1
|
Vasek D, Holicek P, Galatik F, Kratochvilova A, Porubska B, Somova V, Fikarova N, Hajkova M, Prevorovsky M, Zurmanova JM, Krulova M. Immune response to cold exposure: Role of γδ T cells and TLR2-mediated inflammation. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2350897. [PMID: 38988146 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
The mammalian body possesses remarkable adaptability to cold exposure, involving intricate adjustments in cellular metabolism, ultimately leading to thermogenesis. However, cold-induced stress can impact immune response, primarily through noradrenaline-mediated pathways. In our study, we utilized a rat model subjected to short-term or long-term mild cold exposure to investigate systemic immune response during the cold acclimation. To provide human relevance, we included a group of regular cold swimmers in our study. Our research revealed complex relationship between cold exposure, neural signaling, immune response, and thermogenic regulation. One-day cold exposure triggered stress response, including cytokine production in white adipose tissue, subsequently activating brown adipose tissue, and inducing thermogenesis. We further studied systemic immune response, including the proportion of leukocytes and cytokines production. Interestingly, γδ T cells emerged as possible regulators in the broader systemic response, suggesting their possible contribution in the dynamic process of cold adaptation. We employed RNA-seq to gain further insights into the mechanisms by which γδ T cells participate in the response to cold. Additionally, we challenged rats exposed to cold with the Toll-like receptor 2 agonist, showing significant modulation of immune response. These findings significantly contribute to understanding of the physiological acclimation that occur in response to cold exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Vasek
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Holicek
- Sotio Biotech, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Immunology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Galatik
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Kratochvilova
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bianka Porubska
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Somova
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Natalie Fikarova
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Hajkova
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Prevorovsky
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka M Zurmanova
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Magdalena Krulova
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhu Y, Liu W, Qi Z. Adipose tissue browning and thermogenesis under physiologically energetic challenges: a remodelled thermogenic system. J Physiol 2024; 602:23-48. [PMID: 38019069 DOI: 10.1113/jp285269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes are often thought to be caused by reduced energy expenditure, which poses a serious threat to human health. Cold exposure, exercise and caloric restriction have been shown to promote adipose tissue browning and thermogenesis. These physiological interventions increase energy expenditure and thus have emerged as promising strategies for mitigating metabolic disorders. However, that increased adipose tissue browning and thermogenesis elevate thermogenic consumption is not a reasonable explanation when humans and animals confront energetic challenges imposed by these interventions. In this review, we collected numerous results on adipose tissue browning and whitening and evaluated this bi-directional conversion of adipocytes from the perspective of energy homeostasis. Here, we propose a new interpretation of the role of adipose tissue browning under energetic challenges: increased adipose tissue browning and thermogenesis under energy challenge is not to enhance energy expenditure, but to reestablish a more economical thermogenic pattern to maintain the core body temperature. This can be achieved by enhancing the contribution of non-shivering thermogenesis (adipose tissue browning and thermogenesis) and lowering shivering thermogenesis and high intensity shivering. Consequently, the proportion of heat production in fat increases and that in skeletal muscle decreases, enabling skeletal muscle to devote more energy reserves to overcoming environmental stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- School of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Sino-French Joint Research Center of Sport Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weina Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- School of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengtang Qi
- The Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- School of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu Y, Liu Z, Liang J, Sun C. ILC2s control obesity by regulating energy homeostasis and browning of white fat. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 120:110272. [PMID: 37210911 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) have been a hot topic in recent research, they are widely distributed in vivo and play an important role in different tissues. The important role of group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) in the conversion of white fat into beige fat has attracted widespread attention. Studies have shown that ILC2s regulate adipocyte differentiation and lipid metabolism. This article reviews the types and functions of ILCs, focusing on the relationship between differentiation, development and function of ILC2s, and elaborates on the relationship between peripheral ILC2s and browning of white fat and body energy homeostasis. This has important implications for the future treatment of obesity and related metabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuexia Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Zunhai Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Juntong Liang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Chao Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu X, Li S, Zhao N, Xing L, Gong R, Li T, Zhang S, Li J, Bao J. Effects of Acute Cold Stress after Intermittent Cold Stimulation on Immune-Related Molecules, Intestinal Barrier Genes, and Heat Shock Proteins in Broiler Ileum. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:3260. [PMID: 36496781 PMCID: PMC9739716 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold stress will have a negative impact on animal welfare and health. In order to explore the effect of intermittent cold stimulation training on the cold resistance of broilers. Immune-related and intestinal barrier genes were detected before and after acute cold stress (ACS), aiming to find an optimal cold stimulation training method. A total of 240 1-day-old Ross broilers (Gallus) were divided into three groups (G1, G2, and G3), each with 5 replicates (16 chickens each replicate). The broilers of G1 were raised at normal temperature, while the broilers of G2 and G3 were treated with cold stimulation at 3 °C lower than the G1 for 3 h and 6 h from 15 to 35 d, respectively, at one-day intervals. At 50 d, the ambient temperature for all groups was reduced to 10 °C for six hours. The results demonstrated that before ACS, IL6, IL17, TLR21, and HSP40 mRNA levels in G3 were apparently down-regulated (p < 0.05), while IL8 and Claudin-1 mRNA levels were significantly up-regulated compared with G1 (p < 0.05). After ACS, IL2, IL6, and IL8 expression levels in G3 were lower than those in G2 (p < 0.05). Compared to G2, Claudin-1, HSP90 mRNA levels, HSP40, and HSP70 protein levels were increased in G3 (p < 0.05). The mRNA levels of TLR5, Mucin2, and Claudin-1 in G2 and IL6, IL8, and TLR4 in G3 were down-regulated after ACS, while IL2, IL6, and IL17 mRNA levels in G2 and HSP40 protein levels in G3 were up-regulated after ACS (p < 0.05). Comprehensive investigation shows that cold stimulation at 3 °C lower than the normal feeding temperature for six hours at one day intervals can enhanced immune function and maintain the stability of intestinal barrier function to lessen the adverse effects on ACS in broilers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotao Liu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Shuang Li
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Ning Zhao
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Lu Xing
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Rixin Gong
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Tingting Li
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Shijie Zhang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jianhong Li
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jun Bao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Simpson RJ, Boßlau TK, Weyh C, Niemiro GM, Batatinha H, Smith KA, Krüger K. Exercise and adrenergic regulation of immunity. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 97:303-318. [PMID: 34302965 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise training has a profound impact on immunity, exerting a multitude of positive effects in indications such as immunosenescence, cancer, viral infections and inflammatory diseases. The immune, endocrine and central nervous systems work in a highly synergistic manner and it has become apparent that catecholamine signaling through leukocyte β-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs) is a key mechanism by which exercise mediates improvements in immune function to help mitigate numerous disease conditions. Central to this is the preferential mobilization and redistribution of effector lymphocytes with potent anti-viral and anti-tumor activity, their interaction with muscle-derived cytokines, and the effects of catecholamine signaling on mitochondrial biogenesis, immunometabolism and the resulting inflammatory response. Here, we review the impact of acute and chronic exercise on adrenergic regulation of immunity in the context of aging, cancer, viral infections and inflammatory disease. We also put forth our contention that exercise interventions designed to improve immunity, prevent disease and reduce inflammation should consider the catecholamine-AR signaling axis as a therapeutic target and ask whether or not the adrenergic signaling machinery can be 'trained' to improve immune responses to stress, disease or during the normal physiological process of aging. Finally, we discuss potential strategies to augment leukocyte catecholamine signaling to boost the effects of exercise on immunity in individuals with desensitized β-ARs or limited exercise tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Simpson
- University of Arizona, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona, Department of Pediatrics, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona, Department of Immunobiology, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - Tim K Boßlau
- University of Gießen, Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Gießen, Germany
| | - Christopher Weyh
- University of Gießen, Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Gießen, Germany
| | - Grace M Niemiro
- University of Arizona, Department of Pediatrics, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Helena Batatinha
- University of Arizona, Department of Pediatrics, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Kyle A Smith
- University of Arizona, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona, Department of Pediatrics, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Karsten Krüger
- University of Gießen, Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Gießen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhou H, Peng X, Hu J, Wang L, Luo H, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Li G, Ji Y, Zhang J, Bai J, Liu M, Zhou Z, Liu F. DsbA-L deficiency in T cells promotes diet-induced thermogenesis through suppressing IFN-γ production. Nat Commun 2021; 12:326. [PMID: 33436607 PMCID: PMC7804451 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20665-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue-resident T cells have been recognized as a critical regulator of thermogenesis and energy expenditure, yet the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we show that high-fat diet (HFD) feeding greatly suppresses the expression of disulfide-bond A oxidoreductase-like protein (DsbA-L), a mitochondria-localized chaperone protein, in adipose-resident T cells, which correlates with reduced T cell mitochondrial function. T cell-specific knockout of DsbA-L enhances diet-induced thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and protects mice from HFD-induced obesity, hepatosteatosis, and insulin resistance. Mechanistically, DsbA-L deficiency in T cells reduces IFN-γ production and activates protein kinase A by reducing phosphodiesterase-4D expression, leading to increased BAT thermogenesis. Taken together, our study uncovers a mechanism by which T cells communicate with brown adipocytes to regulate BAT thermogenesis and whole-body energy homeostasis. Our findings highlight a therapeutic potential of targeting T cells for the treatment of over nutrition-induced obesity and its associated metabolic diseases.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adipocytes, Brown/drug effects
- Adipocytes, Brown/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, White/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue, White/metabolism
- Animals
- Diet, High-Fat
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Energy Metabolism/drug effects
- Feeding Behavior
- Glutathione Transferase/deficiency
- Glutathione Transferase/metabolism
- Insulin Resistance
- Interferon-gamma/administration & dosage
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice, Knockout
- Mitochondria/drug effects
- Mitochondria/metabolism
- Obesity/genetics
- Obesity/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Thermogenesis/drug effects
- Thermogenesis/genetics
- Uncoupling Protein 1/metabolism
- Mice
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 410011, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Xinyi Peng
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 410011, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jie Hu
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 410011, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Liwen Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 410011, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hairong Luo
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 410011, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Junyan Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 410011, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yacheng Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 410011, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Guobao Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 410011, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yujiao Ji
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 410011, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 410011, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Juli Bai
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Meilian Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 410011, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Feng Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 410011, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
AlZaim I, Hammoud SH, Al-Koussa H, Ghazi A, Eid AH, El-Yazbi AF. Adipose Tissue Immunomodulation: A Novel Therapeutic Approach in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:602088. [PMID: 33282920 PMCID: PMC7705180 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.602088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a critical regulator of systemic metabolism and bodily homeostasis as it secretes a myriad of adipokines, including inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. As the main storage pool of lipids, subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues undergo marked hypertrophy and hyperplasia in response to nutritional excess leading to hypoxia, adipokine dysregulation, and subsequent low-grade inflammation that is characterized by increased infiltration and activation of innate and adaptive immune cells. The specific localization, physiology, susceptibility to inflammation and the heterogeneity of the inflammatory cell population of each adipose depot are unique and thus dictate the possible complications of adipose tissue chronic inflammation. Several lines of evidence link visceral and particularly perivascular, pericardial, and perirenal adipose tissue inflammation to the development of metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. In addition to the implication of the immune system in the regulation of adipose tissue function, adipose tissue immune components are pivotal in detrimental or otherwise favorable adipose tissue remodeling and thermogenesis. Adipose tissue resident and infiltrating immune cells undergo metabolic and morphological adaptation based on the systemic energy status and thus a better comprehension of the metabolic regulation of immune cells in adipose tissues is pivotal to address complications of chronic adipose tissue inflammation. In this review, we discuss the role of adipose innate and adaptive immune cells across various physiological and pathophysiological states that pertain to the development or progression of cardiovascular diseases associated with metabolic disorders. Understanding such mechanisms allows for the exploitation of the adipose tissue-immune system crosstalk, exploring how the adipose immune system might be targeted as a strategy to treat cardiovascular derangements associated with metabolic dysfunctions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim AlZaim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Safaa H. Hammoud
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Houssam Al-Koussa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Alaa Ghazi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ali H. Eid
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ahmed F. El-Yazbi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu Y, Xue G, Li S, Fu Y, Yin J, Zhang R, Li J. Effect of Intermittent and Mild Cold Stimulation on the Immune Function of Bursa in Broilers. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10081275. [PMID: 32722590 PMCID: PMC7459812 DOI: 10.3390/ani10081275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold stress causes growth performance to decrease and increases production costs. Cold adaptation can enhance immune function and alleviate the negative impact caused by the stress condition. The study investigated the effect of intermittent and mild cold stimulation on the immune function of the bursa of Fabricius in broilers. A total of 400 healthy one-day-old broilers were divided into the control group (CC) and cold stimulation (CS) groups. The CC group was raised at a conventional raising temperature of broilers, while the CS groups were raised at 3°C below the temperature of the CC for three-, four-, five-, or six-hour periods at one-day intervals from 15 to 35 days of age (D35), denoted CS3, CS4, CS5, and CS6, respectively. Subsequently, they were raised at 20°C from 36 to 49 days of age (D49). The expression levels of TLRs, cytokines, and AvBDs were determined to access the immune function of bursa in broilers. After 21-day IMCS (at D36), the expression levels of TLR1, TLR15 and TLR21, interleukin (IL)-8, and interferon (IFN)-γ, as well as AvBD8 in CS groups, were lower than those in CC (p < 0.05). The expression levels of TLR3, TLR4 and TLR7, were decreased in the CS3, CS5, and CS6 groups (p < 0.05), but there were no significant differences in both the CC and CS4 groups (p > 0.05). When the IMCS ended for 14 days (at D49), the expression levels of TLR2, TLR3, TLR5, TLR7, TLR15, and TLR21, and IL-8, as well as AvBD2, AvBD4 and AvBD7 in CS groups, were lower than those in CC (p < 0.05). In addition to CS4, the expression levels of TLR1, IFN-γ, and AvBD8 in CS3, CS5, and CS6 were still lower than those in CC (p < 0.05). We concluded that the intermittent and mild cold stimulation could regulate immunoreaction by modulating the production of TLRs, cytokines, and AvBDs in the bursa, which could help broilers adapt to low ambient temperature and maintain homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Liu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.L.); (G.X.); (S.L.); (Y.F.); (J.Y.)
| | - Ge Xue
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.L.); (G.X.); (S.L.); (Y.F.); (J.Y.)
| | - Shuang Li
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.L.); (G.X.); (S.L.); (Y.F.); (J.Y.)
| | - Yajie Fu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.L.); (G.X.); (S.L.); (Y.F.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jingwen Yin
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.L.); (G.X.); (S.L.); (Y.F.); (J.Y.)
| | - Runxiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- Correspondence: (R.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Jianhong Li
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.L.); (G.X.); (S.L.); (Y.F.); (J.Y.)
- Correspondence: (R.Z.); (J.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kang YE, Kim HJ, Shong M. Regulation of Systemic Glucose Homeostasis by T Helper Type 2 Cytokines. Diabetes Metab J 2019; 43:549-559. [PMID: 31694077 PMCID: PMC6834846 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2019.0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity results in an inflammatory microenvironment in adipose tissue, leading to the deterioration of tissue protective mechanisms. Although recent studies suggested the importance of type 2 immunity in an anti-inflammatory microenvironment in adipose tissue, the regulatory effects of T helper 2 (Th2) cytokines on systemic metabolic regulation are not fully understood. Recently, we identified the roles of the Th2 cytokine (interleukin 4 [IL-4] and IL-13)-induced adipokine, growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), in adipose tissue in regulating systemic glucose metabolism via signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) activation. Moreover, we showed that mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is required to maintain these macrophage-regulating autocrine and paracrine signaling pathways via Th2 cytokine-induced secretion of GDF15. In this review, we discuss how the type 2 immune response and Th2 cytokines regulate metabolism in adipose tissue. Specifically, we review the systemic regulatory roles of Th2 cytokines in metabolic disease and the role of mitochondria in maintenance of type 2 responses in adipose tissue homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yea Eun Kang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Minho Shong
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Alemán G, Castro AL, Vigil-Martínez A, Torre-Villalvazo I, Díaz-Villaseñor A, Noriega LG, Medina-Vera I, Ordáz G, Torres N, Tovar AR. Interaction between the amount of dietary protein and the environmental temperature on the expression of browning markers in adipose tissue of rats. GENES AND NUTRITION 2019; 14:19. [PMID: 31178938 PMCID: PMC6549346 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-019-0642-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background A low-protein diet increases the expression and circulating concentration of FGF21. FGF21 stimulates the browning process of WAT by enhancing the expression of UCP1 coupled with an increase in PGC1α. Interestingly, the consumption of a low-protein diet could stimulate WAT differentiation into beige/brite cells by increasing FGF21 expression and Ucp1 mRNA abundance. However, whether the stimulus of a low-protein diet on WAT browning can synergistically interact with another browning stimulus, such as cold exposure, remains elusive. Results In the present study, rats were fed 6% (low), 20% (adequate), or 50% (high) dietary protein for 10 days and subsequently exposed to 4 °C for 72 h. Body weight, food intake, and energy expenditure were measured, as well as WAT browning and BAT thermogenesis markers and FGF21 circulating levels. The results showed that during cold exposure, the consumption of a high-protein diet reduced UCP1, TBX1, Cidea, Cd137, and Prdm16 in WAT when compared with the consumption of a low-protein diet. In contrast, at room temperature, a low-protein diet increased the expression of UCP1, Cidea, and Prdm16 associated with an increase in FGF21 expression and circulating levels when compared with a consumption of a high-protein diet. Consequently, the consumption of a low-protein diet increased energy expenditure. Conclusions These results indicate that in addition to the environmental temperature, WAT browning is nutritionally modulated by dietary protein, affecting whole-body energy expenditure. Graphical abstract ![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Alemán
- 1Department of Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, Av. Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, 14080 México, D.F, Mexico
| | - Ana Laura Castro
- 1Department of Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, Av. Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, 14080 México, D.F, Mexico
| | - Ana Vigil-Martínez
- 1Department of Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, Av. Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, 14080 México, D.F, Mexico
| | - Ivan Torre-Villalvazo
- 1Department of Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, Av. Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, 14080 México, D.F, Mexico
| | - Andrea Díaz-Villaseñor
- 1Department of Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, Av. Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, 14080 México, D.F, Mexico.,2Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lilia G Noriega
- 1Department of Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, Av. Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, 14080 México, D.F, Mexico
| | - Isabel Medina-Vera
- 3Department of Research Methodology, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, 04530 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guillermo Ordáz
- 1Department of Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, Av. Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, 14080 México, D.F, Mexico
| | - Nimbe Torres
- 1Department of Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, Av. Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, 14080 México, D.F, Mexico
| | - Armando R Tovar
- 1Department of Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, Av. Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, 14080 México, D.F, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Significance of the Stress Research: “In Memoriam, Richard Kvetnansky”. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-017-0569-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|