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Antonetti OR, Desine S, Smith HM, Robles ME, McDonald E, Ovide G, Wang C, Dean ED, Doran AC, Calcutt MW, Huang S, Brown JD, Silver HJ, Ferguson JF. The consumption of animal products is associated with plasma levels of alpha-aminoadipic acid (2-AAA). Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2024; 34:1712-1720. [PMID: 38658223 PMCID: PMC11188583 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2024.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The cardiometabolic disease-associated metabolite, alpha-aminoadipic acid (2-AAA) is formed from the breakdown of the essential dietary amino acid lysine. However, it was not known whether elevated plasma levels of 2-AAA are related to dietary nutrient intake. We aimed to determine whether diet is a determinant of circulating 2-AAA in healthy individuals, and whether 2-AAA is altered in response to dietary modification. METHODS AND RESULTS We investigated the association between 2-AAA and dietary nutrient intake in a cross-sectional study of healthy individuals (N = 254). We then performed a randomized cross-over dietary intervention trial to investigate the effect of lysine supplementation (1 week) on 2-AAA in healthy individuals (N = 40). We further assessed the effect of a vegetarian diet on 2-AAA in a short-term (4-day) dietary intervention trial in healthy omnivorous women (N = 35). We found that self-reported dietary intake of animal products, including meat, poultry, and seafood, was associated with higher plasma 2-AAA cross-sectionally (P < 0.0001). Supplementary dietary lysine (5g/day) caused no significant increase in plasma 2-AAA; however, plasma 2-AAA was altered by general dietary modification. Further, plasma 2-AAA was significantly reduced by a short-term vegetarian diet (P = 0.003). CONCLUSION We identified associations between plasma 2-AAA and consumption of animal products, which were validated in a vegetarian dietary intervention trial, but not in a trial designed to specifically increase the 2-AAA amino acid precursor lysine. Further studies are warranted to investigate whether implementation of a vegetarian diet improves cardiometabolic risk in individuals with elevated 2-AAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia R Antonetti
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, USA
| | - Stacy Desine
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, USA
| | - Holly M Smith
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, USA
| | - Michelle E Robles
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, USA
| | - Ezelle McDonald
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, USA
| | - Gerry Ovide
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, USA
| | - Chuan Wang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, USA
| | - E Danielle Dean
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, USA
| | - Amanda C Doran
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, USA
| | - M Wade Calcutt
- Department of Biochemistry, Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, USA
| | - Shi Huang
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville TN, USA
| | - Jonathan D Brown
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, USA
| | - Heidi J Silver
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, USA; Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville TN, USA
| | - Jane F Ferguson
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, USA.
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2
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Xiong J, Liao Y, Yang L, Wei Y, Li D, Zhao Y, Zheng Q, Qi W, Liang F. Relationship between human serum metabolites and angina pectoris: a Mendelian randomization study. Postgrad Med J 2024:qgae067. [PMID: 38832627 DOI: 10.1093/postmj/qgae067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to explore the causal relationship between human serum metabolites and angina pectoris. METHODS This study used two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to assess the association between 486 serum metabolites and angina pectoris. The analytical methods employed to reduce study bias included inverse variance weighted, MR-Egger, and weighted median method. A comprehensive sensitivity analysis was performed using the leave-one-out method, while instrumental variable pleiotropy was tested with MR-Pleiotropy RESidual Sum and Outlier. Metabolic pathways of angina-associated metabolites were analysed on the MetaboAnalyst metabolomics analysis tool platform. RESULTS In this study, 42 serum metabolites were found to be strongly associated with angina pectoris. They mainly belonged to seven groups: amino acids, carbohydrates, cofactors and vitamins, lipids, nucleotides, unknown metabolites, and exogenous substances. Pipecolate posed the highest risk for the development of angina pectoris among the 42 serum metabolites. The main metabolic pathways associated with angina pectoris were glycine, serine, threonine metabolism, primary bile acid biosynthesis, and caffeine metabolism. CONCLUSION We identified 25 high-risk and 17 protective human serum metabolites associated with angina pectoris. Their associated major metabolic pathways were also determined. The serum metabolite pipecolate was significantly and positively correlated with the risk of angina pectoris. This finding may serve as a valuable reference for testing serum markers associated with angina pectoris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xiong
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610075, China
| | - Ying Liao
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530001, China
| | - Liyuan Yang
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610075, China
| | - Ying Wei
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610075, China
| | - Dehua Li
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610075, China
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610075, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610075, China
| | - Qianhua Zheng
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610075, China
| | - Wenchuan Qi
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610075, China
| | - Fanrong Liang
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610075, China
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3
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Crowther LM, Poms M, Zandl-Lang M, Abela L, Hartmann H, Seiler M, Mathis D, Plecko B. Metabolomics analysis of antiquitin deficiency in cultured human cells and plasma: Relevance to pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy. J Inherit Metab Dis 2023; 46:129-142. [PMID: 36225138 PMCID: PMC10092344 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Deficiency of antiquitin (α-aminoadipic semialdehyde dehydrogenase), an enzyme involved in lysine degradation and encoded by ALDH7A1, is the major cause of vitamin B6 -dependent epilepsy (PDE-ALDH7A1). Despite seizure control with high dose pyridoxine (PN), developmental delay still occurs in approximately 70% of patients. We aimed to investigate metabolic perturbations due to possible previously unidentified roles of antiquitin, which may contribute to developmental delay, as well as metabolic effects of high dose pyridoxine supplementation reflecting the high doses used for seizure control in patients with PDE-ALDH7A1. Untargeted metabolomics by high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) was used to analyze plasma of patients with PDE-ALDH7A1 and two independently generated lines of cultured ReNcell CX human neuronal progenitor cells (NPCs) with CRISPR/Cas mediated antiquitin deficiency. Accumulation of lysine pathway metabolites in antiquitin-deficient NPCs and western-blot analysis confirmed knockdown of ALDH7A1. Metabolomics analysis of antiquitin-deficient NPCs in conditions of lysine restriction and PN supplementation identified changes in metabolites related to the transmethylation and transsulfuration pathways and osmolytes, indicating a possible unrecognized role of antiquitin outside the lysine degradation pathway. Analysis of plasma samples of PN treated patients with PDE-ALDH7A1 and antiquitin-deficient NPCs cultured in conditions comparable to the patient plasma samples demonstrated perturbation of metabolites of the gamma-glutamyl cycle, suggesting potential oxidative stress-related effects in PN-treated patients with PDE-ALDH7A1. We postulate that a model of human NPCs with CRISPR/Cas mediated antiquitin deficiency is well suited to characterize previously unreported roles of antiquitin, relevant to this most prevalent form of pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Crowther
- Division of Child Neurology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- CRC Clinical Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Radiz-Rare Disease Intiative Zurich, Clinical Research Priority Program for Rare Diseases, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Poms
- Division of Child Neurology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- CRC Clinical Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Radiz-Rare Disease Intiative Zurich, Clinical Research Priority Program for Rare Diseases, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martina Zandl-Lang
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of General Pediatrics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Lucia Abela
- Division of Child Neurology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Hans Hartmann
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michelle Seiler
- Pediatric Emergency Department, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Déborah Mathis
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Plecko
- Division of Child Neurology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- CRC Clinical Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Radiz-Rare Disease Intiative Zurich, Clinical Research Priority Program for Rare Diseases, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of General Pediatrics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Hussein M, Oberrauch S, Allobawi R, Cornthwaite-Duncan L, Lu J, Sharma R, Baker M, Li J, Rao GG, Velkov T. Untargeted Metabolomics to Evaluate Polymyxin B Toxicodynamics following Direct Intracerebroventricular Administration into the Rat Brain. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:6067-6077. [DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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5
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Leandro J, Khamrui S, Suebsuwong C, Chen PJ, Secor C, Dodatko T, Yu C, Sanchez R, DeVita RJ, Houten SM, Lazarus MB. Characterization and structure of the human lysine-2-oxoglutarate reductase domain, a novel therapeutic target for treatment of glutaric aciduria type 1. Open Biol 2022; 12:220179. [PMID: 36128717 PMCID: PMC9490328 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, a single enzyme 2-aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase (AASS) catalyses the initial two critical reactions in the lysine degradation pathway. This enzyme evolved to be a bifunctional enzyme with both lysine-2-oxoglutarate reductase (LOR) and saccharopine dehydrogenase domains (SDH). Moreover, AASS is a unique drug target for inborn errors of metabolism such as glutaric aciduria type 1 that arise from deficiencies downstream in the lysine degradation pathway. While work has been done to elucidate the SDH domain structurally and to develop inhibitors, neither has been done for the LOR domain. Here, we purify and characterize LOR and show that it is activated by alkylation of cysteine 414 by N-ethylmaleimide. We also provide evidence that AASS is rate-limiting upon high lysine exposure of mice. Finally, we present the crystal structure of the human LOR domain. Our combined work should enable future efforts to identify inhibitors of this novel drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Leandro
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Susmita Khamrui
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Drug Discovery Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Chalada Suebsuwong
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Drug Discovery Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Peng-Jen Chen
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Drug Discovery Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Cody Secor
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Drug Discovery Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Tetyana Dodatko
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Chunli Yu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Mount Sinai Genomics, Inc, Stamford, CT 06902, USA
| | - Roberto Sanchez
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Drug Discovery Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Robert J. DeVita
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Drug Discovery Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sander M. Houten
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Michael B. Lazarus
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Drug Discovery Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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6
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Qi B, Zhang Y, Xu B, Zhang Y, Fei G, Lin L, Li Q. Metabolomic Characterization of Acute Ischemic Stroke Facilitates Metabolomic Biomarker Discovery. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:5443-5455. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04024-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Li Q, Yang C, Feng L, Zhao Y, Su Y, Liu H, Men H, Huang Y, Körner H, Wang X. Glutaric Acidemia, Pathogenesis and Nutritional Therapy. Front Nutr 2022; 8:704984. [PMID: 34977106 PMCID: PMC8714794 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.704984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutaric acidemia (GA) are heterogeneous, genetic diseases that present with specific catabolic deficiencies of amino acid or fatty acid metabolism. The disorders can be divided into type I and type II by the occurrence of different types of recessive mutations of autosomal, metabolically important genes. Patients of glutaric acidemia type I (GA-I) if not diagnosed very early in infanthood, experience irreversible neurological injury during an encephalopathic crisis in childhood. If diagnosed early the disorder can be treated successfully with a combined metabolic treatment course that includes early catabolic emergency treatment and long-term maintenance nutrition therapy. Glutaric acidemia type II (GA- II) patients can present clinically with hepatomegaly, non-ketotic hypoglycemia, metabolic acidosis, hypotonia, and in neonatal onset cardiomyopathy. Furthermore, it features adult-onset muscle-related symptoms, including weakness, fatigue, and myalgia. An early diagnosis is crucial, as both types can be managed by simple nutraceutical supplementation. This review discusses the pathogenesis of GA and its nutritional management practices, and aims to promote understanding and management of GA. We will provide a detailed summary of current clinical management strategies of the glutaric academia disorders and highlight issues of nutrition therapy principles in emergency settings and outline some specific cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Suizhou Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Suizhou, China
| | - Chunlan Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lijuan Feng
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yazi Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yong Su
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hongkang Men
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Heinrich Körner
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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8
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Al-Shekaili HH, Petkau TL, Pena I, Lengyell TC, Verhoeven-Duif NM, Ciapaite J, Bosma M, van Faassen M, Kema IP, Horvath G, Ross C, Simpson EM, Friedman JM, van Karnebeek C, Leavitt BR. A novel mouse model for pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy due to antiquitin deficiency. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:3266-3284. [PMID: 32969477 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy (PDE) is a rare autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in the ALDH7A1 gene leading to blockade of the lysine catabolism pathway. PDE is characterized by recurrent seizures that are resistant to conventional anticonvulsant treatment but are well-controlled by pyridoxine (PN). Most PDE patients also suffer from neurodevelopmental deficits despite adequate seizure control with PN. To investigate potential pathophysiological mechanisms associated with ALDH7A1 deficiency, we generated a transgenic mouse strain with constitutive genetic ablation of Aldh7a1. We undertook extensive biochemical characterization of Aldh7a1-KO mice consuming a low lysine/high PN diet. Results showed that KO mice accumulated high concentrations of upstream lysine metabolites including ∆1-piperideine-6-carboxylic acid (P6C), α-aminoadipic semialdehyde (α-AASA) and pipecolic acid both in brain and liver tissues, similar to the biochemical picture in ALDH7A1-deficient patients. We also observed preliminary evidence of a widely deranged amino acid profile and increased levels of methionine sulfoxide, an oxidative stress biomarker, in the brains of KO mice, suggesting that increased oxidative stress may be a novel pathobiochemical mechanism in ALDH7A1 deficiency. KO mice lacked epileptic seizures when fed a low lysine/high PN diet. Switching mice to a high lysine/low PN diet led to vigorous seizures and a quick death in KO mice. Treatment with PN controlled seizures and improved survival of high-lysine/low PN fed KO mice. This study expands the spectrum of biochemical abnormalities that may be associated with ALDH7A1 deficiency and provides a proof-of-concept for the utility of the model to study PDE pathophysiology and to test new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilal H Al-Shekaili
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Terri L Petkau
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Izabella Pena
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Tess C Lengyell
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Jolita Ciapaite
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Bosma
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn van Faassen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ido P Kema
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriella Horvath
- Division of Biochemical Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia and BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Colin Ross
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Elizabeth M Simpson
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jan M Friedman
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Clara van Karnebeek
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children's Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Blair R Leavitt
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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9
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Charpentier J, Briand F, Lelouvier B, Servant F, Azalbert V, Puel A, Christensen JE, Waget A, Branchereau M, Garret C, Lluch J, Heymes C, Brousseau E, Burcelin R, Guzylack L, Sulpice T, Grasset E. Liraglutide targets the gut microbiota and the intestinal immune system to regulate insulin secretion. Acta Diabetol 2021; 58:881-897. [PMID: 33723651 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-020-01657-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Liraglutide controls type 2 diabetes (T2D) and inflammation. Gut microbiota regulates the immune system and causes at least in part type 2 diabetes. We here evaluated whether liraglutide regulates T2D through both gut microbiota and immunity in dysmetabolic mice. METHODS Diet-induced dysmetabolic mice were treated for 14 days with intraperitoneal injection of liraglutide (100 µg/kg) or with vehicle or Exendin 4 (10 µg/kg) as controls. Various metabolic parameters, the intestinal immune cells were characterized and the 16SrDNA gene sequenced from the gut. The causal role of gut microbiota was shown using large spectrum antibiotics and by colonization of germ-free mice with the gut microbiota from treated mice. RESULTS Besides, the expected metabolic impacts liraglutide treatment induced a specific gut microbiota specific signature when compared to vehicle or Ex4-treated mice. However, liraglutide only increased glucose-induced insulin secretion, reduced the frequency of Th1 lymphocytes, and increased that of TReg in the intestine. These effects were abolished by a concomitant antibiotic treatment. Colonization of germ-free mice with gut microbiota from liraglutide-treated diabetic mice improved glucose-induced insulin secretion and regulated the intestinal immune system differently from what observed in germ-free mice colonized with microbiota from non-treated diabetic mice. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our result demonstrated first the influence of liraglutide on gut microbiota and the intestinal immune system which could at least in part control glucose-induced insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Charpentier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Toulouse, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Team 2: 'Intestinal Risk Factors Diabetes, Dyslipidemia', 31432, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Francois Briand
- PHYSIOGENEX SAS Prologue Biotech, 516 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 31670, Labège Innopole, France
| | - Benjamin Lelouvier
- Vaiomer, Prologue Biotech, 516 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 31670, Labège Innopole, France
| | - Florence Servant
- Vaiomer, Prologue Biotech, 516 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 31670, Labège Innopole, France
| | - Vincent Azalbert
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Toulouse, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Team 2: 'Intestinal Risk Factors Diabetes, Dyslipidemia', 31432, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Anthony Puel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Toulouse, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Team 2: 'Intestinal Risk Factors Diabetes, Dyslipidemia', 31432, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Jeffrey E Christensen
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Toulouse, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Team 2: 'Intestinal Risk Factors Diabetes, Dyslipidemia', 31432, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Aurélie Waget
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Toulouse, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Team 2: 'Intestinal Risk Factors Diabetes, Dyslipidemia', 31432, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Maxime Branchereau
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Toulouse, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Team 2: 'Intestinal Risk Factors Diabetes, Dyslipidemia', 31432, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Céline Garret
- Vaiomer, Prologue Biotech, 516 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 31670, Labège Innopole, France
| | - Jérome Lluch
- Vaiomer, Prologue Biotech, 516 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 31670, Labège Innopole, France
| | - Christophe Heymes
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Toulouse, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Team 2: 'Intestinal Risk Factors Diabetes, Dyslipidemia', 31432, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Emmanuel Brousseau
- PHYSIOGENEX SAS Prologue Biotech, 516 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 31670, Labège Innopole, France
| | - Rémy Burcelin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Toulouse, France.
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Team 2: 'Intestinal Risk Factors Diabetes, Dyslipidemia', 31432, Toulouse Cedex 4, France.
| | - Laurence Guzylack
- Neuro-Gastroenterology and Nutrition Team, Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Thierry Sulpice
- PHYSIOGENEX SAS Prologue Biotech, 516 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 31670, Labège Innopole, France
| | - Estelle Grasset
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Toulouse, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Team 2: 'Intestinal Risk Factors Diabetes, Dyslipidemia', 31432, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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10
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Lukasheva EV, Makletsova MG, Lukashev AN, Babayeva G, Arinbasarova AY, Medentsev AG. Fungal Enzyme l-Lysine α-Oxidase Affects the Amino Acid Metabolism in the Brain and Decreases the Polyamine Level. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E398. [PMID: 33212812 PMCID: PMC7698073 DOI: 10.3390/ph13110398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal glycoprotein l-lysine α-oxidase (LO) catalyzes the oxidative deamination of l-lysine (l-lys). LO may be internalized in the intestine and shows antitumor, antibacterial, and antiviral effects in vivo. The main mechanisms of its effects have been shown to be depletion of the essential amino acid l-lys and action of reactive oxidative species produced by the reaction. Here, we report that LO penetrates into the brain and is retained there for up to 48 h after intravenous injection, which might be explained by specific pharmacokinetics. LO actively intervenes in amino acid metabolism in the brain. The most significant impact of LO was towards amino acids, which are directly exposed to its action (l-lys, l-orn, l-arg). In addition, the enzyme significantly affected the redistribution of amino acids directly associated with the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle (l-asp and l-glu). We discovered that the depletion of l-orn, the precursor of polyamines (PA), led to a significant and long-term decrease in the concentration of polyamines, which are responsible for regulation of many processes including cell proliferation. Thus, LO may be used to reduce levels of l-lys and PA in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V. Lukasheva
- Department of Biochemistry, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117198, Russia;
| | - Marina G. Makletsova
- Department of Biology and General Pathology, Don State Technical University, Gagarin Square 1, Rostov-on-Don 344011, Russia;
| | - Alexander N. Lukashev
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 20 M. Pirogovskaya str., Moscow 119435, Russia;
| | - Gulalek Babayeva
- Department of Biochemistry, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117198, Russia;
| | - Anna Yu. Arinbasarova
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, PSCBR RAS, 5 Pr. Nauki, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia; (A.Y.A.); (A.G.M.)
| | - Alexander G. Medentsev
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, PSCBR RAS, 5 Pr. Nauki, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia; (A.Y.A.); (A.G.M.)
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11
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Leandro J, Dodatko T, DeVita RJ, Chen H, Stauffer B, Yu C, Houten SM. Deletion of 2-aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase limits metabolite accumulation in cell and mouse models for glutaric aciduria type 1. J Inherit Metab Dis 2020; 43:1154-1164. [PMID: 32567100 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Glutaric aciduria type 1 (GA1) is an inborn error of lysine degradation characterized by acute encephalopathy that is caused by toxic accumulation of lysine degradation intermediates. We investigated the efficacy of substrate reduction through inhibition of 2-aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase (AASS), an enzyme upstream of the defective glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (GCDH), in a cell line and mouse model of GA1. We show that loss of AASS function in GCDH-deficient HEK-293 cells leads to an approximately fivefold reduction in the established GA1 clinical biomarker glutarylcarnitine. In the GA1 mouse model, deletion of Aass leads to a 4.3-, 3.8-, and 3.2-fold decrease in the glutaric acid levels in urine, brain, and liver, respectively. Parallel decreases were observed in urine and brain 3-hydroxyglutaric acid levels, and plasma, urine, and brain glutarylcarnitine levels. These in vivo data demonstrate that the saccharopine pathway is the main source of glutaric acid production in the brain and periphery of a mouse model for GA1, and support the notion that pharmacological inhibition of AASS may represent an attractive strategy to treat GA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Leandro
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tetyana Dodatko
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Robert J DeVita
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York, New York, USA
- Drug Discovery Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hongjie Chen
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Mount Sinai Genomics, Inc., Stamford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Brandon Stauffer
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Mount Sinai Genomics, Inc., Stamford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Chunli Yu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Mount Sinai Genomics, Inc., Stamford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sander M Houten
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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12
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Leandro J, Houten SM. The lysine degradation pathway: Subcellular compartmentalization and enzyme deficiencies. Mol Genet Metab 2020; 131:14-22. [PMID: 32768327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2020.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lysine degradation via formation of saccharopine is a pathway confined to the mitochondria. The second pathway for lysine degradation, the pipecolic acid pathway, is not yet fully elucidated and known enzymes are localized in the mitochondria, cytosol and peroxisome. The tissue-specific roles of these two pathways are still under investigation. The lysine degradation pathway is clinically relevant due to the occurrence of two severe neurometabolic disorders, pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy (PDE) and glutaric aciduria type 1 (GA1). The existence of three other disorders affecting lysine degradation without apparent clinical consequences opens up the possibility to find alternative therapeutic strategies for PDE and GA1 through pathway modulation. A better understanding of the mechanisms, compartmentalization and interplay between the different enzymes and metabolites involved in lysine degradation is of utmost importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Leandro
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sander M Houten
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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13
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Dalangin R, Kim A, Campbell RE. The Role of Amino Acids in Neurotransmission and Fluorescent Tools for Their Detection. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6197. [PMID: 32867295 PMCID: PMC7503967 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotransmission between neurons, which can occur over the span of a few milliseconds, relies on the controlled release of small molecule neurotransmitters, many of which are amino acids. Fluorescence imaging provides the necessary speed to follow these events and has emerged as a powerful technique for investigating neurotransmission. In this review, we highlight some of the roles of the 20 canonical amino acids, GABA and β-alanine in neurotransmission. We also discuss available fluorescence-based probes for amino acids that have been shown to be compatible for live cell imaging, namely those based on synthetic dyes, nanostructures (quantum dots and nanotubes), and genetically encoded components. We aim to provide tool developers with information that may guide future engineering efforts and tool users with information regarding existing indicators to facilitate studies of amino acid dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelin Dalangin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada; (R.D.); (A.K.)
| | - Anna Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada; (R.D.); (A.K.)
| | - Robert E. Campbell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada; (R.D.); (A.K.)
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo City, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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14
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Artiukhov AV, Grabarska A, Gumbarewicz E, Aleshin VA, Kähne T, Obata T, Kazantsev AV, Lukashev NV, Stepulak A, Fernie AR, Bunik VI. Synthetic analogues of 2-oxo acids discriminate metabolic contribution of the 2-oxoglutarate and 2-oxoadipate dehydrogenases in mammalian cells and tissues. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1886. [PMID: 32024885 PMCID: PMC7002488 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58701-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The biological significance of the DHTKD1-encoded 2-oxoadipate dehydrogenase (OADH) remains obscure due to its catalytic redundancy with the ubiquitous OGDH-encoded 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (OGDH). In this work, metabolic contributions of OADH and OGDH are discriminated by exposure of cells/tissues with different DHTKD1 expression to the synthesized phosphonate analogues of homologous 2-oxodicarboxylates. The saccharopine pathway intermediates and phosphorylated sugars are abundant when cellular expressions of DHTKD1 and OGDH are comparable, while nicotinate and non-phosphorylated sugars are when DHTKD1 expression is order(s) of magnitude lower than that of OGDH. Using succinyl, glutaryl and adipoyl phosphonates on the enzyme preparations from tissues with varied DHTKD1 expression reveals the contributions of OADH and OGDH to oxidation of 2-oxoadipate and 2-oxoglutarate in vitro. In the phosphonates-treated cells with the high and low DHTKD1 expression, adipate or glutarate, correspondingly, are the most affected metabolites. The marker of fatty acid β-oxidation, adipate, is mostly decreased by the shorter, OGDH-preferring, phosphonate, in agreement with the known OGDH dependence of β-oxidation. The longest, OADH-preferring, phosphonate mostly affects the glutarate level. Coupled decreases in sugars and nicotinate upon the OADH inhibition link the perturbation in glucose homeostasis, known in OADH mutants, to the nicotinate-dependent NAD metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem V Artiukhov
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aneta Grabarska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewelina Gumbarewicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Vasily A Aleshin
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Thilo Kähne
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Toshihiro Obata
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, George W. Beadle Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0664, USA
| | | | | | - Andrzej Stepulak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Victoria I Bunik
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
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15
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Arruda P, Barreto P. Lysine Catabolism Through the Saccharopine Pathway: Enzymes and Intermediates Involved in Plant Responses to Abiotic and Biotic Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:587. [PMID: 32508857 PMCID: PMC7253579 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The saccharopine pathway (SACPATH) involves the conversion of lysine into α-aminoadipate by three enzymatic reactions catalyzed by the bifunctional enzyme lysine-ketoglutarate reductase/saccharopine dehydrogenase (LKR/SDH) and the enzyme α-aminoadipate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (AASADH). The LKR domain condenses lysine and α-ketoglutarate into saccharopine, and the SDH domain hydrolyzes saccharopine to form glutamate and α-aminoadipate semialdehyde, the latter of which is oxidized to α-aminoadipate by AASADH. Glutamate can give rise to proline by the action of the enzymes Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) and Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (P5CR), while Δ1-piperideine-6-carboxylate the cyclic form of α-aminoadipate semialdehyde can be used by P5CR to produce pipecolate. The production of proline and pipecolate by the SACPATH can help plants face the damage caused by osmotic, drought, and salt stress. AASADH is a versatile enzyme that converts an array of aldehydes into carboxylates, and thus, its induction within the SACPATH would help alleviate the toxic effects of these compounds produced under stressful conditions. Pipecolate is the priming agent of N-hydroxypipecolate (NHP), the effector of systemic acquired resistance (SAR). In this review, lysine catabolism through the SACPATH is discussed in the context of abiotic stress and its potential role in the induction of the biotic stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Arruda
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Genomics for Climate Change Research Center (GCCRC), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Paulo Arruda,
| | - Pedro Barreto
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Genomics for Climate Change Research Center (GCCRC), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
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16
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He W, Wu G. Metabolism of Amino Acids in the Brain and Their Roles in Regulating Food Intake. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1265:167-185. [PMID: 32761576 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-45328-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids (AAs) and their metabolites play an important role in neurological health and function. They are not only the building blocks of protein but are also neurotransmitters. In the brain, glutamate and aspartate are the major excitatory neurotransmitters, whereas γ-aminobutyrate (GABA, a metabolite of glutamate) and glycine are the major inhibitory neurotransmitters. Nitric oxide (NO, a metabolite of arginine), H2S (a metabolite of cysteine), serotonin (a metabolite of tryptophan) and histamine (a metabolite of histidine), as well as dopamine and norepinephrine (metabolites of tyrosine) are neurotransmitters to modulate synaptic plasticity, neuronal activity, learning, motor control, motivational behavior, emotion, and executive function. Concentrations of glutamine (a precursor of glutamate and aspartate), branched-chain AAs (precursors of glutamate, glutamine and aspartate), L-serine (a precursor of glycine and D-serine), methionine and phenylalanine in plasma are capable of affecting neurotransmission through the syntheses of glutamate, aspartate, and glycine, as well as the competitive transport of tryptophan and tyrosine across from the blood-brain barrier. Adequate consumption of AAs is crucial to maintain their concentrations and the production of neurotransmitters in the central nervous system. Thus, the content and balance of AAs in diets have a profound impact on food intake by animals. Knowledge of AA transport and metabolism in the brain is beneficial for improving the health and well-being of humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenliang He
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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17
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Crowther LM, Mathis D, Poms M, Plecko B. New insights into human lysine degradation pathways with relevance to pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy due to antiquitin deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis 2019; 42:620-628. [PMID: 30767241 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Deficiency of antiquitin (ATQ), an enzyme involved in lysine degradation, is the major cause of vitamin B6 -dependent epilepsy. Accumulation of the potentially neurotoxic α-aminoadipic semialdehyde (AASA) may contribute to frequently associated developmental delay. AASA is formed by α-aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase (AASS) via the saccharopine pathway of lysine degradation, or, as has been postulated, by the pipecolic acid (PA) pathway, and then converted to α-aminoadipic acid by ATQ. The PA pathway has been considered to be the predominant pathway of lysine degradation in mammalian brain; however, this was refuted by recent studies in mouse. Consequently, inhibition of AASS was proposed as a potential new treatment option for ATQ deficiency. It is therefore of utmost importance to determine whether the saccharopine pathway is also predominant in human brain cells. The route of lysine degradation was analyzed by isotopic tracing studies in cultured human astrocytes, ReNcell CX human neuronal progenitor cells and human fibroblasts, and expression of enzymes of the two lysine degradation pathways was determined by Western blot. Lysine degradation was only detected through the saccharopine pathway in all cell types studied. The enrichment of 15 N-glutamate as a side product of AASA formation through AASS furthermore demonstrated activity of the saccharopine pathway. We provide first evidence that the saccharopine pathway is the major route of lysine degradation in cultured human brain cells. These results support inhibition of the saccharopine pathway as a new treatment option for ATQ deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Crowther
- Division of Child Neurology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- CRC Clinical Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Radiz - Rare Disease Intiative Zurich, Clinical Research Priority Program for Rare Diseases, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Déborah Mathis
- CRC Clinical Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Radiz - Rare Disease Intiative Zurich, Clinical Research Priority Program for Rare Diseases, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Poms
- Division of Child Neurology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- CRC Clinical Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Radiz - Rare Disease Intiative Zurich, Clinical Research Priority Program for Rare Diseases, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Plecko
- Division of Child Neurology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- CRC Clinical Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Radiz - Rare Disease Intiative Zurich, Clinical Research Priority Program for Rare Diseases, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of General Pediatrics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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18
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Wempe MF, Kumar A, Kumar V, Choi YJ, Swanson MA, Friederich MW, Hyland K, Yue WW, Van Hove JLK, Coughlin CR. Identification of a novel biomarker for pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy: Implications for newborn screening. J Inherit Metab Dis 2019; 42:565-574. [PMID: 30663059 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy (PDE) is often characterized as an early onset epileptic encephalopathy with dramatic clinical improvement following pyridoxine supplementation. Unfortunately, not all patients present with classic neonatal seizures or respond to an initial pyridoxine trial, which can result in the under diagnosis of this treatable disorder. Restriction of lysine intake and transport is associated with improved neurologic outcomes, although treatment should be started in the first year of life to be effective. Because of the documented diagnostic delay and benefit of early treatment, we aimed to develop a newborn screening method for PDE. Previous studies have demonstrated the accumulation of Δ1 -piperideine-6-carboxylate and α-aminoadipic semialdehyde in individuals with PDE, although these metabolites are unstable at room temperature (RT) limiting their utility for newborn screening. As a result, we sought to identify a biomarker that could be applied to current newborn screening paradigms. We identified a novel metabolite, 6-oxo-pipecolate (6-oxo-PIP), which accumulates in substantial amounts in blood, plasma, urine, and cerebral spinal fluid of individuals with PDE. Using a stable isotope-labeled internal standard, we developed a nonderivatized liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry-based method to quantify 6-oxo-PIP. This method replicates the analytical techniques used in many laboratories and could be used with few modifications in newborn screening programs. Furthermore, 6-oxo-PIP was measurable in urine for 4 months even when stored at RT. Herein, we report a novel biomarker for PDE that is stable at RT and can be quantified using current newborn screening techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Wempe
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Amit Kumar
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Vijay Kumar
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Yu J Choi
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Michael A Swanson
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Marisa W Friederich
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Keith Hyland
- Medical Neurogenetics Laboratories, LLC, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Wyatt W Yue
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Johan L K Van Hove
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Curtis R Coughlin
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
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19
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Cudré-Cung HP, Remacle N, do Vale-Pereira S, Gonzalez M, Henry H, Ivanisevic J, Schmiesing J, Mühlhausen C, Braissant O, Ballhausen D. Ammonium accumulation and chemokine decrease in culture media of Gcdh -/- 3D reaggregated brain cell cultures. Mol Genet Metab 2019; 126:416-428. [PMID: 30686684 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Glutaric Aciduria type I (GA-I) is caused by mutations in the GCDH gene. Its deficiency results in accumulation of the key metabolites glutaric acid (GA) and 3-hydroxyglutaric acid (3-OHGA) in body tissues and fluids. Present knowledge on the neuropathogenesis of GA-I suggests that GA and 3-OHGA have toxic properties on the developing brain. We analyzed morphological and biochemical features of 3D brain cell aggregates issued from Gcdh-/- mice at two different developmental stages, day-in-vitro (DIV) 8 and 14, corresponding to the neonatal period and early childhood. We also induced a metabolic stress by exposing the aggregates to 10 mM l-lysine (Lys). Significant amounts of GA and 3-OHGA were detected in Gcdh-/- aggregates and their culture media. Ammonium was significantly increased in culture media of Gcdh-/- aggregates at the early developmental stage. Concentrations of GA, 3-OHGA and ammonium increased significantly after exposure to Lys. Gcdh-/- aggregates manifested morphological alterations of all brain cell types at DIV 8 while at DIV 14 they were only visible after exposure to Lys. Several chemokine levels were significantly decreased in culture media of Gcdh-/- aggregates at DIV 14 and after exposure to Lys at DIV 8. This new in vitro model for brain damage in GA-I mimics well in vivo conditions. As seen previously in WT aggregates exposed to 3-OHGA, we confirmed a significant ammonium production by immature Gcdh-/- brain cells. We described for the first time a decrease of chemokines in Gcdh-/- culture media which might contribute to brain cell injury in GA-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Phuc Cudré-Cung
- Pediatric Metabolic Disease Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Lausanne University Hospital, Chemin de Mont-Paisible 18, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Noémie Remacle
- Pediatric Metabolic Disease Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Lausanne University Hospital, Chemin de Mont-Paisible 18, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Sonia do Vale-Pereira
- Pediatric Metabolic Disease Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Lausanne University Hospital, Chemin de Mont-Paisible 18, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mary Gonzalez
- Pediatric Metabolic Disease Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Lausanne University Hospital, Chemin de Mont-Paisible 18, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Hugues Henry
- Service of Clinical Chemistry, Lausanne University Hospital, Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julijana Ivanisevic
- Metabolomics Platform, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 19, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Jessica Schmiesing
- Department of Biochemistry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, University Children's Hospital, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Chris Mühlhausen
- Department of Biochemistry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, University Children's Hospital, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Olivier Braissant
- Service of Clinical Chemistry, Lausanne University Hospital, Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Diana Ballhausen
- Pediatric Metabolic Disease Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Lausanne University Hospital, Chemin de Mont-Paisible 18, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Reijngoud DJ. Flux analysis of inborn errors of metabolism. J Inherit Metab Dis 2018; 41:309-328. [PMID: 29318410 PMCID: PMC5959979 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-017-0124-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Patients with an inborn error of metabolism (IEM) are deficient of an enzyme involved in metabolism, and as a consequence metabolism reprograms itself to reach a new steady state. This new steady state underlies the clinical phenotype associated with the deficiency. Hence, we need to know the flux of metabolites through the different metabolic pathways in this new steady state of the reprogrammed metabolism. Stable isotope technology is best suited to study this. In this review the progress made in characterizing the altered metabolism will be presented. Studies done in patients to estimate the residual flux through the metabolic pathway affected by enzyme deficiencies will be discussed. After this, studies done in model systems will be reviewed. The focus will be on glycogen storage disease type I, medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, propionic and methylmalonic aciduria, urea cycle defects, phenylketonuria, and combined D,L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria. Finally, new developments are discussed, which allow the tracing of metabolic reprogramming in IEM on a genome-wide scale. In conclusion, the outlook for flux analysis of metabolic derangement in IEMs looks promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- D-J Reijngoud
- Section of Systems Medicine and Metabolic Signaling, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Center of Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
- European Research Institute of the Biology of Ageing, Internal ZIP code EA12, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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21
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Biagosch C, Ediga RD, Hensler SV, Faerberboeck M, Kuehn R, Wurst W, Meitinger T, Kölker S, Sauer S, Prokisch H. Elevated glutaric acid levels in Dhtkd1-/Gcdh- double knockout mice challenge our current understanding of lysine metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:2220-2228. [PMID: 28545977 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Glutaric aciduria type I (GA-I) is a rare organic aciduria caused by the autosomal recessive inherited deficiency of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (GCDH). GCDH deficiency leads to disruption of l-lysine degradation with characteristic accumulation of glutarylcarnitine and neurotoxic glutaric acid (GA), glutaryl-CoA, 3-hydroxyglutaric acid (3-OHGA). DHTKD1 acts upstream of GCDH, and its deficiency leads to none or often mild clinical phenotype in humans, 2-aminoadipic 2-oxoadipic aciduria. We hypothesized that inhibition of DHTKD1 may prevent the accumulation of neurotoxic dicarboxylic metabolites suggesting DHTKD1 inhibition as a possible treatment strategy for GA-I. In order to validate this hypothesis we took advantage of an existing GA-I (Gcdh-/-) mouse model and established a Dhtkd1 deficient mouse model. Both models reproduced the biochemical and clinical phenotype observed in patients. Under challenging conditions of a high lysine diet, only Gcdh-/- mice but not Dhtkd1-/- mice developed clinical symptoms such as lethargic behaviour and weight loss. However, the genetic Dhtkd1 inhibition in Dhtkd1-/-/Gcdh-/- mice could not rescue the GA-I phenotype. Biochemical results confirm this finding with double knockout mice showing similar metabolite accumulations as Gcdh-/- mice with high GA in brain and liver. This suggests that DHTKD1 inhibition alone is not sufficient to treat GA-I, but instead a more complex strategy is needed. Our data highlights the many unresolved questions within the l-lysine degradation pathway and provides evidence for a so far unknown mechanism leading to glutaryl-CoA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Biagosch
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University Munich, Trogerstr. 32, 81675 Munich, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Raga Deepthi Ediga
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University Munich, Trogerstr. 32, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Svenja-Viola Hensler
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University Munich, Trogerstr. 32, 81675 Munich, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael Faerberboeck
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Kuehn
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University Munich, Trogerstr. 32, 81675 Munich, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kölker
- University Hospital Heidelberg, Centre for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sven Sauer
- University Hospital Heidelberg, Centre for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Holger Prokisch
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University Munich, Trogerstr. 32, 81675 Munich, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
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22
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Pena IA, MacKenzie A, Van Karnebeek CDM. Current knowledge for pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy: a 2016 update. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2017; 12:5-20. [PMID: 30058881 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2017.1273107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy (PDE) is a rare genetic condition characterized by intractable and recurrent neonatal seizures that are uniquely alleviated by high doses of pyridoxine (vitamin B6). This recessive disease is caused by mutations in ALDH7A1, a gene encoding Antiquitin, an enzyme central to lysine degradation. This results in the pathogenic accumulation of the lysine intermediates Aminoadipate Semialdehyde (AASA) and its cyclic equilibrium form Piperideine-6-carboxylate (P6C) in body fluids; P6C reacts with pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP, the active form of vitamin B6) causing its inactivation and leading to pyridoxine-dependent seizures. While PDE is responsive to pharmacological dosages of pyridoxine, despite lifelong supplementation, neurodevelopment delays are observed in >75% of PDE cases. Thus, adjunct treatment strategies are emerging to both improve seizure control and moderate the delays in cognition. These adjunctive therapies, lysine restriction and arginine supplementation, separately or in combination (with pyridoxine thus termed 'triple therapy'), have shown promising results and are recommended in all PDE patients. Other new therapeutic strategies currently in preclinical phase of study include antisense therapy and substrate reduction therapy. We present here a comprehensive review of current treatment options as well as PDE phenotype, differential diagnosis, current management and views upon the future of PDE research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabella Agostinho Pena
- a Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) Research Institute , Ottawa , ON , Canada
- b Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , ON , Canada
| | - Alex MacKenzie
- a Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) Research Institute , Ottawa , ON , Canada
- b Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , ON , Canada
| | - Clara D M Van Karnebeek
- c Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics , University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada
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23
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Reciprocal Control of Thyroid Binding and the Pipecolate Pathway in the Brain. Neurochem Res 2016; 42:217-243. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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24
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Wang Q, Yang YL. [Complex heterogeneity phenotypes and genotypes of glutaric aciduria type 1]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2016; 18:460-465. [PMID: 27165598 PMCID: PMC7390359 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Glutaric aciduria type 1 is a rare autosomal recessive disorder. GCDH gene mutations cause glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency and accumulation of glutaric acid and 3-hydroxyglutaric acid, resulting in damage of striatum and other brain nucleus and neurodegeneration. Patients with glutaric aciduria type 1 present with complex heterogeneous phenotypes and genotypes. The symptoms are extremely variable. The ages of the clinical onset of the patients range from the fetus period to adulthood. The patients with mild glutaric aciduria type 1 are almost asymptomatic before onset, however, severe glutaric aciduria type 1 may cause death or disability due to acute encephalopathy. Acute metabolic crisis in patients with underlying glutaric aciduria type 1 is often triggered by febrile illnesses, trauma, hunger, high-protein foods and vaccination during a vulnerable period of brain development in infancy or early childhood. The early-onset patients usually have a poor prognosis. Urinary organic acids analysis, blood acylcarnitines analysis and GCDH study are important for the diagnosis of this disorder. Neonatal screening is essential for the early diagnosis and the improvement of prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China.
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25
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Yuzyuk T, Liu A, Thomas A, Wilson JE, De Biase I, Longo N, Pasquali M. A novel method for simultaneous quantification of alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde/piperideine-6-carboxylate and pipecolic acid in plasma and urine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1017-1018:145-152. [PMID: 26970849 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Elevated levels of pipecolic acid (PA), α-aminoadipic semialdehyde (AASA) and its cyclic form Δ1-piperideine-6-carboxylate (P6C) are characteristic of pyridoxine dependent epilepsy (PDE), a rare disorder of inborn error of metabolism. Recent studies showed the effectiveness of dietary therapy in PDE patients and emphasized the importance of the assessment of these metabolites for monitoring treatment efficacy. The objective of this study was to develop a robust and sensitive method for simultaneous quantification of AASA-P6C and PA in plasma and urine. DESIGN AND METHODS Plasma and urine samples were derivatized with 3N HCl in n-butanol (v/v) and injected onto ACQUITY BEH-C18 column. A gradient of water/methanol containing 0.1% formic acid was used for the chromatographic separation of AASA, P6C and PA. The analytes' concentrations were calculated using their calibration curves and the sum of AASA and P6C (AASA-P6C) was calculated. To evaluate the clinical utility of this test, samples from unaffected controls and patients with confirmed PDE were analyzed. RESULTS The performance characteristics of the assay as well as sample stability and interferences were determined. The intra- and inter- assay CVs were ≤2.9% and ≤10.9% for AASA-P6C, and ≤3.3% and ≤12.6% for PA, respectively. Reference ranges for AASA-P6C and PA in plasma and urine were established. Comparison of values obtained from unaffected controls and PDE patients showed high clinical sensitivity and specificity of the assay. CONCLUSIONS This novel method for the simultaneous quantification of AASA-P6C and PA in plasma and urine can be used in a clinical laboratory setting for the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with PDE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Yuzyuk
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; ARUP Laboratories, ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Aiping Liu
- ARUP Laboratories, ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Amanda Thomas
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; ARUP Laboratories, ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - JoDell E Wilson
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; ARUP Laboratories, ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, Chantilly, Virginia, USA
| | - Irene De Biase
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; ARUP Laboratories, ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Nicola Longo
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; ARUP Laboratories, ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Marzia Pasquali
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; ARUP Laboratories, ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Pena IA, Marques LA, Laranjeira ABA, Yunes JA, Eberlin MN, Arruda P. Simultaneous detection of lysine metabolites by a single LC-MS/MS method: monitoring lysine degradation in mouse plasma. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:172. [PMID: 27026869 PMCID: PMC4766172 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-1809-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Detection and quantification of lysine degradation metabolites in plasma is necessary for the diagnosis and follow-up of diseases such as pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy. The principal metabolites involved in the disease are related to the first steps of lysine oxidation, either through the saccharopine or the pipecolate pathways. Currently, there are three different analytical methods used to assess the content of these metabolites in urine and plasma, but they require different sample preparations and analytical equipment. Here, we describe a protocol that calls for a simple sample preparation and uses liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) that allows simultaneous detection and quantification of underivatized l-saccharopine, l-aminoadipic acid, l-pipecolic acid, piperideine-6-carboxylate, l-glutamic acid, and pyridoxal-5-phosphate in plasma samples. To validate the method we analyzed the time course degradation after intraperitoneal injection of l-lysine in C57BL/6/J mice. We observed that the degradation of lysine through the saccharopine pathway reached a maximum within the first 2 h. At this time point there was an increase in the levels of the metabolites saccharopine, aminoadipic acid, and pipecolic acid by 3-, 24- and 3.4-fold, respectively, compared to time zero levels. These metabolites returned to basal levels after 4–6 h. In conclusion, we have developed a LC–MS/MS approach, which allows simultaneous analysis of lysine degradation metabolites without the need for derivatization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabella A Pena
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-875 Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Lygia A Marques
- Thomson Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP 13083-861 Brazil
| | - Angelo B A Laranjeira
- Centro Infantil Boldrini, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP 13083-210 Brazil
| | - José A Yunes
- Centro Infantil Boldrini, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP 13083-210 Brazil ; Departamento de Genética Médica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP 13083-887 Brazil
| | - Marcos N Eberlin
- Thomson Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP 13083-861 Brazil
| | - Paulo Arruda
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-875 Campinas, SP Brazil ; Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP 13083-970 Brazil
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27
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Pena IA, Marques LA, Laranjeira ABA, Yunes JA, Eberlin MN, Arruda P. Simultaneous detection of lysine metabolites by a single LC-MS/MS method: monitoring lysine degradation in mouse plasma. SPRINGERPLUS 2016. [PMID: 27026869 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-1809-1801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Detection and quantification of lysine degradation metabolites in plasma is necessary for the diagnosis and follow-up of diseases such as pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy. The principal metabolites involved in the disease are related to the first steps of lysine oxidation, either through the saccharopine or the pipecolate pathways. Currently, there are three different analytical methods used to assess the content of these metabolites in urine and plasma, but they require different sample preparations and analytical equipment. Here, we describe a protocol that calls for a simple sample preparation and uses liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) that allows simultaneous detection and quantification of underivatized l-saccharopine, l-aminoadipic acid, l-pipecolic acid, piperideine-6-carboxylate, l-glutamic acid, and pyridoxal-5-phosphate in plasma samples. To validate the method we analyzed the time course degradation after intraperitoneal injection of l-lysine in C57BL/6/J mice. We observed that the degradation of lysine through the saccharopine pathway reached a maximum within the first 2 h. At this time point there was an increase in the levels of the metabolites saccharopine, aminoadipic acid, and pipecolic acid by 3-, 24- and 3.4-fold, respectively, compared to time zero levels. These metabolites returned to basal levels after 4-6 h. In conclusion, we have developed a LC-MS/MS approach, which allows simultaneous analysis of lysine degradation metabolites without the need for derivatization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabella A Pena
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-875 Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Lygia A Marques
- Thomson Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP 13083-861 Brazil
| | - Angelo B A Laranjeira
- Centro Infantil Boldrini, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP 13083-210 Brazil
| | - José A Yunes
- Centro Infantil Boldrini, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP 13083-210 Brazil ; Departamento de Genética Médica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP 13083-887 Brazil
| | - Marcos N Eberlin
- Thomson Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP 13083-861 Brazil
| | - Paulo Arruda
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-875 Campinas, SP Brazil ; Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP 13083-970 Brazil
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28
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Boy N, Heringer J, Haege G, Glahn EM, Hoffmann GF, Garbade SF, Kölker S, Burgard P. A cross-sectional controlled developmental study of neuropsychological functions in patients with glutaric aciduria type I. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2015; 10:163. [PMID: 26693825 PMCID: PMC4689061 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-015-0379-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glutaric aciduria type I (GA-I) is an inherited metabolic disease due to deficiency of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (GCDH). Cognitive functions are generally thought to be spared, but have not yet been studied in detail. Methods Thirty patients detected by newborn screening (n = 13), high-risk screening (n = 3) or targeted metabolic testing (n = 14) were studied for simple reaction time (SRT), continuous performance (CP), visual working memory (VWM), visual-motor coordination (Tracking) and visual search (VS). Dystonia (n = 13 patients) was categorized using the Barry-Albright-Dystonia Scale (BADS). Patients were compared with 196 healthy controls. Developmental functions of cognitive performances were analysed using a negative exponential function model. Results BADS scores correlated with speed tests but not with tests measuring stability or higher cognitive functions without time constraints. Developmental functions of GA-I patients significantly differed from controls for SRT and VS but not for VWM and showed obvious trends for CP and Tracking. Dystonic patients were slower in SRT and CP but reached their asymptote of performance similar to asymptomatic patients and controls in all tests. Asymptomatic patients did not differ from controls, except showing significantly better results in Tracking and a trend for slower reactions in visual search. Data across all age groups of patients and controls fitted well to a model of negative exponential development. Conclusions Dystonic patients predominantly showed motor speed impairment, whereas performance improved with higher cognitive load. Patients without motor symptoms did not differ from controls. Developmental functions of cognitive performances were similar in patients and controls. Performance in tests with higher cognitive demand might be preserved in GA-I, even in patients with striatal degeneration. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13023-015-0379-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas Boy
- Department of General Paediatrics, Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Jana Heringer
- Department of General Paediatrics, Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Gisela Haege
- Department of General Paediatrics, Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Esther M Glahn
- Department of General Paediatrics, Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Georg F Hoffmann
- Department of General Paediatrics, Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Sven F Garbade
- Faculty of Applied Psychology, SRH University of Applied Sciences, D-69123, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Stefan Kölker
- Department of General Paediatrics, Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Peter Burgard
- Department of General Paediatrics, Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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29
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New Cases of DHTKD1 Mutations in Patients with 2-Ketoadipic Aciduria. JIMD Rep 2015; 25:15-19. [PMID: 26141459 DOI: 10.1007/8904_2015_462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
2-Ketoadipic aciduria (OMIM 204750), a defect in the catabolic pathway of tryptophan, lysine, and hydroxylysine, is characterized by elevations in 2-ketoadipic, 2-aminoadipic, and 2-hydroxyadipic acids. Patients with the aforementioned biochemical profile have been described with a wide range of clinical presentations, from early-onset developmental delay, epilepsy, ataxia, and microcephaly to completely normal. This broad range of phenotypes has led some to question whether 2-ketoadipic aciduria represents a true disease state or if the biochemical abnormalities found in these patients merely reflect an ascertainment bias. We present four additional individuals from two families, with 2-ketoadipic aciduria with compound heterozygous or homozygous mutations in DHTKD1, three of which remain asymptomatic.
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