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Gillespie NA, Gentry AE, Kirkpatrick RM, Reynolds CA, Mathur R, Kendler KS, Maes HH, Webb BT, Peterson RE. Determining the stability of genome-wide factors in BMI between ages 40 to 69 years. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010303. [PMID: 35951648 PMCID: PMC9398001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have successfully identified common variants associated with BMI. However, the stability of aggregate genetic variation influencing BMI from midlife and beyond is unknown. By analysing 165,717 men and 193,073 women from the UKBiobank, we performed BMI GWAS on six independent five-year age intervals between 40 and 72 years. We then applied genomic structural equation modeling to test competing hypotheses regarding the stability of genetic effects for BMI. LDSR genetic correlations between BMI assessed between ages 40 to 73 were all very high and ranged 0.89 to 1.00. Genomic structural equation modeling revealed that molecular genetic variance in BMI at each age interval could not be explained by the accumulation of any age-specific genetic influences or autoregressive processes. Instead, a common set of stable genetic influences appears to underpin genome-wide variation in BMI from middle to early old age in men and women alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A. Gillespie
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia
| | - Amanda Elswick Gentry
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Robert M. Kirkpatrick
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Chandra A. Reynolds
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Ravi Mathur
- GenOmics, Bioinformatics, and Translational Research Center, Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kenneth S. Kendler
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Hermine H. Maes
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Departments of Human and Molecular Genetics, Psychiatry, & Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Bradley T. Webb
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- GenOmics, Bioinformatics, and Translational Research Center, Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Roseann E. Peterson
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
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2
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Biener AI, Cawley J, Meyerhoefer C. The medical care costs of obesity and severe obesity in youth: An instrumental variables approach. HEALTH ECONOMICS 2020; 29:624-639. [PMID: 32090412 DOI: 10.1002/hec.4007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper is the first to use the method of instrumental variables to estimate the impact of obesity and severe obesity in youth. on U.S. medical care costs. We examine data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey for 2001-2015 and instrument for child BMI using the BMI of the child's biological mother. Instrumental variables estimates indicate that obesity in youth raises annual medical care costs by $907 (in 2015 dollars) or 92%, which is considerably higher than previous estimates of the association of youth obesity with medical costs. We find that obesity in youth significantly raises costs in all major categories of medical care: outpatient doctor visits, inpatient hospital stays, and prescription drugs. The costs of youth obesity are borne almost entirely by third-party payers, which is consistent with substantial externalities of youth obesity, which in turn represents an economic rationale for government intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam I Biener
- Department of Economics, Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John Cawley
- Department of Policy Analysis and Management and Department of Economics, Cornell University, New York, USA
| | - Chad Meyerhoefer
- College of Business and Economics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA
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3
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Harris KM, Halpern CT, Whitsel EA, Hussey JM, Killeya-Jones LA, Tabor J, Dean SC. Cohort Profile: The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health). Int J Epidemiol 2020; 48:1415-1415k. [PMID: 31257425 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyz115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Mullan Harris
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Carolyn Tucker Halpern
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Maternal and Child Health, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Eric A Whitsel
- Department of Epidemiology and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jon M Hussey
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Maternal and Child Health, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ley A Killeya-Jones
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Epidemiology Research Team, Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Joyce Tabor
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sarah C Dean
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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4
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A polygenic score for body mass index is associated with depressive symptoms via early life stress: Evidence for gene-environment correlation. J Psychiatr Res 2019; 118:9-13. [PMID: 31445318 PMCID: PMC6745266 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Increasing childhood obesity rates are associated with not only adverse physical, but also mental health outcomes, including depression. These negative outcomes may be caused and/or exacerbated by the bullying and shaming overweight individuals experience. As body mass index (BMI) can be highly heritable, we hypothesized that a genetic risk for higher BMI, will predict higher early life stress (ELS), which in turn will predict higher depressive symptoms in adulthood. Such a process will reflect an evocative gene-environment correlation (rGE) wherein an individual's genetically influenced phenotype evokes a reaction from the environment that subsequently shapes the individual's health. We modeled genetic risk using a polygenic score of BMI derived from a recent large GWAS meta-analysis. Self-reports were used for the assessment of ELS and depressive symptoms in adulthood. The discovery sample consisted of 524 non-Hispanic Caucasian university students from the Duke Neurogenetics Study (DNS; 278 women, mean age 19.78 ± 1.23 years) and the independent replication sample consisted of 5930 white British individuals from the UK biobank (UKB; 3128 women, mean age 62.66 ± 7.38 years). A significant mediation effect was found in the DNS (indirect effect = 0.207, bootstrapped SE = .10, bootstrapped 95% CI: 0.014 to 0.421), and then replicated in the UKB (indirect effect = 0.04, bootstrapped SE = .01, bootstrapped 95% CI: 0.018 to 0.066). Higher BMI polygenic scores predicted higher ELS, which in turn predicted higher depressive symptoms. Our findings suggest that evocative rGE may contribute to weight-related mental health problems and stress the need for interventions that aim to reduce weight bias, specifically during childhood.
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5
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Avinun R. The E Is in the G: Gene-Environment-Trait Correlations and Findings From Genome-Wide Association Studies. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2019; 15:81-89. [PMID: 31558103 DOI: 10.1177/1745691619867107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have shown that pleiotropy is widespread (i.e., the same genetic variants affect multiple traits) and that complex traits are polygenic (i.e., affected by many genetic variants with very small effect sizes). However, despite the growing number of GWASs, the possible contribution of gene-environment correlations (rGEs) to pleiotropy and polygenicity has been mostly ignored. rGEs can lead to environmentally mediated pleiotropy or gene-environment-trait correlations (rGETs), given that an environment that is affected by one genetically influenced phenotype, can in turn affect a different phenotype. By adding correlations with environmentally mediated genetic variants, rGETs can contribute to polygenicity. Socioeconomic status (SES) and the experience of stressful life events may, for example, be involved in rGETs. Both are genetically influenced and have been associated with a myriad of physical and mental disorders. As a result, GWASs of these disorders may find the genetic correlates of SES and stressful life events. Consequently, some of the genetic correlates of physical and mental disorders may be modified by public policy that affects environments such as SES and stressful life events. Thus, identifying rGETs can shed light on findings from GWASs and have important implications for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reut Avinun
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University.,Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
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6
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Hübel C, Gaspar HA, Coleman JRI, Finucane H, Purves KL, Hanscombe KB, Prokopenko I, Graff M, Ngwa JS, Workalemahu T, O'Reilly PF, Bulik CM, Breen G. Genomics of body fat percentage may contribute to sex bias in anorexia nervosa. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2019; 180:428-438. [PMID: 30593698 PMCID: PMC6751355 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) occurs nine times more often in females than in males. Although environmental factors likely play a role, the reasons for this imbalanced sex ratio remain unresolved. AN displays high genetic correlations with anthropometric and metabolic traits. Given sex differences in body composition, we investigated the possible metabolic underpinnings of female propensity for AN. We conducted sex-specific GWAS in a healthy and medication-free subsample of the UK Biobank (n = 155,961), identifying 77 genome-wide significant loci associated with body fat percentage (BF%) and 174 with fat-free mass (FFM). Partitioned heritability analysis showed an enrichment for central nervous tissue-associated genes for BF%, which was more prominent in females than males. Genetic correlations of BF% and FFM with the largest GWAS of AN by the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium were estimated to explore shared genomics. The genetic correlations of BF%male and BF%female with AN differed significantly from each other (p < .0001, δ = -0.17), suggesting that the female preponderance in AN may, in part, be explained by sex-specific anthropometric and metabolic genetic factors increasing liability to AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Hübel
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry CentreInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research CentreSouth London and Maudsley HospitalLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Héléna A. Gaspar
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry CentreInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research CentreSouth London and Maudsley HospitalLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Jonathan R. I. Coleman
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry CentreInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research CentreSouth London and Maudsley HospitalLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Hilary Finucane
- Schmidt Fellows ProgramBroad Institute of MIT and HarvardCambridgeMassachusetts
| | - Kirstin L. Purves
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry CentreInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Ken B. Hanscombe
- Department of Medical and Molecular GeneticsKing's College London, Guy's HospitalLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- Section of Genomics of Common Disease, Department of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Mariaelisa Graff
- Department of EpidemiologyUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth Carolina
| | - Julius S. Ngwa
- Department of BiostatisticsJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMaryland
- Department of BiostatisticsBoston University School of Public HealthBostonMassachusetts
| | - Tsegaselassie Workalemahu
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health ResearchEunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMaryland
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul F. O'Reilly
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry CentreInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Cynthia M. Bulik
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth Carolina
- Department of NutritionUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth Carolina
| | - Gerome Breen
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry CentreInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research CentreSouth London and Maudsley HospitalLondonUnited Kingdom
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7
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Cawley J, Han E, Kim J, Norton EC. Testing for family influences on obesity: The role of genetic nurture. HEALTH ECONOMICS 2019; 28:937-952. [PMID: 31237091 DOI: 10.1002/hec.3889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A large literature has documented strong positive correlations among siblings in health, including body mass index (BMI) and obesity. This paper tests whether that is explained by a specific type of peer effect in obesity: genetic nurture. Specifically, we test whether an individual's weight is affected by the genes of their sibling, controlling for the individual's own genes. Using genetic data in Add Health, we find no credible evidence that an individual's BMI is affected by the polygenic risk score for BMI of their full sibling when controlling for the individual's own polygenic risk score for BMI. Thus, we find no evidence that the positive correlations in BMI between siblings are attributable to genetic nurture within families.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Cawley
- Department of Policy Analysis and Management, Cornell University and NBER, Ithaca, New York
| | - Euna Han
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Yonsei University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jiyoon Kim
- Department of Economics, Elon University, Elon, North Carolina
| | - Edward C Norton
- Department of Health Management and Policy and Department of Economics, University of Michigan and NBER, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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8
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Do EK, Haberstick BC, Williams RB, Lessem JM, Smolen A, Siegler IC, Fuemmeler BF. The role of genetic and environmental influences on the association between childhood ADHD symptoms and BMI. Int J Obes (Lond) 2019; 43:33-42. [PMID: 30349010 PMCID: PMC7065598 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0236-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Although childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been previously associated with concurrent and later obesity in adulthood, the etiology of this association remains unclear. The objective of this study is to determine the shared genetic effects of ADHD symptoms and BMI in a large sample of sibling pairs, consider how these shared effects may vary over time, and examine potential sex differences. SUBJECT/METHODS Sibling pair data were obtained from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health); childhood ADHD symptoms were reported retrospectively during young adulthood, while three prospective measurements of BMI were available from young adulthood to later adulthood. Cholesky decomposition models were fit to this data using Mx and maximum-likelihood estimation. The twin and sibling sample for these analyses included: 221 monozygotic (MZ) pairs (92 male-male, 139 female-female), 228 dizygotic (DZ) pairs (123 male-male, 105 female-female), 471 full-sibling (FS) pairs (289 male-male, 182 female-female), 106 male-female DZ twin pairs, and 234 male-female FS pairs. RESULTS The magnitude of the association between childhood ADHD symptoms and BMI changed over time and by sex. The etiological relationship between childhood ADHD symptoms and the three prospective measurements of BMI differed for males and females, such that unique or non-shared environmental influences contributed to the relationship within males and genetic factors contributed to the relationship within females. Specifically, among females, genetic influences on childhood ADHD symptoms were partially shared with those effecting BMI and increased from adolescence to later adulthood (genetic correlation = 0.20 (95% CI: 0.07-0.36) in adolescence and 0.24 (95% CI: 0.10, 0.41) in adulthood). CONCLUSION Genetic influences on ADHD symptoms in childhood are partially shared with those effecting obesity. However, future research is needed to determine why this association is limited to females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K Do
- Department of Health Behavior and Policy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Brett C Haberstick
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Redford B Williams
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Lessem
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Andrew Smolen
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Ilene C Siegler
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Bernard F Fuemmeler
- Department of Health Behavior and Policy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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9
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Pereira S, Katzmarzyk PT, Hedeker D, Maia J. Change and Stability in Sibling Resemblance in Obesity Markers: The Portuguese Sibling Study on Growth, Fitness, Lifestyle, and Health. J Obes 2019; 2019:2432131. [PMID: 31827922 PMCID: PMC6886354 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2432131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Obesity markers evolve over time and these changes are shared within the family orbit and governed by individual and environmental characteristics. Available reports often lack an integrated approach, in contrast to a multilevel framework that considers their concurrent influence. Hence, this study aims to (1) describe mean changes in obesity markers (body fat (%BF), body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference (WC)) across sib-ships; (2) analyze tracking of individuals within their sib-ship in these markers during 2 years of follow-up; (3) probe consistency in sibling resemblance in these markers; and (4) analyze the joint influence of individual and familial characteristics in these markers. SUBJECTS/METHODS The sample comprises 168 biological Portuguese siblings (brother-brother (BB), sister-sister (SS), and brother-sister (BS)) aged 9-17 years. %BF, BMI, and WC were measured using standardized protocols, and biological maturation was assessed. Physical activity, diet, screen time, and familial characteristics were obtained by questionnaires. Multilevel models were used to analyze the clustered longitudinal data. Sibling resemblance was estimated with the intraclass correlation. RESULTS On average, all sib types increased in BMI and WC over 2 years of follow-up, and SS pairs increased in %BF. Individuals within sib-ships track high in all obesity markers across time. Consistency in siblings' resemblance was also noted, except for BB pairs in %BF which decreased at follow-up. More maturing siblings tend to have higher values in all markers. Greater screen time was associated with higher %BF, whereas those consuming more sugary drinks had lower %BF and BMI values. Siblings whose mothers had less qualified occupations tended to have lower BMI values. CONCLUSIONS Longitudinal individual tracking and sibling resemblance for obesity markers were found. Yet, different trajectories were also identified depending on the marker and sib type. Individual and familial characteristics exert different influences on each obesity marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pereira
- CIFI2D, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto 4200-450, Portugal
| | - Peter T. Katzmarzyk
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Donald Hedeker
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - José Maia
- CIFI2D, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto 4200-450, Portugal
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10
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Black N, Hughes R, Jones AM. The health care costs of childhood obesity in Australia: An instrumental variables approach. ECONOMICS AND HUMAN BIOLOGY 2018; 31:1-13. [PMID: 30064082 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The effect of childhood obesity on medical costs incurred by the Australian Government is estimated using five waves of panel data from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children, which is linked to public health insurance administrative records from Medicare Australia. Instrumental variables estimators are used to address concerns about measurement error and selection bias. The additional annual medical costs due to overweight and obesity among 6 to 13 year olds is about $43 million (in 2015 AUD). This is driven by a higher utilisation of general practitioner and specialist doctors. The results suggest that the economic consequences of childhood obesity are much larger than previously estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Black
- Centre for Health Economics, Monash Business School, Monash University, Australia.
| | - Robert Hughes
- Centre for Health Economics, Monash Business School, Monash University, Australia
| | - Andrew M Jones
- Centre for Health Economics, Monash Business School, Monash University, Australia; Department of Economics and Related Studies, University of York, United Kingdom
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11
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Robinson MR, English G, Moser G, Lloyd-Jones LR, Triplett MA, Zhu Z, Nolte IM, van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV, Snieder H, Esko T, Milani L, Mägi R, Metspalu A, Magnusson PKE, Pedersen NL, Ingelsson E, Johannesson M, Yang J, Cesarini D, Visscher PM. Genotype-covariate interaction effects and the heritability of adult body mass index. Nat Genet 2017; 49:1174-1181. [PMID: 28692066 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a worldwide epidemic, with major health and economic costs. Here we estimate heritability for body mass index (BMI) in 172,000 sibling pairs and 150,832 unrelated individuals and explore the contribution of genotype-covariate interaction effects at common SNP loci. We find evidence for genotype-age interaction (likelihood ratio test (LRT) = 73.58, degrees of freedom (df) = 1, P = 4.83 × 10-18), which contributed 8.1% (1.4% s.e.) to BMI variation. Across eight self-reported lifestyle factors, including diet and exercise, we find genotype-environment interaction only for smoking behavior (LRT = 19.70, P = 5.03 × 10-5 and LRT = 30.80, P = 1.42 × 10-8), which contributed 4.0% (0.8% s.e.) to BMI variation. Bayesian association analysis suggests that BMI is highly polygenic, with 75% of the SNP heritability attributable to loci that each explain <0.01% of the phenotypic variance. Our findings imply that substantially larger sample sizes across ages and lifestyles are required to understand the full genetic architecture of BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Robinson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Geoffrey English
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gerhard Moser
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Luke R Lloyd-Jones
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Marcus A Triplett
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Zhihong Zhu
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ilja M Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jana V van Vliet-Ostaptchouk
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Tonu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Patrik K E Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Jian Yang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David Cesarini
- Center for Experimental Social Science, Department of Economics, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Peter M Visscher
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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12
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Kim TH, Lee EK, Han E. Incremental impact of body mass status with modifiable unhealthy lifestyle behaviors on pharmaceutical expenditure. Res Social Adm Pharm 2016; 12:990-1003. [PMID: 26810936 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overweight/obesity is a growing health risk in Korea. The impact of overweight/obesity on pharmaceutical expenditure can be larger if individuals have multiple risk factors and multiple comorbidities. The current study estimated the combined effects of overweight/obesity and other unhealthy behaviors on pharmaceutical expenditure. METHODS An instrumental variable quantile regression model was estimated using Korea Health Panel Study data. The current study extracted data from 3 waves (2009, 2010, and 2011). RESULTS The final sample included 7148 person-year observations for adults aged 20 years or older. Overweight/obese individuals had higher pharmaceutical expenditure than their non-obese counterparts only at the upper quantiles of the conditional distribution of pharmaceutical expenditure (by 119% at the 90th quantile and 115% at the 95th). The current study found a stronger association at the upper quantiles among men (152%, 144%, and 150% at the 75th, 90th, and 95th quantiles, respectively) than among women (152%, 150%, and 148% at the 75th, 90th, and 95th quantiles, respectively). The association at the upper quantiles was stronger when combined with moderate to heavy drinking and no regular physical check-up, particularly among males. CONCLUSION The current study confirms that the association of overweight/obesity with modifiable unhealthy behaviors on pharmaceutical expenditure is larger than with overweight/obesity alone. Assessing the effect of overweight/obesity with lifestyle risk factors can help target groups for public health intervention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hyun Kim
- Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eui-Kyung Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 300 Cheonchoen-dong, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, South Korea
| | - Euna Han
- College of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, 162-1 Songdo-Dong, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon, South Korea.
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Wedow R, Briley DA, Short SE, Boardman JD. Gender and genetic contributions to weight identity among adolescents and young adults in the U.S. Soc Sci Med 2016; 165:99-107. [PMID: 27500942 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the possibility that genetic variation contributes to self-perceived weight status among adolescents and young adults in the U.S. Using samples of identical and fraternal twins across four waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) study, we calculate heritability estimates for objective body mass index (BMI) that are in line with previous estimates. We also show that perceived weight status is heritable (h(2) ∼ 0.47) and most importantly that this trait continues to be heritable above and beyond objective BMI (h(2) ∼ 0.25). We then demonstrate significant sex differences in the heritability of weight identity across the four waves of the study, where h(2)women = 0.39, 0.35, 0.40, and 0.50 for each wave, respectively, and h(2)men = 0.10, 0.10, 0.23, and 0.03. These results call for a deeper consideration of both identity and gender in genetics research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robbee Wedow
- Department of Sociology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA; Health and Society Program and Population Program, Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA; Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Daniel A Briley
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
| | - Susan E Short
- Department of Sociology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Population Studies & Training Center, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jason D Boardman
- Department of Sociology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA; Health and Society Program and Population Program, Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA; Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
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Genetic and Environmental Effects on Weight, Height, and BMI Under 18 Years in a Chinese Population-Based Twin Sample. Twin Res Hum Genet 2016; 18:571-80. [PMID: 26379063 DOI: 10.1017/thg.2015.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the genetic and environmental effects on variances in weight, height, and body mass index (BMI) under 18 years in a population-based sample from China. We selected 6,644 monozygotic and 5,969 dizygotic twin pairs from the Chinese National Twin Registry (CNTR) aged under 18 years (n = 12,613). Classic twin analyses with sex limitation were used to estimate the genetic and environmental components of weight, height, and BMI in six age groups. Sex-limitation of genetic and shared environmental effects was observed, especially when puberty begins. Heritability for weight, height, and BMI was low at 0-2 years old (less than 20% for both sexes) but increased over time, accounting for half or more of the variance in the 15-17 year age group for boys. For girls, heritabilities for weight, height and BMI was maintained at approximately 30% after puberty. Common environmental effects on all body measures were high for girls (59-87%) and presented a small peak during puberty. Genetics appear to play an increasingly important role in explaining the variation in weight, height, and BMI from early childhood to late adolescence, particularly in boys. Common environmental factors exert their strongest and most independent influence specifically in the pre-adolescent period and more significantly in girls. These findings emphasize the need to target family and social environmental interventions in early childhood years, especially for females. Further studies about puberty-related genes and social environment are needed to clarify the mechanism of sex differences.
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Trzaskowski M, Lichtenstein P, Magnusson PK, Pedersen NL, Plomin R. Application of linear mixed models to study genetic stability of height and body mass index across countries and time. Int J Epidemiol 2016; 45:417-423. [PMID: 26819444 PMCID: PMC4864877 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyv355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background:
It is now possible to estimate genetic correlations between two independent samples when there is no overlapping phenotypic information. We applied the latest bivariate genomic methods to children in the UK and older adults in Sweden to ask two questions. Are the same variants driving individual differences in anthropometric traits in these two populations, and are these variants as important in childhood as they are later in life?
Methods:
A sample of 3152 11-year-old children in the UK was compared with a sample of 6813 adults with an average age of 65 in Sweden. Genotypes were imputed from 1000 genomes with combined 9 767 136 single nucleotide polymorphisms meeting quality control criteria in both samples. Two cross-sample GCTA-GREML analyses and linkage disequilibrium (LD) score regressions were conducted to assess genetic correlations across more than 50 years: child versus adult height and child versus adult body mass index (BMI). Consistency of effects was tested using the recently proposed polygenic scoring method.
Results:
For height, GCTA-GREML and LD score indicated strong genetic stability between children and adults, 0.58 (0.16) and 1.335 (1.09), respectively. For BMI, both methods produced similarly strong estimates of genetic stability 0.75 (0.26) and 0.855 (0.49), respectively. In height, adult polygenic score explained 60% of genetic variance in childhood and 10% of variance in BMI.
Conclusions:
Here we replicated and extended previous findings of longitudinal genetic stability in anthropometric traits to cross-cultural dimensions, and showed that for height but not BMI these variants are as important in childhood as they are in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Trzaskowski
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK and
| | - Paul Lichtenstein
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrik K Magnusson
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert Plomin
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK and
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Chesi A, Grant SFA. The Genetics of Pediatric Obesity. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2015; 26:711-721. [PMID: 26439977 PMCID: PMC4673034 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Obesity among children and adults has notably escalated over recent decades and represents a global major health problem. We now know that both genetic and environmental factors contribute to its complex etiology. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have revealed compelling genetic signals influencing obesity risk in adults. Recent reports for childhood obesity revealed that many adult loci also play a role in the pediatric setting. Childhood GWAS have uncovered novel loci below the detection range in adult studies, suggesting that obesity genes may be more easily uncovered in the pediatric setting. Shedding light on the genetic architecture of childhood obesity will facilitate the prevention and treatment of pediatric cases, and will have fundamental implications for diseases that present later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Chesi
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Struan F A Grant
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Abstract
A substantial body of research has explored the relative roles of genetic and environmental factors on phenotype expression in humans. Recent research has also sought to identify gene-environment (or g-by-e) interactions, with mixed success. One potential reason for these mixed results may relate to the fact that genetic effects might be modified by changes in the environment over time. For example, the noted rise of obesity in the United States in the latter part of the 20th century might reflect an interaction between genetic variation and changing environmental conditions that together affect the penetrance of genetic influences. To evaluate this hypothesis, we use longitudinal data from the Framingham Heart Study collected over 30 y from a geographically relatively localized sample to test whether the well-documented association between the rs993609 variant of the FTO (fat mass and obesity associated) gene and body mass index (BMI) varies across birth cohorts, time period, and the lifecycle. Such cohort and period effects integrate many potential environmental factors, and this gene-by-environment analysis examines interactions with both time-varying contemporaneous and historical environmental influences. Using constrained linear age-period-cohort models that include family controls, we find that there is a robust relationship between birth cohort and the genotype-phenotype correlation between the FTO risk allele and BMI, with an observed inflection point for those born after 1942. These results suggest genetic influences on complex traits like obesity can vary over time, presumably because of global environmental changes that modify allelic penetrance.
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18
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What can genes tell us about the relationship between education and health? Soc Sci Med 2014; 127:171-80. [PMID: 25113566 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We use genome wide data from respondents of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) to evaluate the possibility that common genetic influences are associated with education and three health outcomes: depression, self-rated health, and body mass index. We use a total of 1.7 million single nucleotide polymorphisms obtained from the Illumina HumanOmni2.5-4v1 chip from 4233 non-Hispanic white respondents to characterize genetic similarities among unrelated persons in the HRS. We then used the Genome Wide Complex Trait Analysis (GCTA) toolkit, to estimate univariate and bivariate heritability. We provide evidence that education (h(2) = 0.33), BMI (h(2) = 0.43), depression (h(2) = 0.19), and self-rated health (h(2) = 0.18) are all moderately heritable phenotypes. We also provide evidence that some of the correlation between depression and education as well as self-rated health and education is due to common genetic factors associated with one or both traits. We find no evidence that the correlation between education and BMI is influenced by common genetic factors.
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Is the gene-environment interaction paradigm relevant to genome-wide studies? The case of education and body mass index. Demography 2014; 51:119-39. [PMID: 24281739 DOI: 10.1007/s13524-013-0259-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This study uses data from the Framingham Heart Study to examine the relevance of the gene-environment interaction paradigm for genome-wide association studies (GWAS). We use completed college education as our environmental measure and estimate the interactive effect of genotype and education on body mass index (BMI) using 260,402 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Our results highlight the sensitivity of parameter estimates obtained from GWAS models and the difficulty of framing genome-wide results using the existing gene-environment interaction typology. We argue that SNP-environment interactions across the human genome are not likely to provide consistent evidence regarding genetic influences on health that differ by environment. Nevertheless, genome-wide data contain rich information about individual respondents, and we demonstrate the utility of this type of data. We highlight the fact that GWAS is just one use of genome-wide data, and we encourage demographers to develop methods that incorporate this vast amount of information from respondents into their analyses.
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20
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Choh AC, Lee M, Kent JW, Diego VP, Johnson W, Curran JE, Dyer TD, Bellis C, Blangero J, Siervogel RM, Towne B, Demerath EW, Czerwinski SA. Gene-by-age effects on BMI from birth to adulthood: the Fels Longitudinal Study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:875-81. [PMID: 23794238 PMCID: PMC3883986 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Genome wide association studies have shown 32 loci to influence BMI in European-American adults but replication in other studies is inconsistent and may be attributed to gene-by-age effects. The aims of this study were to determine if the influence of the summed risk score of these 32 loci (GRS) on BMI differed across age from birth to 40 years, and to determine if additive genetic effects other than those in the GRS differed by age. METHODS Serial measures of BMI were calculated at 0, 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 28 months, and 4, 7, 11, 15, 19, 23, 30, and 40 years for 1,176 (605 females, 571 males) European-American participants in the Fels Longitudinal Study. SOLAR was used for genetic analyses. RESULTS GRS was significant (P < 0.05) at ages: 6, 9 months, 4-15 years, and 23-40 years. Remaining additive genetic effects independently influenced BMI (P < 5.3 × 10(-5) , 0.40 < h(2) < 0.76). Some genetic correlations between ages were not significant. Differential GRS effects did not retain significance after multiple comparisons adjustments. CONCLUSIONS While well-known BMI variants do not appear to have significant differential effects, other additive genes differ over the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey C. Choh
- Division of Epidemiology, Lifespan Health Research Center, Department of Community Health, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH
| | - Miryoung Lee
- Division of Epidemiology, Lifespan Health Research Center, Department of Community Health, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH
- Department of Pediatrics, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH
| | - Jack W. Kent
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Vincent P. Diego
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - William Johnson
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, London, UK
| | - Joanne E. Curran
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Thomas D. Dyer
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Claire Bellis
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - John Blangero
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Roger M. Siervogel
- Division of Epidemiology, Lifespan Health Research Center, Department of Community Health, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH
| | - Bradford Towne
- Division of Epidemiology, Lifespan Health Research Center, Department of Community Health, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH
- Department of Pediatrics, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH
| | - Ellen W. Demerath
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Stefan A. Czerwinski
- Division of Epidemiology, Lifespan Health Research Center, Department of Community Health, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH
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Christensen VT. My sibling, my weight. How gender, sibling gender, sibling weight and sibling weight level perception influence weight perception accuracy. Nutr Diabetes 2014; 4:e103. [PMID: 24418829 PMCID: PMC3904084 DOI: 10.1038/nutd.2013.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The objective of this study was to examine the impact of sibling weight level perception and sibling weight on the accuracy of respondent weight level perception dependent on sibling-pair gender composition. Design: A cross-sectional study based on the survey data, which include the children of a nationally representative sample of Danes. Logit regression models were used. Subjects: Two thousand nine hundred and sixty-eight respondents comprising 397 female sibling pairs, 357 male sibling pairs and 730 opposite-sex sibling pairs. The inclusion of both same-sex siblings and opposite-sex siblings is novel for studies on weight perceptions. Measurements: Weight underestimation and weight overestimation were calculated on the basis of difference between actual weight level and self-perceived weight level. Respondent gender, sibling gender, sibling body mass index (BMI) and the siblings' self-perceived weight level were included as the main controls. Results: Women frequently overestimate their weight level, whereas men often underestimate theirs. Women are more likely to overestimate their weight if their sister does the same but less likely if their brother overestimates his weight. Likewise, women are more likely to underestimate their weight if their sister also underestimates her weight but less likely if their brother underestimates his weight. The higher the BMI of their brother and the lower the BMI of their sister, the more likely men are to underestimate their own weight level. Conclusion: Results underline the importance of social context when looking at body formation and weight perceptions. The weight and weight perceptions of siblings influence own weight perception. Gender is central to studies on weight-related issues, not only respondent gender - equally so the gender of interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- V T Christensen
- KORA, The Danish Institute for Local and Regional Government Research, Copenhagen K, Denmark
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22
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The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) sibling pairs data. Twin Res Hum Genet 2012; 16:391-8. [PMID: 23231780 DOI: 10.1017/thg.2012.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the design and phenotype and genotype data available for sibling pairs with varying genetic relatedness in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). Add Health is a nationally representative longitudinal study of over 20,000 adolescents in the United States in 1994-1995 who have been followed for 15 years into adulthood. The Add Health design included oversamples of more than 3,000 pairs of individuals with varying genetic resemblance, ranging from monozygotic twins, dizygotic twins, full siblings, half siblings, and unrelated siblings who were raised in the same household. Add Health sibling pairs are therefore nationally representative and followed longitudinally from early adolescence into adulthood with four in-home interviews during the period 1994-2009. Add Health has collected rich longitudinal social, behavioral, environmental, and biological data, as well as buccal cell DNA from all sample members, including sibling pairs. Add Health has an enlightened dissemination policy and to date has released phenotype and genotype data to more than 10,000 researchers in the scientific community.
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23
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Cuypers K, De Ridder K, Kvaløy K, Knudtsen MS, Krokstad S, Holmen J, Holmen TL. Leisure time activities in adolescence in the presence of susceptibility genes for obesity: risk or resilience against overweight in adulthood? The HUNT study. BMC Public Health 2012; 12:820. [PMID: 22998931 PMCID: PMC3491037 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environment, health behavior, and genetic background are important in the development of obesity. Adolescents spend substantial part of daily leisure time on cultural and social activities, but knowledge about the effects of participation in such activities on weight is limited. METHODS A number of 1450 adolescents from the Norwegian HUNT study (1995-97) were followed-up in 2006-08 as young adults. Phenotypic data on lifestyle and anthropometric measures were assessed using questionnaires and standardized clinical examinations. Genotypic information on 12 established obesity-susceptibility loci were available for analyses. Generalized estimating equations were used to examine the associations between cultural and social activities in adolescence and adiposity measures in young adulthood. In addition, interaction effects of a genetic predisposition score by leisure time activities were tested. RESULTS In girls, participation in cultural activities was negatively associated with waist circumference (WC) (B = -0.04, 95%CI: -0.08 to -0.00) and with waist-hip ratio (WHR) (B = -0.058, 95%CI: -0.11 to -0.01). However, participation in social activities was positively associated with WC (B = 0.040, CI: 0.00 to 0.08) in girls and with BMI (B = 0.027, CI: 0.00 to 0.05) in boys. The effect of the obesity-susceptibility genetic variants on anthropometric measures was lower in adolescents with high participation in cultural activities compared to adolescents with low participation. CONCLUSION This study suggests that the effects of cultural activities on body fat are different from the effects of participation in social activities. The protective influence of cultural activities in female adolescents against overweight in adulthood and their moderating effect on obesity-susceptibility genes suggest that even cultural activities may be useful in public health strategies against obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koenraad Cuypers
- HUNT Research Center, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian, University of Science and Technology, Forskningsveien 2, 7600, Levanger, Norway.
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Abstract
Onset of obesity has been anticipated at earlier ages, and prevalence has dramatically increased worldwide over the past decades. Epidemic obesity is mainly attributable to modern lifestyle, but family studies prove the significant role of genes in the individual's predisposition to obesity. Advances in genotyping technologies have raised great hope and expectations that genetic testing will pave the way to personalized medicine and that complex traits such as obesity will be prevented even before birth. In the presence of the pressing offer of direct-to-consumer genetic testing services from private companies to estimate the individual's risk for complex phenotypes including obesity, the present review offers pediatricians an update of the state of the art on genomics obesity in childhood. Discrepancies with respect to genomics of adult obesity are discussed. After an appraisal of findings from genome-wide association studies in pediatric populations, the rare variant-common disease hypothesis, the theoretical soil for next-generation sequencing techniques, is discussed as opposite to the common disease-common variant hypothesis. Next-generation sequencing techniques are expected to fill the gap of "missing heritability" of obesity, identifying rare variants associated with the trait and clarifying the role of epigenetics in its heritability. Pediatric obesity emerges as a complex phenotype, modulated by unique gene-environment interactions that occur in periods of life and are "permissive" for the programming of adult obesity. With the advent of next-generation sequencing techniques and advances in the field of exposomics, sensitive and specific tools to predict the obesity risk as early as possible are the challenge for the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Manco
- FACN, Scientific Directorate, Bambino Gesù Pediatric Hospital, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy.
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Boardman JD, Roettger ME, Domingue BW, McQueen MB, Haberstick BC, Harris KM. Gene-environment interactions related to body mass: School policies and social context as environmental moderators. JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL POLITICS 2012; 24:370-388. [PMID: 23236222 PMCID: PMC3518081 DOI: 10.1177/0951629812437751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper highlights the role of institutional resources and policies, whose origins lie in political processes, in shaping the genetic etiology of body mass among a national sample of adolescents. Using data from Waves I and II of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we decompose the variance of body mass into environmental and genetic components. We then examine the extent to which the genetic influences on body mass are different across the 134 schools in the study. Taking advantage of school differences in both health-related policies and social norms regarding body size, we examine how institutional resources and policies alter the relative impact of genetic influences on body mass. For the entire sample, we estimate a heritability of .82, with the remaining .18 due to unique environmental factors. However, we also show variation about this estimate and provide evidence suggesting that social norms and institutional policies often mask genetic vulnerabilities to increased weight. Empirically, we demonstrate that more-restrictive school policies and policies designed to curb weight gain are also associated with decreases the proportion of variance in body mass that is due to additive genetic influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D. Boardman
- Institute of Behavioral Sciences, 1440 15th Street, Boulder, CO 80309-0483
| | | | | | | | | | - Kathleen M. Harris
- Carolina Population Center, 123 West Franklin Street, Chapel Hill, NC 27516-2524
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26
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Roettger ME, Boardman JD. Parental incarceration and gender-based risks for increased body mass index: evidence from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health in the United States. Am J Epidemiol 2012; 175:636-44. [PMID: 22437187 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwr409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although recent studies suggest that 13% of young adults, including at least one-fourth of African Americans, experience parental incarceration, little research has examined links between parental incarceration and physical health. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (1994-2008) and gender-based theories of stress, the authors examined whether parental incarceration is associated with increased body mass index among women but not men. Panel analysis spanning adolescence and adulthood, controlling for stressful life events, internalizing behaviors, and a range of individual, familial, and neighborhood characteristics, reveals that body mass index for women who have experienced parental incarceration is 0.49 units (P < 0.004) higher than that for women whose parents have never been incarcerated. This association is not evident among men. Similarly, in change score models between waves II and IV, women experiencing parental incarceration have a 0.92-unit increase in body mass index (P < 0.026) relative to women who did not have a parent undergo incarceration. In supplemental analysis examining if gender differences in incarceration stress response (externalizing vs. internalizing) explain these findings, the authors found that obesity status moderates the relation between depression and parental incarceration. Results suggest a stress internalization process that, for the first time, links parental incarceration with obesity among women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Roettger
- Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado at Boulder, 1440 15th Street, Boulder, CO 80302, USA.
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Cawley J, Meyerhoefer C. The medical care costs of obesity: an instrumental variables approach. JOURNAL OF HEALTH ECONOMICS 2012; 31:219-30. [PMID: 22094013 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 768] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This paper is the first to use the method of instrumental variables (IV) to estimate the impact of obesity on medical costs in order to address the endogeneity of weight and to reduce the bias from reporting error in weight. Models are estimated using restricted-use data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey for 2000-2005. The IV model, which exploits genetic variation in weight as a natural experiment, yields estimates of the impact of obesity on medical costs that are considerably higher than the estimates reported in the previous literature. For example, obesity is associated with $656 higher annual medical care costs, but the IV results indicate that obesity raises annual medical costs by $2741 (in 2005 dollars). These results imply that the previous literature has underestimated the medical costs of obesity, resulting in underestimates of the economic rationale for government intervention to reduce obesity-related externalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Cawley
- Department of Policy Analysis and Management, Cornell University, United States.
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Wu L, Xi B, Zhang M, Shen Y, Zhao X, Wang T, Cheng H, Hou D, Liu G, Wang X, Mi J. A sex-specific effect of the CYP17A1 SNP rs11191548 on blood pressure in Chinese children. J Hum Hypertens 2011; 26:731-6. [DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2011.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Genetic variance of body mass index from childhood to early adulthood. Behav Genet 2011; 42:86-95. [PMID: 21818663 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-011-9486-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Research has been conducted to determine genetic and environmental components of body mass index (BMI). The portion of phenotypic correlation attributed to genetic, and environmental effects, the effects of puberty stage on BMI means and variances, and consistency of parent/twin report remain largely unknown. The current study seeks to address these questions using four waves of data from 1480 twin pairs in the Swedish Twin Registry: Swedish Twin Study of Child and Adolescent Development. Two Cholesky decomposition models were fit (parental and twin report). For wave 2, a univariate model was fit allowing puberty stage moderation. Parent/twin concordance of reported BMI is high. Genetic factors are largely responsible for phenotypic correlation: puberty stage has a significant effect on BMI variance, with higher genetic variance at more advanced puberty stages. Results provide additional information about this phenotype and suggest early adolescent and parental reports for BMI are roughly equivalent.
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Boardman JD, Blalock CL, Corley RP, Stallings MC, Domingue BW, Mcqueen MB, Crowley TJ, Hewitt JK, Lu Y, Field SH. Ethnicity, body mass, and genome-wide data. BIODEMOGRAPHY AND SOCIAL BIOLOGY 2010; 56:123-136. [PMID: 21387985 PMCID: PMC3155265 DOI: 10.1080/19485565.2010.524589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This article combines social and genetic epidemiology to examine the influence of self-reported ethnicity on body mass index (BMI) among a sample of adolescents and young adults. We use genetic information from more than 5,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms in combination with principal components analysis to characterize population ancestry of individuals in this study. We show that non-Hispanic white and Mexican-American respondents differ significantly with respect to BMI and differ on the first principal component from the genetic data. This first component is positively associated with BMI and accounts for roughly 3% of the genetic variance in our sample. However, after controlling for this genetic measure, the observed ethnic differences in BMI remain large and statistically significant. This study demonstrates a parsimonious method to adjust for genetic differences among individual respondents that may contribute to observed differences in outcomes. In this case, adjusting for genetic background has no bearing on the influence of self-identified ethnicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Boardman
- Institute of Behavioral Science and University of Colorado Population Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0483, USA.
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