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Ahmed AMA, Rahman MA, Sharmen F, Reza ASMA, Islam MS, Rashid MM, Rafi MKJ, Siddiqui TA, Ezaj MMA, Saha S, Uddin MN, Alelwani W. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry-characterized extract of Aerides odorata Lour alleviates paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in animal model evidenced by biochemical, molecular, and computational studies. Animal Model Exp Med 2024. [PMID: 38979669 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many kinds of orchids have significant health benefits although adequate research on their biological functions is yet to be carried out. This study investigated the paracetamol-induced liver damage-protecting effect of epiphytic Aerides odorata methanol extract (AODE). METHODS The protective effects of AODE were studied by analyzing its effect on liver function parameters, messenger RNA (mRNA) expression, and tissue histopathological architecture. The results were confirmed by ligand-receptor interaction of molecular docking and multitarget interaction of network pharmacological analyses. RESULTS AODE significantly (p < 0.05) minimized the dose-dependent increase in acid phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyl transferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and total bilirubin compared to the reference drug silymarin. Malondialdehyde level decreased, and the antioxidant genes catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), β-actin, paraoxonase-1 (PON1), and phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) were upregulated in AODE-treated paracetamol-intoxicated rats. A total of 376 compounds comprising phenols and flavonoids were identified using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (UPLC-qTOF-MS). The online toxicity assessment using SwissADME and admetSAR exhibited drug-like, nontoxic, and potential pharmacological properties. Additionally, in silico analysis showed that isoacteoside, one of the identified compounds, exhibited the best docking score (-11.42) with the liver protein human pituitary adenylate cyclase-1 (Protein Data Bank ID: 3N94). Furthermore, network pharmacology analysis identified the top 10 hub genes, namely AKT1 (protein kinase B), CTNNB1 (catenin beta-1), SRC (proto-oncogene c-Src), TNF (tumor necrosis factor), EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor), HSP90AA1 (heat shock protein 90α), MAPK3 (mitogen-activated protein kinase 3), STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3), CASP3 (caspase protein), and ESR1 (estrogen receptor 1), which are responsible for hepatoprotective activity. CONCLUSION The findings demonstrate that AODE could be a novel hepatoprotective target in drug-induced liver damage with a further single compound-based animal study.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Abu Ahmed
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Md Atiar Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Farjana Sharmen
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - A S M Ali Reza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islami University Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Md Shahidul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mamunur Rashid
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Md Khalid Juhani Rafi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Tanvir Ahmed Siddiqui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Md Muzahid Ahmed Ezaj
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Srabonti Saha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Md Nazim Uddin
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Walla Alelwani
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Maeda H, Miura K, Aizawa K, Bat-Erdene O, Sashikawa-Kimura M, Noguchi E, Watanabe M, Yamada N, Osaka H, Morimoto N, Yamamoto H. Apomorphine Suppresses the Progression of Steatohepatitis by Inhibiting Ferroptosis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:805. [PMID: 39061874 PMCID: PMC11273851 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13070805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The role of ferroptosis in steatohepatitis development is largely unknown. We investigated (1) whether hepatocyte ferroptosis occurs in a gene-modified steatohepatitis model without modifying dietary components, (2) whether ferroptosis occurs at an early stage of steatohepatitis, and (3) whether apomorphine, recently reported as a ferroptosis inhibitor, can ameliorate steatohepatitis. Hepatocyte-specific PTEN KO mice were used. Huh 7 and primary cultured hepatocytes isolated from the mice were used in this study. The number of dead cells increased in 10-week-old PTEN KO mice. This cell death was suppressed by the administration of ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1 for 2 weeks. Apomorphine also ameliorated the severity of steatohepatitis. Treatment with ferroptosis inhibitors, including apomorphine, decreases the level of lipid peroxidase. Apomorphine suppressed cell death induced by RSL-3 (a ferroptosis inducer), which was not suppressed by apoptosis or necroptosis inhibitors. Apomorphine showed a radical trapping capacity with much more potent activity than ferrostatin-1 and Trolox, a soluble form of vitamin E. In addition, apomorphine activated nrf2 and its downstream genes, including HO-1 and xCT. In conclusion, ferroptosis occurs in steatohepatitis from an early stage in PTEN KO mice. In addition, apomorphine ameliorates the severity of steatohepatitis by inhibiting ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Maeda
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Tochigi, Japan (E.N.)
| | - Kouichi Miura
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Tochigi, Japan (E.N.)
| | - Kenichi Aizawa
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Oyunjargal Bat-Erdene
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Tochigi, Japan (E.N.)
| | - Miho Sashikawa-Kimura
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Tochigi, Japan (E.N.)
- Department of Dermatology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Eri Noguchi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Tochigi, Japan (E.N.)
| | - Masako Watanabe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Tochigi, Japan (E.N.)
| | - Naoya Yamada
- Division of Inflammation Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Osaka
- Division of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Naoki Morimoto
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Tochigi, Japan (E.N.)
| | - Hironori Yamamoto
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Tochigi, Japan (E.N.)
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3
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Xiong Q, Wang H, Feng J, Song L, Wu G, Xu Y. Lack of Nr2e1 expression in hepatocytes impaired cell survival and aggravated palmitate-induced oxidative stress. Adv Med Sci 2024; 69:320-330. [PMID: 38901547 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2024.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nuclear receptor subfamily 2 group E member 1 (Nr2e1) has been regarded as an essential regulator in neural stem cells. However, its function is still not clear in hepatocytes. This study aimed to clarify the effects of Nr2e1-deficiency in hepatocytes in lipotoxic conditions. MATERIALS/METHODS Nr2e1-knockdown AML12 cells were generated by lentiviral vector transfection. The influences of Nr2e1-deficiency on hepatocyte survival were determined by cell cycle progression and cell apoptosis rate using flow cytometry. Real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot were used to examine the genes and protein expression related to apoptosis, lipid metabolism, and oxidative stress. Meanwhile, RNA sequencing was adopted in liver samples from Nr2e1-knockout (Nr2e1-KO) mice. RESULTS Nr2e1 expression was observed with a significant decrease in AML12 cells after palmitic acid-stimulation. Knockdown of Nr2e1 in AML12 cells resulted in increased sensitivity to lipotoxicity, evidenced by a partial G0/G1 cell-cycle arrest and higher rates of cell apoptosis. Moreover, Nr2e1-knockdown AML12 cells presented increased gene expressions relative to lipid synthesis but decreased levels of β-oxidation related genes. Lack of Nr2e1 augmented palmitate-induced oxidative stress in hepatocytes. In vivo, differential genes in Nr2e1-KO mice liver were enriched in pathways associated with liver regeneration and cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS This study indicated that hepatocytes lacking Nr2e1 were more susceptible to lipotoxic-mediated damage. Nr2e1 may serve as a potential target for the development of novel therapies for lipotoxicity-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xiong
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, Hainan, China; Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huawei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jieyuan Feng
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Linyang Song
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Guijun Wu
- Clinical Teaching and Research Sections, School of Nursing, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, China; Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Yancheng Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Aguilar EC, Fernandes-Braga W, Santos EA, Leocádio PCL, Dos Santos Aggum Capettini L, Orellano LAA, Campos PP, Lemos VS, Soares FLP, Navia-Pelaez JM, Alvarez-Leite JI. Gluten worsens non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by affecting lipogenesis and fatty acid oxidation in diet-induced obese apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Mol Cell Biochem 2024; 479:1335-1347. [PMID: 37402020 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04802-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is closely associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), characterized by hepatic fat accumulation and hepatocyte injury. Preclinical studies have shown exacerbated weight gain associated with an obesogenic gluten-containing diet. However, whether gluten affects obesity-induced hepatic lipid accumulation still remains unclear. We hypothesized that gluten intake could affect fatty liver development in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. Thus, we aimed to investigate the impact of gluten intake on NAFLD in HFD-induced obese mice. Male apolipoprotein E-deficient (Apoe-/-) mice were fed with a HFD containing (GD) or not (GFD) vital wheat gluten (4.5%) for 10 weeks. Blood and liver were collected for further analysis. We found that gluten exacerbated weight gain, hepatic fat deposition, and hyperglycemia without affecting the serum lipid profile. Livers of the GD group showed a larger area of fibrosis, associated with the expression of collagen and MMP9, and higher expression of apoptosis-related factors, p53, p21, and caspase-3. The expression of lipogenic factors, such as PPARγ and Acc1, was more elevated and factors related to beta-oxidation, such as PPARα and Cpt1, were lower in the GD group compared to the GFD. Further, gluten intake induced a more significant expression of Cd36, suggesting higher uptake of free fatty acids. Finally, we found lower protein expression of PGC1α followed by lower activation of AMPK. Our data show that gluten-containing high-fat diet exacerbated NAFLD by affecting lipogenesis and fatty acid oxidation in obese Apoe-/- mice through a mechanism involving lower activation of AMPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edenil Costa Aguilar
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, ICB - Federal University of Minas Gerais, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte, 30161-970, Brazil.
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Weslley Fernandes-Braga
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, ICB - Federal University of Minas Gerais, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte, 30161-970, Brazil
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elandia Aparecida Santos
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, ICB - Federal University of Minas Gerais, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte, 30161-970, Brazil
| | - Paola Caroline Lacerda Leocádio
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, ICB - Federal University of Minas Gerais, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte, 30161-970, Brazil
| | | | | | - Paula Peixoto Campos
- Department of General Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Virginia Soares Lemos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana Maria Navia-Pelaez
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - Jacqueline I Alvarez-Leite
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, ICB - Federal University of Minas Gerais, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte, 30161-970, Brazil
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Alarcón-Sánchez BR, Idelfonso-García OG, Guerrero-Escalera D, Piña-Vázquez C, de Anda-Jáuregui G, Pérez-Hernández JL, de la Garza M, García-Sierra F, Sánchez-Pérez Y, Baltiérrez-Hoyos R, Vásquez-Garzón VR, Muriel P, Pérez-Carreón JI, Villa-Treviño S, Arellanes-Robledo J. A model of alcoholic liver disease based on different hepatotoxics leading to liver cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2024:116209. [PMID: 38621424 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The worst-case scenario related to alcoholic liver disease (ALD) arises after a long period of exposure to the harmful effect of alcohol consumption along with other hepatotoxics. ALD encompasses a broad spectrum of liver-associated disorders, such as steatosis, steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Based on the chronic administration of different hepatotoxics, including ethanol, sucrose, lipopolysaccharide, and low doses of diethylnitrosamine over a short period, here we aimed to develop a multiple hepatotoxic (MHT)-ALD model in the mouse that recapitulates the human ALD-associated disorders. We demonstrated that the MHT-ALD model induces ADH1A and NXN, an ethanol metabolizer and a redox-sensor enzyme, respectively; promotes steatosis associated with the induction of the lipid droplet forming FSP27, inflammation identified by the infiltration of hepatic neutrophils-positive to LY-6G marker, and the increase of MYD88 level, a protein involved in inflammatory response; and stimulates the early appearance of cellular senescence identified by the senescence markers SA-β-gal activity and p-H2A.XSer139. It also induces fibrosis associated with increased desmin, a marker of hepatic stellate cells whose activation leads to the deposition of collagen fibers, accompanied by cell death and compensatory proliferation revealed by increased CASP3-mediated apoptosis, and KI67- and PCNA-proliferation markers, respectively. It also induces histopathological traits of malignancy and the level of the HCC marker, GSTP1. In conclusion, we provide a useful model for exploring the chronological ALD-associated alterations and stages, and addressing therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brisa Rodope Alarcón-Sánchez
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute - CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico; Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute of Genomic Medicine - INMEGEN, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | | | - Dafne Guerrero-Escalera
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute of Genomic Medicine - INMEGEN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carolina Piña-Vázquez
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute - CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guillermo de Anda-Jáuregui
- Computational Genomics Division, National Institute of Genomic Medicine - INMEGEN, Mexico City, Mexico; Deputy Directorate of Humanistic and Scientific Research, National Council of Humanities, Sciences and Technologies - CONAHCYT, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Luis Pérez-Hernández
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital of Mexico "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mireya de la Garza
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute - CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Francisco García-Sierra
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute - CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yesennia Sánchez-Pérez
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología - INCan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rafael Baltiérrez-Hoyos
- Deputy Directorate of Humanistic and Scientific Research, National Council of Humanities, Sciences and Technologies - CONAHCYT, Mexico City, Mexico; Laboratory of Fibrosis and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, 'Benito Juárez' Autonomous University of Oaxaca - UABJO, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Verónica Rocío Vásquez-Garzón
- Deputy Directorate of Humanistic and Scientific Research, National Council of Humanities, Sciences and Technologies - CONAHCYT, Mexico City, Mexico; Laboratory of Fibrosis and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, 'Benito Juárez' Autonomous University of Oaxaca - UABJO, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Pablo Muriel
- Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology, Department of Pharmacology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute - CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Saúl Villa-Treviño
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute - CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jaime Arellanes-Robledo
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute of Genomic Medicine - INMEGEN, Mexico City, Mexico; Deputy Directorate of Humanistic and Scientific Research, National Council of Humanities, Sciences and Technologies - CONAHCYT, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Peleman C, Francque S, Berghe TV. Emerging role of ferroptosis in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: revisiting hepatic lipid peroxidation. EBioMedicine 2024; 102:105088. [PMID: 38537604 PMCID: PMC11026979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is characterised by cell death of parenchymal liver cells which interact with their microenvironment to drive disease activity and liver fibrosis. The identification of the major death type could pave the way towards pharmacotherapy for MASH. To date, increasing evidence suggest a type of regulated cell death, named ferroptosis, which occurs through iron-catalysed peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in membrane phospholipids. Lipid peroxidation enjoys renewed interest in the light of ferroptosis, as druggable target in MASH. This review recapitulates the molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis in liver physiology, evidence for ferroptosis in human MASH and critically appraises the results of ferroptosis targeting in preclinical MASH models. Rewiring of redox, iron and PUFA metabolism in MASH creates a proferroptotic environment involved in MASH-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. Ferroptosis induction might be a promising novel approach to eradicate HCC, while its inhibition might ameliorate MASH disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Peleman
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Paediatrics, Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Sven Francque
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Paediatrics, Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium.
| | - Tom Vanden Berghe
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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7
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Lei Z, Yu J, Wu Y, Shen J, Lin S, Xue W, Mao C, Tang R, Sun H, Qi X, Wang X, Xu L, Wei C, Wang X, Chen H, Hao P, Yin W, Zhu J, Li Y, Wu Y, Liu S, Liang H, Chen X, Su C, Zhou S. CD1d protects against hepatocyte apoptosis in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. J Hepatol 2024; 80:194-208. [PMID: 38438948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatocyte apoptosis, a well-defined form of cell death in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), is considered the primary cause of liver inflammation and fibrosis. However, the mechanisms underlying the regulation of hepatocyte apoptosis in NASH remain largely unclear. We explored the anti-apoptotic effect of hepatocyte CD1d in NASH. METHODS Hepatocyte CD1d expression was analyzed in patients with NASH and mouse models. Hepatocyte-specific gene overexpression or knockdown and anti-CD1d crosslinking were used to investigate the anti-apoptotic effect of hepatocyte CD1d on lipotoxicity-, Fas-, and concanavalin (ConA)-mediated liver injuries. A high-fat diet, a methionine-choline-deficient diet, a Fas agonist, and ConA were used to induce lipotoxic and/or apoptotic liver injuries. Palmitic acid was used to mimic lipotoxicity-induced apoptosis in vitro. RESULTS We identified a dramatic decrease in CD1d expression in hepatocytes of patients with NASH and mouse models. Hepatocyte-specific CD1d overexpression and knockdown experiments collectively demonstrated that hepatocyte CD1d protected against hepatocyte apoptosis and alleviated hepatic inflammation and injuries in NASH mice. Furthermore, decreased JAK2-STAT3 signaling was observed in NASH patient livers. Mechanistically, anti-CD1d crosslinking on hepatocytes induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the CD1d cytoplasmic tail, leading to the recruitment and phosphorylation of JAK2. Phosphorylated JAK2 activated STAT3 and subsequently reduced apoptosis in hepatocytes, which was associated with an increase in anti-apoptotic effectors (Bcl-xL and Mcl-1) and a decrease in pro-apoptotic effectors (cleaved-caspase 3/7). Moreover, anti-CD1d crosslinking effectively protected against Fas- or ConA-mediated hepatocyte apoptosis and liver injury in mice. CONCLUSIONS Our study uncovered a previously unrecognized anti-apoptotic CD1d-JAK2-STAT3 axis in hepatocytes that conferred hepatoprotection and highlighted the potential of hepatocyte CD1d-directed therapy for liver injury and fibrosis in NASH, as well as in other liver diseases associated with hepatocyte apoptosis. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS Excessive and/or sustained hepatocyte apoptosis is critical in driving liver inflammation and injury. The mechanisms underlying the regulation of hepatocyte apoptosis in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) remain largely unclear. Here, we found that CD1d expression in hepatocytes substantially decreases and negatively correlates with the severity of liver injury in patients with NASH. We further revealed a previously unrecognized anti-apoptotic CD1d-JAK2-STAT3 signaling axis in hepatocytes, which confers significant protection against liver injury in NASH and acute liver diseases. Thus, hepatocyte CD1d-targeted therapy could be a promising strategy to manipulate liver injury in both NASH and other hepatocyte apoptosis-related liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Lei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiaojiao Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junyao Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shibo Lin
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weijie Xue
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chenxu Mao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haoran Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Qi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chuan Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongbing Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ping Hao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen Yin
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jifeng Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yalin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Wu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shouguo Liu
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Liang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaojun Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Chuan Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Sha Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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8
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Liu X, Cai YD, Chiu JC. Regulation of protein O-GlcNAcylation by circadian, metabolic, and cellular signals. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105616. [PMID: 38159854 PMCID: PMC10810748 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) is a dynamic post-translational modification that regulates thousands of proteins and almost all cellular processes. Aberrant O-GlcNAcylation has been associated with numerous diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and type 2 diabetes. O-GlcNAcylation is highly nutrient-sensitive since it is dependent on UDP-GlcNAc, the end product of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP). We previously observed daily rhythmicity of protein O-GlcNAcylation in a Drosophila model that is sensitive to the timing of food consumption. We showed that the circadian clock is pivotal in regulating daily O-GlcNAcylation rhythms given its control of the feeding-fasting cycle and hence nutrient availability. Interestingly, we reported that the circadian clock also modulates daily O-GlcNAcylation rhythm by regulating molecular mechanisms beyond the regulation of food consumption time. A large body of work now indicates that O-GlcNAcylation is likely a generalized cellular status effector as it responds to various cellular signals and conditions, such as ER stress, apoptosis, and infection. In this review, we summarize the metabolic regulation of protein O-GlcNAcylation through nutrient availability, HBP enzymes, and O-GlcNAc processing enzymes. We discuss the emerging roles of circadian clocks in regulating daily O-GlcNAcylation rhythm. Finally, we provide an overview of other cellular signals or conditions that impact O-GlcNAcylation. Many of these cellular pathways are themselves regulated by the clock and/or metabolism. Our review highlights the importance of maintaining optimal O-GlcNAc rhythm by restricting eating activity to the active period under physiological conditions and provides insights into potential therapeutic targets of O-GlcNAc homeostasis under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhui Liu
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Yao D Cai
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Joanna C Chiu
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, USA.
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9
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Salama YA, Hassan HM, El-Gayar AM, Abdel-Rahman N. Combined quercetin and simvastatin attenuate hepatic fibrosis in rats by modulating SphK1/NLRP3 pathways. Life Sci 2024; 337:122349. [PMID: 38128755 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis involves several signalling pathways working in concert regulating the deposition of extracellular matrix. In this study, we evaluated the effect of quercetin and simvastatin alone and their combination on the treatment of experimentally induced hepatic fibrosis in rats. To decipher the potential mechanisms involved, liver fibrosis was induced in rats by administration of 40 % carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) (1 μl/g rat, i.p., twice weekly) for 6 weeks. Quercetin (50 mg/kg, orally), simvastatin (40 mg/kg, orally) either individually or combined were administered for another 4 weeks. The three treatment groups ameliorated hepatic dysfunction and altered parameters of sphingolipid and pyroptosis pathways. Yet, the combined group showed a more pronounced effect. Treatments lowered serum levels of GOT, GPT, ALP and elevated albumin and total protein levels. Histopathological and electron microscope examination of liver tissue revealed diminished fibrosis and inflammation. Protein expression levels of α-SMA, IL-1β, PPAR-γ, TGF-β1, caspase-1 and caspase-3 expression in liver tissues were reduced. Additionally, hepatic mRNA levels of SphK1 and NLRP3 decreased after treatment. Furthermore, the three groups lowered MDA levels and elevated total antioxidant capacity, GSH and Nrf2 expression levels. Treatments downregulated sphingolipid pathway and NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis and stimulated an anti-apoptotic, anti-proliferative and antioxidant activity. This suggests that targeting the SphK1/NLRP3 pathway could be a prospective therapeutic strategy against liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin A Salama
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, 35516, Egypt; Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa 11152, Egypt
| | - Hanan M Hassan
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa 11152, Egypt
| | - Amal M El-Gayar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, 35516, Egypt
| | - Noha Abdel-Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, 35516, Egypt.
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10
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Bacil GP, Romualdo GR, Rodrigues J, Barbisan LF. Indole-3-carbinol and chlorogenic acid combination modulates gut microbiome and attenuates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in a murine model. Food Res Int 2023; 174:113513. [PMID: 37986509 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease worldwide, affecting almost 32% of the population and ranging from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Recent findings indicate that the fast-growing prevalence of NAFLD might be linked to adherence to a Westernized diet (WD), mostly composed of fat/sugar-enriched foods. The WD has been reportedly targeted as a potential driver of gut-liver axis unbalance, suggesting a major role in NASH. On the other hand, bioactive food compounds feature as a potential chemopreventive strategy against NASH, due to their beneficial effects (i.e, anti-inflammatory/oxidant activity and modulation of gut microbiome). Brassicaceae vegetables are known for their high amount of isothiocyanates and polyphenols, as indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and chlorogenic acid (CGA). Thus, we sought to assess the effects of human relevant doses of I3C and CGA isolated or in combination (5/125 mg/Kg of body weight, respectively) on a diet/chemical-induced murine model of NASH. I3C + CGA oral treatment diminished NAFLD activity score (NAS) (p < 0.0001), as well as alleviated the hepatic lipid (p = 0.0011) accumulation, prevented hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation (p < 0.0001), and subsequent fibrosis (p < 0.0001). The combination also reduced the number of both hepatic CD68-positive macrophages (p < 0.0001) and cleaved caspase-3 hepatocytes (p < 0.0001) and diminished the malondialdehyde levels (p = 0.0155). Additionally, the combination of I3C + CGA restored the relative abundance of Alistipes (p = 0.0299), Allobaculum (p = 0.0014), Bacteroides (p = 0.0046), and Odoribacter (p = 0.0030) bacteria genera on the gut microbiome. Taken together, these findings show that the combination of I3C + CGA at populational-relevant ingestion, rather than the I3C or CGA alone, was able to modulate gut microbiome and attenuate NASH in this hybrid model mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel P Bacil
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu Medical School, Department of Pathology, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme R Romualdo
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu Medical School, Experimental Research Unit (UNIPEX), Multimodel Drug Screening Platform - Laboratory of Chemically induced and Experimental Carcinogenesis (MDSP-LCQE), Botucatu, SP, Brazil; São Paulo State University (UNESP), Biosciences Institute, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Laboratory of Chemically Induced and Experimental Carcinogenesis (LCQE), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Josias Rodrigues
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Biosciences Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Microbiome and Bacterian Genomics (LMGB), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Luís F Barbisan
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu Medical School, Experimental Research Unit (UNIPEX), Multimodel Drug Screening Platform - Laboratory of Chemically induced and Experimental Carcinogenesis (MDSP-LCQE), Botucatu, SP, Brazil; São Paulo State University (UNESP), Biosciences Institute, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Laboratory of Chemically Induced and Experimental Carcinogenesis (LCQE), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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11
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Piotrowska K, Zgutka K, Tomasiak P, Tarnowski M, Pawlik A. Every-other day (EOD) feeding regime decreases oxidative stress and inflammatory cascade in mouse liver: The immunohistochemical study. Tissue Cell 2023; 85:102236. [PMID: 37812950 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2023.102236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Positive effects of calorie restrictions (CR) and EOD include decreased body weight, prolonged life span, but also changes in metabolism of the liver. In present paper our aim was to examine antioxidative enzymes: Catalase (CAT) and Manganese superoxidative dismutase (MnSOD, SOD2) and Glutathione peroxidase 4 (Gpx-4) in connection to caspase-3 and inflammatory mediators (IL-1β and TNF- α) in EOD liver tissue in comparison to control mice. METHODS After 9 months of EOD treatment male mouse liver tissue was harvested and prepared for analysis. Protein semi-quantitative estimation and cellular immunolocalization was performed for CAT, SOD2, Gpx-4, caspase-3, IL-1β and TNF- α in liver tissue of mice fed every-other day in comparison to control (AL fed) animals. RESULTS After prolonged EOD feeding in mice we observed decreased level of SOD2 and Gpx-4, decreased caspase-3, IL-1β and TNF-α expression in liver tissue on protein level measured by semi-quantitative DAB staining intensity. CONCLUSION For the first time we showed immunolocalization of major antioxidative enzymes (CAT, SOD2, Gpx-4) in liver tissue after DR. Decrease of two major antioxidant enzymes combined with decrease of apoptotic marker and inflammatory factors indicate decrease in oxidative stress as the result of fast in EOD feeding regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Piotrowska
- Department of Physiology Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, al. Powstancow Wlkp.72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland,.
| | - Katarzyna Zgutka
- Department of Physiology in Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, ul. Żołnierska 54, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Patrycja Tomasiak
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, University of Szczecin, al. Piastow 40b, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Maciej Tarnowski
- Department of Physiology in Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, ul. Żołnierska 54, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Pawlik
- Department of Physiology Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, al. Powstancow Wlkp.72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
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12
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Mohammed OS, Attia HG, Mohamed BMSA, Elbaset MA, Fayed HM. Current investigations for liver fibrosis treatment: between repurposing the FDA-approved drugs and the other emerging approaches. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY & PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES : A PUBLICATION OF THE CANADIAN SOCIETY FOR PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, SOCIETE CANADIENNE DES SCIENCES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2023; 26:11808. [PMID: 38022905 PMCID: PMC10662312 DOI: 10.3389/jpps.2023.11808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Long-term liver injuries lead to hepatic fibrosis, often progressing into cirrhosis, liver failure, portal hypertension, and hepatocellular carcinoma. There is currently no effective therapy available for liver fibrosis. Thus, continuous investigations for anti-fibrotic therapy are ongoing. The main theme of anti-fibrotic investigation during recent years is the rationale-based selection of treatment molecules according to the current understanding of the pathology of the disease. The research efforts are mainly toward repurposing current FDA-approved drugs targeting etiological molecular factors involved in developing liver fibrosis. In parallel, investigations also focus on experimental small molecules with evidence to hinder or reverse the fibrosis. Natural compounds, immunological, and genetic approaches have shown significant encouraging effects. This review summarizes the efficacy and safety of current under-investigation antifibrosis medications targeting various molecular targets, as well as the properties of antifibrosis medications, mainly in phase II and III clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omima S. Mohammed
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hany G. Attia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bassim M. S. A. Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marawan A. Elbaset
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hany M. Fayed
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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13
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Souza LL, Rossetti CL, Peixoto TC, Manhães AC, de Moura EG, Lisboa PC. Neonatal nicotine exposure affects adult rat hepatic pathways involved in endoplasmic reticulum stress and macroautophagy in a sex-dependent manner. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2023; 14:639-647. [PMID: 38037831 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174423000326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) involves changes in hepatic pathways, as lipogenesis, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and macroautophagy. Maternal nicotine exposure exclusively during lactation leads to fatty liver (steatosis) only in the adult male offspring, not in females. Therefore, our hypothesis is that neonatal exposure to nicotine sex-dependently affects the signaling pathways involved in hepatic homeostasis of the offspring, explaining the hepatic lipid accumulation phenotype only in males. For this, between postnatal days 2 and 16, Wistar rat dams were implanted with osmotic minipumps, which released nicotine (NIC; 6 mg/Kg/day) or vehicle. The livers of offspring were evaluated at postnatal day 180. Only the male offspring that had been exposed to nicotine neonatally showed increased protein expression of markers of unfolded protein response (UPR), highlighting the presence of ER stress, as well as disruption of the activation of the macroautophagy repair pathway. These animals also had increased expression of diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 and 4-hydroxynonenal, suggesting increased triglyceride esterification and oxidative stress. These parameters were not altered in the female offspring that had been neonatally exposed to nicotine, however they exhibited increased phospho adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase pAMPK expression, possibly as a protective mechanism. Thus, the disturbance in the hepatic homeostasis by UPR, macroautophagy, and oxidative stress modifications seem to be the molecular mechanisms underlying the liver steatosis in the adult male offspring of the nicotine-programming model. This highlights the importance of maternal smoking cessation during breastfeeding to decrease the risk of NAFLD development, especially in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Lopes Souza
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Camila Lüdke Rossetti
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thamara Cherem Peixoto
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alex Christian Manhães
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Egberto Gaspar de Moura
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Cristina Lisboa
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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14
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To K, Okada K, Watahiki T, Suzuki H, Tsuchiya K, Tokushige K, Yamamoto M, Ariizumi S, Shoda J. Immunohistochemical expression of NRF2 is correlated with the magnitude of inflammation and fibrosis in chronic liver disease. Cancer Med 2023; 12:19423-19437. [PMID: 37732511 PMCID: PMC10587934 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nuclear factor E2-related factor 2-Kelch-like Ech-associated protein (NRF2-KEAP1) pathway is a major cellular defense mechanism against oxidative stress. However, the role of NRF2-KEAP1 signaling in the development of chronic liver disease remains unclear. METHODS Clinical liver specimens from 50 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) developed from non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), 49 HCCs developed from chronic viral hepatitis C (CHc), and 48 liver metastases of colorectal cancer (CRC) from both tumorous and non-tumorous areas were collected during hepatic resection surgery. They were evaluated by immunohistochemical analyses of hematoxylin-eosin, Masson's trichrome, NRF2, and KEAP1, and compared with clinicopathological information. RESULTS Hepatic inflammation and fibrosis were more severe in the low-intensity NRF2 group than in the high-intensity NRF2 group both between CRC and NASH (Low vs. High: inflammation; p = 0.003, fibrosis; p = 0.014), and between CRC and CHc (Low vs. High: inflammation; p = 0.031, fibrosis; p = 0.011), which could indicate that NRF2 expression in cytosol of hepatocytes was inversely correlated with liver inflammation and fibrosis in non-tumorous areas. The dense staining of NRF2 in the nuclei of non-tumor hepatocytes positively correlated with liver inflammation (CRC and NASH; R = 0.451, p < 0.001, CRC and CHc; R = 0.502, p < 0.001) and fibrosis (CRC and NASH; R = 0.566, p < 0.001, CRC and CHc; R = 0.548, p < 0.001) in both NASH and CHc, and was inversely correlated with hepatic spare ability features such as platelet count (R = -0.253, p = 0.002) and prothrombin time (R = -0.206, p = 0.012). However, KEAP1 expression was not correlated with NRF2 expression levels and nuclear staining intensity. CONCLUSIONS Nuclear translocation of NRF2 was correlated with the magnitude of liver inflammation and fibrosis in chronic liver disease. These results suggest that NRF2 plays a protective role in the development of chronic liver diseases such as NASH and CHc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keii To
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaIbarakiJapan
- Doctoral Program in Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human SciencesUniversity of TsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Kosuke Okada
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaIbarakiJapan
- Division of Medical Sciences, Institute of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Takahisa Watahiki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Hideo Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Kiichiro Tsuchiya
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Katsutoshi Tokushige
- Institute of Gastroenterology and Internal MedicineTokyo Women's Medical UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Masakazu Yamamoto
- Department of Surgery, Institute of GastroenterologyTokyo Women's Medical UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Shun‐ichi Ariizumi
- Department of Surgery, Institute of GastroenterologyTokyo Women's Medical UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Junichi Shoda
- Division of Medical Sciences, Institute of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaIbarakiJapan
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Sharma RR, Rashid H, Bhat AM, Sajeeda A, Gupta R, Abdullah ST. Glabridin ameliorates intracellular events caused by palmitic acid and alcohol in mouse hepatocytes and fast food diet and alcohol -induced steatohepatitis and fibrosis in C57BL/6J mice model. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 180:114038. [PMID: 37714449 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Steatohepatitis is a significant risk factor for end-stage liver disease. In this study, the therapeutic potential of Glabridin (GBD), an isoflavan derived from Glycyrrhiza glabra, is investigated in in-vitro and in-vivo models against palmitic acid (PA) or fast food (FF) diet + alcohol (EtOH). Mouse hepatocytes (AML-12 cells) were treated with PA; 250 μM + EtOH; 250 μM ± GBD (10 μM and 25 μM) for 24 h. C57BL/6J mice fed with standard chow (SC) diet, fast food (FF) diet + intermittent oral ingestion of EtOH (10-50%v/v) ± GBD (20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg) for eight (8) weeks, were analyzed for histological features of steatohepatitis and fibrosis, biochemical indexes, and protein and gene expression studies related to oxidative stress, inflammation, lipogenesis, fibrosis, and apoptosis. GBD therapy considerably reduced intracellular events in AML-12 cells exposed to PA + EtOH. GBD treatments significantly improved body metrics, biochemical indexes, and histological features in C57BL/6J mice compared to FF + EtOH. Moreover, protein and gene expression investigations revealed a strong therapeutic effects on oxidative stress, inflammation, steatosis, fibrosis, and apoptosis -related molecular signaling cascades. In conclusion, these findings suggest that GBD has a strong therapeutic potential to be developed as anti-steatohepatitis/fibrosis medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghu Rai Sharma
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India; Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India
| | - Haroon Rashid
- Department of Hospital Administration, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, 190011, India
| | - Aalim Maqsood Bhat
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India; Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India
| | - Archoo Sajeeda
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India; Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India
| | - Ragni Gupta
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India; Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India
| | - Sheikh Tasduq Abdullah
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India; Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India.
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16
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Bala S, Zhuang Y, Nagesh PT, Catalano D, Zivny A, Wang Y, Xie J, Gao G, Szabo G. Therapeutic inhibition of miR-155 attenuates liver fibrosis via STAT3 signaling. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 33:413-427. [PMID: 37547286 PMCID: PMC10403732 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Most chronic liver diseases progress to liver fibrosis, which, when left untreated, can lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. MicroRNA (miRNA)-targeted therapeutics have become attractive approaches to treat diseases. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effect of miR-155 inhibition in the bile duct ligation (BDL) mouse model of liver fibrosis and evaluated the role of miR-155 in chronic liver fibrosis using miR-155-deficient (miR-155 knockout [KO]) mice. We found increased hepatic miR-155 expression in patients with cirrhosis and in the BDL- and CCl4-induced mouse models of liver fibrosis. Liver fibrosis was significantly reduced in miR-155 KO mice after CCl4 administration or BDL. To assess the therapeutic potential of miR-155 inhibition, we administered an rAAV8-anti-miR-155 tough decoy in vivo that significantly reduced liver damage and fibrosis in BDL. BDL-induced protein levels of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), p-SMAD2/3, and p-STAT3 were attenuated in anti-miR-155-treated compared with control mice. Hepatic stellate cells from miR-155 KO mice showed attenuation in activation and mesenchymal marker expression. In vitro, miR-155 gain- and loss-of-function studies revealed that miR-155 regulates activation of stellate cells partly via STAT3 signaling. Our study suggests that miR-155 is the key regulator of liver fibrosis and might be a potential therapeutic target to attenuate fibrosis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Bala
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Donna Catalano
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Adam Zivny
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yanbo Wang
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jun Xie
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Guangping Gao
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Gyongyi Szabo
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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17
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Zhang CY, Liu S, Yang M. Treatment of liver fibrosis: Past, current, and future. World J Hepatol 2023; 15:755-774. [PMID: 37397931 PMCID: PMC10308286 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v15.i6.755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis accompanies the progression of chronic liver diseases independent of etiologies, such as hepatitis viral infection, alcohol consumption, and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease. It is commonly associated with liver injury, inflammation, and cell death. Liver fibrosis is characterized by abnormal accumulation of extracellular matrix components that are expressed by liver myofibroblasts such as collagens and alpha-smooth actin proteins. Activated hepatic stellate cells contribute to the major population of myofibroblasts. Many treatments for liver fibrosis have been investigated in clinical trials, including dietary supplementation (e.g., vitamin C), biological treatment (e.g., simtuzumab), drug (e.g., pegbelfermin and natural herbs), genetic regulation (e.g., non-coding RNAs), and transplantation of stem cells (e.g., hematopoietic stem cells). However, none of these treatments has been approved by Food and Drug Administration. The treatment efficacy can be evaluated by histological staining methods, imaging methods, and serum biomarkers, as well as fibrosis scoring systems, such as fibrosis-4 index, aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease fibrosis score. Furthermore, the reverse of liver fibrosis is slowly and frequently impossible for advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis. To avoid the life-threatening stage of liver fibrosis, anti-fibrotic treatments, especially for combined behavior prevention, biological treatment, drugs or herb medicines, and dietary regulation are needed. This review summarizes the past studies and current and future treatments for liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ye Zhang
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of Radiology,The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
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Abstract
The understanding of the mechanisms of liver fibrosis has been dominated by models in which chronic hepatocellular injury is the initiating step as is seen with viral infections. The increased prevalence of the metabolic syndrome, and the increases in liver fibrosis due to metabolic syndrome driven non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), has made it a priority to understand how this type of liver fibrosis is similar to, and different from, pure hepatocellular injury driven liver fibrosis. Both types of liver fibrosis have the transformation of the hepatic stellate cell (HSC) into a myofibroblast as a key step. In metabolic syndrome, there is little evidence that metabolite changes such as high levels of glucose and free fatty acids are directly inducing HSC transdifferentiation, however, metabolite changes may lead to reductions in immunomodulatory and hepatoprotective molecules such as lipoxins, resolvins and Interleukin (IL)-22. Cells of the innate immune system are known to be important intermediaries between hepatocellular damage and HSC transdifferentiation, primarily by producing cytokines such as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF). Resident and infiltrating macrophages are the dominant innate immune cells, but others (dendritic cells, neutrophils, natural killer T cells and mucosal-associated invariant T cells) also have important roles in inducing and resolving liver fibrosis. CD8+ and CD4+ T cells of the adaptive immune system have been identified to have greater profibrotic roles than previously realised by inducing hepatocyte death (auto-aggressive CD8+T) cells and cytokines producing (TH17 producing CD4+T) cells. Finally, the cellular networks present in NASH fibrosis are being identified and suggest that once fibrosis has developed cell-to-cell communication is dominated by myofibroblasts autocrine signalling followed by communication with cholangiocytes and endothelial cells, with myofibroblast-hepatocyte, and myofibroblast-macrophage signalling having minor roles. Such information is essential to the development of antifibrotic strategies for different stages of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wajahat Mehal
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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19
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Vitale I, Pietrocola F, Guilbaud E, Aaronson SA, Abrams JM, Adam D, Agostini M, Agostinis P, Alnemri ES, Altucci L, Amelio I, Andrews DW, Aqeilan RI, Arama E, Baehrecke EH, Balachandran S, Bano D, Barlev NA, Bartek J, Bazan NG, Becker C, Bernassola F, Bertrand MJM, Bianchi ME, Blagosklonny MV, Blander JM, Blandino G, Blomgren K, Borner C, Bortner CD, Bove P, Boya P, Brenner C, Broz P, Brunner T, Damgaard RB, Calin GA, Campanella M, Candi E, Carbone M, Carmona-Gutierrez D, Cecconi F, Chan FKM, Chen GQ, Chen Q, Chen YH, Cheng EH, Chipuk JE, Cidlowski JA, Ciechanover A, Ciliberto G, Conrad M, Cubillos-Ruiz JR, Czabotar PE, D'Angiolella V, Daugaard M, Dawson TM, Dawson VL, De Maria R, De Strooper B, Debatin KM, Deberardinis RJ, Degterev A, Del Sal G, Deshmukh M, Di Virgilio F, Diederich M, Dixon SJ, Dynlacht BD, El-Deiry WS, Elrod JW, Engeland K, Fimia GM, Galassi C, Ganini C, Garcia-Saez AJ, Garg AD, Garrido C, Gavathiotis E, Gerlic M, Ghosh S, Green DR, Greene LA, Gronemeyer H, Häcker G, Hajnóczky G, Hardwick JM, Haupt Y, He S, Heery DM, Hengartner MO, Hetz C, Hildeman DA, Ichijo H, Inoue S, Jäättelä M, Janic A, Joseph B, Jost PJ, Kanneganti TD, Karin M, Kashkar H, Kaufmann T, Kelly GL, Kepp O, Kimchi A, Kitsis RN, Klionsky DJ, Kluck R, Krysko DV, Kulms D, Kumar S, Lavandero S, Lavrik IN, Lemasters JJ, Liccardi G, Linkermann A, Lipton SA, Lockshin RA, López-Otín C, Luedde T, MacFarlane M, Madeo F, Malorni W, Manic G, Mantovani R, Marchi S, Marine JC, Martin SJ, Martinou JC, Mastroberardino PG, Medema JP, Mehlen P, Meier P, Melino G, Melino S, Miao EA, Moll UM, Muñoz-Pinedo C, Murphy DJ, Niklison-Chirou MV, Novelli F, Núñez G, Oberst A, Ofengeim D, Opferman JT, Oren M, Pagano M, Panaretakis T, Pasparakis M, Penninger JM, Pentimalli F, Pereira DM, Pervaiz S, Peter ME, Pinton P, Porta G, Prehn JHM, Puthalakath H, Rabinovich GA, Rajalingam K, Ravichandran KS, Rehm M, Ricci JE, Rizzuto R, Robinson N, Rodrigues CMP, Rotblat B, Rothlin CV, Rubinsztein DC, Rudel T, Rufini A, Ryan KM, Sarosiek KA, Sawa A, Sayan E, Schroder K, Scorrano L, Sesti F, Shao F, Shi Y, Sica GS, Silke J, Simon HU, Sistigu A, Stephanou A, Stockwell BR, Strapazzon F, Strasser A, Sun L, Sun E, Sun Q, Szabadkai G, Tait SWG, Tang D, Tavernarakis N, Troy CM, Turk B, Urbano N, Vandenabeele P, Vanden Berghe T, Vander Heiden MG, Vanderluit JL, Verkhratsky A, Villunger A, von Karstedt S, Voss AK, Vousden KH, Vucic D, Vuri D, Wagner EF, Walczak H, Wallach D, Wang R, Wang Y, Weber A, Wood W, Yamazaki T, Yang HT, Zakeri Z, Zawacka-Pankau JE, Zhang L, Zhang H, Zhivotovsky B, Zhou W, Piacentini M, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Apoptotic cell death in disease-Current understanding of the NCCD 2023. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:1097-1154. [PMID: 37100955 PMCID: PMC10130819 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-023-01153-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a form of regulated cell death (RCD) that involves proteases of the caspase family. Pharmacological and genetic strategies that experimentally inhibit or delay apoptosis in mammalian systems have elucidated the key contribution of this process not only to (post-)embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis, but also to the etiology of multiple human disorders. Consistent with this notion, while defects in the molecular machinery for apoptotic cell death impair organismal development and promote oncogenesis, the unwarranted activation of apoptosis promotes cell loss and tissue damage in the context of various neurological, cardiovascular, renal, hepatic, infectious, neoplastic and inflammatory conditions. Here, the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death (NCCD) gathered to critically summarize an abundant pre-clinical literature mechanistically linking the core apoptotic apparatus to organismal homeostasis in the context of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilio Vitale
- IIGM - Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCSS Candiolo, Torino, Italy.
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO -IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy.
| | - Federico Pietrocola
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Emma Guilbaud
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stuart A Aaronson
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - John M Abrams
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Dieter Adam
- Institut für Immunologie, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Massimiliano Agostini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, TOR, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Agostinis
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Emad S Alnemri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lucia Altucci
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
- BIOGEM, Avellino, Italy
| | - Ivano Amelio
- Division of Systems Toxicology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - David W Andrews
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rami I Aqeilan
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Lautenberg Center for Immunology & Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eli Arama
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eric H Baehrecke
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Siddharth Balachandran
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniele Bano
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Nickolai A Barlev
- Department of Biomedicine, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Jiri Bartek
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolas G Bazan
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Christoph Becker
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Francesca Bernassola
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, TOR, Rome, Italy
| | - Mathieu J M Bertrand
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marco E Bianchi
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy and Ospedale San Raffaele IRCSS, Milan, Italy
| | | | - J Magarian Blander
- Department of Medicine, Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Klas Blomgren
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christoph Borner
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Medical Faculty, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carl D Bortner
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Pierluigi Bove
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, TOR, Rome, Italy
| | - Patricia Boya
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Catherine Brenner
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Gustave Roussy, Aspects métaboliques et systémiques de l'oncogénèse pour de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques, Villejuif, France
| | - Petr Broz
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Brunner
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Rune Busk Damgaard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - George A Calin
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michelangelo Campanella
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
- UCL Consortium for Mitochondrial Research, London, UK
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Candi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, TOR, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Carbone
- Thoracic Oncology, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | | | - Francesco Cecconi
- Cell Stress and Survival Unit, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease (CARD), Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Francis K-M Chan
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Guo-Qiang Chen
- State Key Lab of Oncogene and its related gene, Ren-Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Quan Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Youhai H Chen
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Emily H Cheng
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jerry E Chipuk
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - John A Cidlowski
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Aaron Ciechanover
- The Technion-Integrated Cancer Center, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Marcus Conrad
- Helmholtz Munich, Institute of Metabolism and Cell Death, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Juan R Cubillos-Ruiz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter E Czabotar
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Mads Daugaard
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ted M Dawson
- Institute for Cell Engineering and the Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology & Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Valina L Dawson
- Institute for Cell Engineering and the Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology & Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ruggero De Maria
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Bart De Strooper
- VIB Centre for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, University College London, London, UK
| | - Klaus-Michael Debatin
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ralph J Deberardinis
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Alexei Degterev
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Giannino Del Sal
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Area Science Park-Padriciano, Trieste, Italy
- IFOM ETS, the AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Mohanish Deshmukh
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Marc Diederich
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Scott J Dixon
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Brian D Dynlacht
- Department of Pathology, New York University Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wafik S El-Deiry
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Brown University and the Lifespan Cancer Institute, Providence, RI, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - John W Elrod
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kurt Engeland
- Molecular Oncology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gian Maria Fimia
- Department of Epidemiology, Preclinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, National Institute for Infectious Diseases 'L. Spallanzani' IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Galassi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carlo Ganini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, TOR, Rome, Italy
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Dermopatic Institute of Immaculate (IDI) IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ana J Garcia-Saez
- CECAD, Institute of Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Abhishek D Garg
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carmen Garrido
- INSERM, UMR, 1231, Dijon, France
- Faculty of Medicine, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Anti-cancer Center Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - Evripidis Gavathiotis
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Motti Gerlic
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler school of Medicine, Tel Aviv university, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sourav Ghosh
- Department of Neurology and Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Lloyd A Greene
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hinrich Gronemeyer
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1258, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Georg Häcker
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - György Hajnóczky
- MitoCare Center, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J Marie Hardwick
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Pharmacology, Oncology and Neurology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ygal Haupt
- VITTAIL Ltd, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sudan He
- Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - David M Heery
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Claudio Hetz
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - David A Hildeman
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Hidenori Ichijo
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Marja Jäättelä
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ana Janic
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bertrand Joseph
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philipp J Jost
- Clinical Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Michael Karin
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Hamid Kashkar
- CECAD Research Center, Institute for Molecular Immunology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Kaufmann
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gemma L Kelly
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Oliver Kepp
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Adi Kimchi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Richard N Kitsis
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Ruth Kluck
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dmitri V Krysko
- Cell Death Investigation and Therapy Lab, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dagmar Kulms
- Department of Dermatology, Experimental Dermatology, TU-Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases Dresden, TU-Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sharad Kumar
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- Universidad de Chile, Facultad Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas & Facultad Medicina, Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago, Chile
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Division, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Inna N Lavrik
- Translational Inflammation Research, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - John J Lemasters
- Departments of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Gianmaria Liccardi
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Linkermann
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stuart A Lipton
- Neurodegeneration New Medicines Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard A Lockshin
- Department of Biology, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, NY, USA
- St. John's University, Jamaica, NY, USA
| | - Carlos López-Otín
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Tom Luedde
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Marion MacFarlane
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Frank Madeo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth - University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Walter Malorni
- Center for Global Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Gwenola Manic
- IIGM - Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCSS Candiolo, Torino, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO -IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Roberto Mantovani
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Saverio Marchi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Jean-Christophe Marine
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Jean-Claude Martinou
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pier G Mastroberardino
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- IFOM-ETS The AIRC Institute for Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
- Department of Life, Health, and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Jan Paul Medema
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Mehlen
- Apoptosis, Cancer, and Development Laboratory, Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue', LabEx DEVweCAN, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Lyon, France
| | - Pascal Meier
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Gerry Melino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, TOR, Rome, Italy
| | - Sonia Melino
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Edward A Miao
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ute M Moll
- Department of Pathology and Stony Brook Cancer Center, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Cristina Muñoz-Pinedo
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Daniel J Murphy
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Flavia Novelli
- Thoracic Oncology, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Gabriel Núñez
- Department of Pathology and Rogel Cancer Center, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andrew Oberst
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dimitry Ofengeim
- Rare and Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Sanofi, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joseph T Opferman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Moshe Oren
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michele Pagano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Theocharis Panaretakis
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of GU Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Josef M Penninger
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - David M Pereira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Shazib Pervaiz
- Department of Physiology, YLL School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Centre for Cancer Research (N2CR), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- National University Cancer Institute, NUHS, Singapore, Singapore
- ISEP, NUS Graduate School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marcus E Peter
- Department of Medicine, Division Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giovanni Porta
- Center of Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Jochen H M Prehn
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Hamsa Puthalakath
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Gabriel A Rabinovich
- Laboratorio de Glicomedicina. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Kodi S Ravichandran
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Cell Clearance, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Markus Rehm
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jean-Ehrland Ricci
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, C3M, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Nice, France
| | - Rosario Rizzuto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Nirmal Robinson
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Cecilia M P Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Barak Rotblat
- Department of Life sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- The NIBN, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Carla V Rothlin
- Department of Immunobiology and Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David C Rubinsztein
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, UK
| | - Thomas Rudel
- Microbiology Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alessandro Rufini
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- University of Leicester, Leicester Cancer Research Centre, Leicester, UK
| | - Kevin M Ryan
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kristopher A Sarosiek
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Lab of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutics Science, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Akira Sawa
- Johns Hopkins Schizophrenia Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Emre Sayan
- Faculty of Medicine, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Kate Schroder
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Luca Scorrano
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Federico Sesti
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, NJ, USA
| | - Feng Shao
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yufang Shi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, TOR, Rome, Italy
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Giuseppe S Sica
- Department of Surgical Science, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - John Silke
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Biochemistry, Brandenburg Medical School, Neuruppin, Germany
| | - Antonella Sistigu
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Brent R Stockwell
- Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Flavie Strapazzon
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
- Univ Lyon, Univ Lyon 1, Physiopathologie et Génétique du Neurone et du Muscle, UMR5261, U1315, Institut NeuroMyogène CNRS, INSERM, Lyon, France
| | - Andreas Strasser
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Liming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Erwei Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Cell Death Mechanism, 2021RU008, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Gyorgy Szabadkai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Consortium for Mitochondrial Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Stephen W G Tait
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Nektarios Tavernarakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Carol M Troy
- Departments of Pathology & Cell Biology and Neurology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Boris Turk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nicoletta Urbano
- Department of Oncohaematology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, TOR, Rome, Italy
| | - Peter Vandenabeele
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Methusalem Program, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Vanden Berghe
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Matthew G Vander Heiden
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Bilbao, Spain
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Andreas Villunger
- Institute for Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- The Research Center for Molecular Medicine (CeMM) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (OeAW), Vienna, Austria
- The Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases (LBI-RUD), Vienna, Austria
| | - Silvia von Karstedt
- Department of Translational Genomics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- CECAD Cluster of Excellence, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anne K Voss
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Domagoj Vucic
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniela Vuri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, TOR, Rome, Italy
| | - Erwin F Wagner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Henning Walczak
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- CECAD Cluster of Excellence, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - David Wallach
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ruoning Wang
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Achim Weber
- University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Will Wood
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Takahiro Yamazaki
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Huang-Tian Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zahra Zakeri
- Queens College and Graduate Center, City University of New York, Flushing, NY, USA
| | - Joanna E Zawacka-Pankau
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biophysics and p53 protein biology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Haibing Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Boris Zhivotovsky
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Wenzhao Zhou
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Cell Death Mechanism, 2021RU008, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Mauro Piacentini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, Department of Biology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Iqbal M, Shams S, Rafiq H, Khan M, Khan S, Sadique Khattak U, Afridi SG, Bibi F, Abdulkareem AA, Naseer MI. Combinatorial Therapeutic Potential of Stem Cells and Benzimidazol Derivatives for the Reduction of Liver Fibrosis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:306. [PMID: 37259449 PMCID: PMC9965641 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/31/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Liver fibrosis is currently one of the top ten causes of death worldwide. Stem cells transplantation using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is an alternative therapy which is used in the place of organ transplant, due to the incapacity of stem cells to endure oxidative stress in the damage site, thus affecting the healing process. The present study aimed to enhance the therapeutic potential of MSCs using combined therapy, along with the novel synthetic compounds of benzimidazol derivatives. (2) Methods: Eighteen compound series (benzimidazol derivatives) were screened against liver fibrosis using an in vitro CCl4-induced injury model on cultured hepatocytes. IC50 values were calculated on the bases of LDH assay and cell viability assay. (3) Results: Among the eighteen compounds, compounds (10), (14) and (18) were selected on the basis of IC50 value, and compound (10) was the most potent and had the lowest IC50 value in the LDH assay (8.399 ± 0.23 uM) and cell viability assay (4.73 ± 0.37 uM). Next, these compounds were combined with MSCs using an in vitro hepatocytes injury culture and in vivo rat fibrotic model. The effect of the MSCs + compounds treatment on injured hepatocytes was evaluated using LDH assay, cell viability assay, GSH assay and real-time PCR analysis and immuno-staining for caspase-3. Significant reductions in LDH level, caspase-3 and apoptotic marker genes were noted in MSCs + compounds-treated injured hepatocytes. In vivo data also showed the increased homing of the MSCs, along with compounds after transplantation. Real-time PCR analysis and TUNEL assay results also support our study. (4) Conclusions: It was concluded that compounds (10), (14) and (18) can be used in combination with MSCs to reduce liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Iqbal
- Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Sulaiman Shams
- Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Huma Rafiq
- Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Momin Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Umer Sadique Khattak
- College of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar 25130, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Sahib Gul Afridi
- Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Fehmida Bibi
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Angham Abdulrhman Abdulkareem
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Imran Naseer
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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21
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Exploring the mechanism of Cassiae semen in regulating lipid metabolism through network pharmacology and experimental validation. Biosci Rep 2023; 43:232453. [PMID: 36645186 PMCID: PMC9905789 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20221375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple studies have assessed the role of Cassiae semen (CS) in regulating lipid metabolism. However, the mechanism of action of CS on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has seen rare scrutiny. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to explore the regulatory mechanism of CS on lipid metabolism in NAFLD. METHODS Components of CS ethanol extract (CSEE) were analyzed and identified using UPLC-Q-Orbirap HRMS. The candidate compounds of CS and its relative targets were extracted from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology, Swiss-Target-Prediction, and TargetNet web server. The Therapeutic Target Database, Genecards, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, and DisGeNET were searched for NAFLD targets. Binding affinity between potential core components and key targets was established employing molecular docking simulations. After that, free fatty acid (FFA)-induced HepG2 cells were used to further validate part of the network pharmacology results. RESULTS Six genes, including Caspase 3 (CASP3), phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase, catalytic subunit α (PIK3CA), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and amyloid β (A4) precursor protein (APP) were identified as key targets. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway was found to associate closely with CS's effect on NAFLD. Per molecular docking findings, toralactone and quinizarin formed the most stable combinations with hub genes. About 0.1 (vs. FFA, P<0.01) and 0.2 (vs. FFA, P<0.05) mg/ml CSEE decreased lipid accumulation in vitro by reversing the up-regulation of CASP3, EGFR, and APP and the down-regulation of PIK3CA. CONCLUSION CSEE can significantly reduce intracellular lipid accumulation by modulating the MAPK signaling pathway to decrease CASP3 and EGFR expression.
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Sun CY, Yang LL, Zhao P, Yan PZ, Li J, Zhao DS. Mechanisms of Cynarine for treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease based on the integration of network pharmacology, molecular docking and cell experiment. Hereditas 2022; 159:44. [PMID: 36451177 PMCID: PMC9714250 DOI: 10.1186/s41065-022-00256-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is a chronic Liver Disease prevalent all over the world. It has become more and more common in Japan, China and most western developed countries. The global prevalence rate is 25.24%, and the trend is increasing year by year. Related studies have shown that Cynarine has certain liver protection, lipid lowering and immune intervention effects. So, this study to systematically predict and analyze the mechanism of Cynarine in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) based on the integration of network pharmacology, molecular docking, and cell experiment. METHODS We performed Heatmap and Venn diagram analyses to identify genes and targets in Cynarine treat NAFLD. The network of Cynarine-therapeutic targets and the protein-protein interaction network (PPI) was constructed. We used gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses to visualize associated functional pathways. The Sybyl tool was used to dock the Cynarine with key therapeutic targets molecularly. Finally, cell experiments were applied to validate the role of Cynarine in the treatment of NAFLD. RESULTS The Cynarine could act on 48 targets of NAFLD, and the role of CASP3, TP53, MMP9, ELANE, NOTCH1 were more important. The PPI network showed that immune and inflammation-related targets played a pivotal role. The KEGG analysis found that the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, cell cycle and MAPK signaling pathway may be the main pathways for Cynarine to prevent and treat NAFLD. Molecular docking studies confirmed that Cynarine has good binding activity with therapeutic targets. Cynarine reduced the fat deposition ability of NAFLD model cells, and effectively reduced the levels of ALT and AST released by liver cells due to excessive lipid accumulation. We also found that Cynarine inhibited the expression of AKT1 and MAPK1. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that Cynarine could significantly reduce the fat deposition ability of NAFLD model cells, which may be closely related to the effective regulation of AKT1 and MAPK1 expression by Cynarine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yong Sun
- grid.464402.00000 0000 9459 9325College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 4655 Daxue Road, Jinan, 250355 China
| | - Le-Le Yang
- grid.437123.00000 0004 1794 8068State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, 999078 China
| | - Pan Zhao
- grid.464402.00000 0000 9459 9325College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 4655 Daxue Road, Jinan, 250355 China
| | - Pei-Zheng Yan
- grid.464402.00000 0000 9459 9325College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 4655 Daxue Road, Jinan, 250355 China
| | - Jia Li
- grid.464402.00000 0000 9459 9325College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 4655 Daxue Road, Jinan, 250355 China
| | - Dong-Sheng Zhao
- grid.464402.00000 0000 9459 9325College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 4655 Daxue Road, Jinan, 250355 China
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Role of Oxidative Stress in Liver Disorders. LIVERS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/livers2040023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen is vital for life as it is required for many different enzymatic reactions involved in intermediate metabolism and xenobiotic biotransformation. Moreover, oxygen consumption in the electron transport chain of mitochondria is used to drive the synthesis of ATP to meet the energetic demands of cells. However, toxic free radicals are generated as byproducts of molecular oxygen consumption. Oxidative stress ensues not only when the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) exceeds the endogenous antioxidant defense mechanism of cells, but it can also occur as a consequence of an unbalance between antioxidant strategies. Given the important role of hepatocytes in the biotransformation and metabolism of xenobiotics, ROS production represents a critical event in liver physiology, and increasing evidence suggests that oxidative stress contributes to the development of many liver diseases. The present review, which is part of the special issue “Oxidant stress in Liver Diseases”, aims to provide an overview of the sources and targets of ROS in different liver diseases and highlights the pivotal role of oxidative stress in cell death. In addition, current antioxidant therapies as treatment options for such disorders and their limitations for future trial design are discussed.
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Tanshinone IIA Ameliorates Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis in Mice by Modulating Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and Hepatocyte Apoptosis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:5769350. [PMID: 36091584 PMCID: PMC9458403 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5769350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, a traditional Chinese medicine, is widely used in the treatment of a variety of diseases and syndromes. Tanshinone IIA (TIIA), a phenanthrenequinone-class derivative extracted from S. miltiorrhiza, is one of its main active components and has anti-inflammatory effects on various tissues and cells. This study aimed to investigate the beneficial effects of TIIA on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) induced in mice using a methionine choline deficiency (MCD) diet and the underlying mechanism of these. Our results reveal that TIIA remarkably ameliorated hepatic steatosis and inflammation and decreased the serum levels of liver dysfunction markers while increasing the levels of serum total cholesterol and triglycerides in MCD-fed mice. TIIA significantly reduced mRNA levels of the inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-6, and TGF-β. Similarly, TIIA inhibited caspase-3 and Bax-mediated apoptosis in MCD-fed mice. Together, our data indicate that TIIA inhibits the formation of MPO and CitH3 in neutrophil extracellular traps and inhibits apoptosis mediated by caspase-3 and Bax in hepatocytes, thereby mitigating inflammatory progression in an MCD diet-induced NASH mouse model.
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25
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Wang Q, Duan X, Li S, Lai H, Cheng W, Ao J, Zhang J, Duan C. Active Compounds Screening and Hepatoprotective Mechanism of Shuganning Injection Based on Network Pharmacology and Experimental Validation. Nat Prod Commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x221124756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The study aimed to analyze the core active compounds and the potential mechanism of Shuganning injection (SGNI) through network pharmacology with biological experiments. Methods: Active compounds and targets of SGNI were screened from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP) and Targetnet database, whereas the liver disease-related targets were identified through the Genecards and Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man databases. The “compound-target” and “protein-protein interaction” networks construction, core target identification, and pathway enrichment were then performed. Finally, the exploration of the mechanism of action for SGNI against acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury in the HepaRG cells and validation of three identified protein targets was also carried out through western blot assay, including tumor protein p53 (p53, TP53), transcription factor Jun (Jun), and Caspase 3 (CASP3). Results: The result showed that a total of 312 active compounds of SGNI and 408 liver disease-related targets, as well as 131 core targets were revealed through databases, such as prostaglandin G/H synthase 1, prostaglandin G/H synthase 2, and nuclear factor NF-kappa B (NF-kB) p65 subunit (RELA). The core targets of SGNI were involved in regulating hepatitis B signaling pathway, NF-kB signaling pathway, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathway. Moreover, results of molecular docking in this study indicated that chlorogenic acid, geniposide, baicalin, indirubin, and ganoderic acid A could act on RELA, JUN, TP53, TNF, CASP3, Caspase 8 (CASP8) and nuclear factor NF-kB p105 subunit (NFKB1). Similarly, results of western blot revealed that SGNI reduced the expression of p53, Jun, and Caspase 3 proteins in HepaRG cells as compared with the APAP group ( P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). Conclusion: The present study verified the therapeutic effects and mechanism of SGNI on liver diseases and pointed out new directions for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiaotong Duan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Shan Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Huaqing Lai
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Weina Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Jingwen Ao
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Jianyong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Cancan Duan
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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Abdelnabi MN, Flores Molina M, Soucy G, Quoc-Huy Trinh V, Bédard N, Mazouz S, Jouvet N, Dion J, Tran S, Bilodeau M, Estall JL, Shoukry NH. Sex-Dependent Hepatoprotective Role of IL-22 Receptor Signaling in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease-Related Fibrosis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 14:1269-1294. [PMID: 35970323 PMCID: PMC9596743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major health problem with complex pathogenesis. Although sex differences in NAFLD pathogenesis have been reported, the mechanisms underlying such differences remain understudied. Interleukin (IL)22 is a pleiotropic cytokine with both protective and/or pathogenic effects during liver injury. IL22 was shown to be hepatoprotective in NAFLD-related liver injury. However, these studies relied primarily on exogenous administration of IL22 and did not examine the sex-dependent effect of IL22. Here, we sought to characterize the role of endogenous IL22-receptor signaling during NAFLD-induced liver injury in males and females. METHODS We used immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, histopathologic assessment, and gene expression analysis to examine IL22 production and characterize the intrahepatic immune landscape in human subjects with NAFLD (n = 20; 11 men and 9 women) and in an in vivo Western high-fat diet-induced NAFLD model in IL22RA knock out mice and their wild-type littermates. RESULTS Examination of publicly available data sets from 2 cohorts with NAFLD showed increased hepatic IL22 gene expression in females compared with males. Furthermore, our immunofluorescence analysis of liver sections from NAFLD subjects (n = 20) showed increased infiltration of IL22-producing cells in females. Similarly, IL22-producing cells were increased in wild-type female mice with NAFLD and the hepatic IL22/IL22 binding protein messenger RNA ratio correlated with expression of anti-apoptosis genes. The lack of endogenous IL22-receptor signaling (IL22RA knockout) led to exacerbated liver damage, inflammation, apoptosis, and liver fibrosis in female, but not male, mice with NAFLD. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest a sex-dependent hepatoprotective antiapoptotic effect of IL22-receptor signaling during NAFLD-related liver injury in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed N Abdelnabi
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Manuel Flores Molina
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Geneviève Soucy
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Département de Département de Pathologie et Biologie Cellulaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Vincent Quoc-Huy Trinh
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Département de Département de Pathologie et Biologie Cellulaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Nathalie Bédard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sabrina Mazouz
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Nathalie Jouvet
- Institut de Recherches, Cliniques de Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jessica Dion
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sarah Tran
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marc Bilodeau
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jennifer L Estall
- Institut de Recherches, Cliniques de Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Naglaa H Shoukry
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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Jeyakumar SM, Vajreswari A. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1: A potential target for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease?-perspective on emerging experimental evidence. World J Hepatol 2022; 14:168-179. [PMID: 35126846 PMCID: PMC8790397 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v14.i1.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a progressive disease and one of the leading causes of death. An unnamed disease has become a global epidemic disease of public health concern. This spectrum of diseases manifests itself with initial accumulation of excessive triglycerides (due to de novo lipogenesis) in the hepatocytes, leading to simple steatosis. Although its aetiology is multi-factorial, lifestyle changes (diet and physical activity) are considered to be the key thriving factors. In this context, high fructose consumption is associated with an increased risk for developing NAFLD in humans, while high-fructose feeding to experimental animals results in hepatic steatosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, by increasing hepatic lipogenesis. Among several lipogenic genes, the endoplasmic reticulum-bound stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) is the key determinant of triglycerides biosynthesis pathway, by providing monounsaturated fatty acids, through the incorporation of a double bond at the delta-9 position of saturated fatty acids, specifically, palmitic (C16:0) and stearic (C18:0) acids, yielding palmitoleic (C16:1) and oleic (C18:1) acids, respectively. Various experimental studies involving SCD1 gene knockout and diet-induced rodent models have demonstrated that SCD1 plays a key role in the development of NAFLD, by modulating hepatic lipogenesis and thus triglyceride accumulation in the liver. Several pharmacological and dietary intervention studies have shown the benefits of inhibiting hepatic SCD1 in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. In this review, we give an overview of SCD1 in NAFLD, based on the current experimental evidence and the translational applicability of SCD1 inhibition in human NAFLD conditions, besides discussing the limitations and way-forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanmugam Murugaiha Jeyakumar
- Division of Lipid Biochemistry, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai 600031, Tamil Nadu, India
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Du T, Fang Q, Zhang Z, Zhu C, Xu R, Chen G, Wang Y. Lentinan Protects against Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Reducing Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis via the PPARα Pathway. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12010055. [PMID: 35050176 PMCID: PMC8780611 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lentinan (LNT), a type of polysaccharide derived from Lentinus edodes, has manifested protective effects during liver injury and hepatocellular carcinoma, but little is known about its effects on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This study aimed to investigate whether LNT can affect the progression of NAFLD and the associated mechanisms. C57BL/6J mice were fed a normal chow diet or a high-fat diet (HFD) with or without LNT (6 mg/kg/d). AML12 cells were exposed to 200 μM palmitate acid (PA) with or without LNT (5 μg/mL). After 21 wk of the high-fat diet, LNT significantly decreased plasma triglyceride levels and liver lipid accumulation, reduced excessive reactive oxygen species production, and subsequently attenuated hepatic apoptosis in NAFLD mice. These effects were associated with increased PPARα levels, a decreased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and enhancement of the antioxidant defense system in vivo. Similar effects were also observed in cultured cells. More importantly, these protective effects of LNT on palmitate acid-treated AML12 cells were almost abolished by PPARα knockdown. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that LNT may ameliorate hepatic steatosis and decrease oxidative stress and apoptosis by activating the PPARα pathway and is a potential drug target for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyi Du
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (T.D.); (Q.F.); (Z.Z.); (C.Z.)
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Qin Fang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (T.D.); (Q.F.); (Z.Z.); (C.Z.)
| | - Zhihao Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (T.D.); (Q.F.); (Z.Z.); (C.Z.)
| | - Chuanmeng Zhu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (T.D.); (Q.F.); (Z.Z.); (C.Z.)
| | - Renfan Xu
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China;
| | - Guangzhi Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (T.D.); (Q.F.); (Z.Z.); (C.Z.)
- Correspondence: (G.C.); (Y.W.); Tel./Fax: +86-27-6937-8422 (G.C. & Y.W.)
| | - Yan Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (T.D.); (Q.F.); (Z.Z.); (C.Z.)
- Correspondence: (G.C.); (Y.W.); Tel./Fax: +86-27-6937-8422 (G.C. & Y.W.)
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Sulforaphane Attenuates Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Inhibiting Hepatic Steatosis and Apoptosis. Nutrients 2021; 14:nu14010076. [PMID: 35010950 PMCID: PMC8746639 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by lipotoxicity and ectopic lipid deposition within hepatocytes. Sulforaphane (SFA), an active compound used for inhibiting tumors, was found to have the potency to improve lipid metabolism. However, its molecular mechanisms on ameliorating NAFLD are still incompletely understood. This research evaluated if SFA could inhibit hepatic steatosis and apoptosis. The effects of SFA on cell viability, lipid accumulation, triglyceride (TG) contents, apoptosis, ceramide contents, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were analyzed in palmitic acid (PA)-treated HepG2 cells and high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. The related molecular mechanisms were further explored in hepatocytes. The results showed SFA alleviated lipid accumulation and regulated AMPK/SREBP1c/FAS signaling pathway in PA-stressed HepG2 cells. In addition, SFA alleviated PA-mediated apoptosis, downregulated the expressions of cleaved caspase 3, as well as reduced ceramide contents and ROS levels. Moreover, SFA treatment reduced HFD-induced body weight gain, alleviated insulin resistance, decreased serum TG, total cholesterol (TC), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, and prevented lipid deposition and apoptosis in the liver. This study showed SFA suppressed lipid deposition and apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo, indicating that SFA may be a potential candidate for preventing and treating NAFLD.
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HES5-mediated repression of LIGHT transcription may contribute to apoptosis in hepatocytes. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:308. [PMID: 34689159 PMCID: PMC8542050 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00707-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is prototypical form of metabolic syndrome and has become a global pandemic. Hepatocytes undergo apoptosis in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. We report that the lymphokine LIGHT/TNFSF14 was upregulated in the murine NAFLD livers and in hepatocytes treated with free fatty acids (palmitate, PA). LIGHT knockdown or neutralization attenuated PA-induced apoptosis of hepatocytes. Similarly, knockdown or blockade of LTβR, the receptor for LIGHT, ameliorated apoptosis in hepatocytes exposed to PA. Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) revealed several Notch-related transcription factors as upstream regulators of LIGHT, of which HES5 expression was downregulated paralleling LIGHT induction in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. HES5 knockdown enhanced whereas HES5 over-expression weakened LIGHT induction in hepatocytes. HES5 was found to directly bind to the LIGHT promoter and repress LIGHT transcription. Mechanistically, HES5 interacted with SIRT1 to deacetylate histone H3/H4 on the LIGHT promoter to repress LIGHT transcription. SIRT1 knockdown or inhibition offset the effect of HES5 over-expression on LIGHT transcription and hepatocyte apoptosis. In conclusion, our data unveil a novel mechanism that might contribute to excessive apoptosis in hepatocyte exposed to free fatty acids.
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31
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Carranza-Trejo AM, Vetvicka V, Vistejnova L, Kralickova M, Montufar EB. Hepatocyte and immune cell crosstalk in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 15:783-796. [PMID: 33557653 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2021.1887730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most widespread chronic liver disease in the world. It can evolve into nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) where inflammation and hepatocyte ballooning are key participants in the determination of this steatotic state.Areas covered: To provide a systematic overview and current understanding of the role of inflammation in NAFLD and its progression to NASH, the function of the cells involved, and the activation pathways of the innate immunity and cell death; resulting in inflammation and chronic liver disease. A PubMed search was made with relevant articles together with relevant references were included for the writing of this review.Expert opinion: Innate and adaptive immunity are the key players in the NAFLD progression; some of the markers presented during NAFLD are also known to be immunity biomarkers. All cells involved in NAFLD and NASH are known to have immunoregulatory properties and their imbalance will completely change the cytokine profile and form a pro-inflammatory microenvironment. It is necessary to fully answer the question of what initiators and metabolic imbalances are particularly important, considering sterile inflammation as the architect of the disease. Due to the shortage of elucidation of NASH progression, we discuss in this review, how inflammation is a key part of this development and we presume the targets should lead to inflammation and oxidative stress treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vaclav Vetvicka
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Lucie Vistejnova
- Biomedical Centre, Medical Faculty in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Milena Kralickova
- Biomedical Centre, Medical Faculty in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Edgar B Montufar
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
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Kowalczuk A, Bourebaba N, Kornicka-Garbowska K, Turlej E, Marycz K, Bourebaba L. Hyoscyamus albus nortropane alkaloids reduce hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia induced in HepG2 cells through the regulation of SIRT1/NF-kB/JNK pathway. Cell Commun Signal 2021; 19:61. [PMID: 34034759 PMCID: PMC8152357 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-021-00735-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic superphysiological glucose and insulin concentrations are known to trigger several tissue and organ failures, including insulin resistance, oxidative stress and chronic low-grade inflammation. Hence, the screening for molecules that may counteract such conditions is essential in current existing therapeutic strategies, thereby the use of medicinal plant derivatives represents a promising axis in this regard. METHODS In this study, the effect of a selected traditional medicinal plant, Hyoscyamus albus from which, calystegines have been isolated, was investigated in an experimental model of hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia induced on HepG2 cells. The mRNA and protein expression levels of different insulin signaling, gluconeogenic and inflammatory pathway- related molecules were examined. Additionally, cell viability and apoptosis, oxidative stress extent and mitochondrial dysfunctions were assayed using flow cytometric and qRT-PCR techniques. RESULTS Treatment of IR HepG2 cells with calystegines strongly protected the injured cells from apoptosis, oxidative stress and mitochondrial integrity loss. Interestingly, nortropane alkaloids efficiently regulated the impaired glucose metabolism in IR HepG2 cells, through the stimulation of glucose uptake and the modulation of SIRT1/Foxo1/G6PC/mTOR pathway, which is governing the hepatic gluconeogenesis. Furthermore, the alkaloidal extract restored the defective insulin signaling pathway, mainly by promoting the expression of Insr at the mRNA and protein levels. What is more, treated cells exhibited significant mitigated inflammatory response, as evidenced by the modulation and the regulation of the NF- κB/JNK/TLR4 axis and the downstream proinflammatory cytokines recruitment. CONCLUSION Overall, the present investigation demonstrates that calystegines from Hyoscyamus albus provide cytoprotection to the HepG2 cells against insulin/glucose induced insulin resistance and apoptosis due to the regulation of SIRT1/Foxo1/G6PC/mTOR and NF-κB/JNK/TLR4 signaling pathways. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kowalczuk
- grid.419694.70000 0004 0622 0266National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Nabila Bourebaba
- International Institute of Translational Medicine, Jesionowa 11, 55-114 Malin, Wisznia Mała, Poland ,grid.411200.60000 0001 0694 6014Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Eliza Turlej
- grid.411200.60000 0001 0694 6014Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Marycz
- International Institute of Translational Medicine, Jesionowa 11, 55-114 Malin, Wisznia Mała, Poland ,Collegium Medicum, Institute of Medical Science, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University (UKSW), Dewajtis 5, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lynda Bourebaba
- International Institute of Translational Medicine, Jesionowa 11, 55-114 Malin, Wisznia Mała, Poland ,grid.411200.60000 0001 0694 6014Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
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Iskender H, Yenice G, Terim Kapakin KA, Dokumacioglu E, Sevim C, Hayirli A, Altun S. Effects of high fructose diet on lipid metabolism and the hepatic NF-κB/ SIRT-1 pathway. Biotech Histochem 2021; 97:30-38. [PMID: 33629622 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2021.1890214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is the primary site for fructose metabolism; therefore, the liver is susceptible to fructose related metabolic disturbances including metabolic insulin dysfunction, dyslipidemia and inflammation. We investigated whether astaxanthin (ASX) can modify hepatic nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB)/sirtuin-1 (SIRT-1) expression to alter oxidative stress caused by ingestion of excess fructose in rats. The animals were divided randomly into two x two factorially arranged groups: two regimens were given either water (W) or 30% fructose in drinking water (F). These two groups were divided further into two subgroups each: two treatments, either orally with 0.2 ml olive oil (OO) or 1 mg ASX/kg/day in 0.2 ml olive oil (ASX). Fructose administration increased serum glucose, triglycerides and very low density lipoproteins, and decreased serum concentration of high density lipoproteins; fructose did not alter serum total cholesterol. Excess fructose decreased hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) and increased hepatic NF-κB and MDA levels. ASX treatment increased hepatic SIRT-1 and decreased hepatic NF-κB and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. ASX treatment decreased hepatic NF-κB and increased SOD levels, but did not alter MDA level in rats fed high fructose. ASX administration ameliorated oxidative stress caused by excess fructose by increasing hepatic NF-κB and SIRT-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Iskender
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Artvin Coruh University, Artvin, Turkey
| | - Guler Yenice
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Disorders, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | | | - Eda Dokumacioglu
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Artvin Coruh University, Artvin, Turkey
| | - Cigdem Sevim
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Armagan Hayirli
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Disorders, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Serdar Altun
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Splenectomy Prior to Experimental Induction of Autoimmune Hepatitis Promotes More Severe Hepatic Inflammation, Production of IL-17 and Apoptosis. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9010058. [PMID: 33435354 PMCID: PMC7827897 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is detected at a late stage in the course of the disease. Therefore, induction and etiology are largely unclear. It is controversial if the induction of autoimmunity occurs in the liver or in the spleen. In our experimental murine AIH model, the induction of autoimmunity did not occur in the spleen. Instead, a protective role of the spleen could be more likely. Therefore, we splenectomized mice followed by induction of experimental murine AIH. Splenectomized mice presented more severe portal inflammation. Furthermore, these mice had more IL-17, IL-23 receptor (IL-23R) and caspase 3 (casp3) and a decreased amount of erythropoietin in serum, while intrahepatic T cell compartments were unaffected. These results indicate that the spleen is not necessary for induction of AIH, and splenectomy disrupts the ability to immune regulate the intensity of hepatic inflammation, production of IL-17 and apoptosis.
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Mu LY, Li SQ, Tang LX, Li R. Efficacy and Safety of Emricasan in Liver Cirrhosis and/or Fibrosis. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2021; 76:e2409. [PMID: 34133478 PMCID: PMC8183342 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2021/e2409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to perform a meta-analysis to determine the efficacy and safety of emricasan. Nine databases were searched for clinical trials investigating the efficacy of emricasan treatment in patients with liver cirrhosis or fibrosis. A manual search was conducted to identify the missing trials. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the revised Cochrane risk of bias tool. Efficacy of emricasan treatment was defined as a positive change in apoptosis-related parameters from baseline to the last follow-up visit. Overall, emricasan treatment is more effective in patients with liver cirrhosis or fibrosis than placebo (standardized mean difference [SMD] [95% confidence intervals (CI)]=0.28 [0.14; 0.41]). No significant change in model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score between the emricasan and placebo groups was noted (SMD [95% CI]=0.18 [-0.01; 0.36]; p=0.058). A 50 mg dose of emricasan had the highest efficacy rate compared to placebo (SMD [95% CI]=0.28 [0.06; 0.50]; p=0.012), followed by the 5 mg dosing regimen (SMD [95% CI]=0.28 [0.06; 0.50]; p=0.012). Treatment with emricasan resulted in significant reductions in ALT (mean difference (MD) [95% CI]=-5.89 [-10.59; -1.20]; p=0.014) and caspase3/7 levels (MD [95%CI]=-1215.93 [-1238.53; -1193.33]; p<0.001), respectively. No significant increase in the rate of overall adverse events was noted (OR [95% CI]=1.52 [0.97; 2.37]; p=0.069). Treatment with emricasan is more effective in improving liver function and apoptosis parameters compared to placebo, with a well-tolerated safety profile. However, due to the poor quality of the analyzed studies, the small number of trials and patients, and the short follow-up periods, more robust trials are still warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-ya Mu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Shu-qin Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Li-xin Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
- Corresponding author. E-mail:
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Shojaie L, Iorga A, Dara L. Cell Death in Liver Diseases: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249682. [PMID: 33353156 PMCID: PMC7766597 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulated cell death (RCD) is pivotal in directing the severity and outcome of liver injury. Hepatocyte cell death is a critical event in the progression of liver disease due to resultant inflammation leading to fibrosis. Apoptosis, necrosis, necroptosis, autophagy, and recently, pyroptosis and ferroptosis, have all been investigated in the pathogenesis of various liver diseases. These cell death subroutines display distinct features, while sharing many similar characteristics with considerable overlap and crosstalk. Multiple types of cell death modes can likely coexist, and the death of different liver cell populations may contribute to liver injury in each type of disease. This review addresses the known signaling cascades in each cell death pathway and its implications in liver disease. In this review, we describe the common findings in each disease model, as well as the controversies and the limitations of current data with a particular focus on cell death-related research in humans and in rodent models of alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and steatohepatitis (NASH/NAFLD), acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity, autoimmune hepatitis, cholestatic liver disease, and viral hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Shojaie
- Division of Gastrointestinal & Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (L.S.); (A.I.)
- Research Center for Liver Disease, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Andrea Iorga
- Division of Gastrointestinal & Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (L.S.); (A.I.)
- Research Center for Liver Disease, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Lily Dara
- Division of Gastrointestinal & Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (L.S.); (A.I.)
- Research Center for Liver Disease, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Correspondence:
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Suzuki-Kemuriyama N, Abe A, Uno K, Ogawa S, Watanabe A, Sano R, Yuki M, Miyajima K, Nakae D. A trans fatty acid substitute enhanced development of liver proliferative lesions induced in mice by feeding a choline-deficient, methionine-lowered, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:251. [PMID: 33317575 PMCID: PMC7737357 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-01423-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a form of liver disease characterized by steatosis, necroinflammation, and fibrosis, resulting in cirrhosis and cancer. Efforts have focused on reducing the intake of trans fatty acids (TFAs) because of potential hazards to human health and the increased risk for NASH. However, the health benefits of reducing dietary TFAs have not been fully elucidated. Here, the effects of TFAs vs. a substitute on NASH induced in mice by feeding a choline-deficient, methionine-lowered, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet (CDAA-HF) were investigated. Methods Mice were fed CDAA-HF containing shortening with TFAs (CDAA-HF-T(+)), CDAA-HF containing shortening without TFAs (CDAA-HF-T(−)), or a control chow for 13 or 26 weeks. Results At week 13, NASH was induced in mice by feeding CDAA-HF-T(+) containing TFAs or CDAA-HF-T(−) containing no TFAs, but rather mostly saturated fatty acids (FAs), as evidenced by elevated serum transaminase activity and liver changes, including steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. CDAA-HF-T(−) induced a greater extent of hepatocellular apoptosis at week 13. At week 26, proliferative (preneoplastic and non-neoplastic) nodular lesions were more pronounced in mice fed CDAA-HF-T(−) than CDAA-HF-T(+). Conclusions Replacement of dietary TFAs with a substitute promoted the development of proliferation lesions in the liver of a mouse NASH model, at least under the present conditions. Attention should be paid regarding use of TFA substitutes in foods for human consumption, and a balance of FAs is likely more important than the particular types of FAs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12944-020-01423-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Suzuki-Kemuriyama
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture , 1-1-1, Sakuragaoka, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan
| | - Akari Abe
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Graduate School of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan
| | - Kiniko Uno
- Department of Food and Nutritional Science, Graduate School of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1, Sakuragaoka, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan
| | - Shuji Ogawa
- Department of Food and Nutritional Science, Graduate School of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1, Sakuragaoka, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan
| | - Atsushi Watanabe
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Graduate School of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan
| | - Ryuhei Sano
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Graduate School of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan
| | - Megumi Yuki
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Graduate School of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Miyajima
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture , 1-1-1, Sakuragaoka, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan.,Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Graduate School of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan
| | - Dai Nakae
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture , 1-1-1, Sakuragaoka, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan. .,Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Graduate School of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan.
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Odagiri N, Matsubara T, Sato-Matsubara M, Fujii H, Enomoto M, Kawada N. Anti-fibrotic treatments for chronic liver diseases: The present and the future. Clin Mol Hepatol 2020; 27:413-424. [PMID: 33317250 PMCID: PMC8273638 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2020.0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis reflects tissue scarring in the liver due to the accumulation of excessive extracellular matrix in response to chronically persistent liver injury. Hepatocyte cell death can trigger capillarization of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, stimulation of immune cells including macrophages and Kupffer cells, and activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), resulting in progression of liver fibrosis. Liver cirrhosis is the terminal state of liver fibrosis and is associated with severe complications, such as liver failure, portal hypertension, and liver cancer. Nevertheless, effective therapy for cirrhosis has not yet been established, and liver transplantation is the only radical treatment for severe cases. Studies investigating HSC activation and regulation of collagen production in the liver have made breakthroughs in recent decades that have advanced the knowledge regarding liver fibrosis pathophysiology. In this review, we summarize molecular mechanisms of liver fibrosis and discuss the development of novel anti-fibrotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoshi Odagiri
- Department of Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Matsubara
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Misako Sato-Matsubara
- Department of Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Endowed Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideki Fujii
- Department of Premier Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaru Enomoto
- Department of Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norifumi Kawada
- Department of Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
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Guicciardi ME, Nakao Y, Gores GJ. The Metabolic Sensor Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase Regulates Apoptosis in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2020; 72:1139-1141. [PMID: 32342535 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eugenia Guicciardi
- Center for Basic Research in Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.,Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Yasuhiko Nakao
- Center for Basic Research in Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.,Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Gregory J Gores
- Center for Basic Research in Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.,Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Magusto J, Majdi A, Gautheron J. [Cell death mechanisms in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis]. Biol Aujourdhui 2020; 214:1-13. [PMID: 32773025 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2020002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Continuous cell death associated with inflammation is a key trigger of disease progression notably in chronic liver diseases such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Apoptosis has been studied as a potential target for reducing cell death in NASH. However, recent studies suggest that caspase inhibition is inefficient to treat NASH patients and may aggravate the disease by redirecting cells to alternative mechanisms of cell death. Alternative forms of lytic cell death have recently been identified and are known to induce strong inflammatory responses due to cell membrane permeabilization. Therefore, controlling lytic cell death modes offers new opportunities for potential therapeutic intervention in NASH. This review summarizes the underlying molecular mechanisms of apoptosis and lytic cell death modes, including necroptosis, pyroptosis and ferroptosis, and discusses their relevance in NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Magusto
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), 27 rue Chaligny, 75571 Paris cedex 12, France - Institut de Cardiométabolisme et de Nutrition (ICAN), GHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47-83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Amine Majdi
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), 27 rue Chaligny, 75571 Paris cedex 12, France - Institut de Cardiométabolisme et de Nutrition (ICAN), GHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47-83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Jérémie Gautheron
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), 27 rue Chaligny, 75571 Paris cedex 12, France - Institut de Cardiométabolisme et de Nutrition (ICAN), GHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47-83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
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Klaikeaw N, Wongphoom J, Werawatganon D, Chayanupatkul M, Siriviriyakul P. Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects of aloe vera in rats with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. World J Hepatol 2020; 12:363-377. [PMID: 32821335 PMCID: PMC7407916 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v12.i7.363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aloe vera exerts several biological activities, such as, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects. It was recently shown to reduce insulin resistance and triglyceride level. We hypothesized that aloe vera would have beneficial effects in alleviating non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in rats.
AIM To examine the therapeutic effects of aloe vera in NASH rats.
METHODS All rats were randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 6 in each group). Rats in the control group were fed ad libitum with a standard diet for 8 wk. Rats in the NASH group were fed ad libitum with a high-fat high-fructose diet (HFHFD) for 8 wk. Rats in the aloe vera group were fed ad libitum with a HFHFD and aloe vera in dimethylsulfoxide (50 mg/kg) by gavage daily for 8 wk. Liver samples were collected at the end of the treatment period.
RESULTS Hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) levels increased significantly in the NASH group as compared with the control group (377 ± 77 nmol/mg vs 129 ± 51 nmol/mg protein, respectively, P < 0.001). Glutathione (GSH) levels were significantly lower in the NASH group than the control group (9 ± 2 nmol/mg vs 24 ± 8 nmol/mg protein, respectively, P = 0.001). The expression of interleukin-18 (IL-18), nuclear factor-kappa β, and caspase-3 increased, while peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma decreased in the NASH group compared with the controls. Following aloe vera administration, MDA levels decreased (199 ± 35 nmol/mg protein) and GSH increased (18 ± 4 nmol/mg protein) markedly. Steatosis, hepatocyte ballooning, lobular inflammation and increased hepatocyte apoptosis were observed in the NASH group. Aloe vera treatment attenuated these changes in liver histology.
CONCLUSION Aloe vera attenuated oxidative stress, hepatic inflammation and hepatocyte apoptosis, thus improving liver pathology in rats with NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naruemon Klaikeaw
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Jutamas Wongphoom
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Duangporn Werawatganon
- Alternative and Complementary Medicine for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Maneerat Chayanupatkul
- Alternative and Complementary Medicine for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Prasong Siriviriyakul
- Alternative and Complementary Medicine for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects of aloe vera in rats with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. World J Hepatol 2020. [DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v12.i7.364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Processes exacerbating apoptosis in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 133:2245-2264. [PMID: 31742325 DOI: 10.1042/cs20190068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a significant public health concern, owing to its high prevalence, progressive nature and lack of effective medical therapies. NAFLD is a complex and multifactorial disease involving the progressive and concerted action of factors that contribute to the development of liver inflammation and eventually fibrosis. Here, we summarize fundamental molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), how they are interrelated and possible translation to clinical applications. We focus on processes triggering and exacerbating apoptotic signalling in the liver of NAFLD patients and their metabolic and pathological implications. Indeed, liver injury and inflammation are cardinal histopathological features of NASH, a duo in which derailment of apoptosis is of paramount importance. In turn, the liver houses a very high number of mitochondria, crucial metabolic unifiers of both extrinsic and intrinsic signals that converge in apoptosis activation. The role of lifestyle options is also dissected, highlighting the management of modifiable risk factors, such as obesity and harmful alcohol consumption, influencing apoptosis signalling in the liver and ultimately NAFLD progression. Integrating NAFLD-associated pathologic mechanisms in the cell death context could provide clues for a more profound understating of the disease and pave the way for novel rational therapies.
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A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of emricasan in patients with NASH and F1-F3 fibrosis. J Hepatol 2020; 72:816-827. [PMID: 31887369 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is characterized by hepatocyte steatosis, ballooning, and lobular inflammation which may lead to fibrosis. Lipotoxicity activates caspases, which cause apoptosis and inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β and IL-18) production. Emricasan is a pan-caspase inhibitor that decreases serum aminotransferases and caspase activation in patients with NASH. This study postulated that 72 weeks of emricasan treatment would improve liver fibrosis without worsening of NASH. METHODS In this double-blind, placebo-controlled study 318 patients were randomized 1:1:1 to twice-daily treatment with emricasan (5 mg or 50 mg) or matching placebo for 72 weeks. Patients had definite NASH and NASH CRN fibrosis stage F1-F3, as determined by a central reader, on a liver biopsy obtained within 6 months of randomization. RESULTS Emricasan treatment did not achieve the primary objective of fibrosis improvement without worsening of NASH (emricasan 5 mg: 11.2%; emricasan 50 mg: 12.3%; placebo: 19.0%; odds ratios vs. placebo 0.530 and 0.588, with p = 0.972 and 0.972, respectively) or the secondary objective of NASH resolution without worsening of fibrosis (emricasan 5 mg: 3.7%; emricasan 50 mg: 6.6%; placebo: 10.5%; odds ratios vs. placebo 0.334 and 0.613, with p = 0.070 and 0.335, respectively). In the small subset of patients with consistent normalization of serum alanine aminotransferase over 72 weeks, emricasan may have improved histologic outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Emricasan treatment did not improve liver histology in patients with NASH fibrosis despite target engagement and may have worsened fibrosis and ballooning. Caspase inhibition lowered serum alanine aminotransferase in the short-term but may have directed cells to alternative mechanisms of cell death, resulting in more liver fibrosis and hepatocyte ballooning. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER Clinical Trials.gov #NCT02686762. LAY SUMMARY Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is characterized by fat accumulation in liver cells, which leads to inflammation and fibrosis. Emricasan was previously shown to inhibit some of the liver enzymes which lead to liver inflammation and fibrosis. In this study, emricasan did not improve liver inflammation or fibrosis in patients with NASH and pre-existing liver fibrosis.
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Schwabe RF, Tabas I, Pajvani UB. Mechanisms of Fibrosis Development in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology 2020; 158:1913-1928. [PMID: 32044315 PMCID: PMC7682538 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.11.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is the most prevalent liver disease worldwide, affecting 20%-25% of the adult population. In 25% of patients, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease progresses to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which increases the risk for the development of cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma. In patients with NASH, liver fibrosis is the main determinant of mortality. Here, we review how interactions between different liver cells culminate in fibrosis development in NASH, focusing on triggers and consequences of hepatocyte-macrophage-hepatic stellate cell (HSC) crosstalk. We discuss pathways through which stressed and dead hepatocytes instigate the profibrogenic crosstalk with HSC and macrophages, including the reactivation of developmental pathways such as TAZ, Notch, and hedgehog; how clearance of dead cells in NASH via efferocytosis may affect inflammation and fibrogenesis; and insights into HSC and macrophage heterogeneity revealed by single-cell RNA sequencing. Finally, we summarize options to therapeutically interrupt this profibrogenic hepatocyte-macrophage-HSC network in NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Schwabe
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York; Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, New York.
| | - Ira Tabas
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York; Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, New York; Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Utpal B Pajvani
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York; Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, New York
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Roehlen N, Crouchet E, Baumert TF. Liver Fibrosis: Mechanistic Concepts and Therapeutic Perspectives. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040875. [PMID: 32260126 PMCID: PMC7226751 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 519] [Impact Index Per Article: 129.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis due to viral or metabolic chronic liver diseases is a major challenge of global health. Correlating with liver disease progression, fibrosis is a key factor for liver disease outcome and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Despite different mechanism of primary liver injury and disease-specific cell responses, the progression of fibrotic liver disease follows shared patterns across the main liver disease etiologies. Scientific discoveries within the last decade have transformed the understanding of the mechanisms of liver fibrosis. Removal or elimination of the causative agent such as control or cure of viral infection has shown that liver fibrosis is reversible. However, reversal often occurs too slowly or too infrequent to avoid life-threatening complications particularly in advanced fibrosis. Thus, there is a huge unmet medical need for anti-fibrotic therapies to prevent liver disease progression and HCC development. However, while many anti-fibrotic candidate agents have shown robust effects in experimental animal models, their anti-fibrotic effects in clinical trials have been limited or absent. Thus, no approved therapy exists for liver fibrosis. In this review we summarize cellular drivers and molecular mechanisms of fibrogenesis in chronic liver diseases and discuss their impact for the development of urgently needed anti-fibrotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Roehlen
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (N.R.); (E.C.)
- Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques U1110, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Emilie Crouchet
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (N.R.); (E.C.)
- Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques U1110, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas F. Baumert
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (N.R.); (E.C.)
- Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques U1110, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Pôle Hepato-digestif, Institut Hopitalo-Universitaire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-366853703
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Chen HW, Yen CC, Kuo LL, Lo CW, Huang CS, Chen CC, Lii CK. Benzyl isothiocyanate ameliorates high-fat/cholesterol/cholic acid diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis through inhibiting cholesterol crystal-activated NLRP3 inflammasome in Kupffer cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 393:114941. [PMID: 32126212 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.114941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Incidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is increasing worldwide. Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome is central to the development of diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). We investigated whether benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) ameliorates diet-induced NASH and the mechanisms involved. C57BL/6 J mice fed a high-fat diet containing cholesterol and cholic acid (HFCCD) and Kupffer cells stimulated with LPS and cholesterol crystals (CC) were studied. LPS/CC increased the expression of the active form of caspase 1 (p20) and the secretion of IL-1β by Kupffer cells, and these changes were reversed by MCC950, an NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor. LPS/CC-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL-1β production were dose-dependently attenuated by BITC. BITC decreased cathepsin B release from lysosomes and binding to NLRP3 induced by LPS/CC. Compared with a normal diet, the HFCCD increased serum levels of ALT, AST, total cholesterol, and IL-1β and hepatic contents of triglycerides and total cholesterol. BITC administration (0.1% in diet) reversed the increase in AST and hepatic triglycerides in the HFCCD group. Moreover, BITC suppressed lipid accumulation, macrophage infiltration, fibrosis, crown-like structure formation, and p20 caspase 1 and p17 IL-1β expression in liver in the HFCCD group. These results suggest that BITC ameliorates HFCCD-induced steatohepatitis by inhibiting the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in Kupffer cells and may protect against diet-induced NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haw-Wen Chen
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Ching Yen
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Li Kuo
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wen Lo
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Shiu Huang
- Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chieh Chen
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chong-Kuei Lii
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Zhao P, Sun X, Chaggan C, Liao Z, In Wong K, He F, Singh S, Loomba R, Karin M, Witztum JL, Saltiel AR. An AMPK-caspase-6 axis controls liver damage in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Science 2020; 367:652-660. [PMID: 32029622 PMCID: PMC8012106 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay0542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Liver cell death has an essential role in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The activity of the energy sensor adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is repressed in NASH. Liver-specific AMPK knockout aggravated liver damage in mouse NASH models. AMPK phosphorylated proapoptotic caspase-6 protein to inhibit its activation, keeping hepatocyte apoptosis in check. Suppression of AMPK activity relieved this inhibition, rendering caspase-6 activated in human and mouse NASH. AMPK activation or caspase-6 inhibition, even after the onset of NASH, improved liver damage and fibrosis. Once phosphorylation was decreased, caspase-6 was activated by caspase-3 or -7. Active caspase-6 cleaved Bid to induce cytochrome c release, generating a feedforward loop that leads to hepatocyte death. Thus, the AMPK-caspase-6 axis regulates liver damage in NASH, implicating AMPK and caspase-6 as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhao
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Xiaoli Sun
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Cynthia Chaggan
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Zhongji Liao
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kai In Wong
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Feng He
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Seema Singh
- NAFLD Research Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Rohit Loomba
- NAFLD Research Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Michael Karin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Joseph L Witztum
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alan R Saltiel
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Saeed WK, Jun DW, Jang K, Oh JH, Chae YJ, Lee JS, Koh DH, Kang HT. Decrease in fat de novo synthesis and chemokine ligand expression in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease caused by inhibition of mixed lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 34:2206-2218. [PMID: 31132314 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.14740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Receptor-interacting serine/threonine kinase 3 and mixed lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase (MLKL) have gained attention as apoptosis alternate cell death signaling molecules. We aimed to evaluate the role of MLKL in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). METHODS Hepatic tissue MLKL expression was compared between NAFLD patients and healthy controls. High-fat diet was fed to wild-type and MLKL-knockout (KO) mice for 12 weeks. Brown adipose fat tissue was measured by [18 F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Energy expenditure was measured by indirect calorimetry. Anti-MLKL effects were also evaluated in in vitro setting using U937 and HepG2 cells. RESULTS Hepatic tissue MLKL expression increased in NAFLD patients compared with healthy controls. MLKL expression increased according to the degree of steatosis, ballooning, and inflammation. High-fat diet-fed MLKL-KO mice displayed decreased alanine aminotransferase, triglycerides, liver weight, NAFLD activity score (6.3 vs 3.5, P < 0.001), steatosis score (3.0 vs 1.8, P < 0.001), inflammation, and ballooning degeneration compared with wild-type mice. SREBP1c, fatty acid synthase, and SCD-1 expressions decreased in MLKL-KO mice. Adipose tissue F4/80-positive crown-like structures were also reduced in MLKL-KO mice. HepG2 cells treated with necrosulfonamide (an MLKL inhibitor) showed reduced Nile red staining and reduced SREBP1c and SCD-1 expressions. Stimulation of necroptosis using lipopolysaccharide + caspase inhibitor (zVAD) increased CXCL1/2 expressions in U937 monocyte cells. Lipopolysaccharide + zVAD-induced increased expressions of CXCL1/2 were reduced with necrosulfonamide treatment. CONCLUSIONS Mixed lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase inhibition has protective effects in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis by decreasing hepatic de novo fat synthesis and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Khalid Saeed
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dae Won Jun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Translational Medicine, Hanyang University Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kiseok Jang
- Department of Pathology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ju Hee Oh
- Department of Translational Medicine, Hanyang University Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yeon Ji Chae
- Department of Translational Medicine, Hanyang University Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jai Sun Lee
- Department of Translational Medicine, Hanyang University Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong Hee Koh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong-si, South Korea
| | - Hyeon Tae Kang
- Department of Translational Medicine, Hanyang University Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Seoul, South Korea
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Abd El-Rahman SS, Fayed HM. Targeting AngII/AT1R signaling pathway by perindopril inhibits ongoing liver fibrosis in rat. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 13:2131-2141. [PMID: 31348596 DOI: 10.1002/term.2940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has a substantial role in liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and portal hypertension. Hence, targeting RAS through angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors can mend hepatic fibrosis; the current study was designed to examine the potential fibrosis inhibition activity of perindopril using a rat model of liver fibrosis induced by thioacetamide (TAA). Four groups of rats were used throughout this study, Group I (control group); rats received the vehicle. TAA was used for inducing liver fibrosis in rats by intraperitoneal injection of 200-mg/kg body weight twice a week for 6 weeks. Group II served as (TAA group). Rats of Groups III and IV were given perindopril at doses of 2 and 8 mg/kg 2 weeks after TAA administration and continued concomitantly with TAA till the end of the experiment. Injection of TAA resulted in a significant increase in aminotransferases' activities and bilirubin with a significant decrease in serum albumin and total protein and a significant decrease in hepatic content of GSH and SOD. Additionally, TAA injection raised the hepatic content of TGF-β1, α-SMA, TNF-α, and level of MDA. Histological and immunohistochemical data presented marked fibrosis in liver sections of TAA-administrated rats with increased collagen deposition, elevated METAVIR scoring, and increased expression of α-SMA, caspase-3, and AT1R. Oral dosing of perindopril for 4 weeks concomitant with TAA could mend the altered parameters near to normal values and abolished the ongoing fibrosis extension. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that perindopril, as ACE inhibitor, could grant a superior remedial nominee in preventing liver fibrosis progression through targeting angiotensin II formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hany M Fayed
- Pharmacology Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
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