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Xu J, You X, Leng Y, Li Y, Lu Z, Huang Y, Chen M, Zhang J, Song T, Liu T. Identification and Alternative Splicing Profile of the Raffinose synthase Gene in Grass Species. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11120. [PMID: 37446297 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Raffinose synthase (Rafs) is an important enzyme in the synthesis pathway of raffinose from sucrose and galactinol in higher plants and is involved in the regulation of seed development and plant responses to abiotic stresses. In this study, we analyzed the Rafs families and profiled their alternative splicing patterns at the genome-wide scale from 10 grass species representing crops and grasses. A total of 73 Rafs genes were identified from grass species such as rice, maize, foxtail millet, and switchgrass. These Rafs genes were assigned to six groups based the phylogenetic analysis. We compared the gene structures, protein domains, and expression patterns of Rafs genes, and also unraveled the alternative transcripts of them. In addition, different conserved sequences were observed at these putative splice sites among grass species. The subcellular localization of PvRafs5 suggested that the Rafs gene was expressed in the cytoplasm or cell membrane. Our findings provide comprehensive knowledge of the Rafs families in terms of genes and proteins, which will facilitate further functional characterization in grass species in response to abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Xu
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xiangkai You
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yanan Leng
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Youyue Li
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Zeyu Lu
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yinan Huang
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Moxian Chen
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Tao Song
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Tieyuan Liu
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
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Liu Y, Li T, Zhang C, Zhang W, Deng N, Dirk LMA, Downie AB, Zhao T. Raffinose positively regulates maize drought tolerance by reducing leaf transpiration. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 114:55-67. [PMID: 36703577 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress is one of the major constraints of global crop production. Raffinose, a non-reducing trisaccharide, has been considered to regulate positively the plant drought stress tolerance; however, evidence that augmenting raffinose production in leaves results in enhanced plant drought stress tolerance is lacking. The biochemical mechanism through which raffinose might act to mitigate plant drought stress remains unidentified. ZmRAFS encodes Zea mays RAFFINOSE SYNTHASE, a key enzyme that transfers galactose from the galactoside galactinol to sucrose for raffinose production. Overexpression of ZmRAFS in maize increased the RAFS protein and the raffinose content and decreased the water loss of leaves and enhanced plant drought stress tolerance. The biomass of the ZmRAFS overexpressing plants was similar to that of non-transgenic control plants when grown under optimal conditions, but was significantly greater than that of non-transgenic plants when grown under drought stress conditions. In contrast, the percentage of water loss of the detached leaves from two independent zmrafs mutant lines, incapable of synthesizing raffinose, was greater than that from null segregant controls and this phenomenon was partially rescued by supplementation of raffinose to detached zmrafs leaves. In addition, while there were differences in water loss among different maize lines, there was no difference in stomata density or aperture. Taken together, our work demonstrated that overexpression of the ZmRAFS gene in maize, in contrast to Arabidopsis, increased the raffinose content in leaves, assisted the leaf to retain water, and enhanced the plant drought stress tolerance without causing a detectable growth penalty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
| | - Chunxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Nan Deng
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Lynnette M A Dirk
- Department of Horticulture, Seed Biology, College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - A Bruce Downie
- Department of Horticulture, Seed Biology, College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Tianyong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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Chuankhayan P, Lee RH, Guan HH, Lin CC, Chen NC, Huang YC, Yoshimura M, Nakagawa A, Chen CJ. Structural insight into the hydrolase and synthase activities of an alkaline α-galactosidase from Arabidopsis from complexes with substrate/product. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2023; 79:154-167. [PMID: 36762861 PMCID: PMC9912918 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798323000037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The alkaline α-galactosidase AtAkαGal3 from Arabidopsis thaliana catalyzes the hydrolysis of α-D-galactose from galacto-oligosaccharides under alkaline conditions. A phylogenetic analysis based on sequence alignment classifies AtAkαGal3 as more closely related to the raffinose family of oligosaccharide (RFO) synthases than to the acidic α-galactosidases. Here, thin-layer chromatography is used to demonstrate that AtAkαGal3 exhibits a dual function and is capable of synthesizing stachyose using raffinose, instead of galactinol, as the galactose donor. Crystal structures of complexes of AtAkαGal3 and its D383A mutant with various substrates and products, including galactose, galactinol, raffinose, stachyose and sucrose, are reported as the first representative structures of an alkaline α-galactosidase. The structure of AtAkαGal3 comprises three domains: an N-terminal domain with 13 antiparallel β-strands, a catalytic domain with an (α/β)8-barrel fold and a C-terminal domain composed of β-sheets that form two Greek-key motifs. The WW box of the N-terminal domain, which comprises the conserved residues FRSK75XW77W78 in the RFO synthases, contributes Trp77 and Trp78 to the +1 subsite to contribute to the substrate-binding ability together with the (α/β)8 barrel of the catalytic domain. The C-terminal domain is presumably involved in structural stability. Structures of the D383A mutant in complex with various substrates and products, especially the natural substrate/product stachyose, reveal four complete subsites (-1 to +3) at the catalytic site. A functional loop (residues 329-352) that exists in the alkaline α-galactosidase AtAkαGal3 and possibly in RFO synthases, but not in acidic α-galactosidases, stabilizes the stachyose at the +2 and +3 subsites and extends the catalytic pocket for the transferase mechanism. Considering the similarities in amino-acid sequence, catalytic domain and activity between alkaline α-galactosidases and RFO synthases, the structure of AtAkαGal3 might also serve a model for the study of RFO synthases, structures of which are lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phimonphan Chuankhayan
- Life Science Group, Scientific Research Division, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Cente, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Hua Lee
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 701, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Hsiang Guan
- Life Science Group, Scientific Research Division, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Cente, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Chein-Chih Lin
- Life Science Group, Scientific Research Division, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Cente, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Chi Chen
- Life Science Group, Scientific Research Division, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Cente, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chieh Huang
- Life Science Group, Scientific Research Division, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Cente, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Masato Yoshimura
- Life Science Group, Scientific Research Division, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Cente, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Atsushi Nakagawa
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Chun-Jung Chen
- Life Science Group, Scientific Research Division, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Cente, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan,Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 701, Taiwan,Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan,Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan,Correspondence e-mail:
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Spatio-temporal expression pattern of Raffinose Synthase genes determine the levels of Raffinose Family Oligosaccharides in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seed. Sci Rep 2023; 13:795. [PMID: 36646750 PMCID: PMC9842710 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27890-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) are known to have important physiological functions in plants. However, the presence of RFOs in legumes causes flatulence, hence are considered antinutrients. To reduce the RFOs content to a desirable limit without compromising normal plant development and functioning, the identification of important regulatory genes associated with the biosynthetic pathway is a prerequisite. In the present study, through comparative RNA sequencing in contrasting genotypes for seed RFOs content at different seed maturity stages, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with the pathway were identified. The DEGs exhibited spatio-temporal expression patterns with high RFOs variety showing early induction of RFOs biosynthetic genes and low RFOs variety showing a late expression at seed maturity. Selective and seed-specific differential expression of raffinose synthase genes (AhRS14 and AhRS6) suggested their regulatory role in RFOs accumulation in peanut seeds, thereby serving as promising targets in low RFOs peanut breeding programs. Despite stachyose being the major seed RFOs fraction, differential expression of raffinose synthase genes indicated the complex metabolic regulation of this pathway. The transcriptomic resource and the genes identified in this study could be studied further to develop low RFOs varieties, thus improving the overall nutritional quality of peanuts.
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Yang J, Ling C, Liu Y, Zhang H, Hussain Q, Lyu S, Wang S, Liu Y. Genome-Wide Expression Profiling Analysis of Kiwifruit GolS and RFS Genes and Identification of AcRFS4 Function in Raffinose Accumulation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23168836. [PMID: 36012101 PMCID: PMC9408211 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The raffinose synthetase (RFS) and galactinol synthase (GolS) are two critical enzymes for raffinose biosynthesis, which play an important role in modulating plant growth and in response to a variety of biotic or abiotic stresses. Here, we comprehensively analyzed the RFS and GolS gene families and their involvement in abiotic and biotic stresses responses at the genome-wide scale in kiwifruit. A total of 22 GolS and 24 RFS genes were identified in Actinidia chinensis and Actinidia eriantha genomes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the GolS and RFS genes were clustered into four and six groups, respectively. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that abiotic stresses strongly induced some crucial genes members including AcGolS1/2/4/8 and AcRFS2/4/8/11 and their expression levels were further confirmed by qRT-PCR. The GUS staining of AcRFS4Pro::GUS transgenic plants revealed that the transcriptionlevel of AcRFS4 was significantly increased by salt stress. Overexpression of AcRFS4 in Arabidopsis demonstrated that this gene enhanced the raffinose accumulation and the tolerance to salt stress. The co-expression networks analysis of hub transcription factors targeting key AcRFS4 genes indicated that there was a strong correlation between AcNAC30 and AcRFS4 expression under salt stress. Furthermore, the yeast one-hybrid assays showed that AcNAC30 could bind the AcRFS4 promoter directly. These results may provide insights into the evolutionary and functional mechanisms of GolS and RFS genes in kiwifruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agriculture University, Hefei 350002, China
| | - Chengcheng Ling
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agriculture University, Hefei 350002, China
| | - Yunyan Liu
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agriculture University, Hefei 350002, China
| | - Huamin Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agriculture University, Hefei 350002, China
| | - Quaid Hussain
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, 666 Wusu Street, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Shiheng Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, 666 Wusu Street, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Songhu Wang
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agriculture University, Hefei 350002, China
- Correspondence: (S.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yongsheng Liu
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agriculture University, Hefei 350002, China
- Correspondence: (S.W.); (Y.L.)
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6
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de Koning R, Kiekens R, Toili MEM, Angenon G. Identification and Expression Analysis of the Genes Involved in the Raffinose Family Oligosaccharides Pathway of Phaseolus vulgaris and Glycine max. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1465. [PMID: 34371668 PMCID: PMC8309293 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFO) play an important role in plants but are also considered to be antinutritional factors. A profound understanding of the galactinol and RFO biosynthetic gene families and the expression patterns of the individual genes is a prerequisite for the sustainable reduction of the RFO content in the seeds, without compromising normal plant development and functioning. In this paper, an overview of the annotation and genetic structure of all galactinol- and RFO biosynthesis genes is given for soybean and common bean. In common bean, three galactinol synthase genes, two raffinose synthase genes and one stachyose synthase gene were identified for the first time. To discover the expression patterns of these genes in different tissues, two expression atlases have been created through re-analysis of publicly available RNA-seq data. De novo expression analysis through an RNA-seq study during seed development of three varieties of common bean gave more insight into the expression patterns of these genes during the seed development. The results of the expression analysis suggest that different classes of galactinol- and RFO synthase genes have tissue-specific expression patterns in soybean and common bean. With the obtained knowledge, important galactinol- and RFO synthase genes that specifically play a key role in the accumulation of RFOs in the seeds are identified. These candidate genes may play a pivotal role in reducing the RFO content in the seeds of important legumes which could improve the nutritional quality of these beans and would solve the discomforts associated with their consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon de Koning
- Research Group Plant Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (R.d.K.); (R.K.); (M.E.M.T.)
| | - Raphaël Kiekens
- Research Group Plant Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (R.d.K.); (R.K.); (M.E.M.T.)
| | - Mary Esther Muyoka Toili
- Research Group Plant Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (R.d.K.); (R.K.); (M.E.M.T.)
- Department of Horticulture, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Juja 01001, Kiambu County, Kenya
| | - Geert Angenon
- Research Group Plant Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (R.d.K.); (R.K.); (M.E.M.T.)
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Cui R, Wang X, Malik WA, Lu X, Chen X, Wang D, Wang J, Wang S, Chen C, Guo L, Chen Q, Ye W. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of Raffinose synthetase family in cotton. BMC Bioinformatics 2021; 22:356. [PMID: 34187353 PMCID: PMC8243485 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-021-04276-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Raffinose synthetase (RAFS) genes superfamily is critical for the synthesis of raffinose, which accumulates in plant leaves under abiotic stress. However, it remains unclear whether RAFS contributes to resistance to abiotic stress in plants, specifically in the Gossypium species. Results In this study, we identified 74 RAFS genes from G. hirsutum, G. barbadense, G. arboreum and G. raimondii by using a series of bioinformatic methods. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the RAFS gene family in the four Gossypium species could be divided into four major clades; the relatively uniform distribution of the gene number in each species ranged from 12 to 25 based on species ploidy, most likely resulting from an ancient whole-genome polyploidization. Gene motif analysis showed that the RAFS gene structure was relatively conservative. Promoter analysis for cis-regulatory elements showed that some RAFS genes might be regulated by gibberellins and abscisic acid, which might influence their expression levels. Moreover, we further examined the functions of RAFS under cold, heat, salt and drought stress conditions, based on the expression profile and co-expression network of RAFS genes in Gossypium species. Transcriptome analysis suggested that RAFS genes in clade III are highly expressed in organs such as seed, root, cotyledon, ovule and fiber, and under abiotic stress in particular, indicating the involvement of genes belonging to clade III in resistance to abiotic stress. Gene co-expressed network analysis showed that GhRFS2A-GhRFS6A, GhRFS6D, GhRFS7D and GhRFS8A-GhRFS11A were key genes, with high expression levels under salt, drought, cold and heat stress. Conclusion The findings may provide insights into the evolutionary relationships and expression patterns of RAFS genes in Gossypium species and a theoretical basis for the identification of stress resistance materials in cotton. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12859-021-04276-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Cui
- College of Agriculture / Xinjiang Agricultural University / Xinjiang Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology / Key Laboratory for Cotton Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture / Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China.,College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoge Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology / Key Laboratory for Cotton Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture / Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Waqar Afzal Malik
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology / Key Laboratory for Cotton Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture / Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Xuke Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology / Key Laboratory for Cotton Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture / Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Xiugui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology / Key Laboratory for Cotton Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture / Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Delong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology / Key Laboratory for Cotton Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture / Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Junjuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology / Key Laboratory for Cotton Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture / Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology / Key Laboratory for Cotton Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture / Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Chao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology / Key Laboratory for Cotton Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture / Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Lixue Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology / Key Laboratory for Cotton Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture / Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Quanjia Chen
- College of Agriculture / Xinjiang Agricultural University / Xinjiang Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Wuwei Ye
- College of Agriculture / Xinjiang Agricultural University / Xinjiang Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology / Key Laboratory for Cotton Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture / Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China.
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Cui J, Lamade E, Tcherkez G. Potassium deficiency reconfigures sugar export and induces catecholamine accumulation in oil palm leaves. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 300:110628. [PMID: 33180708 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic effects of potassium (K) deficiency have been described for nearly 70 years but specific effects of low K availability on sugar composition, sugar export rate and its relationship with other leaf metabolites are not very well documented. Having such pieces of information is nevertheless essential to identify metabolic signatures to monitor K fertilization. This is particularly true in oil-producing crop species such as oil palm (Elaeis guineensis), which is strongly K-demanding and involves high sugar dependence for fruit formation because of low carbon use efficiency in lipid synthesis. Here, we used metabolic analyses, measured sugar export rates with 13C isotopic labeling and examined the effects of K availability on both leaflet and rachis sugar metabolism in oil palm seedlings. We show that low K leads to a modification of sugar composition mostly in rachis and decreased sucrose and hexose export rates from leaflets. As a result, leaflets contained more starch and induced alternative pathways such as raffinose synthesis, although metabolites of the raffinose pathway remained quantitatively minor. The alteration of glycolysis by low K was compensated for by an increase in alternative sugar phosphate utilization by tyrosine metabolism, resulting in considerable amounts of tyramine and dopamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cui
- Research School of Biology, ANU Joint College of Sciences, Australian National University, 2601, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Emmanuelle Lamade
- Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD),UPR Systèmes de Pérennes; Université de Montpellier, Systèmes de Pérennes, CIRAD, 34398, Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume Tcherkez
- Research School of Biology, ANU Joint College of Sciences, Australian National University, 2601, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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Li Z, Zeng W, Cheng B, Huang T, Peng Y, Zhang X. γ-Aminobutyric Acid Enhances Heat Tolerance Associated with the Change of Proteomic Profiling in Creeping Bentgrass. Molecules 2020; 25:E4270. [PMID: 32961841 PMCID: PMC7571209 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) participates in the regulation of adaptability to abiotic stress in plants. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of GABA priming on improving thermotolerance in creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) based on analyses of physiology and proteome using iTRAQ technology. GABA-treated plants maintained significantly higher endogenous GABA content, photochemical efficiency, performance index on absorption basis, membrane stability, and osmotic adjustment (OA) than untreated plants during a prolonged period of heat stress (18 days), which indicated beneficial effects of GABA on alleviating heat damage. Protein profiles showed that plants were able to regulate some common metabolic processes including porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, glutathione metabolism, pyruvate metabolism, carbon fixation, and amino acid metabolism for heat acclimation. It is noteworthy that the GABA application particularly regulated arachidonic acid metabolism and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis related to better thermotolerance. In response to heat stress, the GABA priming significantly increased the abundances of Cu/ZnSOD and APX4 that were consistent with superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities. The GABA-upregulated proteins in relation to antioxidant defense (Cu/ZnSOD and APX4) for the reactive oxygen species scavenging, heat shock response (HSP90, HSP70, and HSP16.9) for preventing denatured proteins aggregation, stabilizing abnormal proteins, promoting protein maturation and assembly, sugars, and amino acids metabolism (PFK5, ATP-dependent 6-phosphofructokinase 5; FK2, fructokinase 2; BFRUCT, β-fructofuranosidase; RFS2, galactinol-sucrose galactosyltransferase 2; ASN2, asparagine synthetase 2) for OA and energy metabolism, and transcription factor (C2H2 ZNF, C2H2 zinc-finger protein) for the activation of stress-defensive genes could play vital roles in establishing thermotolerance. Current findings provide an illuminating insight into the new function of GABA on enhancing adaptability to heat stress in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Li
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (W.Z.); (B.C.); (T.H.); (Y.P.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xinquan Zhang
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (W.Z.); (B.C.); (T.H.); (Y.P.)
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Li T, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Li X, Hao G, Han Q, Dirk LMA, Downie AB, Ruan YL, Wang J, Wang G, Zhao T. Raffinose synthase enhances drought tolerance through raffinose synthesis or galactinol hydrolysis in maize and Arabidopsis plants. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:8064-8077. [PMID: 32366461 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Raffinose and its precursor galactinol accumulate in plant leaves during abiotic stress. RAFFINOSE SYNTHASE (RAFS) catalyzes raffinose formation by transferring a galactosyl group of galactinol to sucrose. However, whether RAFS contributes to plant drought tolerance and, if so, by what mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we report that expression of RAFS from maize (or corn, Zea mays) (ZmRAFS) is induced by drought, heat, cold, and salinity stresses. We found that zmrafs mutant maize plants completely lack raffinose and hyper-accumulate galactinol and are more sensitive to drought stress than the corresponding null-segregant (NS) plants. This indicated that ZmRAFS and its product raffinose contribute to plant drought tolerance. ZmRAFS overexpression in Arabidopsis enhanced drought stress tolerance by increasing myo-inositol levels via ZmRAFS-mediated galactinol hydrolysis in the leaves due to sucrose insufficiency in leaf cells and also enhanced raffinose synthesis in the seeds. Supplementation of sucrose to detached leaves converted ZmRAFS from hydrolyzing galactinol to synthesizing raffinose. Taken together, we demonstrate that ZmRAFS enhances plant drought tolerance through either raffinose synthesis or galactinol hydrolysis, depending on sucrose availability in plant cells. These results provide new avenues to improve plant drought stress tolerance through manipulation of the raffinose anabolic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yumin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xudong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guanglong Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qinghui Han
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lynnette M A Dirk
- Department of Horticulture, Seed Biology, College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - A Bruce Downie
- Department of Horticulture, Seed Biology, College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Yong-Ling Ruan
- Australia-China Research Centre for Crop Improvement and School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Jianmin Wang
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guoying Wang
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China .,The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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11
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Dong M, Gong Y, Guo J, Ma J, Li S, Li T. Optimization of production conditions of rice α-galactosidase II displayed on yeast cell surface. Protein Expr Purif 2020; 171:105611. [PMID: 32092408 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2020.105611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The yeast surface displayed rice α-galactosidase II (YSD rice α-Gal II) was generated with the pYD1 vector. The expression and cultural conditions for the improvement of production of YSD rice α-Gal II were optimized. The results showed that several induction factors, which were the initial cell density, inoculation ratio, galactose (inducer) concentration, induction time and temperature, determined the activity and expression efficiency of YSD rice α-Gal II. Meanwhile, the medium composition also affected its activity and production. Moreover, the production of YSD rice α-Gal II was further improved by continuous feeding of galactose in the fermenter level. The highest production was obtained at an initial cell density of OD600 = 2.9, 2% inoculation ratio, and 2% galactose, with 0.6 g/L compound nitrogen source ((NH4)2SO4/urea = 2/1, w/w) and 5 g/L sucrose, followed by continuous feeding of galactose (20 g/L with flow rate of 1.5 mL/h). At such conditions, the enzyme activity and productivity reached to 676.2 U/g (DCW) and 1548.5 U/L, respectively, 26.4- and 63.7-fold to that before optimization. The results provided a basic and effective strategy for the industrial production of YSD rice α-Gal II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mosi Dong
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Yun Gong
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Jia Guo
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Xingcheng Village Rehabilitation Service Centre, Xingcheng, 125100, China
| | - Suhong Li
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
| | - Tuoping Li
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
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12
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Li T, Dong M, Xie W, Zhang Y, Tao D, Li S. Kinetic properties of raffinose synthase from rice (Oryza sativa L.). FOOD BIOSCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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14
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Wang H, Gong M, Xin H, Tang L, Dai D, Gao Y, Liu C. Effects of chilling stress on the accumulation of soluble sugars and their key enzymes in Jatropha curcas seedlings. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 24:857-865. [PMID: 30150860 PMCID: PMC6103934 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-018-0568-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
As osmolytes and signaling molecules, soluble sugars participate in the response and adaptation of plants to environmental stresses. In the present study, we measured the effect of chilling (12 °C) stress on the contents of eight soluble sugars in the leaves, cotyledons, stems, and roots of Jatropha curcas seedlings, as well as on the activities of eight rate-limiting enzymes that are critical to the metabolism of those soluble sugars. Chilling stress promoted both starch hydrolysis and soluble sugar accumulation. The soluble sugar contents of the leaves and cotyledons were affected more than that of the stems and roots. Meanwhile, the activities of the corresponding metabolic enzymes (e.g., β-amylase, uridine diphosphate glucose phosphorylase, and sucrose phosphate synthase) also increased in some organs. The gradual increase of soluble neutral alkaline invertase activity in the four studied organs suggested that sucrose catabolic production, such as glucose and fructose, was especially important in determining resistance to chilling stress and hexose signal transduction pathway. In addition, the substantial accumulation of raffinose family oligosaccharides and increase in corresponding metabolic enzyme activity suggested that galactinol and raffinose play an important role in determining the chilling resistance of J. curcas. Together, these findings establish a foundation for determining the relationship between the chilling resistance and soluble sugar accumulation of J. curcas and for investigating the mechanisms underlying sugar signaling transduction and stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Wang
- Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, 655011 Yunnan People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province Universities of the Diversity and Ecological Adaptive Evolution for Animals and Plants on YunGui Plateau, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, 655011 Yunnan People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Gong
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan People’s Republic of China
| | - Hu Xin
- Academy of Forestry, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224 Yunnan People’s Republic of China
| | - Lizhou Tang
- Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, 655011 Yunnan People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province Universities of the Diversity and Ecological Adaptive Evolution for Animals and Plants on YunGui Plateau, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, 655011 Yunnan People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongqin Dai
- Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, 655011 Yunnan People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province Universities of the Diversity and Ecological Adaptive Evolution for Animals and Plants on YunGui Plateau, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, 655011 Yunnan People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Gao
- Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, 655011 Yunnan People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province Universities of the Diversity and Ecological Adaptive Evolution for Animals and Plants on YunGui Plateau, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, 655011 Yunnan People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao Liu
- Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, 655011 Yunnan People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province Universities of the Diversity and Ecological Adaptive Evolution for Animals and Plants on YunGui Plateau, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, 655011 Yunnan People’s Republic of China
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15
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Sun X, Matus JT, Wong DCJ, Wang Z, Chai F, Zhang L, Fang T, Zhao L, Wang Y, Han Y, Wang Q, Li S, Liang Z, Xin H. The GARP/MYB-related grape transcription factor AQUILO improves cold tolerance and promotes the accumulation of raffinose family oligosaccharides. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:1749-1764. [PMID: 29385617 PMCID: PMC5888914 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is a widely cultivated fruit crop whose growth and productivity are greatly affected by low temperatures. On the other hand, wild Vitis species represent valuable genetic resources of natural stress tolerance. We have isolated and characterized a MYB-like gene encoding a putative GARP-type transcription factor from Amur grape (V. amurensis) designated as VaAQUILO. AQUILO (AQ) is induced by cold in both V. amurensis and V. vinifera, and its overexpression results in significantly improved tolerance to cold both in transgenic Arabidopsis and in Amur grape calli. In Arabidopsis, the ectopic expression of VaAQ increased antioxidant enzyme activities and up-regulated reactive oxygen species- (ROS) scavenging-related genes. Comparative mRNA sequencing profiling of 35S:VaAQ Arabidopsis plants suggests that this transcription factor is related to phosphate homeostasis like their Arabidopsis closest homologues: AtHRS1 and AtHHO2. However, when a cold stress is imposed, AQ is tightly associated with the cold-responsive pathway and with the raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs), as observed by the up-regulation of galactinol synthase (GoLS) and raffinose synthase genes. Gene co-expression network (GCN) and cis-regulatory element (CRE) analyses in grapevine indicated AQ as potentially regulating VvGoLS genes. Increased RFO content was confirmed in both transgenic Arabidopsis and Amur grape calli overexpressing VaAQ. Taken together, our results imply that AQ improves cold tolerance through promoting the accumulation of osmoprotectants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Sciences and Enology, CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
| | - José Tomás Matus
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Darren Chern Jan Wong
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Zemin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Sciences and Enology, CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Fengmei Chai
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Langlang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Ting Fang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Li Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yi Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Sciences and Enology, CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yuepeng Han
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Qingfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Shaohua Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Sciences and Enology, CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhenchang Liang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Sciences and Enology, CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- Correspondence: or
| | - Haiping Xin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
- Correspondence: or
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16
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Li T, Zhang Y, Wang D, Liu Y, Dirk LMA, Goodman J, Downie AB, Wang J, Wang G, Zhao T. Regulation of Seed Vigor by Manipulation of Raffinose Family Oligosaccharides in Maize and Arabidopsis thaliana. MOLECULAR PLANT 2017; 10:1540-1555. [PMID: 29122666 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) accumulate in seeds during maturation desiccation in many plant species. However, it remains unclear whether RFOs have a role in establishing seed vigor. GALACTINOL SYNTHASE (GOLS), RAFFINOSE SYNTHASE (RS), and STACHYOSE SYNTHASE (STS) are the enzymes responsible for RFO biosynthesis in plants. Interestingly, only raffinose is detected in maize seeds, and a unique maize RS gene (ZmRS) was identified. In this study, we found that two independent mutator (Mu)-interrupted zmrs lines, containing no raffinose but hyperaccumulating galactinol, have significantly reduced seed vigor, compared with null segregant controls. Unlike maize, Arabidopsis thaliana seeds contain several RFOs (raffinose, stachyose, and verbascose). Manipulation of A. thaliana RFO content by overexpressing ZmGOLS2, ZmRS, or AtSTS demonstrated that co-overexpression of ZmGOLS2 and ZmRS, or overexpression of ZmGOLS2 alone, significantly increased the total content of RFOs and enhanced Arabidopsis seed vigor. Surprisingly, while overexpression of ZmRS increased seed raffinose content, its overexpression dramatically decreased seed vigor and reduced the seed amounts of galactinol, stachyose, and verbascose. In contrast, the atrs5 mutant seeds are similar to those of the wild type with regard to seed vigor and RFO content, except for stachyose, which accumulated in atrs5 seeds. Total RFOs, RFO/sucrose ratio, but not absolute individual RFO amounts, positively correlated with A. thaliana seed vigor, to which stachyose and verbascose contribute more than raffinose. Taken together, these results provide new insights into regulatory mechanisms of seed vigor and reveal distinct requirement for RFOs in modulating seed vigor in a monocot and a dicot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yumin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lynnette M A Dirk
- Department of Horticulture, Seed Biology, College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Jack Goodman
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - A Bruce Downie
- Department of Horticulture, Seed Biology, College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Jianmin Wang
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Guoying Wang
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Tianyong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Gangl R, Tenhaken R. Raffinose Family Oligosaccharides Act As Galactose Stores in Seeds and Are Required for Rapid Germination of Arabidopsis in the Dark. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1115. [PMID: 27507985 PMCID: PMC4960254 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Raffinose synthase 5 (AtRS5, At5g40390) was characterized from Arabidopsis as a recombinant enzyme. It has a far higher affinity for the substrates galactinol and sucrose than any other raffinose synthase previously reported. In addition raffinose synthase 5 is also working as a galactosylhydrolase, degrading galactinol, and raffinose under certain conditions. Together with raffinose synthase 4, which is predominantly a stachyose synthase, both enzymes contribute to the raffinose family oligosaccharide (RFO) accumulation in seeds. A double knockout in raffinose synthase 4 and raffinose synthase 5 (ΔAtRS4,5) was generated, which is devoid of RFOs in seeds. Unstressed leaves of 4 week old ΔAtRS4,5 plants showed drastically 23.8-fold increased concentrations of galactinol. Unexpectedly, raffinose appeared again in drought stressed ΔAtRS4,5 plants, but not under other abiotic stress conditions. Drought stress leads to novel transcripts of raffinose synthase 6 suggesting that this isoform is a further stress inducible raffinose synthase in Arabidopsis. ΔAtRS4,5 seeds showed a 5 days delayed germination phenotype in darkness and an elevated expression of the transcription factor phytochrome interacting factor 1 (AtPIF1) target gene AtPIF6, being a repressor of germination. This prolonged dormancy is not seen during germination in the light. Exogenous galactose partially promotes germination of ΔAtRS4,5 seeds in the dark suggesting that RFOs act as a galactose store and repress AtPIF6 transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raimund Tenhaken
- Department of Cell Biology, Division of Plant Physiology, University of SalzburgSalzburg, Austria
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Egert A, Keller F, Peters S. Abiotic stress-induced accumulation of raffinose in Arabidopsis leaves is mediated by a single raffinose synthase (RS5, At5g40390). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 13:218. [PMID: 24354450 PMCID: PMC3878221 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-13-218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The sucrosylgalactoside oligosaccharide raffinose (Raf, Suc-Gal1) accumulates in Arabidopsis leaves in response to a myriad of abiotic stresses. Whilst galactinol synthases (GolS), the first committed enzyme in Raf biosynthesis are well characterised in Arabidopsis, little is known of the second biosynthetic gene/enzyme raffinose synthase (RS). Conflicting reports suggest the existence of either one or six abiotic stress-inducible RSs (RS-1 to -6) occurring in Arabidopsis. Indirect evidence points to At5g40390 being responsible for low temperature-induced Raf accumulation in Arabidopsis leaves. RESULTS By heterologously expressing At5g40390 in E.coli, we demonstrate that crude extracts synthesise Raf in vitro, contrary to empty vector controls. Using two independent loss-of-function mutants for At5g40390 (rs 5-1 and 5-2), we confirm that this RS is indeed responsible for Raf accumulation during low temperature-acclimation (4°C), as previously reported. Surprisingly, leaves of mutant plants also fail to accumulate any Raf under diverse abiotic stresses including water-deficit, high salinity, heat shock, and methyl viologen-induced oxidative stress. Correlated to the lack of Raf under these abiotic stress conditions, both mutant plants lack the typical stress-induced RafS activity increase observed in the leaves of wild-type plants. CONCLUSIONS Collectively our findings point to a single abiotic stress-induced RS isoform (RS5, At5g40390) being responsible for Raf biosynthesis in Arabidopsis leaves. However, they do not support a single RS hypothesis since the seeds of both mutant plants still contained Raf, albeit at 0.5-fold lower concentration than seeds from wild-type plants, suggesting the existence of at least one other seed-specific RS. These results also unambiguously discount the existence of six stress-inducible RS isoforms suggested by recent reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Egert
- Institute of Plant Biology, Molecular Plant Physiology Division, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zürich CH-8008, Switzerland
- Present address: Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Felix Keller
- Institute of Plant Biology, Molecular Plant Physiology Division, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zürich CH-8008, Switzerland
| | - Shaun Peters
- Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Department of Genetics, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7602, South Africa
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Sui XL, Meng FZ, Wang HY, Wei YX, Li RF, Wang ZY, Hu LP, Wang SH, Zhang ZX. Molecular cloning, characteristics and low temperature response of raffinose synthase gene in Cucumis sativus L. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 169:1883-91. [PMID: 22985990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2012.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Raffinose synthase (RS, EC2.4.1.82) is one of the key enzymes that channels sucrose into the raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) biosynthetic pathway. However, the gene encoding RS is poorly characterized in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), which is a typical RFOs-translocating plant species. Here we isolated the gene encoding RS (CsRS) from the leaves of cucumber plants. The complete cDNA of CsRS consisted of 2552 nucleotides with an open reading frame encoding a polypeptide of 784 amino acid residues. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and RNA hybridization analysis revealed that expression of CsRS was the highest in leaves followed by roots, fruits, and stems. The RS activity was up-regulated and the raffinose content was high in the leaves of transgenic tobacco with over-expression of CsRS, while both the RS activity and the raffinose content decreased in the transgenic cucumber plants with anti-sense expression of CsRS. The expression of CsRS could be induced by low temperature and exogenous phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA). In cucumber growing under low temperature stress, CsRS expression, RS activity and raffinose content increased gradually in the leaves, the fruits, the stems and the roots. The most notable increase was observed in the leaves. Similarly, the expression of CsRS was induced in cucumber leaves and fruits with 200 μM and 150 μM ABA treatments, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-lei Sui
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Zhou ML, Zhang Q, Zhou M, Sun ZM, Zhu XM, Shao JR, Tang YX, Wu YM. Genome-wide identification of genes involved in raffinose metabolism in Maize. Glycobiology 2012; 22:1775-85. [PMID: 22879458 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cws121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs), such as raffinose and stachyose, are synthesized by a set of distinct galactosyltransferases, which sequentially add galactose units to sucrose. The accumulation of RFOs in plant cells are closely associated with the responses to environmental factors, such as cold, heat and drought stresses. Systematic analysis of genes involved in the raffinose metabolism has not been reported to date. Searching the recently available working draft of the maize genome, six kinds of enzyme genes were speculated, which should encode all the enzymes involved in the raffinose metabolism in maize. Expression patterns of some related putative genes were analyzed. The conserved domains and phylogenetic relationships among the deduced maize proteins and their homologs isolated from other plant species were revealed. It was discovered that some of the key enzymes, such as galactinol synthase (ZmGolS5, ZmGolS45 and ZmGolS37), raffinose synthase (ZmRS1, ZmRS2, ZmRS3 and ZmRS10), stachyose synthase (ZmRS8) and β-fructofuranosidase, are encoded by multiple gene members with different expression patterns. These results reveal the complexity of the raffinose metabolism and the existence of metabolic channels for diverse RFOs in maize and provide useful information for improving maize stress tolerance through genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Liang Zhou
- School of Life and Basic Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, People's Republic of China
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Saito M, Yoshida M. Expression analysis of the gene family associated with raffinose accumulation in rice seedlings under cold stress. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 168:2268-71. [PMID: 21824678 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A considerable increase in the concentration of raffinose was detected in rice seedlings exposed to chilling for more than 4 days. The content of raffinose in leaf blades increased from hardly detectable levels (0-1 days) to approximately 9 mg/g FW after 11 days of chilling treatment. Accumulation occurred in leaf blades but not in sheaths. Analysis of the expression of candidate genes related to galactinol and raffinose synthesis revealed that transcript levels of two galactinol synthase and four raffinose synthase genes increased in leaf blades before the accumulation of raffinose became detectable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Saito
- NARO Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, Hitsujigaoka, Sapporo 062-8555, Japan
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