. The rise in pig production in Southeast Asia has contributed to the emergence and re-emergence of zoonotic infections caused by contact with pigs and pig products. To compare the symptom and pathogen profiles of hospitalized patients with and without pig contact, we collected data on disease symptoms, infecting pathogens, and animal contact behaviour from patients attending six hospitals across Vietnam between 2012 and 2016. Patients who had previous contact with pigs were more likely to have enteric disease than respiratory or central nervous system infections and were more likely to grow Escherichia coli and Shigella from stool culture than those without pig contact. Patients with enteric infections who kept pigs were also more likely to have a disease of unknown origin. Public health initiatives that account for differences in animal contact behaviours and offer more comprehensive diagnostics in high-risk individuals are needed if emergence and re-emergence of zoonotic disease is to be monitored and prevented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail Robertson
- School of Mathematics, James Clerk Maxwell Building, King's Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Meghan Perry
- Epidemiology Research Group, King's Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Phat Voong Vinh
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Dung Tran Thi Ngoc
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tam Pham Thi Thanh
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Phuc Tran My
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Huong Dang Thao
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Maia Rabaa
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen Baker
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Mark Woolhouse
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, Ashworth Laboratories, King's Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Lawson ET, Ayivor JS, Ohemeng F, Ntiamoa-Baidu Y. Avoiding bites and scratches? Understanding the public health implication of human-bat interactions in Ghana. Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 66:108-116. [PMID: 30430752 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Zoonotic pathogens cause an estimated 70% of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases in humans, affecting various aspects of human development on a global scale. The significance of bats as a source of emerging infectious diseases is being progressively appreciated. This study was undertaken post-Ebola virus disease in West Africa and assessed the public health implications of human-bat interactions by exploring the reasons for contact between humans and bats, as well as reported actions taken upon experiencing bat bites or scratches. The paper highlights the nuances of human-bat interactions, stressing zoonotic disease risk awareness as well as the sources of information. The study used questionnaires to solicit information from 788 respondents in five communities with significant bat populations. We show that bat consumption was one of the main reasons for human-bat interactions. More men across the various communities ate bat meat. Only a small number of respondents (4.4%) reported being bitten by a bat, and 6.1% had been scratched by a bat. More than 21% had come into direct contact with bat blood. An even lower number went to the hospital after been bitten or scratched by bats. There was little knowledge on post-exposure management. The most common places human-bat interactions occurred were at home and on farms. Seventy-three per cent of the respondents believed that bats carried diseases, with Ebola virus disease being the most mentioned. Respondents indicated that the way they interacted with bats had not changed, even though they believed bats carried diseases and 46% stated that they had not changed the way they interacted with bats over the last two years. Apart from providing information on avoiding bites and scratches, a more holistic framework is needed to reduce human-bat interactions. The paper recommends a comprehensive and coordinated approach to optimizing an effective response to a potential bat-borne zoonotic disease spillover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine T Lawson
- Institute for Environment and Sanitation Studies (IESS), College of Basic and Applied, Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Jesse S Ayivor
- Institute for Environment and Sanitation Studies (IESS), College of Basic and Applied, Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Fidelia Ohemeng
- Department of Sociology, School of Social Sciences, College of Humanities, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Yaa Ntiamoa-Baidu
- Centre for African Wetlands, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.,Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, College of Basic and Applied, Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
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Antibiotic-Resistant Escherichia coli and Class 1 Integrons in Humans, Domestic Animals, and Wild Primates in Rural Uganda. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.01632-18. [PMID: 30171005 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01632-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a global concern, although it has been studied most extensively in developed countries. We studied Escherichia coli and class 1 integrons in western Uganda by analyzing 1,685 isolates from people, domestic animals, and wild nonhuman primates near two national parks. Overall, 499 isolates (29.6%) were resistant to at least one of 11 antibiotics tested. The frequency of resistance reached 20.3% of isolates for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole but was nearly zero for the less commonly available antibiotics ciprofloxacin (0.4%), gentamicin (0.2%), and ceftiofur (0.1%). The frequency of resistance was 57.4% in isolates from people, 19.5% in isolates from domestic animals, and 16.3% in isolates from wild nonhuman primates. Isolates of livestock and primate origin displayed multidrug resistance patterns identical to those of human-origin isolates. The percentage of resistant isolates in people was higher near Kibale National Park (64.3%) than near Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (34.6%), perhaps reflecting local socioeconomic or ecological conditions. Across antibiotics, resistance correlated negatively with the local price of the antibiotic, with the most expensive antibiotics (nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin) showing near-zero resistance. Among phenotypically resistant isolates, 33.2% harbored class 1 integrons containing 11 common resistance genes arranged into nine distinct gene cassettes, five of which were present in isolates from multiple host species. Overall, these results show that phenotypic resistance and class 1 integrons are distributed broadly among E. coli isolates from different host species in this region, where local socioeconomic and ecological conditions may facilitate widespread diffusion of bacteria or resistance-conferring genetic elements.IMPORTANCE Antibiotic resistance is a global problem. This study, conducted in rural western Uganda, describes antibiotic resistance patterns in Escherichia coli bacteria near two forested national parks. Resistance was present not only in people, but also in their livestock and in nearby wild nonhuman primates. Multidrug resistance and class 1 integrons containing genes that confer resistance were common and were similar in people and animals. The percentage of resistant isolates decreased with increasing local price of the antibiotic. Antibiotic resistance in this setting likely reflects environmental diffusion of bacteria or their genes, perhaps facilitated by local ecological and socioeconomic conditions.
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Faust CL, McCallum HI, Bloomfield LSP, Gottdenker NL, Gillespie TR, Torney CJ, Dobson AP, Plowright RK. Pathogen spillover during land conversion. Ecol Lett 2018; 21:471-483. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina L. Faust
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Montana State University; Montana MT USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Princeton University; Princeton NJ USA
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine; Universtiy of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - Hamish I. McCallum
- Environmental Futures Research Institute and Griffith School of Environment; Griffith University; Griffith Qld. Australia
| | - Laura S. P. Bloomfield
- Emmett Interdisciplinary Program in Environment and Resources; Stanford University; Stanford CA USA
| | - Nicole L. Gottdenker
- Department of Veterinary Pathology; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Georgia; Athens GA USA
| | - Thomas R. Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Sciences; Department of Environmental Health; Rollins School of Public Health; Program In Population; Biology, Ecology and Evolution; Emory University; Athens GA USA
| | - Colin J. Torney
- School of Mathematics and Statistics; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - Andrew P. Dobson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Princeton University; Princeton NJ USA
| | - Raina K. Plowright
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Montana State University; Montana MT USA
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Salerno J, Ross N, Ghai R, Mahero M, Travis DA, Gillespie TR, Hartter J. Human-Wildlife Interactions Predict Febrile Illness in Park Landscapes of Western Uganda. ECOHEALTH 2017; 14:675-690. [PMID: 29181611 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-017-1286-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fevers of unknown origin complicate treatment and prevention of infectious diseases and are a global health burden. We examined risk factors of self-reported fever-categorized as "malarial" and "nonmalarial"-in households adjacent to national parks across the Ugandan Albertine Rift, a biodiversity and emerging infectious disease hotspot. Statistical models fitted to these data suggest that perceived nonmalarial fevers of unknown origin were associated with more frequent direct contact with wildlife and with increased distance from parks where wildlife habitat is limited to small forest fragments. Perceived malarial fevers were associated with close proximity to parks but were not associated with direct wildlife contact. Self-reported fevers of any kind were not associated with livestock ownership. These results suggest a hypothesis that nonmalarial fevers in this area are associated with wildlife contact, and further investigation of zoonoses from wildlife is warranted. More generally, our findings of land use-disease relationships aid in hypothesis development for future research in this social-ecological system where emerging infectious diseases specifically, and rural public health provisioning generally, are important issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Salerno
- Environmental Studies Program, Sustainability, Energy and Environment Community, University of Colorado Boulder, 4001 Discovery Drive, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Noam Ross
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ria Ghai
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Program in Population Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael Mahero
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Dominic A Travis
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Thomas R Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Program in Population Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joel Hartter
- Environmental Studies Program, Sustainability, Energy and Environment Community, University of Colorado Boulder, 4001 Discovery Drive, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA.
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Walz E, Wilson D, Stauffer JC, Wanduragala D, Stauffer WM, Travis DA, Alpern JD. Incentives for Bushmeat Consumption and Importation among West African Immigrants, Minnesota, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 2017; 23:2095-2097. [PMID: 29148387 PMCID: PMC5708257 DOI: 10.3201/eid2312.170563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The knowledge, attitudes, and practices surrounding bushmeat consumption and importation in the United States are not well described. Focus groups of West African persons living in Minnesota, USA, found that perceived risks are low and unlikely to deter consumers. Incentives for importation and consumption were multifactorial in this community.
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Rimoin AW, Alfonso VH, Hoff NA, Doshi RH, Mulembakani P, Kisalu NK, Muyembe JJ, Okitolonda EW, Wright LL. Human Exposure to Wild Animals in the Sankuru Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. ECOHEALTH 2017; 14:552-563. [PMID: 28831639 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-017-1262-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Due to the high level of biological diversity in the Congo Basin and human population dependence on bushmeat, the DRC represents an ideal location for expanding knowledge on wild animal exposures and thus the potential for transmission of zoonotic pathogens. However, limited information exists on patterns and extent of contact with wildlife in such communities. Using a cross-sectional study, 14 villages in the Sankuru Province of the DRC were surveyed between August and September 2007. Villagers ≥ 1 year of age and at home of the time of the survey were eligible and enrolled to describe and assess factors associated with animal exposures (both activity and type of animal). Among respondents, 91% reported exposure to rodents, 89% to duikers, 78% to non-human primates (NHPs), and 32% reported contact with bats in the month prior to the survey. The most frequently reported activities included eating (95%), cooking (70%), and butchering or skinning of animals (55%). The activities and animals to which subjects had contact varied by sex and age. Moreover, we observed a high correlation of the same activities across animal types. In this and other populations that rely on bushmeat, there is a high frequency of exposure to multiple animal species through various modalities. In the event of future zoonotic disease outbreaks, effective public health interventions and campaigns that mitigate the risk of animal contact during outbreaks need to be broad to include various modes of contact and should be directed to both men and women across all age groups. As available information is limited, further studies are necessary to better understand the complex relationships and exposures individuals have with animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne W Rimoin
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, 650 S Charles E Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Vivian Helena Alfonso
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, 650 S Charles E Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nicole A Hoff
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, 650 S Charles E Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Reena H Doshi
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, 650 S Charles E Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Prime Mulembakani
- Kinshasa School of Public Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Nevile K Kisalu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jean-Jacques Muyembe
- Institut National de Recherche Biomedicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Emile W Okitolonda
- Kinshasa School of Public Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Linda L Wright
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Participation of women and children in hunting activities in Sierra Leone and implications for control of zoonotic infections. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005699. [PMID: 28749933 PMCID: PMC5531371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of infectious diseases of zoonotic origin highlights the need to understand social practices at the animal-human interface. This study provides a qualitative account of interactions between humans and wild animals in predominantly Mende villages of southern Sierra Leone. We conducted fieldwork over 4 months including participant and direct observations, semi-structured interviews (n = 47), spontaneously occurring focus group discussions (n = 12), school essays and informal interviews to describe behaviours that may serve as pathways for zoonotic infection. In this region, hunting is the primary form of contact with wild animals. We describe how these interactions are shaped by socio-cultural contexts, including opportunities to access economic resources and by social obligations and constraints. Our research suggests that the potential for exposure to zoonotic pathogens is more widely distributed across different age, gender and social groups than previously appreciated. We highlight the role of children in hunting, an age group that has previously not been discussed in the context of hunting. The breadth of the "at risk" population forces reconsideration of how we conceptualize, trace and monitor pathogen exposure. Studying how and why humans interact with animals is important to understand the transmission of zoonotic diseases (infectious diseases transmitted from animals to humans) and how to prevent and control them. We conducted a qualitative study to understand how and why people come into contact with wild animals in the Southern province of Sierra Leone, a region with numerous wildlife species known to carry zoonotic diseases. Previous studies on hunting in sub-Saharan Africa principally describe adult men as hunters and adult women as retailers of meat from wild animals. Based on our results, we seek to broaden the category of people deemed “at risk” of zoonotic diseases through hunting by including women and children. In particular, because of their limited physical abilities and social position, children hunt under different circumstances than those of adults. Our results have implications for zoonotic disease research and prevention, for example by ensuring children are integrated in health interventions and that their unique reasons to hunt are taken into account during such processes.
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Bushmeat Hunting and Zoonotic Transmission of Simian T-Lymphotropic Virus 1 in Tropical West and Central Africa. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02479-16. [PMID: 28298599 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02479-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simian T-lymphotropic virus 1 (STLV-1) enters human populations through contact with nonhuman primate (NHP) bushmeat. We tested whether differences in the extent of contact with STLV-1-infected NHP bushmeat foster regional differences in prevalence of human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1). Using serological and PCR assays, we screened humans and NHPs at two Sub-Saharan African sites where subsistence hunting was expected to be less (Taï region, Côte d'Ivoire [CIV]) or more (Bandundu region, Democratic Republic of the Congo [DRC]) developed. Only 0.7% of human participants were infected with HTLV-1 in CIV (n = 574), and 1.3% of humans were infected in DRC (n = 302). Two of the Ivorian human virus sequences were closely related to simian counterparts, indicating ongoing zoonotic transmission. Multivariate analysis of human demographic parameters and behavior confirmed that participants from CIV were less often exposed to NHPs than participants from DRC through direct contact, e.g., butchering. At the same time, numbers of STLV-1-infected NHPs were higher in CIV (39%; n = 111) than in DRC (23%; n = 39). We conclude that similar ultimate risks of zoonotic STLV-1 transmission-defined as the product of prevalence in local NHP and human rates of contact to fresh NHP carcasses-contribute to the observed comparable rates of HTLV-1 infection in humans in CIV and DRC. We found that young adult men and mature women are most likely exposed to NHPs at both sites. In view of the continued difficulties in controlling zoonotic disease outbreaks, the identification of such groups at high risk of NHP exposure may guide future prevention efforts.IMPORTANCE Multiple studies report a high risk for zoonotic transmission of blood-borne pathogens like retroviruses through contact with NHPs, and this risk seems to be particularly high in tropical Africa. Here, we reveal high levels of exposure to NHP bushmeat in two regions of Western and Central tropical Africa. We provide evidence for continued zoonotic origin of HTLV-1 in humans at CIV, and we found that young men and mature women represent risk groups for zoonotic transmission of pathogens from NHPs. Identifying such risk groups can contribute to mitigation of not only zoonotic STLV-1 transmission but also transmission of any blood-borne pathogen onto humans in Sub-Saharan Africa.
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Paige SB, Bleecker J, Mayer J, Goldberg T. Spatial Overlap Between People and Non-human Primates in a Fragmented Landscape. ECOHEALTH 2017; 14:88-99. [PMID: 27924422 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-016-1194-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In western Uganda, the landscape surrounding Kibale National Park (KNP) contains households, trading centers, roads, fields, and forest fragments. The mosaic arrangement of these landscape features is thought to enhance human-primate interaction, leading to primate population declines and increased bi-directional disease transmission. Using a social-ecological systems research framework that captures the complexity of interaction among people, wildlife, and environment, we studied five forest fragments near KNP and conducted intensive on-the-ground mapping to identify locations of human-primate spatial overlap. Primate locations and human activities were distributed within, on the edges, and far beyond fragment borders. Analysis of shared spaces indicated that 5.5% of human space overlapped with primate spaces, while 69.5% of primate spaces overlapped with human spaces. Nearest neighbor analysis indicated that human activities were significantly spatially clustered within and around individual fragments, as were primate locations. Getis-Ord statistics revealed statistically significant "hotspots" of human activity and primate activity, but only one location where spatial overlap between humans and primates was statistically significant. Human activities associated with collecting fuelwood and other forest products were the primary drivers of human-primate overlap; however, primates also spent time outside of forest fragments in agricultural spaces. These results demonstrate that fragmented landscapes are not uniform with respect to human-primate overlap, and that the implications of human-primate interaction, such as primate population declines and possible cross-species disease transmission, are spatially aggregated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Paige
- Global Health Fellows Program-II, Public Health Institute, Oakland, CA, USA.
| | | | - Jonathan Mayer
- Department of Geography and School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Tony Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
- Global Health Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
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Hyeroba D, Friant S, Acon J, Okwee-Acai J, Goldberg TL. Demography and health of "village dogs" in rural Western Uganda. Prev Vet Med 2017; 137:24-27. [PMID: 28107877 PMCID: PMC5323002 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
"Village dogs" in developing economies are assumed to be heavily burdened by infectious disease. We followed a cohort of 61 village dogs in rural western Uganda prospectively for fifteen months to measure changes in health and demographic outcomes, and to examine risk factors for morbidity and mortality. The mean (±standard deviation) number of dogs per household was 2.4 (±2.0), of which 56.0% were male and 44.0% female. For females, average age at first estrus was 1.7 (±0.6)years with a mean litter size of 3.8 (±1.5). In the first, second and third parities, average puppy mortality per litter was 3.2 (±2.5), 2.4 (±2.1) and 3.4 (±2.9), respectively. The main causes of morbidity and mortality were infectious disease (46.1%), culling (euthanasia) by owners (30.8%), and attacks by baboons, Papio anubis (23.1%). Cox proportional hazard regression showed that a clinical diagnosis of anemia significantly predicted morbidity (HR=4.3 (95% CI: 1.1-17.8); p<0.05), and younger age significantly predicted mortality (HR=3.6 (95% CI: 1.2-10.6); p<0.05). Our results indicate that infectious disease is indeed important to the health and survival in village dogs in this setting, but that cultural practices related to ownership and interactions with wildlife also contribute substantially to morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hyeroba
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sagan Friant
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1656 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Johnson Acon
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - James Okwee-Acai
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Tony L Goldberg
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1656 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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Hattendorf J, Bardosh KL, Zinsstag J. One Health and its practical implications for surveillance of endemic zoonotic diseases in resource limited settings. Acta Trop 2017; 165:268-273. [PMID: 27769875 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Surveillance of zoonotic disease requires special attention because the animal and human health sectors are involved. A proliferation of scholarly literature and technical guidelines exist for early detection of exotic and re-emerging diseases and to demonstrate freedom from disease as part of international trade agreements. In contrast, literature focussing on surveillance of endemic zoonotic diseases is relatively rare. In this article, we describe and discuss the main aspects to consider when planning a surveillance system for endemic zoonotic diseases in a resource-limited country. We describe advantages and disadvantages of different active and passive surveillance systems and explore how risk-based sampling might improve efficiency and reduce costs, and which tools are available to identify high-risk populations.
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Rupp S, Ambata P, Narat V, Giles-Vernick T. Beyond the Cut Hunter: A Historical Epidemiology of HIV Beginnings in Central Africa. ECOHEALTH 2016; 13:661-671. [PMID: 27718030 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-016-1189-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In the absence of direct evidence, an imagined "cut hunter" stands in for the index patient of pandemic HIV/AIDS. During the early years of colonial rule, this explanation goes, a hunter was cut or injured from hunting or butchering a chimpanzee infected with simian immunodeficiency virus, resulting in the first sustained human infection with the virus that would emerge as HIV-1M. We argue here that the "cut hunter" relies on a historical misunderstanding and ecological oversimplification of human-chimpanzee (Pan Troglodytes troglodytes) interactions that facilitated pathogenic transmission. This initial host shift cannot explain the beginnings of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Instead, we must understand the processes by which the virus became transmissible, possibly between Sangha basin inhabitants and ultimately reached Kinshasa. A historical epidemiology of the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries, provides a much-needed corrective to the major shortcomings of the cut hunter. Based on 62 oral historical interviews conducted in southeastern Cameroon and archival research, we show that HIV emerged from ecological, economic, and socio-political transformations of the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The gradual imposition of colonial rule built on and reoriented ecologies and economies, and altered older patterns of mobility and sociality. Certain changes may have contributed to the initial viral host shift, but more importantly, facilitated the adaptation of HIV-1M to human-to-human transmission. Our evidence suggests that the most critical changes occurred after 1920. This argument has important implications for public health policy, underscoring recent work emphasizing alternative pathways for zoonotic spillovers into human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Rupp
- Department of Anthropology, City University of New York - Lehman College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Philippe Ambata
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Victor Narat
- Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur-Paris, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex, France
| | - Tamara Giles-Vernick
- Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur-Paris, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex, France.
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Studies, Toronto, Canada.
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Lester J, Paige S, Chapman CA, Gibson M, Holland Jones J, Switzer WM, Ting N, Goldberg TL, Frost SDW. Assessing Commitment and Reporting Fidelity to a Text Message-Based Participatory Surveillance in Rural Western Uganda. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155971. [PMID: 27281020 PMCID: PMC4900526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Syndromic surveillance, the collection of symptom data from individuals prior to or in the absence of diagnosis, is used throughout the developed world to provide rapid indications of outbreaks and unusual patterns of disease. However, the low cost of syndromic surveillance also makes it highly attractive for the developing world. We present a case study of electronic participatory syndromic surveillance, using participant-mobile phones in a rural region of Western Uganda, which has a high infectious disease burden, and frequent local and regional outbreaks. Our platform uses text messages to encode a suite of symptoms, their associated durations, and household disease burden, and we explore the ability of participants to correctly encode their symptoms, with an average of 75.2% of symptom reports correctly formatted between the second and 11th reporting timeslots. Concomitantly we identify divisions between participants able to rapidly adjust to this unusually participatory style of data collection, and those few for whom the study proved more challenging. We then perform analyses of the resulting syndromic time series, examining the clustering of symptoms by time and household to identify patterns such as a tendency towards the within-household sharing of respiratory illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Lester
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Paige
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
- Global Health Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Colin A. Chapman
- Department of Anthropology and McGill School of Environment, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; and Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Mhairi Gibson
- Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - James Holland Jones
- Department of Anthropology, Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - William M. Switzer
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Nelson Ting
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States of America
| | - Tony L. Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
- Global Health Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Simon D. W. Frost
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Temmam S, Davoust B, Chaber AL, Lignereux Y, Michelle C, Monteil-Bouchard S, Raoult D, Desnues C. Screening for Viral Pathogens in African Simian Bushmeat Seized at A French Airport. Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 64:1159-1167. [PMID: 26876732 PMCID: PMC7169774 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Illegal bushmeat traffic is an important threat to biodiversity conservation of several endangered species and may contribute to the emergence and spread of infectious diseases in humans. The hunting, manipulation and consumption of wildlife‐based products, especially those of primate origin, may be a threat to human health; however, few studies have investigated the role of bushmeat trade and consumption as a potential source of human infections to date. In this study, we report the screening of viral pathogens in African simian game seized by French customs at Toulouse Blagnac Airport. Epifluorescence microscopy revealed the presence of virus‐like particles in the samples, and further metagenomic sequencing of the DNA and RNA viromes confirmed the presence of sequences related to the Siphoviridae, Myoviridae and Podoviridae bacteriophage families; some of them infecting bacterial hosts that could be potentially pathogenic for humans. To increase the sensitivity of detection, twelve pan‐generic PCRs targeting several viral zoonoses were performed, but no positive signal was detected. A large‐scale inventory of bacteria, viruses and parasites is urgently needed to globally assess the risk for human health of the trade, manipulation and consumption of wildlife‐related bushmeat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Temmam
- URMITE UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Davoust
- URMITE UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Anne-Lise Chaber
- Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis applied to veterinary sciences (UREAR-ULg), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium.,Wildlife Consultant L.L.C, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yves Lignereux
- National Veterinary School, INP, Toulouse Cedex 03, France.,Natural History Museum, Toulouse, France
| | - Caroline Michelle
- URMITE UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Sonia Monteil-Bouchard
- URMITE UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- URMITE UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Christelle Desnues
- URMITE UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
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Suwannarong K, Schuler S. Bat consumption in Thailand. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2016; 6:29941. [PMID: 26806167 PMCID: PMC4724787 DOI: 10.3402/iee.v6.29941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human consumption of bats poses an increasing public health threat globally. Communities in which bat guano is mined from caves have extensive exposure to bat excreta, often harvest bats for consumption, and are at risk for bat-borne diseases. Methods This rapid ethnographic study was conducted in four provinces of Thailand (Ratchaburi, Sakaeo, Nakorn Sawan, and Phitsanulok), where bat guano was mined and sold during the period April–August 2014. The aim of this study was to understand behaviors and risk perceptions associated with bat conservation, exposure to bats and their excreta, and bat consumption. Sixty-seven respondents playing various roles in bat guano mining, packaging, sale, and use as fertilizer participated in the study. Data were collected through interviews and/or focus group discussions. Results In spite of a bat conservation program dating back to the 1980s, the benefits of conserving bats and the risks associated with bat consumption were not clear and infrequently articulated by study respondents. Discussion Since bat consumption continues, albeit covertly, the risk of bat-borne diseases remains high. There is an opportunity to reduce the risk of bat-borne diseases in guano-mining communities by strengthening bat conservation efforts and raising awareness of the health risks of bat consumption. Further research is suggested to test behavior change strategies for reducing bat consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanokwan Suwannarong
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand;
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Bailey AL, Lauck M, Sibley SD, Friedrich TC, Kuhn JH, Freimer NB, Jasinska AJ, Phillips-Conroy JE, Jolly CJ, Marx PA, Apetrei C, Rogers J, Goldberg TL, O'Connor DH. Zoonotic Potential of Simian Arteriviruses. J Virol 2016; 90:630-5. [PMID: 26559828 PMCID: PMC4702702 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01433-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Wild nonhuman primates are immediate sources and long-term reservoirs of human pathogens. However, ethical and technical challenges have hampered the identification of novel blood-borne pathogens in these animals. We recently examined RNA viruses in plasma from wild African monkeys and discovered several novel, highly divergent viruses belonging to the family Arteriviridae. Close relatives of these viruses, including simian hemorrhagic fever virus, have caused sporadic outbreaks of viral hemorrhagic fever in captive macaque monkeys since the 1960s. However, arterivirus infection in wild nonhuman primates had not been described prior to 2011. The arteriviruses recently identified in wild monkeys have high sequence and host species diversity, maintain high viremia, and are prevalent in affected populations. Taken together, these features suggest that the simian arteriviruses may be "preemergent" zoonotic pathogens. If not, this would imply that biological characteristics of RNA viruses thought to facilitate zoonotic transmission may not, by themselves, be sufficient for such transmission to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L Bailey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Michael Lauck
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Samuel D Sibley
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Thomas C Friedrich
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Nelson B Freimer
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Anna J Jasinska
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jane E Phillips-Conroy
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, and Department of Anthropology, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Clifford J Jolly
- Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Preston A Marx
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jeffrey Rogers
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Tony L Goldberg
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - David H O'Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Abstract
Zoonotic diseases are the main contributor to emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) and present a major threat to global public health. Bushmeat is an important source of protein and income for many African people, but bushmeat-related activities have been linked to numerous EID outbreaks, such as Ebola, HIV, and SARS. Importantly, increasing demand and commercialization of bushmeat is exposing more people to pathogens and facilitating the geographic spread of diseases. To date, these linkages have not been systematically assessed. Here we review the literature on bushmeat and EIDs for sub-Saharan Africa, summarizing pathogens (viruses, fungi, bacteria, helminths, protozoan, and prions) by bushmeat taxonomic group to provide for the first time a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge concerning zoonotic disease transmission from bushmeat into humans. We conclude by drawing lessons that we believe are applicable to other developing and developed regions and highlight areas requiring further research to mitigate disease risk.
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Mossoun A, Pauly M, Akoua-Koffi C, Couacy-Hymann E, Leendertz SAJ, Anoh AE, Gnoukpoho AH, Leendertz FH, Schubert G. Contact to Non-human Primates and Risk Factors for Zoonotic Disease Emergence in the Taï Region, Côte d'Ivoire. ECOHEALTH 2015; 12:580-91. [PMID: 26302959 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-015-1056-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Elevated exposure levels to non-human primates (NHP) and NHP bushmeat represent major risk factors for zoonotic disease transmission in sub-Saharan Africa. Demography can affect personal nutritional behavior, and thus rates of contact to NHP bushmeat. Here, we analyzed demographic and NHP contact data from 504 participants of differing demographic backgrounds living in proximity to the Taï National Park in Western Côte d'Ivoire (CI) to identify factors impacting the risk of NHP exposure. Overall, participants' contact rates to NHP were high, and increased along a gradient of bushmeat processing (e.g., 7.7% hunted, but 61.9% consumed monkeys). Contact to monkeys was significantly more frequent than to chimpanzees, most likely a reflection of meat availability and hunting effort. 17.2% of participants reported previous interaction with NHP pets. Generalized linear mixed model analysis revealed significant effects of sex, country of birth or ethnicity on rates of NHP bushmeat contact, with male participants from CI being at particular risk of exposure to NHP. The presence of zoonotic pathogens in humans and NHP in Taï further highlights the risk for zoonotic disease emergence in this region. Our results are relevant for formulating prevention strategies to reduce zoonotic pathogen burden in tropical Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsène Mossoun
- Laboratoire National d`appui au Développement Agricole/Laboratoire Central de Pathologie Animale, 206, Bingerville, Côte d'Ivoire
- Université Felix Houphouët Boigny, 01 BP V34, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Maude Pauly
- Project Group "Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms", Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 29, rue Henri Koch, 4354, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Chantal Akoua-Koffi
- Centre de Recherche pour le Développement, Université Alassane Ouattara of Bouaké, 01 BP V18, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Emmanuel Couacy-Hymann
- Laboratoire National d`appui au Développement Agricole/Laboratoire Central de Pathologie Animale, 206, Bingerville, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Siv Aina J Leendertz
- Project Group "Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms", Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Augustin E Anoh
- Laboratoire National d`appui au Développement Agricole/Laboratoire Central de Pathologie Animale, 206, Bingerville, Côte d'Ivoire
- Centre de Recherche pour le Développement, Université Alassane Ouattara of Bouaké, 01 BP V18, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Ange H Gnoukpoho
- Laboratoire National d`appui au Développement Agricole/Laboratoire Central de Pathologie Animale, 206, Bingerville, Côte d'Ivoire
- Centre de Recherche pour le Développement, Université Alassane Ouattara of Bouaké, 01 BP V18, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Fabian H Leendertz
- Project Group "Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms", Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Grit Schubert
- Project Group "Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms", Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353, Berlin, Germany
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Rego KMDC, Zeppelini CG, Serramo Lopez LC, Alves RRN. Assessing human-bat interactions around a protected area in northeastern Brazil. JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE 2015; 11:80. [PMID: 26576760 PMCID: PMC4650336 DOI: 10.1186/s13002-015-0058-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bats are key components to the Neotropical forests. Unfortunately, their bad reputation is a major obstacle in their conservation as it creates fear and hostility towards them. Understanding this reputation acquired by bats and studying interactions between bats and humans has shown fundamental promise when creating strategies to forge a non-antagonistic coexistence between both parts and in the promotion of bat conservation in areas with ever-rising human occupation. METHODS Ninety people were surveyed from three villages that were situated around a Biological Reserve in the state of Paraiba; located in Northern Brazil. The survey was completed using semi-structured interviews addressing villager's knowledge of the biology and ecology of bats, their interactions with bats, potential medicinal uses, and their socioeconomic situation. Additionally, we sampled the bats that reside in or visit these villages. RESULTS Bats were often considered harmful, dangerous and carriers of disease. Bats were often connected to hematophagia, as well. The respondents believe that impacts such as the deforestation are forcing bats into urban environments. With this research, we were able to register one of the few records of bats in popular medicine in Brazil. CONCLUSION The folklore and superstition surrounding bats can form an obstacle that affects their conservation. Environmental education is an important step in order to create a harmonious coexistence between humans and bats and to mitigate the impending conflicts between humanity and nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlla Morganna da Costa Rego
- Programa Regional de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento e Meio-Ambiente - PRODEMA, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Campus I, Cidade Universitária, João Pessoa, 58051-900, PB, Brazil
| | - Caio Graco Zeppelini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Zoologia, PPGCB-ZOOLOGIA, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Campus I, CIdade Universitária, 58051-900, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
| | | | - Rômulo Romeu Nóbrega Alves
- Departmento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Avenida das Baraúnas, 351, Bodocongó, Campina Grande, Paraíba, CEP 58109-753, Brazil
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Cibot M, Guillot J, Lafosse S, Bon C, Seguya A, Krief S. Nodular Worm Infections in Wild Non-human Primates and Humans Living in the Sebitoli Area (Kibale National Park, Uganda): Do High Spatial Proximity Favor Zoonotic Transmission? PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004133. [PMID: 26451592 PMCID: PMC4599739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nodular Oesophagostomum genus nematodes are a major public health concern in some African regions because they can be lethal to humans. Their relatively high prevalence in people has been described in Uganda recently. While non-human primates also harbor Oesophagostomum spp., the epidemiology of this oesophagostomosis and the role of these animals as reservoirs of the infection in Eastern Africa are not yet well documented. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The present study aimed to investigate Oesophagostomum infection in terms of parasite species diversity, prevalence and load in three non-human primates (Pan troglodytes, Papio anubis, Colobus guereza) and humans living in close proximity in a forested area of Sebitoli, Kibale National Park (KNP), Uganda. The molecular phylogenetic analyses provided the first evidence that humans living in the Sebitoli area harbored O. stephanostomum, a common species in free-ranging chimpanzees. Chimpanzees were also infected by O. bifurcum, a common species described in human populations throughout Africa. The recently described Oesophagostomum sp. found in colobine monkeys and humans and which was absent from baboons in the neighboring site of Kanyawara in KNP (10 km from Sebitoli), was only found in baboons. Microscopic analyses revealed that the infection prevalence and parasite load in chimpanzees were significantly lower in Kanyawara than in Sebitoli, an area more impacted by human activities at its borders. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Three different Oesophagostomum species circulate in humans and non-human primates in the Sebitoli area and our results confirm the presence of a new genotype of Oesophagostomum recently described in Uganda. The high spatiotemporal overlap between humans and chimpanzees in the studied area coupled with the high infection prevalence among chimpanzees represent factors that could increase the risk of transmission for O. stephanostomum between the two primate species. Finally, the importance of local-scale research for zoonosis risk management is important because environmental disturbance and species contact can differ, leading to different parasitological profiles between sites that are close together within the same forest patches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Cibot
- UMR 7206, Eco-Anthropologie et Ethnobiologie, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France
- UMR 7179, Mécanismes adaptatifs: Des organismes aux communautés, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France
- Great Apes Conservation Project (GACP), Sebitoli Research Station, Kibale National Park, Fort Portal, Uganda
| | - Jacques Guillot
- Department of Parasitology, Dynamyc research group EnvA-UPEC, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d’Alfort, UPE, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sophie Lafosse
- UMR 7206, Eco-Anthropologie et Ethnobiologie, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Céline Bon
- UMR 7206, Eco-Anthropologie et Ethnobiologie, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France
| | | | - Sabrina Krief
- UMR 7206, Eco-Anthropologie et Ethnobiologie, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France
- Great Apes Conservation Project (GACP), Sebitoli Research Station, Kibale National Park, Fort Portal, Uganda
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Friant S, Paige SB, Goldberg TL. Drivers of bushmeat hunting and perceptions of zoonoses in Nigerian hunting communities. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003792. [PMID: 26001078 PMCID: PMC4441483 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bushmeat hunting threatens biodiversity and increases the risk of zoonotic pathogen transmission. Nevertheless, limited information exists on patterns of contact with wildlife in communities that practice bushmeat hunting, especially with respect to social drivers of hunting behavior. We used interview responses from hunters and non-hunters in rural hunting communities in Nigeria to: 1) quantify contact rates with wildlife, 2) identify specific hunting behaviors that increase frequency of contact, 3) identify socioeconomic factors that predispose individuals to hunt, and 4) measure perceptions of risk. Participants engaged in a variety of behaviors that increased contact with wild animals, including: butchering to sell (37%), being injured (14%), using body parts for traditional medicine (19%), collecting carcasses found in forests and/or farms (18%), and keeping as pets (16%). Hunters came into contact with wildlife significantly more than non-hunters, even through non-hunting exposure pathways. Participants reported hunting rodents (95%), ungulates (93%), carnivores (93%), primates (87%), and bats (42%), among other prey. Reported hunting frequencies within taxonomic groups of prey were different for different hunting behaviors. Young age, lower education level, larger household size, having a father who hunts, and cultural group were all associated with becoming a hunter. Fifty-five percent of respondents were aware that they could contract diseases from wild animals, but only 26% of these individuals reported taking protective measures. Overall, hunters in this setting frequently contact a diversity of prey in risky ways, and the decision to become a hunter stems from family tradition, modified by economic necessity. Conservation and public health interventions in such settings may be most efficient when they capitalize on local knowledge and target root socio-economic and cultural drivers that lead to hunting behavior. Importantly, interventions that target consumption alone will not be sufficient; other drivers and modes of interaction with wildlife must also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagan Friant
- Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Sarah B. Paige
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Global Health Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Tony L. Goldberg
- Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Global Health Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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Paige SB, Malavé C, Mbabazi E, Mayer J, Goldberg TL. Uncovering zoonoses awareness in an emerging disease 'hotspot'. Soc Sci Med 2015; 129:78-86. [PMID: 25128439 PMCID: PMC4482355 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases from animals pose significant and increasing threats to human health; places of risk are simultaneously viewed as conservation and emerging disease 'hotspots'. The One World/One Health paradigm is an 'assemblage' discipline. Extensive research from the natural and social sciences, as well as public health have contributed to designing surveillance and response policy within the One World/One Health framework. However, little research has been undertaken that considers the lives of those who experience risk in hotspots on a daily basis. As a result, policymakers and practitioners are unable to fully comprehend the social and ecological processes that catalyze cross-species pathogen exchange. This study examined local populations' comprehension of zoonotic disease. From October 2008-May 2009 we collected data from people living on the periphery of Kibale National Park, in western Uganda. We administered a survey to 72 individuals and conducted semi-structured, in-depth interviews with 14 individuals. Results from the survey showed respondents had statistically significant awareness that transmission of diseases from animals was possible compared to those who did not think such transmission was possible (x(2) = 30.68, df = 1, p < 0.05). However, individual characteristics such as gender, occupation, location, and age were not significantly predictive of awareness. Both quantitative and qualitative data show local people are aware of zoonoses and provided biomedically accurate examples of possible infections and corresponding animal sources (e.g., worm infection from pigs and Ebola from primates). Qualitative data also revealed expectations about the role of the State in managing the prevention of zoonoses from wildlife. As a result of this research, we recommend meaningful discourse with people living at the frontlines of animal contact in emerging disease and conservation hotspots in order to develop informed and relevant zoonoses prevention practices that take into account local knowledge and perceptions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Edith Mbabazi
- Makerere University Biological Field Station, Uganda
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Schaumburg F, Pauly M, Anoh E, Mossoun A, Wiersma L, Schubert G, Flammen A, Alabi AS, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Grobusch MP, Karhemere S, Akoua-Koffi C, Couacy-Hymann E, Kremsner PG, Mellmann A, Becker K, Leendertz FH, Peters G. Staphylococcus aureus complex from animals and humans in three remote African regions. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014; 21:345.e1-8. [PMID: 25596779 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus schweitzeri has been recently considered to be a highly divergent Staphylococcus aureus clade and usually colonises nonhuman primates and bats in sub-Saharan Africa. Its transmissibility to humans remains unclear. We therefore investigated the transmission of S. aureus and S. schweitzeri among humans, domestic animals, and wildlife in three remote African regions. A cross-sectional study on nasal and pharyngeal colonisation in humans (n = 1288) and animals (n = 698) was performed in Côte d'Ivoire, Gabon, and Democratic Republic of Congo (DR Congo). Isolates were subjected to spa typing and multilocus sequence typing. Antimicrobial susceptibility and selected virulence factors were tested. S. schweitzeri was found in monkeys from all study sites but no transmission to humans was evident, despite frequent contact of humans with wildlife. In contrast, human-associated S. aureus sequence types (ST1, ST6, ST15) were detected in domestic animals and nonhuman primates, pointing toward a human-to-monkey transmission in the wild. The proportion of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) among all S. aureus was 0% (Gabon), 1.7% (DR Congo), and 5.3% (Côte d'Ivoire). The majority of MRSA isolates belonged to the African clone ST88. In conclusion, we did not find any evidence for a transmission of S. schweitzeri from animals to humans. However, such a transmission might remain possible due to the close phylogenetic relation of humans and nonhuman primates. The ST88-MRSA clone was widespread in Côte d'Ivoire but not in Gabon and DR Congo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frieder Schaumburg
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany; Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Lambaréné, Gabon.
| | - Maude Pauly
- Research Group Emerging Zoonoses, Robert-Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | - Etile Anoh
- Central Laboratory for Animal Diseases, Bingerville, Côte d'Ivoire; Université Alassane Ouattara de Bouaké, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bouaké, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Arsene Mossoun
- Central Laboratory for Animal Diseases, Bingerville, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Lidewij Wiersma
- ViroscienceLab, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Grit Schubert
- Research Group Emerging Zoonoses, Robert-Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arnaud Flammen
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Lambaréné, Gabon; Institut für Tropenmedizin, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen and Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung, Tübingen, Germany; Centre Médico-Social, Ambassade de France, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea
| | - Abraham S Alabi
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Lambaréné, Gabon; Institut für Tropenmedizin, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen and Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Martin P Grobusch
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Lambaréné, Gabon; Institut für Tropenmedizin, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen and Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung, Tübingen, Germany; Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stomy Karhemere
- Institut National de Recherche Bio-Médicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Chantal Akoua-Koffi
- Université Alassane Ouattara de Bouaké, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bouaké, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | | | - Peter G Kremsner
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Lambaréné, Gabon; Institut für Tropenmedizin, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen and Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Karsten Becker
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Georg Peters
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
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