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Lyck R, Nishihara H, Aydin S, Soldati S, Engelhardt B. Modeling Brain Vasculature Immune Interactions In Vitro. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2023; 13:a041185. [PMID: 36617644 PMCID: PMC10513158 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The endothelial blood-brain barrier (BBB) protects central nervous system (CNS) neurons from the changeable milieu of the bloodstream by strictly controlling the movement of molecules and immune cells between the blood and the CNS. Immune cell migration across the vascular wall is a multistep process regulated by the sequential interaction of different signaling and adhesion molecules on the endothelium and the immune cells. Accounting for its unique barrier properties and trafficking molecule expression profile, particular adaptions in immune cell migration across the BBB have been observed. Thus, in vitro models of the BBB are desirable to explore the precise cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in immune cell trafficking across the BBB. The challenge to overcome is that barrier properties of brain microvascular endothelial cells are not intrinsic and readily lost in culture. With a focus on human in vitro BBB models, we here discuss the suitability of available in vitro models for the BBB for exploring the specific mechanisms involved in immune cell trafficking across the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Lyck
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, CH 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hideaki Nishihara
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, CH 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sidar Aydin
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, CH 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sasha Soldati
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, CH 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Britta Engelhardt
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, CH 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Morphological and Functional Effects of Ultrasound on Blood-Brain Barrier Transitory Opening: An In Vitro Study on Rat Brain Endothelial Cells. Cells 2023; 12:cells12010192. [PMID: 36611987 PMCID: PMC9818236 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
With the recent advances in medicine, human life expectancy is increasing; however, the extra years of life are not necessarily spent in good health or free from disability, resulting in a significantly higher incidence of age-associated pathologies. Among these disorders, neurodegenerative diseases have a significant impact. To this end, the presence of the protective blood-brain barrier (BBB) represents a formidable obstacle to the delivery of therapeutics. Thus, this makes it imperative to define strategies to bypass the BBB in order to successfully target the brain with the appropriate drugs. It has been demonstrated that targeting the BBB by ultrasound (US) can transiently make this anatomical barrier permeable and in so doing, allow the delivery of therapeutics. Thus, our aim was to carry out an in depth in vitro molecular and morphological study on the effects of US treatment on the BBB. The rat brain endothelial (RBE4) cell line was challenged with exposure to 12 MHz diagnostic US treatment for 10, 20, and 30 min. Cell viability assays, Western blotting analysis on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and oxidative stress marker evaluation were then performed, along with cytological and immunofluorescence staining, in order to evaluate the effects of US on the intercellular spaces and tight junction distribution of the brain endothelial cells. We observed that the US treatment exerted no toxic effects on either RBE4 cell viability or the upregulation/dislocation of the ER and oxidative stress marker (GRP78 and cytochrome C, respectively). Further, we observed that the application of US induced an increase in the intercellular spaces, as shown by Papanicolaou staining, mainly due to the altered distribution of the tight junction protein zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1). This latter US-dependent effect was transient and disappeared 20 min after the removal of the stimulus. In conclusion, our results show that US induces a transient alteration of the BBB, without altering the intracellular signaling pathways such as the ER and oxidative stress that could potentially be toxic for endothelial cells. These results suggested that US treatment could represent a potential strategy for improving drug delivery to the brain.
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Lonati E, Carrozzini T, Bruni I, Mena P, Botto L, Cazzaniga E, Del Rio D, Labra M, Palestini P, Bulbarelli A. Coffee-Derived Phenolic Compounds Activate Nrf2 Antioxidant Pathway in I/R Injury In Vitro Model: A Nutritional Approach Preventing Age Related-Damages. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27031049. [PMID: 35164314 PMCID: PMC8839093 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27031049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Age-related injuries are often connected to alterations in redox homeostasis. The imbalance between free radical oxygen species and endogenous antioxidants defenses could be associated with a growing risk of transient ischemic attack and stroke. In this context, a daily supply of dietary antioxidants could counteract oxidative stress occurring during ischemia/reperfusion injury (I/R), preventing brain damage. Here we investigated the potential antioxidant properties of coffee-derived circulating metabolites and a coffee pulp phytoextract, testing their efficacy as ROS scavengers in an in vitro model of ischemia. Indeed, the coffee fruit is an important source of phenolic compounds, such as chlorogenic acids, present both in the brewed seed and in the discarded pulp. Therefore, rat brain endothelial cells, subjected to oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) and recovery (ogR) to mimic reperfusion, were pretreated or not with coffee by-products. The results indicate that, under OGD/ogR, the ROS accumulation was reduced by coffee by-product. Additionally, the coffee extract activated the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway via Erk and Akt kinases phosphorylation, as shown by increased Nrf2 and HO-1 protein levels. The data indicate that the daily intake of coffee by-products as a dietary food supplement represents a potential nutritional strategy to counteract aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lonati
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (E.L.); (T.C.); (L.B.); (E.C.); (P.P.)
- Bicocca Center of Science and Technology for Food, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy; (I.B.); (M.L.)
| | - Tatiana Carrozzini
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (E.L.); (T.C.); (L.B.); (E.C.); (P.P.)
| | - Ilaria Bruni
- Bicocca Center of Science and Technology for Food, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy; (I.B.); (M.L.)
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Pedro Mena
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (P.M.); (D.D.R.)
| | - Laura Botto
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (E.L.); (T.C.); (L.B.); (E.C.); (P.P.)
| | - Emanuela Cazzaniga
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (E.L.); (T.C.); (L.B.); (E.C.); (P.P.)
- Bicocca Center of Science and Technology for Food, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy; (I.B.); (M.L.)
| | - Daniele Del Rio
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (P.M.); (D.D.R.)
- School of Advanced Studies on Food and Nutrition, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy
| | - Massimo Labra
- Bicocca Center of Science and Technology for Food, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy; (I.B.); (M.L.)
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Palestini
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (E.L.); (T.C.); (L.B.); (E.C.); (P.P.)
- Bicocca Center of Science and Technology for Food, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy; (I.B.); (M.L.)
| | - Alessandra Bulbarelli
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (E.L.); (T.C.); (L.B.); (E.C.); (P.P.)
- Bicocca Center of Science and Technology for Food, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy; (I.B.); (M.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-026-448-8221
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In Vitro Methodologies to Study the Role of Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) in Neurodegeneration. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14020363. [PMID: 35057544 PMCID: PMC8777776 DOI: 10.3390/nu14020363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) can be present in food or be endogenously produced in biological systems. Their formation has been associated with chronic neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The implication of AGEs in neurodegeneration is related to their ability to bind to AGE-specific receptors and the ability of their precursors to induce the so-called “dicarbonyl stress”, resulting in cross-linking and protein damage. However, the mode of action underlying their role in neurodegeneration remains unclear. While some research has been carried out in observational clinical studies, further in vitro studies may help elucidate these underlying modes of action. This review presents and discusses in vitro methodologies used in research on the potential role of AGEs in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. The overview reveals the main concepts linking AGEs to neurodegeneration, the current findings, and the available and advisable in vitro models to study their role. Moreover, the major questions regarding the role of AGEs in neurodegenerative diseases and the challenges and discrepancies in the research field are discussed.
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Neumaier F, Zlatopolskiy BD, Neumaier B. Drug Penetration into the Central Nervous System: Pharmacokinetic Concepts and In Vitro Model Systems. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1542. [PMID: 34683835 PMCID: PMC8538549 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Delivery of most drugs into the central nervous system (CNS) is restricted by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which remains a significant bottleneck for development of novel CNS-targeted therapeutics or molecular tracers for neuroimaging. Consistent failure to reliably predict drug efficiency based on single measures for the rate or extent of brain penetration has led to the emergence of a more holistic framework that integrates data from various in vivo, in situ and in vitro assays to obtain a comprehensive description of drug delivery to and distribution within the brain. Coupled with ongoing development of suitable in vitro BBB models, this integrated approach promises to reduce the incidence of costly late-stage failures in CNS drug development, and could help to overcome some of the technical, economic and ethical issues associated with in vivo studies in animal models. Here, we provide an overview of BBB structure and function in vivo, and a summary of the pharmacokinetic parameters that can be used to determine and predict the rate and extent of drug penetration into the brain. We also review different in vitro models with regard to their inherent shortcomings and potential usefulness for development of fast-acting drugs or neurotracers labeled with short-lived radionuclides. In this regard, a special focus has been set on those systems that are sufficiently well established to be used in laboratories without significant bioengineering expertise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Neumaier
- Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (B.D.Z.); (B.N.)
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Boris D. Zlatopolskiy
- Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (B.D.Z.); (B.N.)
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Bernd Neumaier
- Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (B.D.Z.); (B.N.)
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., 52428 Jülich, Germany
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Gericke B, Borsdorf S, Wienböker I, Noack A, Noack S, Löscher W. Similarities and differences in the localization, trafficking, and function of P-glycoprotein in MDR1-EGFP-transduced rat versus human brain capillary endothelial cell lines. Fluids Barriers CNS 2021; 18:36. [PMID: 34344390 PMCID: PMC8330100 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-021-00266-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In vitro models based on brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs) are among the most versatile tools in blood–brain barrier research for testing drug penetration into the brain and how this is affected by efflux transporters such as P-glycoprotein (Pgp). However, compared to freshly isolated brain capillaries or primary BCECs, the expression of Pgp in immortalized BCEC lines is markedly lower, which prompted us previously to transduce the widely used human BCEC line hCMEC/D3 with a doxycycline-inducible MDR1-EGFP fusion plasmid. The EGFP-labeled Pgp in these cells allows studying the localization and trafficking of the transporter and how these processes are affected by drug exposure. Here we used this strategy for the rat BCEC line RBE4 and performed a face-to-face comparison of RBE4 and hCMEC/D3 wild-type (WT) and MDR1-EGFP transduced cells. Methods MDR1-EGFP-transduced variants were derived from WT cells by lentiviral transduction, using an MDR1-linker-EGFP vector. Localization, trafficking, and function of Pgp were compared in WT and MDR1-EGFP transduced cell lines. Primary cultures of rat BCECs and freshly isolated rat brain capillaries were used for comparison. Results All cells exhibited typical BCEC morphology. However, significant differences were observed in the localization of Pgp in that RBE4-MDR1-EGFP cells expressed Pgp primarily at the plasma membrane, whereas in hCMEC/D3 cells, the Pgp-EGFP fusion protein was visible both at the plasma membrane and in endolysosomal vesicles. Exposure to doxorubicin increased the number of Pgp-EGFP-positive endolysosomes, indicating a lysosomotropic effect. Furthermore, lysosomal trapping of doxorubicin was observed, likely contributing to the protection of the cell nucleus from damage. In cocultures of WT and MDR1-EGFP transduced cells, intercellular Pgp-EGFP trafficking was observed in RBE4 cells as previously reported for hCMEC/D3 cells. Compared to WT cells, the MDR1-EGFP transduced cells exhibited a significantly higher expression and function of Pgp. However, the junctional tightness of WT and MDR1-EGFP transduced RBE4 and hCMEC/D3 cells was markedly lower than that of primary BCECs, excluding the use of the cell lines for studying vectorial drug transport. Conclusions The present data indicate that MDR1-EGFP transduced RBE4 cells are an interesting tool to study the biogenesis of lysosomes and Pgp-mediated lysosomal drug trapping in response to chemotherapeutic agents and other compounds at the level of the blood–brain barrier. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12987-021-00266-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birthe Gericke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Saskia Borsdorf
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Inka Wienböker
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Noack
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sandra Noack
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany. .,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.
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Lu TM, Barcia Durán JG, Houghton S, Rafii S, Redmond D, Lis R. Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Brain Endothelial Cells: Current Controversies. Front Physiol 2021; 12:642812. [PMID: 33868008 PMCID: PMC8044318 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.642812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) possess unique properties that are crucial for many functions of the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) including maintenance of brain homeostasis and regulation of interactions between the brain and immune system. The generation of a pure population of putative brain microvascular endothelial cells from human pluripotent stem cell sources (iBMECs) has been described to meet the need for reliable and reproducible brain endothelial cells in vitro. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), embryonic or induced, can be differentiated into large quantities of specialized cells in order to study development and model disease. These hPSC-derived iBMECs display endothelial-like properties, such as tube formation and low-density lipoprotein uptake, high transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER), and barrier-like efflux transporter activities. Over time, the de novo generation of an organotypic endothelial cell from hPSCs has aroused controversies. This perspective article highlights the developments made in the field of hPSC derived brain endothelial cells as well as where experimental data are lacking, and what concerns have emerged since their initial description.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler M Lu
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - José Gabriel Barcia Durán
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sean Houghton
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Shahin Rafii
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - David Redmond
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Raphaël Lis
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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Regan JT, Mirczuk SM, Scudder CJ, Stacey E, Khan S, Worwood M, Powles T, Dennis-Beron JS, Ginley-Hidinger M, McGonnell IM, Volk HA, Strickland R, Tivers MS, Lawson C, Lipscomb VJ, Fowkes RC. Sensitivity of the Natriuretic Peptide/cGMP System to Hyperammonaemia in Rat C6 Glioma Cells and GPNT Brain Endothelial Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020398. [PMID: 33672024 PMCID: PMC7919485 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) is the major natriuretic peptide of the central nervous system and acts via its selective guanylyl cyclase-B (GC-B) receptor to regulate cGMP production in neurons, astrocytes and endothelial cells. CNP is implicated in the regulation of neurogenesis, axonal bifurcation, as well as learning and memory. Several neurological disorders result in toxic concentrations of ammonia (hyperammonaemia), which can adversely affect astrocyte function. However, the relationship between CNP and hyperammonaemia is poorly understood. Here, we examine the molecular and pharmacological control of CNP in rat C6 glioma cells and rat GPNT brain endothelial cells, under conditions of hyperammonaemia. Concentration-dependent inhibition of C6 glioma cell proliferation by hyperammonaemia was unaffected by CNP co-treatment. Furthermore, hyperammonaemia pre-treatment (for 1 h and 24 h) caused a significant inhibition in subsequent CNP-stimulated cGMP accumulation in both C6 and GPNT cells, whereas nitric-oxide-dependent cGMP accumulation was not affected. CNP-stimulated cGMP efflux from C6 glioma cells was significantly reduced under conditions of hyperammonaemia, potentially via a mechanism involving changed in phosphodiesterase expression. Hyperammonaemia-stimulated ROS production was unaffected by CNP but enhanced by a nitric oxide donor in C6 cells. Extracellular vesicle production from C6 cells was enhanced by hyperammonaemia, and these vesicles caused impaired CNP-stimulated cGMP signalling in GPNT cells. Collectively, these data demonstrate functional interaction between CNP signalling and hyperammonaemia in C6 glioma and GPNT cells, but the exact mechanisms remain to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T. Regan
- Endocrine Signalling Group, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK; (J.T.R.); (S.M.M.); (C.J.S.); (E.S.); (S.K.); (M.W.); (T.P.); (J.S.D.-B.); (M.G.-H.)
| | - Samantha M. Mirczuk
- Endocrine Signalling Group, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK; (J.T.R.); (S.M.M.); (C.J.S.); (E.S.); (S.K.); (M.W.); (T.P.); (J.S.D.-B.); (M.G.-H.)
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK; (I.M.M.); (C.L.)
| | - Christopher J. Scudder
- Endocrine Signalling Group, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK; (J.T.R.); (S.M.M.); (C.J.S.); (E.S.); (S.K.); (M.W.); (T.P.); (J.S.D.-B.); (M.G.-H.)
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK; (I.M.M.); (C.L.)
| | - Emily Stacey
- Endocrine Signalling Group, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK; (J.T.R.); (S.M.M.); (C.J.S.); (E.S.); (S.K.); (M.W.); (T.P.); (J.S.D.-B.); (M.G.-H.)
| | - Sabah Khan
- Endocrine Signalling Group, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK; (J.T.R.); (S.M.M.); (C.J.S.); (E.S.); (S.K.); (M.W.); (T.P.); (J.S.D.-B.); (M.G.-H.)
| | - Michael Worwood
- Endocrine Signalling Group, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK; (J.T.R.); (S.M.M.); (C.J.S.); (E.S.); (S.K.); (M.W.); (T.P.); (J.S.D.-B.); (M.G.-H.)
| | - Torinn Powles
- Endocrine Signalling Group, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK; (J.T.R.); (S.M.M.); (C.J.S.); (E.S.); (S.K.); (M.W.); (T.P.); (J.S.D.-B.); (M.G.-H.)
| | - J. Sebastian Dennis-Beron
- Endocrine Signalling Group, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK; (J.T.R.); (S.M.M.); (C.J.S.); (E.S.); (S.K.); (M.W.); (T.P.); (J.S.D.-B.); (M.G.-H.)
| | - Matthew Ginley-Hidinger
- Endocrine Signalling Group, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK; (J.T.R.); (S.M.M.); (C.J.S.); (E.S.); (S.K.); (M.W.); (T.P.); (J.S.D.-B.); (M.G.-H.)
| | - Imelda M. McGonnell
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK; (I.M.M.); (C.L.)
| | - Holger A. Volk
- Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Klinik für Kleintiere, Bünteweg, 930559 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Rhiannon Strickland
- Clinical Sciences & Services, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK; (R.S.); (V.J.L.)
| | - Michael S. Tivers
- Paragon Veterinary Referrals, Paragon Business Village Paragon Way, Red Hall Cres, Wakefield WF1 2DF, UK;
| | - Charlotte Lawson
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK; (I.M.M.); (C.L.)
| | - Victoria J. Lipscomb
- Clinical Sciences & Services, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK; (R.S.); (V.J.L.)
| | - Robert C. Fowkes
- Endocrine Signalling Group, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK; (J.T.R.); (S.M.M.); (C.J.S.); (E.S.); (S.K.); (M.W.); (T.P.); (J.S.D.-B.); (M.G.-H.)
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK; (I.M.M.); (C.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-207-468-1215
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Morofuji Y, Nakagawa S. Drug Development for Central Nervous System Diseases Using In vitro Blood-brain Barrier Models and Drug Repositioning. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:1466-1485. [PMID: 32091330 PMCID: PMC7499354 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200224112534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
An important goal of biomedical research is to translate basic research findings into practical clinical implementation. Despite the advances in the technology used in drug discovery, the development of drugs for central nervous system diseases remains challenging. The failure rate for new drugs targeting important central nervous system diseases is high compared to most other areas of drug discovery. The main reason for the failure is the poor penetration efficacy across the blood-brain barrier. The blood-brain barrier represents the bottleneck in central nervous system drug development and is the most important factor limiting the future growth of neurotherapeutics. Meanwhile, drug repositioning has been becoming increasingly popular and it seems a promising field in central nervous system drug development. In vitro blood-brain barrier models with high predictability are expected for drug development and drug repositioning. In this review, the recent progress of in vitro BBB models and the drug repositioning for central nervous system diseases will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Morofuji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Nakagawa
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
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Brain-Targeted Delivery of Pre-miR-29b Using Lactoferrin-Stearic Acid-Modified-Chitosan/Polyethyleneimine Polyplexes. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13100314. [PMID: 33076502 PMCID: PMC7602608 DOI: 10.3390/ph13100314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of brain therapeutics is largely hampered by the presence of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), mainly due to the failure of most (bio) pharmaceuticals to cross it. Accordingly, this study aims to develop nanocarriers for targeted delivery of recombinant precursor microRNA (pre-miR-29b), foreseeing a decrease in the expression of the BACE1 protein, with potential implications in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) treatment. Stearic acid (SA) and lactoferrin (Lf) were successfully exploited as brain-targeting ligands to modify cationic polymers (chitosan (CS) or polyethyleneimine (PEI)), and its BBB penetration behavior was evaluated. The intracellular uptake of the dual-targeting drug delivery systems by neuronal cell models, as well as the gene silencing efficiency of recombinant pre-miR-29b, was analyzed in vitro. Labeled pre-miR-29b-CS/PEI-SA-Lf systems showed very strong fluorescence in the cytoplasm and nucleus of RBE4 cells, being verified the delivery of pre-miR-29b to neuronal cells after 1 h transfection. The experiment of transport across the BBB showed that CS-SA-Lf delivered 65% of recombinant pre-miR-29b in a period of 4 h, a significantly higher transport ratio than the 42% found for PEI-SA-Lf in the same time frame. Overall, a novel procedure for the dual targeting of DDS is disclosed, opening new perspectives in nanomedicines delivery, whereby a novel drug delivery system harvests the merits and properties of the different immobilized ligands.
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Sadeghzadeh M, Wenzel B, Gündel D, Deuther-Conrad W, Toussaint M, Moldovan RP, Fischer S, Ludwig FA, Teodoro R, Jonnalagadda S, Jonnalagadda SK, Schüürmann G, Mereddy VR, Drewes LR, Brust P. Development of Novel Analogs of the Monocarboxylate Transporter Ligand FACH and Biological Validation of One Potential Radiotracer for Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Imaging. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25102309. [PMID: 32423056 PMCID: PMC7288138 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocarboxylate transporters 1-4 (MCT1-4) are involved in several metabolism-related diseases, especially cancer, providing the chance to be considered as relevant targets for diagnosis and therapy. [18F]FACH was recently developed and showed very promising preclinical results as a potential positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer for imaging of MCTs. Given that [18F]FACH did not show high blood-brain barrier permeability, the current work is aimed to investigate whether more lipophilic analogs of FACH could improve brain uptake for imaging of gliomas, while retaining binding to MCTs. The 2-fluoropyridinyl-substituted analogs 1 and 2 were synthesized and their MCT1 inhibition was estimated by [14C]lactate uptake assay on rat brain endothelial-4 (RBE4) cells. While compounds 1 and 2 showed lower MCT1 inhibitory potencies than FACH (IC50 = 11 nM) by factors of 11 and 25, respectively, 1 (IC50 = 118 nM) could still be a suitable PET candidate. Therefore, 1 was selected for radiosynthesis of [18F]1 and subsequent biological evaluation for imaging of the MCT expression in mouse brain. Regarding lipophilicity, the experimental log D7.4 result for [18F]1 agrees pretty well with its predicted value. In vivo and in vitro studies revealed high uptake of the new radiotracer in kidney and other peripheral MCT-expressing organs together with significant reduction by using specific MCT1 inhibitor α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid. Despite a higher lipophilicity of [18F]1 compared to [18F]FACH, the in vivo brain uptake of [18F]1 was in a similar range, which is reflected by calculated BBB permeabilities as well through similar transport rates by MCTs on RBE4 cells. Further investigation is needed to clarify the MCT-mediated transport mechanism of these radiotracers in brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Sadeghzadeh
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (B.W.); (D.G.); (W.D.-C.); (M.T.); (R.-P.M.); (S.F.); (F.-A.L.); (R.T.); (P.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-341-2341794630; Fax: +49-341-2341794699
| | - Barbara Wenzel
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (B.W.); (D.G.); (W.D.-C.); (M.T.); (R.-P.M.); (S.F.); (F.-A.L.); (R.T.); (P.B.)
| | - Daniel Gündel
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (B.W.); (D.G.); (W.D.-C.); (M.T.); (R.-P.M.); (S.F.); (F.-A.L.); (R.T.); (P.B.)
| | - Winnie Deuther-Conrad
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (B.W.); (D.G.); (W.D.-C.); (M.T.); (R.-P.M.); (S.F.); (F.-A.L.); (R.T.); (P.B.)
| | - Magali Toussaint
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (B.W.); (D.G.); (W.D.-C.); (M.T.); (R.-P.M.); (S.F.); (F.-A.L.); (R.T.); (P.B.)
| | - Rareş-Petru Moldovan
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (B.W.); (D.G.); (W.D.-C.); (M.T.); (R.-P.M.); (S.F.); (F.-A.L.); (R.T.); (P.B.)
| | - Steffen Fischer
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (B.W.); (D.G.); (W.D.-C.); (M.T.); (R.-P.M.); (S.F.); (F.-A.L.); (R.T.); (P.B.)
| | - Friedrich-Alexander Ludwig
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (B.W.); (D.G.); (W.D.-C.); (M.T.); (R.-P.M.); (S.F.); (F.-A.L.); (R.T.); (P.B.)
| | - Rodrigo Teodoro
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (B.W.); (D.G.); (W.D.-C.); (M.T.); (R.-P.M.); (S.F.); (F.-A.L.); (R.T.); (P.B.)
| | - Shirisha Jonnalagadda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacy Practice & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812, USA; (S.J.); (S.K.J.); (V.R.M.)
| | - Sravan K. Jonnalagadda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacy Practice & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812, USA; (S.J.); (S.K.J.); (V.R.M.)
| | - Gerrit Schüürmann
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany;
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Straße 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Venkatram R. Mereddy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacy Practice & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812, USA; (S.J.); (S.K.J.); (V.R.M.)
| | - Lester R. Drewes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth, 251 SMed, 1035 University Drive, Duluth, MN 55812, USA;
| | - Peter Brust
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (B.W.); (D.G.); (W.D.-C.); (M.T.); (R.-P.M.); (S.F.); (F.-A.L.); (R.T.); (P.B.)
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12
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Erickson MA, Wilson ML, Banks WA. In vitro modeling of blood-brain barrier and interface functions in neuroimmune communication. Fluids Barriers CNS 2020; 17:26. [PMID: 32228633 PMCID: PMC7106666 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-020-00187-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroimmune communication contributes to both baseline and adaptive physiological functions, as well as disease states. The vascular blood-brain barrier (BBB) and associated cells of the neurovascular unit (NVU) serve as an important interface for immune communication between the brain and periphery through the blood. Immune functions and interactions of the BBB and NVU in this context can be categorized into at least five neuroimmune axes, which include (1) immune modulation of BBB impermeability, (2) immune regulation of BBB transporters, secretions, and other functions, (3) BBB uptake and transport of immunoactive substances, (4) immune cell trafficking, and (5) BBB secretions of immunoactive substances. These axes may act separately or in concert to mediate various aspects of immune signaling at the BBB. Much of what we understand about immune axes has been from work conducted using in vitro BBB models, and recent advances in BBB and NVU modeling highlight the potential of these newer models for improving our understanding of how the brain and immune system communicate. In this review, we discuss how conventional in vitro models of the BBB have improved our understanding of the 5 neuroimmune axes. We further evaluate the existing literature on neuroimmune functions of novel in vitro BBB models, such as those derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and discuss their utility in evaluating aspects of neuroimmune communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Erickson
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA.,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA
| | - Miranda L Wilson
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA. .,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA.
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13
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Kamal NS, Habib MJ, Zidan AS, Karla PK. NAG-PEGylated multilamellar liposomes for BBB-GLUT transporter targeting. COGENT MEDICINE 2020; 6. [PMID: 35531302 PMCID: PMC9075700 DOI: 10.1080/2331205x.2019.1701343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary objective of the research study is to investigate Glucose (GLUT) transporter targeting of the drug (Citalopram-Hbr) for increased permeability across the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB). The current study reports the development, physicochemical characterization, cytotoxicity analysis and in-vitro BBB permeability assessment of the Citalopram-Hbr liposomal formulations. Rat Primary Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells (RPBECs) were used for cytotoxicity analysis and drug permeability testing. Five N-Acetyl Glucosamine (NAG) coated PEGylated multilamellar liposomal formulations were prepared and tested. Permeability of the liposomal formulations was evaluated in RPBECs monolayer. The particle size of the formulations ranged from 13 to 4259 nm. Entrapment efficiency was 50–75%. Cytotoxicity analysis indicated viability (>90%) for all five formulations (0.3–1.25 mg/ml). Apparent drug permeability (Papp) of the formulations ranged from 5.01 × 104 to 15 × 104 cm/min. The study demonstrated successful preparation of NAG-coated PEGylated multilamellar liposomal formulations with high drug entrapment efficiency. Cytotoxicity data indicated that the formulations were well tolerated by the cells up to a concentration of 1.25 mg/ml. Transport study data demonstrated that RPBMECs monolayers can be employed as a robust screening tool for future drug transport studies targeting GLUT transporter on the BBB. The drug permeability values provide a promising preliminarily proof that NAG-coated liposomal formulations can be an effective tool for BBB-GLUT transporter targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid S. Kamal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Howard University, 2300 4th Street NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA
- Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy & Health Science, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Muhammad J. Habib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Howard University, 2300 4th Street NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Ahmed S. Zidan
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Pradeep K. Karla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Howard University, 2300 4th Street NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA
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14
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Gomez-Zepeda D, Taghi M, Scherrmann JM, Decleves X, Menet MC. ABC Transporters at the Blood-Brain Interfaces, Their Study Models, and Drug Delivery Implications in Gliomas. Pharmaceutics 2019; 12:pharmaceutics12010020. [PMID: 31878061 PMCID: PMC7022905 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug delivery into the brain is regulated by the blood-brain interfaces. The blood-brain barrier (BBB), the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB), and the blood-arachnoid barrier (BAB) regulate the exchange of substances between the blood and brain parenchyma. These selective barriers present a high impermeability to most substances, with the selective transport of nutrients and transporters preventing the entry and accumulation of possibly toxic molecules, comprising many therapeutic drugs. Transporters of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily have an important role in drug delivery, because they extrude a broad molecular diversity of xenobiotics, including several anticancer drugs, preventing their entry into the brain. Gliomas are the most common primary tumors diagnosed in adults, which are often characterized by a poor prognosis, notably in the case of high-grade gliomas. Therapeutic treatments frequently fail due to the difficulty of delivering drugs through the brain barriers, adding to diverse mechanisms developed by the cancer, including the overexpression or expression de novo of ABC transporters in tumoral cells and/or in the endothelial cells forming the blood-brain tumor barrier (BBTB). Many models have been developed to study the phenotype, molecular characteristics, and function of the blood-brain interfaces as well as to evaluate drug permeability into the brain. These include in vitro, in vivo, and in silico models, which together can help us to better understand their implication in drug resistance and to develop new therapeutics or delivery strategies to improve the treatment of pathologies of the central nervous system (CNS). In this review, we present the principal characteristics of the blood-brain interfaces; then, we focus on the ABC transporters present on them and their implication in drug delivery; next, we present some of the most important models used for the study of drug transport; finally, we summarize the implication of ABC transporters in glioma and the BBTB in drug resistance and the strategies to improve the delivery of CNS anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gomez-Zepeda
- Inserm, UMR-S 1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, 75006 Paris, France; (M.T.); (J.-M.S.); (X.D.)
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (D.G.-Z.); (M.-C.M.)
| | - Méryam Taghi
- Inserm, UMR-S 1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, 75006 Paris, France; (M.T.); (J.-M.S.); (X.D.)
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Scherrmann
- Inserm, UMR-S 1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, 75006 Paris, France; (M.T.); (J.-M.S.); (X.D.)
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Xavier Decleves
- Inserm, UMR-S 1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, 75006 Paris, France; (M.T.); (J.-M.S.); (X.D.)
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
- UF Biologie du médicament et toxicologie, Hôpital Cochin, AP HP, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Marie-Claude Menet
- Inserm, UMR-S 1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, 75006 Paris, France; (M.T.); (J.-M.S.); (X.D.)
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
- UF Hormonologie adulte, Hôpital Cochin, AP HP, 75006 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (D.G.-Z.); (M.-C.M.)
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15
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Branca JJV, Maresca M, Morucci G, Mello T, Becatti M, Pazzagli L, Colzi I, Gonnelli C, Carrino D, Paternostro F, Nicoletti C, Ghelardini C, Gulisano M, Di Cesare Mannelli L, Pacini A. Effects of Cadmium on ZO-1 Tight Junction Integrity of the Blood Brain Barrier. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E6010. [PMID: 31795317 PMCID: PMC6928912 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20236010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic environmental pollutant released from the smelting and refining of metals and cigarette smoking. Oral exposure to cadmium may result in adverse effects on a number of tissues, including the central nervous system (CNS). In fact, its toxicity has been related to neurological disorders, as well as neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Under normal conditions, Cd barely reaches the brain in adults because of the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB); however, it has been demonstrated that Cd-dependent BBB alteration contributes to pathogenesis of neurodegeneration. However, the mechanism underlying Cd-dependent BBB alteration remain obscure. Here, we investigated the signaling pathway of Cd-induced tight junction (TJ), F-actin, and vimentin protein disassembly in a rat brain endothelial cell line (RBE4). RBE4 cells treated with 10 μM cadmium chloride (CdCl2) showed a dose- and time-dependent significant increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. This phenomenon was coincident with the alteration of the TJ zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), F-actin, and vimentin proteins. The Cd-dependent ROS increase elicited the upregulation of GRP78 expression levels, a chaperone involved in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress that induces caspase-3 activation. Further signal profiling by the pannexin-1 (PANX1) specific inhibitor 10Panx revealed a PANX1-independent increase in ATP spillage in Cd-treated endothelial cells. Our results point out that a ROS-dependent ER stress-mediated signaling pathway involving caspase-3 activation and ATP release is behind the BBB morphological alterations induced by Cd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Junio Valerio Branca
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (G.M.); (D.C.); (F.P.); (C.N.); (M.G.)
| | - Mario Maresca
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (M.M.); (C.G.); (L.D.C.M.)
| | - Gabriele Morucci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (G.M.); (D.C.); (F.P.); (C.N.); (M.G.)
| | - Tommaso Mello
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (T.M.); (M.B.); (L.P.)
| | - Matteo Becatti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (T.M.); (M.B.); (L.P.)
| | - Luigia Pazzagli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (T.M.); (M.B.); (L.P.)
| | - Ilaria Colzi
- Department of Biology, Plant Ecology and Physiology Laboratory, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy; (I.C.); (C.G.)
| | - Cristina Gonnelli
- Department of Biology, Plant Ecology and Physiology Laboratory, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy; (I.C.); (C.G.)
| | - Donatello Carrino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (G.M.); (D.C.); (F.P.); (C.N.); (M.G.)
| | - Ferdinando Paternostro
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (G.M.); (D.C.); (F.P.); (C.N.); (M.G.)
| | - Claudio Nicoletti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (G.M.); (D.C.); (F.P.); (C.N.); (M.G.)
| | - Carla Ghelardini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (M.M.); (C.G.); (L.D.C.M.)
| | - Massimo Gulisano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (G.M.); (D.C.); (F.P.); (C.N.); (M.G.)
| | - Lorenzo Di Cesare Mannelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (M.M.); (C.G.); (L.D.C.M.)
| | - Alessandra Pacini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (G.M.); (D.C.); (F.P.); (C.N.); (M.G.)
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Lipid Reshaping and Lipophagy Are Induced in a Modeled Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury of Blood Brain Barrier. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153752. [PMID: 31370282 PMCID: PMC6696511 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic-reperfusion (I/R) injury induced a remodeling of protein and lipid homeostasis, under oxidative stress and inflammatory status. Starvation occurring during I/R is a condition leading to autophagy activation, which allows abnormal material clearance or amino acid, or both, and fatty acid (FA) recycling essential for survival. This study investigated the lipid reshaping, peroxidation, and related-signaling pathways, in rat brain endothelial cells (RBE4) subjected to 3 h of oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) and restoration of standard condition (I/R in vitro model). Lipids and proteins were analyzed after 1 or 24 h of oxygen and nutrient restoration. Together with the oxidative stress and inflammatory status, I/R injury induced a reshaping of neutral lipids and biogenesis of lipid droplets (LD) with excessive lipid storage. The increase of LC3-II/LC3-I ratio, an autophagy marker, and LC3 co-localization with LD suggest the activation of lipophagy machinery to counteract the cell engulfment. Lipophagy leads to cholesterol ester (CE) hydrolysis, increasing free cholesterol (FC) secretion, which occurred by specific transporters or unconventional exocytosis pathways, or both. Here, we propose that an unconventional spreading of FC and other lipid metabolites may influence the neurovascular unit (NVU) cells, contributing to Blood brain barrier (BBB) alteration or adaptation, or both, to the cumulative effects of several transient ischemia.
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Regal JF, Lund JM, Wing CR, Root KM, McCutcheon L, Bemis LT, Gilbert JS, Fleming SD. Interactions between the complement and endothelin systems in normal pregnancy and following placental ischemia. Mol Immunol 2019; 114:10-18. [PMID: 31326653 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Preeclampsia is characterized by new onset hypertension and fetal growth restriction and is associated with aberrant activation of the innate immune complement system and stressed or ischemic placenta. Previous studies have suggested a role for both endothelin and complement system activation products in new onset hypertension in pregnancy, but inter-relationships of the pathways are unclear. We hypothesized that complement activation following placental ischemia stimulates the endothelin pathway to cause hypertension and impair fetal growth. The Reduced Uterine Perfusion Pressure (RUPP) model results in hypertension and fetal growth restriction in a pregnant rat due to placental ischemia caused by mechanical obstruction of blood flow to uterus and placenta. The effect of inhibitor of complement activation soluble Complement Receptor 1 (sCR1) and endothelin A receptor (ETA) antagonist atrasentan on hypertension, fetal weight, complement activation (systemic circulating C3a and local C3 placental deposition) and endothelin [circulating endothelin and message for preproendothelin (PPE), ETA and endothelin B receptor (ETB) in placenta] in the RUPP rat model were determined. Following placental ischemia, sCR1 attenuated hypertension but increased message for PPE and ETA in placenta, suggesting complement activation causes hypertension via an endothelin independent pathway. With ETA antagonism the placental ischemia-induced increase in circulating C3a was unaffected despite inhibition of hypertension, indicating systemic C3a alone is not sufficient. In normal pregnancy, inhibiting complement activation increased plasma endothelin but not placental PPE message. Atrasentan treatment increased fetal weight, circulating endothelin and placental ETA message, and unexpectedly increased local complement activation in placenta (C3 deposition) but not C3a in circulation, suggesting endothelin controls local placental complement activation in normal pregnancy. Atrasentan also significantly decreased message for endogenous complement regulators Crry and CD55 in placenta and kidney in normal pregnancy. Results of our study indicate that complement/endothelin interactions differ in pregnancies complicated with placental ischemia vs normal pregnancy, as well as locally vs systemically. These data clearly illustrate the complex interplay between complement and endothelin indicating that perturbations of either pathway may affect pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean F Regal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, 1035 University Dr., University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minnesota, 55812, USA.
| | - Jenna M Lund
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, 1035 University Dr., University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minnesota, 55812, USA.
| | - Cameron R Wing
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, 1035 University Dr., University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minnesota, 55812, USA.
| | - Kate M Root
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, 1035 University Dr., University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minnesota, 55812, USA.
| | - Luke McCutcheon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, 1035 University Dr., University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minnesota, 55812, USA.
| | - Lynne T Bemis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, 1035 University Dr., University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minnesota, 55812, USA.
| | - Jeffrey S Gilbert
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, 1035 University Dr., University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minnesota, 55812, USA.
| | - Sherry D Fleming
- Division of Biology, 18 Ackert, Kansas State University, 1717 Claflin Rd, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, USA.
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Sato K. [Consideration for future in vitro BBB models - technical development to investigate the drug delivery to the CNS]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2019; 152:287-294. [PMID: 30531099 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.152.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Blood vessels in the central nervous system (CNS) limit the material exchange between blood and parenchyma by blood brain barrier (BBB). At present, no appropriate in vitro BBB models are available for the investigation whether or not the candidate compounds for new drugs could be delivered to the CNS. This causes huge difficulties of the development of CNS drugs and prediction of CNS adverse effects. In this review, I first outline the structures and functions of BBB, together with the parameters used for the quantification of BBB functions. I also introduce the history of in vitro BBB models used in the drug development so far, i.e., the transition from non-cell models to the models using primary culture of rodent cells, porcine, bovine, cell lines, etc. More recently, the application of human cells differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells and microfluidic engineering have already started. BBB is essential for the maintenance of brain homeostasis and the mechanisms of the BBB development will be clarified by reproducing functional BBB on the dish. The new in vitro models and the data may provide accurate prediction of drug delivery to the CNS and the improvement of the evaluation system for toxicity and safety, thereby leading to successful launch of new drugs on the market.
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Bittner A, Ducray AD, Widmer HR, Stoffel MH, Mevissen M. Effects of gold and PCL- or PLLA-coated silica nanoparticles on brain endothelial cells and the blood-brain barrier. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 10:941-954. [PMID: 31165021 PMCID: PMC6541356 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.10.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanomedicine is a constantly expanding field, facilitating and improving diagnosis and treatment of diseases. As nanomaterials are foreign objects, careful evaluation of their toxicological and functional aspects prior to medical application is imperative. In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of gold and polymer-coated silica nanoparticles used in laser tissue soldering on brain endothelial cells and the blood-brain barrier using rat brain capillary endothelial cells (rBCEC4). All types of nanoparticles were taken up time-dependently by the rBCEC4 cells, albeit to a different extent, causing a time- and concentration-dependent decrease in cell viability. Nanoparticle exposure did not change cell proliferation, differentiation, nor did it induce inflammation. rBCEC4 cells showed blood-brain barrier characteristics including tight junctions. None of the nanoparticles altered the expression of tight junctions or impaired the blood-brain barrier permeability. The findings suggest that effects of these nanoparticles on the metabolic state of cells have to be further characterized before use for medical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniela Bittner
- Division of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 124, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Angélique D Ducray
- Division of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 124, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hans Rudolf Widmer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Research Unit, Inselspital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 8, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael H Stoffel
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 120, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Meike Mevissen
- Division of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 124, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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20
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Dubey SK, Ram MS, Krishna KV, Saha RN, Singhvi G, Agrawal M, Ajazuddin, Saraf S, Saraf S, Alexander A. Recent Expansions on Cellular Models to Uncover the Scientific Barriers Towards Drug Development for Alzheimer's Disease. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 39:181-209. [PMID: 30671696 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00653-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Globally, the central nervous system (CNS) disorders appear as the most critical pathological threat with no proper cure. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one such condition frequently observed with the aged population and sometimes in youth too. Most of the research utilizes different animal models for in vivo study of AD pathophysiology and to investigate the potency of the newly developed therapy. These in vivo models undoubtably provide a powerful investigation tool to study human brain. Although, it sometime fails to mimic the exact environment and responses as the human brain owing to the distinctive genetic and anatomical features of human and rodent brain. In such condition, the in vitro cell model derived from patient specific cell or human cell lines can recapitulate the human brain environment. In addition, the frequent use of animals in research increases the cost of study and creates various ethical issues. Instead, the use of in vitro cellular models along with animal models can enhance the translational values of in vivo models and represent a better and effective mean to investigate the potency of therapeutics. This strategy also limits the excessive use of laboratory animal during the drug development process. Generally, the in vitro cell lines are cultured from AD rat brain endothelial cells, the rodent models, human astrocytes, human brain capillary endothelial cells, patient derived iPSCs (induced pluripotent stem cells) and also from the non-neuronal cells. During the literature review process, we observed that there are very few reviews available which describe the significance and characteristics of in vitro cell lines, for AD investigation. Thus, in the present review article, we have compiled the various in vitro cell lines used in AD investigation including HBMEC, BCECs, SHSY-5Y, hCMEC/D3, PC-2 cell line, bEND3 cells, HEK293, hNPCs, RBE4 cells, SK-N-MC, BMVECs, CALU-3, 7W CHO, iPSCs and cerebral organoids cell lines and different types of culture media such as SCM, EMEM, DMEM/F12, RPMI, EBM and 3D-cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar Dubey
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS-PILANI), Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Munnangi Siva Ram
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS-PILANI), Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India
| | - Kowthavarapu Venkata Krishna
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS-PILANI), Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ranendra Narayan Saha
- Department of Biotechnology, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS-PILANI), Dubai Campus, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Gautam Singhvi
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS-PILANI), Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mukta Agrawal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Kohka, Kurud Road, Bhilai, Chhattisgarh, 490024, India
| | - Ajazuddin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Kohka, Kurud Road, Bhilai, Chhattisgarh, 490024, India
| | - Swarnlata Saraf
- University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, 492 010, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Shailendra Saraf
- University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, 492 010, Chhattisgarh, India.,Hemchand Yadav University, Durg, Chhattisgarh, 491 001, India
| | - Amit Alexander
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Kohka, Kurud Road, Bhilai, Chhattisgarh, 490024, India.
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Wang JY, Zhao YH, Zhang JH, Lei HW. Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartic Acid Receptor 2 (Anti-NR2) Antibody in Neuropsychiatric Lupus Serum Damages the Blood-Brain Barrier and Enters the Brain. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:532-539. [PMID: 30657743 PMCID: PMC6346811 DOI: 10.12659/msm.912389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Brain microvessel endothelial cells constitute an important component in the blood-brain barrier. Cell-culture-based models of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) have been extensively applied in pharmacology, pathology and physiology. This study investigated effects of anti-N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor 2 (anti-NR2), N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor antibodies, NMDA receptor antagonists, and NMDA receptor agonists on brain microvessel endothelial cell models, and verified the effect of anti-NR2 antibody on the BBB as a receptor agonist. Material/Methods The primary brain microvessel endothelial cells were isolated and cultured, and an in vitro BBB model was established based on microvessel endothelial cells. Anti-NR2 antibody, glutamic acid, ifenprodil, and memantine were added in the BBB model to analyze changes in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and to examine the permeability of the brain microvessel endothelial cell model. Results The results showed that TEER values were significantly decreased by the addition of anti-NR2 antibody and glutamate, but were significantly increased by the addition of ifenprodil and memantine. TEER values showed no changes when treated by anti-NR2 antibody and ifenprodil, as well as anti-NR2 antibody and memantine. When dexamethasone was added, the TEER values increased by 23.8%, 39.4%, and 29.6% by treating with anti-NR2 antibody, positive cerebrospinal fluid, and positive serum, respectively. Conclusions Our findings show that anti-NR2 antibody in neuropsychiatric lupus serum can damage the BBB and enter the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yuan Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China (mainland)
| | - Yin-Huan Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Ji-Hui Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Hong-Wei Lei
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
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22
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Kaisar MA, Abhyankar VV, Cucullo L. In Vitro BBB Models: Working with Static Platforms and Microfluidic Systems. BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8946-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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23
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Xing C, Li W, Deng W, Ning M, Lo EH. A potential gliovascular mechanism for microglial activation: differential phenotypic switching of microglia by endothelium versus astrocytes. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:143. [PMID: 29764475 PMCID: PMC5952884 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1189-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation of microglia can result in phenotypic and functional diversity. However, the pathways that trigger different states of microglial activation remain to be fully understood. Here, we hypothesized that after injury, astrocytes and endothelium may contribute to a gliovascular switch for microglial activation. METHODS Astrocytes or cerebral endothelial cells were subjected to oxygen glucose deprivation, then conditioned media were transferred to microglia. The release of TNFα, IL-1β, IL-10, and IGF-1 was measured using ELISA. Surface markers of CD11b, CD45, CD86, and MHC class II were detected by flow cytometry. mRNA expression of iNOS, CD86, CD206, Arginase1, and transcription factors was measured using real-time PCR. Microglial function including migration and phagocytosis was assessed. Dendritogenesis was determined by counting the number of primary dendrites, secondary dendrites, and dendritic ends in the neurons exposed to either endothelial- or astrocyte-activated microglia. RESULTS Exposure to conditioned media from oxygen-glucose-deprived cerebral endothelial cells or oxygen-glucose-deprived astrocytes activated microglia into different forms. The endothelium converted ramified microglia into amoeboid shapes; increased the release of TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-10; decreased IGF-1; upregulated iNOS expression; and inhibited microglial migration and phagocytosis. In contrast, astrocytes increased microglial production of IGF-1, upregulated CD206 expression, and enhanced microglial phagocytosis. These opposing effects of the endothelium versus astrocyte crosstalk partly mirror potentially deleterious versus potentially beneficial microglial phenotypes. Consistent with this idea, endothelial-activated microglia were neurotoxic, whereas astrocyte-activated microglia did not affect neuronal viability but instead promoted neuronal dendritogenesis. CONCLUSION These findings provide proof of concept that endothelial cells and astrocytes provide differing signals to microglia that influence their activation states and suggest that a gliovascular switch may be involved in the balance between beneficial versus deleterious microglial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhong Xing
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MGH East 149-2401, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA
| | - Wenlu Li
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MGH East 149-2401, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA
| | - Wenjun Deng
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - MingMing Ning
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Eng H. Lo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MGH East 149-2401, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA
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Branca JJV, Maresca M, Morucci G, Becatti M, Paternostro F, Gulisano M, Ghelardini C, Salvemini D, Di Cesare Mannelli L, Pacini A. Oxaliplatin-induced blood brain barrier loosening: a new point of view on chemotherapy-induced neurotoxicity. Oncotarget 2018; 9:23426-23438. [PMID: 29805744 PMCID: PMC5955120 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxaliplatin is a key drug in the treatment of advanced metastatic colorectal cancer. Despite its beneficial effects in tumor reduction, the most prevalent side-effect of oxaliplatin treatment is a chemotherapy-induced neuropathy that frequently forces to discontinue the therapy. Indeed, along with direct damage to peripheral nerves, the chemotherapy-related neurotoxicity involves also the central nervous system (CNS) as demonstrated by pain chronicity and cognitive impairment (also known as chemobrain), a newly described pharmacological side effect. The presence of the blood brain barrier (BBB) is instrumental in preventing the entry of the drug into the CNS; here we tested the hypothesis that oxaliplatin might enter the endothelial cells of the BBB vessels and trigger a signaling pathway that induce the disassembly of the tight junctions, the critical components of the BBB integrity. By using a rat brain endothelial cell line (RBE4) we investigated the signaling pathway that ensued the entry of oxaliplatin within the cell. We found that the administration of 10 μM oxaliplatin for 8 and 16 h induced alterations of the tight junction (TJs) proteins zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and of F-actin, thus highlighting BBB alteration. Furthermore, we reported that intracellular oxaliplatin rapidly induced increased levels of reactive oxygen species and endoplasmic reticulum stress, assessed by the evaluation of glucose-regulated protein GRP78 expression levels. These events were accompanied by activation of caspase-3 that led to extracellular ATP release. These findings suggested a possible novel mechanism of action for oxaliplatin toxicity that could explain, at least in part, the chemotherapy-related central effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Junio Valerio Branca
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mario Maresca
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gabriele Morucci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Matteo Becatti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Paternostro
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Massimo Gulisano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Carla Ghelardini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniela Salvemini
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Lorenzo Di Cesare Mannelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pacini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Kislyuk S, Van den Bosch W, Adams E, de Witte P, Cabooter D. Development of a sensitive and quantitative capillary LC-UV method to study the uptake of pharmaceuticals in zebrafish brain. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:2751-2764. [PMID: 29484481 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-0955-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study explores the potential of 10-day-old zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a predictive blood-brain-barrier model using a set of 7 pharmaceutical agents. For this purpose, zebrafish were incubated with each of these 7 drugs separately via the route of immersion and the concentration reaching the brain was determined by applying a brain extraction procedure allowing isolation of the intact brain from the head of the zebrafish larvae. Sample analysis was performed utilizing capillary ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (cap-UHPLC) on a Pepmap RSLC C18 capillary column (150 mm × 300 μm, dp = 2 μm) coupled to a variable wavelength UV detector. Gradient separation was performed in 28 min at a flow rate of 5 μL/min and the optimal injection volume was determined to be 1 μL. The brain extraction procedure was established for the zebrafish strain TG898 exhibiting red fluorescence of the brain, allowing control of the integrity of the extracted parts. Quantitative experiments carried out on pooled samples of six zebrafish (n = 6) demonstrated the selective semipermeable nature of the blood-brain barrier after incubating the zebrafish at the maximum tolerated concentration for the investigated pharmaceuticals. The obtained brain-to-trunk ratios ranged between 0.3 for the most excluded compound and 1.2 for the pharmaceutical agent being most accumulated in the brain of the fish. Graphical abstract Workflow of brain extraction to study the uptake of pharmaceuticals in the brain of zebrafish larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Kislyuk
- Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wannes Van den Bosch
- Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erwin Adams
- Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter de Witte
- Molecular Biodiscovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Deirdre Cabooter
- Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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Lajkó E, Tuka B, Fülöp F, Krizbai I, Toldi J, Magyar K, Vécsei L, Kőhidai L. Kynurenic acid and its derivatives are able to modulate the adhesion and locomotion of brain endothelial cells. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2018; 125:899-912. [PMID: 29332257 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-018-1839-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The neuroprotective actions of kynurenic acid (KYNA) and its derivatives in several neurodegenerative disorders [characterized by damage to the cerebral endothelium and to the blood-brain barrier (BBB)] are well established. Cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion is supposedly involved in recovery of impaired cerebral endothelium integrity (endothelial repair). The present work aimed to investigate the effects of KYNA and its synthetic derivatives on cellular behaviour (e.g. adhesion and locomotion) and on morphology of the GP8 rat brain endothelial cell line, modeling the BBB endothelium. The effects of KYNA and its derivatives on cell adhesion were measured using an impedance-based technique, the xCELLigence SP system. Holographic microscopy (Holomonitor™ M4) was used to analyse both chemokinetic responses and morphometry. The GP8 cells proved to be a suitable model cell line for investigating cell adhesion and the locomotion modulator effects of kynurenines. KYNA enhanced cell adhesion and spreading, and also decreased the migration/motility of GP8 cells at physiological concentrations (10-9 and 10-7 mol/L). The derivatives containing an amide side-chain at the C2 position (KYNA-A1 and A2) had lower adhesion inducer effects compared to KYNA. All synthetic analogues (except KYNA-A5) had a time-dependent inhibitory effect on GP8 cell adhesion at a supraphysiological concentration (10-3 mol/L). The immobilization promoting effect of KYNA and the adhesion inducer activity of its derivatives indicate that these compounds could contribute to maintaining or restoring the protective function of brain endothelium; they also suggest that cell-ECM adhesion and related cell responses (e.g. migration/motility) could be potential new targets of KYNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Lajkó
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, 1089, Hungary
| | - Bernadett Tuka
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, 6725, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Fülöp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, Szeged, 6720, Hungary
- Stereochemistry Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös utca 6, Szeged, H-6720, Hungary
| | - István Krizbai
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - József Toldi
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, 6725, Hungary
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Kálmán Magyar
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, 1089, Hungary
| | - László Vécsei
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, 6725, Hungary
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, 6725, Hungary
| | - László Kőhidai
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, 1089, Hungary.
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Restin T, Kajdi ME, Schläpfer M, Roth Z’graggen B, Booy C, Dumrese C, Beck-Schimmer B. Sevoflurane protects rat brain endothelial barrier structure and function after hypoxia-reoxygenation injury. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184973. [PMID: 29023577 PMCID: PMC5638245 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background After cerebral injury blood-brain barrier disruption significantly impairs brain homeostasis. Volatile anesthetics have been shown to be protective in ischemia-reperfusion injury scenarios. Their impact on brain endothelial cells after hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) has not yet been studied in detail. Methods Rat brain endothelial cells (RBE4) were exposed to severe hypoxia and reoxygenated in air in the presence or absence of sevoflurane. Changes in dextran permeability and architecture of the cellular junctional proteins ZO-1 and β-catenin were measured. To determine necrosis and apoptosis rate DNA content, LDH release and caspase activity were quantified. The role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as an inflammatory mediator increasing vascular permeability was assessed. At the same time, it was evaluated if sevoflurane effects are mediated through VEGF. Results were analyzed by unpaired t-tests or one way-analysis of variance followed by Bonferroni’s correction. Results H/R led to a 172% increase in permeability (p<0.001), cell swelling and qualitatively but not quantitatively modified expression of ZO-1, β-catenin and F-actin. In the presence of sevoflurane during reoxygenation, barrier function improved by 96% (p = 0.042) in parallel to a decrease of the cell size and less re-arranged junction proteins and F-actin. Sevoflurane-induced improvement of the barrier function could not be explained on the level of necrosis or apoptosis as they remained unchanged independent of the presence or absence of the volatile anesthetic. Increased expression of VEGF after H/R was attenuated by sevoflurane by 34% (p = 0.004). Barrier protection provided by sevoflurane was similar to the application of a blocking VEGF-antibody. Furthermore, the protective effect of sevoflurane was abolished in the presence of recombinant VEGF. Conclusions In H/R-induced rat brain endothelial cell injury sevoflurane maintains endothelial barrier function through downregulation of VEGF, which is a key player not only in mediating injury, but also with regard to the protective effect of sevoflurane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Restin
- Institute of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Physiology, Zurich Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Elisabeth Kajdi
- Institute of Physiology, Zurich Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Schläpfer
- Institute of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Physiology, Zurich Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Birgit Roth Z’graggen
- Institute of Physiology, Zurich Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christa Booy
- Institute of Physiology, Zurich Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Dumrese
- Flow Cytometry Facility, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice Beck-Schimmer
- Institute of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Physiology, Zurich Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Thuringer D, Solary E, Garrido C. The Microvascular Gap Junction Channel: A Route to Deliver MicroRNAs for Neurological Disease Treatment. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:246. [PMID: 28824376 PMCID: PMC5543088 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) separate the peripheral blood from the brain. These cells, which are surrounded by basal lamina, pericytes and glial cells, are highly interconnected through tight and gap junctions. Their permeability properties restrict the transfer of potentially useful therapeutic agents. In such a hermetic system, the gap junctional exchange of small molecules between cerebral endothelial and non-endothelial cells is crucial for maintaining tissue homeostasis. MicroRNA were shown to cross gap junction channels, thereby modulating gene expression and function of the recipient cell. It was also shown that, when altered, BMEC could be regenerated by endothelial cells derived from pluripotent stem cells. Here, we discuss the transfer of microRNA through gap junctions between BMEC, the regeneration of BMEC from induced pluripotent stem cells that could be engineered to express specific microRNA, and how such an innovative approach could benefit to the treatment of glioblastoma and other neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Solary
- INSERM U1170, Institut Gustave RoussyVillejuif, France
| | - Carmen Garrido
- INSERM U1231, Université de Bourgogne Franche ComtéDijon, France
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Elmorsy E, Al-Ghafari A, Almutairi FM, Aggour AM, Carter WG. Antidepressants are cytotoxic to rat primary blood brain barrier endothelial cells at high therapeutic concentrations. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 44:154-163. [PMID: 28712878 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Antidepressants are commonly employed for the treatment of major depressive disorders and other psychiatric conditions. We investigated the relatively acute cytotoxic effects of three commonly prescribed antidepressants: fluoxetine, sertraline, and clomipramine on rat primary blood brain barrier endothelial cells over a concentration range of 0.1-100μM. At therapeutic concentrations (0.1μM) no significant cytotoxicity was observed after 4, 24, or 48h. At high therapeutic to overdose concentrations (1-100μM), antidepressants reduced cell viability in proportion to their concentration and exposure duration. At 1μM, antidepressants significantly reduced mitochondrial membrane potential. At drug concentrations producing ~50% inhibition of cell viability, all drugs significantly reduced cellular oxygen consumption rates, activities of mitochondrial complexes I and III, and triggered a significant increase of lactate production. Fluoxetine (6.5μM) and clomipramine (5.5μM) also significantly lowered transcellular transport of albumin. The mechanism of cellular cytotoxicity was evaluated and at high concentrations all drugs significantly increased the production of reactive oxygen species, and significantly increased the activity of the pro-apoptotic caspases-3, 8, and 9. Comet assays revealed that all drugs were genotoxic. Pre-incubation of cells with glutathione significantly ameliorated antidepressant-induced cytotoxicity, indicating the potential benefit of treatment of overdosed patients with antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekramy Elmorsy
- Departments of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ayat Al-Ghafari
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Fahd M Almutairi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | - Wayne G Carter
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, UK.
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30
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The effects of blood and blood products on the arachnoid cell. Exp Brain Res 2017; 235:1749-1758. [PMID: 28285405 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-017-4927-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
After traumatic brain injury (TBI), large amounts of red blood cells and hemolytic products are deposited intracranially creating debris in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This debris, which includes heme and bilirubin, is cleared via the arachnoid granulations and lymphatic systems. However, the mechanisms by which erythrocytes and their breakdown products interfere with normal CSF dynamics remain poorly defined. The purpose of this study was to model in vitro how blood breakdown products affect arachnoid cells at the CSF-blood barrier, and the extent to which the resorption of CSF into the venous drainage system is mechanically impaired following TBI. Arachnoid cells were grown to confluency on permeable membranes. Rates of growth and apoptosis were measured in the presence of blood and lysed blood, changes in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was measured in the presence of blood and hemoglobin, and small molecule permeability was determined in the presence of blood, lysed blood, bilirubin, and biliverdin. These results were directly compared with an established rat brain endothelial cell line (RBEC4) co-cultured with rat brain astrocytes. We found that arachnoid cells grown in the presence of whole or lysed erythrocytes had significantly slower growth rates than controls. Bilirubin and biliverdin, despite their low solubilities, altered the paracellular transport of arachnoid cells more than the acute blood breakdown components of whole and lysed blood. Mannitol permeability was up to four times higher in biliverdin treatments than controls, and arachnoid membranes demonstrated significantly decreased small molecule permeabilities in the presence of whole and lysed blood. We conclude that short-term (<24 h) arachnoid cell transport and long-term (>5 days) arachnoid cell viability are affected by blood and blood breakdown products, with important consequences for CSF flow and blood clearance after TBI.
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31
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Kaisar MA, Sajja RK, Prasad S, Abhyankar VV, Liles T, Cucullo L. New experimental models of the blood-brain barrier for CNS drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2016; 12:89-103. [PMID: 27782770 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2017.1253676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic biological interface which actively controls the passage of substances between the blood and the central nervous system (CNS). From a biological and functional standpoint, the BBB plays a crucial role in maintaining brain homeostasis inasmuch that deterioration of BBB functions are prodromal to many CNS disorders. Conversely, the BBB hinders the delivery of drugs targeting the brain to treat a variety of neurological diseases. Area covered: This article reviews recent technological improvements and innovation in the field of BBB modeling including static and dynamic cell-based platforms, microfluidic systems and the use of stem cells and 3D printing technologies. Additionally, the authors laid out a roadmap for the integration of microfluidics and stem cell biology as a holistic approach for the development of novel in vitro BBB platforms. Expert opinion: Development of effective CNS drugs has been hindered by the lack of reliable strategies to mimic the BBB and cerebrovascular impairments in vitro. Technological advancements in BBB modeling have fostered the development of highly integrative and quasi- physiological in vitro platforms to support the process of drug discovery. These advanced in vitro tools are likely to further current understanding of the cerebrovascular modulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Kaisar
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , Amarillo , TX , USA
| | - Ravi K Sajja
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , Amarillo , TX , USA
| | - Shikha Prasad
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , Amarillo , TX , USA
| | - Vinay V Abhyankar
- c Biological Microsystems Division at The University of Texas at Arlington Research Institute , Fort Worth , TX , USA
| | - Taylor Liles
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , Amarillo , TX , USA
| | - Luca Cucullo
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , Amarillo , TX , USA.,b Center for Blood Brain Barrier Research , Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , Amarillo , TX , USA
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32
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Brambillaa A, Lonati E, Milani C, Rizzo AM, Farina F, Botto L, Masserini M, Palestini P, Bulbarelli A. Ischemic conditions and ß-secretase activation: The impact of membrane cholesterol enrichment as triggering factor in rat brain endothelial cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 69:95-104. [PMID: 27022655 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Among harmful conditions damaging the blood–brain barrier, cerebral stroke and reperfusion injuries were proposed as contributing factors to Alzheimer's disease etiology. Indeed it was reported that ischemic conditions promote β-amyloid peptide production in brain endothelial cells, although implicated mechanisms are yet not fully understood.Oxidative injury related to ischemia affects membrane-lipids profile by altering their biochemical properties and structural dynamics, which are also believed to play significant role in the amyloid precursor protein processing, suggesting a link between alterations in lipid membrane composition and β-amyloid peptide production enhancement.Using brain microvascular endothelial cells, here we demonstrate how oxygen and glucose deprivation followed by normal conditions restoration, mimicking ischemic environment, increases cell cholesterol amount (+20%), reduces membrane fluidity and results in strong activation (+40%) of β-secretase 1 enzymatic activity. Moreover, we observed an increase of amyloid precursor protein and β-secretase 1 protein levels with altered localization in non-discrete (Triton X-100 soluble) membrane domains, leading to an enhanced production of amyloid precursor protein β-carboxyl-terminal fragment. Therefore, lipid alterations induced by oxygen and glucose deprivation enhance β-secretase 1 activity, favor its proximity to amyloid precursor protein and may concur to increased amyloidogenic cleavage. The latter, represents a detrimental event that may contribute to β-amyloid homeostasis impairment in the brain and to Alzheimer's disease-related BBB dysfunctions.
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Aparicio-Blanco J, Martín-Sabroso C, Torres-Suárez AI. In vitro screening of nanomedicines through the blood brain barrier: A critical review. Biomaterials 2016; 103:229-255. [PMID: 27392291 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier accounts for the high attrition rate of the treatments of most brain disorders, which therefore remain one of the greatest health-care challenges of the twenty first century. Against this background of hindrance to brain delivery, nanomedicine takes advantage of the assembly at the nanoscale of available biomaterials to provide a delivery platform with potential to raising brain levels of either imaging or therapeutic agents. Nevertheless, to prevent later failure due to ineffective drug levels at the target site, researchers have been endeavoring to develop a battery of in vitro screening procedures that can predict earlier in the drug discovery process the ability of these cutting-edge drug delivery platforms to cross the blood-brain barrier for biomedical purposes. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the currently available in vitro blood-brain barrier models (both cell-based and non-cell-based) with the focus on their suitability for understanding the biological brain distribution of forthcoming nanomedicines. The relationship between experimental factors and underlying physiological assumptions that would ultimately lead to a more predictive capacity of their in vivo performance, and those methods already assayed for the evaluation of the brain distribution of nanomedicines are comprehensively discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Aparicio-Blanco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Martín-Sabroso
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana-Isabel Torres-Suárez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University, 28040, Madrid, Spain; University Institute of Industrial Pharmacy, Complutense University, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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34
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Aragonès G, Ardid-Ruiz A, Ibars M, Suárez M, Bladé C. Modulation of leptin resistance by food compounds. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:1789-803. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Aragonès
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology; Nutrigenomics Research Group; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Tarragona Spain
| | - Andrea Ardid-Ruiz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology; Nutrigenomics Research Group; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Tarragona Spain
| | - Maria Ibars
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology; Nutrigenomics Research Group; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Tarragona Spain
| | - Manuel Suárez
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology; Nutrigenomics Research Group; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Tarragona Spain
| | - Cinta Bladé
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology; Nutrigenomics Research Group; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Tarragona Spain
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35
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Liu Z, Sneve M, Haroldson TA, Smith JP, Drewes LR. Regulation of Monocarboxylic Acid Transporter 1 Trafficking by the Canonical Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway in Rat Brain Endothelial Cells Requires Cross-talk with Notch Signaling. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:8059-69. [PMID: 26872974 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.710277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The transport of monocarboxylate fuels such as lactate, pyruvate, and ketone bodies across brain endothelial cells is mediated by monocarboxylic acid transporter 1 (MCT1). Although the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway is required for rodent blood-brain barrier development and for the expression of associated nutrient transporters, the role of this pathway in the regulation of brain endothelial MCT1 is unknown. Here we report expression of nine members of the frizzled receptor family by the RBE4 rat brain endothelial cell line. Furthermore, activation of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway in RBE4 cells via nuclear β-catenin signaling with LiCl does not alter brain endothelialMct1mRNA but increases the amount of MCT1 transporter protein. Plasma membrane biotinylation studies and confocal microscopic examination of mCherry-tagged MCT1 indicate that increased transporter results from reduced MCT1 trafficking from the plasma membrane via the endosomal/lysosomal pathway and is facilitated by decreased MCT1 ubiquitination following LiCl treatment. Inhibition of the Notch pathway by the γ-secretase inhibitorN-[N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)-l-alanyl]-S-phenylglycinet-butyl ester negated the up-regulation of MCT1 by LiCl, demonstrating a cross-talk between the canonical Wnt/β-catenin and Notch pathways. Our results are important because they show, for the first time, the regulation of MCT1 in cerebrovascular endothelial cells by the multifunctional canonical Wnt/β-catenin and Notch signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zejian Liu
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812 and
| | - Mary Sneve
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812 and
| | - Thomas A Haroldson
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812 and
| | - Jeffrey P Smith
- the Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Pueblo, Colorado 81001
| | - Lester R Drewes
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812 and
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36
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Suzuki Y, Nagai N, Umemura K. A Review of the Mechanisms of Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability by Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator Treatment for Cerebral Ischemia. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:2. [PMID: 26834557 PMCID: PMC4724711 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular homeostasis is maintained by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which forms a mechanical and functional barrier between systemic circulation and the central nervous system (CNS). In patients with ischemic stroke, the recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) is used to accelerate recanalization of the occluded vessels. However, rt-PA is associated with a risk of increasing intracranial bleeding (ICB). This effect is thought to be caused by the increase in cerebrovascular permeability though various factors such as ischemic reperfusion injury and the activation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), but the detailed mechanisms are unknown. It was recently found that rt-PA treatment enhances BBB permeability not by disrupting the BBB, but by activating the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) system. The VEGF regulates both the dissociation of endothelial cell (EC) junctions and endothelial endocytosis, and causes a subsequent increase in vessel permeability through the VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) activation in ECs. Here, we review the possibility that rt-PA increases the penetration of toxic molecules derived from the bloodstream including rt-PA itself, without disrupting the BBB, and contributes to these detrimental processes in the cerebral parenchyma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacology, Hamamatsu University School of MedicineHamamatsu, Japan; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ohu UniversityKoriyama, Japan
| | - Nobuo Nagai
- Faculty of Bioscience, Department of Animal Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology Nagahama, Japan
| | - Kazuo Umemura
- Department of Pharmacology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine Hamamatsu, Japan
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37
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Development of a cell line from the American eel brain expressing endothelial cell properties. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2015; 52:395-409. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-015-9986-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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38
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Bong KW, Kim JJ, Cho H, Lim E, Doyle PS, Irimia D. Synthesis of Cell-Adhesive Anisotropic Multifunctional Particles by Stop Flow Lithography and Streptavidin-Biotin Interactions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:13165-71. [PMID: 26545155 PMCID: PMC4820324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b03501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cell-adhesive particles are of significant interest in biotechnology, the bioengineering of complex tissues, and biomedical research. Their applications range from platforms to increase the efficiency of anchorage-dependent cell culture to building blocks to loading cells in heterogeneous structures to clonal-population growth monitoring to cell sorting. Although useful, currently available cell-adhesive particles can accommodate only homogeneous cell culture. Here, we report the design of anisotropic hydrogel microparticles with tunable cell-adhesive regions as first step toward micropatterned cell cultures on particles. We employed stop flow lithography (SFL), the coupling reaction between amine and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) and streptavidin-biotin chemistry to adjust the localization of conjugated collagen and poly-L-lysine on the surface of microscale particles. Using the new particles, we demonstrate the attachment and formation of tight junctions between brain endothelial cells. We also demonstrate the geometric patterning of breast cancer cells on particles with heterogeneous collagen coatings. This new approach avoids the exposure of cells to potentially toxic photoinitiators and ultraviolet light and decouples in time the microparticle synthesis and the cell culture steps to take advantage of the most recent advances in cell patterning available for traditional culture substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Wan Bong
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-713, Korea
| | - Jae Jung Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hansang Cho
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Eugene Lim
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Patrick S. Doyle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Corresponding Authors: .,
| | - Daniel Irimia
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
- Corresponding Authors: .,
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39
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Suzuki Y, Nagai N, Yamakawa K, Muranaka Y, Hokamura K, Umemura K. Recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator transiently enhances blood-brain barrier permeability during cerebral ischemia through vascular endothelial growth factor-mediated endothelial endocytosis in mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015. [PMID: 26219596 PMCID: PMC4671124 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2015.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) modulates cerebrovascular permeability and exacerbates brain injury in ischemic stroke, but its mechanisms remain unclear. We studied the involvement of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-mediated endocytosis in the increase of blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability potentiated by rt-PA after ischemic stroke. The rt-PA treatment at 4 hours after middle cerebral artery occlusion induced a transient increase in BBB permeability after ischemic stroke in mice, which was suppressed by antagonists of either low-density lipoprotein receptor families (LDLRs) or VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2). In immortalized bEnd.3 endothelial cells, rt-PA treatment upregulated VEGF expression and VEGFR-2 phosphorylation under ischemic conditions in an LDLR-dependent manner. In addition, rt-PA treatment increased endocytosis and transcellular transport in bEnd.3 monolayers under ischemic conditions, which were suppressed by the inhibition of LDLRs, VEGF, or VEGFR-2. The rt-PA treatment also increased the endocytosis of endothelial cells in the ischemic brain region after stroke in mice. These findings indicate that rt-PA increased BBB permeability via induction of VEGF, which at least partially mediates subsequent increase in endothelial endocytosis. Therefore, inhibition of VEGF induction may have beneficial effects after thrombolytic therapy with rt-PA treatment after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Suzuki
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ohu University, Koriyama, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Nobuo Nagai
- Department of Animal Bioscience, Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Japan
| | - Kasumi Yamakawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Muranaka
- Ultrastructure Laboratory, Research Equipment Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kazuya Hokamura
- Department of Pharmacology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kazuo Umemura
- Department of Pharmacology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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40
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Cho H, Seo JH, Wong KHK, Terasaki Y, Park J, Bong K, Arai K, Lo EH, Irimia D. Three-Dimensional Blood-Brain Barrier Model for in vitro Studies of Neurovascular Pathology. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15222. [PMID: 26503597 PMCID: PMC4622078 DOI: 10.1038/srep15222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood–brain barrier (BBB) pathology leads to neurovascular disorders and is an important target for therapies. However, the study of BBB pathology is difficult in the absence of models that are simple and relevant. In vivo animal models are highly relevant, however they are hampered by complex, multi-cellular interactions that are difficult to decouple. In vitro models of BBB are simpler, however they have limited functionality and relevance to disease processes. To address these limitations, we developed a 3-dimensional (3D) model of BBB on a microfluidic platform. We verified the tightness of the BBB by showing its ability to reduce the leakage of dyes and to block the transmigration of immune cells towards chemoattractants. Moreover, we verified the localization at endothelial cell boundaries of ZO-1 and VE-Cadherin, two components of tight and adherens junctions. To validate the functionality of the BBB model, we probed its disruption by neuro-inflammation mediators and ischemic conditions and measured the protective function of antioxidant and ROCK-inhibitor treatments. Overall, our 3D BBB model provides a robust platform, adequate for detailed functional studies of BBB and for the screening of BBB-targeting drugs in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansang Cho
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, United States.,Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Science, Center for Biomedical Engineering and Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 28223, United States
| | - Ji Hae Seo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory Center, Mass General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, 02129, United States
| | - Keith H K Wong
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Yasukazu Terasaki
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory Center, Mass General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, 02129, United States
| | - Joseph Park
- Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Science, Center for Biomedical Engineering and Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 28223, United States
| | - Kiwan Bong
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Ken Arai
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory Center, Mass General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, 02129, United States
| | - Eng H Lo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory Center, Mass General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, 02129, United States
| | - Daniel Irimia
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, United States
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41
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Young LW, Darios ES, Watts SW. An immunohistochemical analysis of SERT in the blood-brain barrier of the male rat brain. Histochem Cell Biol 2015; 144:321-9. [PMID: 26223876 PMCID: PMC4575874 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-015-1343-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) was originally discovered as a vasoconstrictor. 5-HT lowers blood pressure when administered peripherally to both normotensive and hypertensive male rats. Because the serotonin transporter (SERT) can function bidirectionally, we must consider whether 5-HT can be transported from the bloodstream to the central nervous system (CNS) in facilitating the fall in blood pressure. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective barrier that restricts movement of substances from the bloodstream to the CNS and vice versa, but the rat BBB has not been investigated in terms of SERT expression. This requires us to determine whether the BBB of the rat, the species in which we first observed a fall in blood pressure to infused 5-HT, expresses SERT. We hypothesized that SERT is present in the BBB of the male rat. To test this hypothesis, over 500 blood vessels were sampled from coronal slices of six male rat brains. Immunofluorescence of these coronal slices was used to determine whether SERT and RecA-1 (an endothelial cell marker) colocalized to the BBB. Blood vessels were considered to be capillaries if they were between 1.5 and 23 µm (intraluminal diameter). SERT was identified in the largest pial vessels of the BBB (mean ± SEM = 228.70 ± 18.71 µm, N = 9) and the smallest capillaries (mean ± SEM = 2.75 ± 0.12 µm, N = 369). SERT was not identified in the endothelium of blood vessels ranging from 20 to 135 µm (N = 45). The expression of SERT in the rat BBB means that 5-HT entry into the CNS must be considered a potential mechanism when investigating 5-HT-induced fall in blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey W Young
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Emma S Darios
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Stephanie W Watts
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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42
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Xia S, Lal B, Tung B, Wang S, Goodwin CR, Laterra J. Tumor microenvironment tenascin-C promotes glioblastoma invasion and negatively regulates tumor proliferation. Neuro Oncol 2015; 18:507-17. [PMID: 26320116 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nov171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most frequent and aggressive primary brain tumor in adults. Recent research on cancer stroma indicates that the brain microenvironment plays a substantial role in tumor malignancy and treatment responses to current antitumor therapy. In this work, we have investigated the effect of alterations in brain tumor extracellular matrix tenascin-C (TNC) on brain tumor growth patterns including proliferation and invasion. METHODS Since intracranial xenografts from patient-derived GBM neurospheres form highly invasive tumors that recapitulate the invasive features demonstrated in human patients diagnosed with GBM, we studied TNC gain-of-function and loss-of function in these GBM neurospheres in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS TNC loss-of-function promoted GBM neurosphere cell adhesion and actin cytoskeleton organization. Yet, TNC loss-of-function or exogenous TNC had no effect on GBM neurosphere cell growth in vitro. In animal models, decreased TNC in the tumor microenvironment was accompanied by decreased tumor invasion and increased tumor proliferation, suggesting that TNC regulates the "go-or-grow" phenotypic switch of glioma in vivo. We demonstrated that decreased TNC in the tumor microenvironment modulated behaviors of stromal cells including endothelial cells and microglia, resulting in enlarged tumor blood vessels and activated microglia in tumors. We further demonstrated that tumor cells with decreased TNC expression are sensitive to anti-proliferative treatment in vitro. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that detailed understanding of how TNC in the tumor microenvironment influences tumor behavior and the interactions between tumor cells and surrounding nontumor cells will benefit novel combinatory antitumor strategies to treat malignant brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuli Xia
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, Maryland (S.X., B.L., B.T., S.W., C.R.G., J.L.); Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (S.X., B.L., C.R.G., J.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (C.R.G., J.L.); Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (J.L.)
| | - Bachchu Lal
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, Maryland (S.X., B.L., B.T., S.W., C.R.G., J.L.); Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (S.X., B.L., C.R.G., J.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (C.R.G., J.L.); Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (J.L.)
| | - Brian Tung
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, Maryland (S.X., B.L., B.T., S.W., C.R.G., J.L.); Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (S.X., B.L., C.R.G., J.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (C.R.G., J.L.); Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (J.L.)
| | - Shervin Wang
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, Maryland (S.X., B.L., B.T., S.W., C.R.G., J.L.); Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (S.X., B.L., C.R.G., J.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (C.R.G., J.L.); Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (J.L.)
| | - C Rory Goodwin
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, Maryland (S.X., B.L., B.T., S.W., C.R.G., J.L.); Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (S.X., B.L., C.R.G., J.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (C.R.G., J.L.); Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (J.L.)
| | - John Laterra
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, Maryland (S.X., B.L., B.T., S.W., C.R.G., J.L.); Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (S.X., B.L., C.R.G., J.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (C.R.G., J.L.); Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (J.L.)
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Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a microvascular unit which selectively regulates the permeability of drugs to the brain. With the rise in CNS drug targets and diseases, there is a need to be able to accurately predict a priori which compounds in a company database should be pursued for favorable properties. In this review, we will explore the different computational tools available today, as well as underpin these to the experimental methods used to determine BBB permeability. These include in vitro models and the in vivo models that yield the dataset we use to generate predictive models. Understanding of how these models were experimentally derived determines our accurate and predicted use for determining a balance between activity and BBB distribution.
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Anand P, O’Neil A, Lin E, Douglas T, Holford M. Tailored delivery of analgesic ziconotide across a blood brain barrier model using viral nanocontainers. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12497. [PMID: 26234920 PMCID: PMC4522602 DOI: 10.1038/srep12497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood brain barrier (BBB) is often an insurmountable obstacle for a large number of candidate drugs, including peptides, antibiotics, and chemotherapeutic agents. Devising an adroit delivery method to cross the BBB is essential to unlocking widespread application of peptide therapeutics. Presented here is an engineered nanocontainer for delivering peptidic drugs across the BBB encapsulating the analgesic marine snail peptide ziconotide (Prialt®). We developed a bi-functional viral nanocontainer based on the Salmonella typhimurium bacteriophage P22 capsid, genetically incorporating ziconotide in the interior cavity, and chemically attaching cell penetrating HIV-Tat peptide on the exterior of the capsid. Virus like particles (VLPs) of P22 containing ziconotide were successfully transported in several BBB models of rat and human brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVEC) using a recyclable noncytotoxic endocytic pathway. This work demonstrates proof in principle for developing a possible alternative to intrathecal injection of ziconotide using a tunable VLP drug delivery nanocontainer to cross the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Anand
- Hunter College-CUNY, Belfer Research Building, 413 E, 69th Street, New York, NY-10021 (USA)
- The American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West 79th Street, New York, NY-10024 (USA)
| | - Alison O’Neil
- Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN-47405 (USA)
| | - Emily Lin
- Hunter College-CUNY, Belfer Research Building, 413 E, 69th Street, New York, NY-10021 (USA)
| | - Trevor Douglas
- Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN-47405 (USA)
| | - Mandë Holford
- Hunter College-CUNY, Belfer Research Building, 413 E, 69th Street, New York, NY-10021 (USA)
- The American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West 79th Street, New York, NY-10024 (USA)
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45
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O'Carroll SJ, Kho DT, Wiltshire R, Nelson V, Rotimi O, Johnson R, Angel CE, Graham ES. Pro-inflammatory TNFα and IL-1β differentially regulate the inflammatory phenotype of brain microvascular endothelial cells. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:131. [PMID: 26152369 PMCID: PMC4506411 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0346-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The vasculature of the brain is composed of endothelial cells, pericytes and astrocytic processes. The endothelial cells are the critical interface between the blood and the CNS parenchyma and are a critical component of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). These cells are innately programmed to respond to a myriad of inflammatory cytokines or other danger signals. IL-1β and TNFα are well recognised pro-inflammatory mediators, and here, we provide compelling evidence that they regulate the function and immune response profile of human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (hCMVECs) differentially. Methods We used xCELLigence biosensor technology, which revealed global differences in the endothelial response between IL-1β and TNFα. xCELLigence is a label-free impedance-based biosensor, which is ideal for acute or long-term comparison of drug effects on cell behaviour. In addition, flow cytometry and multiplex cytokine arrays were used to show differences in the inflammatory responses from the endothelial cells. Results Extensive cytokine-secretion profiling and cell-surface immune phenotyping confirmed that the immune response of the hCMVEC to IL-1β was different to that of TNFα. Interestingly, of the 38 cytokines, chemokines and growth factors measured by cytometric bead array, the endothelial cells secreted only 13. Of importance was the observation that the majority of these cytokines were differentially regulated by either IL-1β or TNFα. Cell-surface expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 were also differentially regulated by IL-1β or TNFα, where TNFα induced a substantially higher level of expression of both key leukocyte-adhesion molecules. A range of other cell-surface cellular and junctional adhesion molecules were basally expressed by the hCMVEC but were unaffected by IL-1β or TNFα. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the most comprehensive analysis of the immunological profile of brain endothelial cells and the first direct evidence that human brain endothelial cells are differentially regulated by these two key pro-inflammatory mediators. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-015-0346-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J O'Carroll
- Centre for Brain Research, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. .,Department of Anatomy, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Dan Ting Kho
- Centre for Brain Research, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. .,Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Rachael Wiltshire
- Centre for Brain Research, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Vicky Nelson
- Centre for Brain Research, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. .,Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Odunayo Rotimi
- Centre for Brain Research, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. .,Department of Anatomy, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Rebecca Johnson
- Centre for Brain Research, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. .,Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Catherine E Angel
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - E Scott Graham
- Centre for Brain Research, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. .,Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Suzuki T, Fukami T, Tomono K. Possible involvement of cationic-drug sensitive transport systems in the blood-to-brain influx and brain-to-blood efflux of amantadine across the blood-brain barrier. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2014; 36:126-37. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toyofumi Suzuki
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy; Nihon University; 7-7-1 Narashinodai Funabashi Chiba 274-8555 Japan
| | - Toshiro Fukami
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy; Nihon University; 7-7-1 Narashinodai Funabashi Chiba 274-8555 Japan
| | - Kazuo Tomono
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy; Nihon University; 7-7-1 Narashinodai Funabashi Chiba 274-8555 Japan
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Molino Y, Jabès F, Lacassagne E, Gaudin N, Khrestchatisky M. Setting-up an in vitro model of rat blood-brain barrier (BBB): a focus on BBB impermeability and receptor-mediated transport. J Vis Exp 2014:e51278. [PMID: 24998179 PMCID: PMC4208856 DOI: 10.3791/51278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood brain barrier (BBB) specifically regulates molecular and cellular flux between the blood and the nervous tissue. Our aim was to develop and characterize a highly reproducible rat syngeneic in vitro model of the BBB using co-cultures of primary rat brain endothelial cells (RBEC) and astrocytes to study receptors involved in transcytosis across the endothelial cell monolayer. Astrocytes were isolated by mechanical dissection following trypsin digestion and were frozen for later co-culture. RBEC were isolated from 5-week-old rat cortices. The brains were cleaned of meninges and white matter, and mechanically dissociated following enzymatic digestion. Thereafter, the tissue homogenate was centrifuged in bovine serum albumin to separate vessel fragments from nervous tissue. The vessel fragments underwent a second enzymatic digestion to free endothelial cells from their extracellular matrix. The remaining contaminating cells such as pericytes were further eliminated by plating the microvessel fragments in puromycin-containing medium. They were then passaged onto filters for co-culture with astrocytes grown on the bottom of the wells. RBEC expressed high levels of tight junction (TJ) proteins such as occludin, claudin-5 and ZO-1 with a typical localization at the cell borders. The transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) of brain endothelial monolayers, indicating the tightness of TJs reached 300 ohm·cm2 on average. The endothelial permeability coefficients (Pe) for lucifer yellow (LY) was highly reproducible with an average of 0.26 ± 0.11 x 10-3 cm/min. Brain endothelial cells organized in monolayers expressed the efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp), showed a polarized transport of rhodamine 123, a ligand for P-gp, and showed specific transport of transferrin-Cy3 and DiILDL across the endothelial cell monolayer. In conclusion, we provide a protocol for setting up an in vitro BBB model that is highly reproducible due to the quality assurance methods, and that is suitable for research on BBB transporters and receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yarong He
- From the Emergency Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China (Y.H., Y.C.); Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY (Y.Y.); and Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, NY (S.E.T.)
| | - Yao Yao
- From the Emergency Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China (Y.H., Y.C.); Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY (Y.Y.); and Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, NY (S.E.T.)
| | - Stella E Tsirka
- From the Emergency Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China (Y.H., Y.C.); Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY (Y.Y.); and Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, NY (S.E.T.)
| | - Yu Cao
- From the Emergency Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China (Y.H., Y.C.); Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY (Y.Y.); and Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, NY (S.E.T.).
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Fonseca AC, Oliveira CR, Pereira CF, Cardoso SM. Loss of proteostasis induced by amyloid beta peptide in brain endothelial cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:1150-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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