1
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Qin Y, Shi M, Wei Y, Lu W. The role of NMDA receptors in fish stress response: Assessments based on physiology of the caudal neurosecretory system and defensive behavior. J Neuroendocrinol 2024:e13448. [PMID: 39351903 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 10/03/2024]
Abstract
Stress strongly influences the physiology and behavior of animals, and leads into a pathological condition and disease. NMDA receptors (NMDARs) play a crucial role in the modulation of neural activity. To understand the role of NMDARs in fish stress response, we used NMDARs agonist aspartate to test the functional role of its input on the Dahlgren cell population in the caudal neurosecretory system (CNSS) of the olive flounder. In addition, the effect of the NMDARs antagonist D-AP5 on the expression of genes of the main secretory products of the CNSS after stress was investigated by using qPCR technology and the effect of the NMDARs antagonist D-AP5 on post-stress behavior was explored by behavioral methods. Ex vivo electrophysiological experiments showed that the NMDARs agonist aspartate enhanced the firing frequency of Dahlgren cells. Additionally, aspartate treatment increased the incidence of cells exhibiting bursting firing pattern, this result is corroborated by the observed upregulation in the expression of ion channels and major hormone genes in the CNSS. Furthermore, the excitatory influence of aspartate was effectively counteracted by NMDARs antagonist D-AP5. Interestingly, NMDARs antagonist D-AP5 treatment also significantly decreased the plasma cortisol levels and the expression of CRH, UI, and UII in CNSS after acute stress. Treatment with D-AP5 effectively attenuated the stress response, as evidenced by alterations in respiratory metabolism, sand-burying behavior, swimming distance, simulated capture, and escape response. In conclusion, modulation of Dahlgren cell excitability in the CNSS by NMDARs contributes to the regulation of the stress response, NMDARs antagonist D-AP5 can effectively suppress stress response in flounder by regulating the stress hormone expression and secretion. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: Project code SHOU-DW-2022-032.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeyang Qin
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education (Shanghai Ocean University), Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources (Shanghai Ocean University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengmeng Shi
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education (Shanghai Ocean University), Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources (Shanghai Ocean University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyan Wei
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education (Shanghai Ocean University), Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources (Shanghai Ocean University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqun Lu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education (Shanghai Ocean University), Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources (Shanghai Ocean University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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2
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Keihani R, Gomes AS, Balseiro P, Handeland SO, Gorissen M, Arukwe A. Evaluation of stress in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) using different biological matrices. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2024; 298:111743. [PMID: 39288868 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2024] [Revised: 09/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
Atlantic salmon were subjected to an acute crowding scenario, and their subsequent stress responses were observed under three distinct swimming speed/water flow (WF) conditions: 0.5, 1, and 1.5 body lengths per second (BL/s). Feces, dermal mucus, and plasma were collected for analysis at 1, 6, and 24 h (h) post-stress. Additionally, the head kidney and two regions of the brain (pituitary and POA) were collected for transcript expression analysis. Fish swimming at 0.5 BL/s exhibited higher pre-stress (baseline) cortisol levels. Across all groups and matrices, the highest cortisol/cortisol metabolites (CM) levels were observed at the 1 h post-stress sampling point. At 6 h (second sampling time point), a clear decline toward baseline levels were observe in all groups. Significant increases in mean plasma glucose levels were observed at 1 h post-stress for all groups. The mean plasma lactate levels varied based on WF treatments, with a significant increase observed at 1 h only for the 1.5 BL/s group. Additionally, significant decreases in mean plasma lactate were noted at 6 and 24 h post-stress for some groups. The mRNA abundances of the tested genes (star, cyp17a1, hsd11β2, srd5a1) increased following the stress events. These changes were not uniform across all groups and were tissue dependent. In summary, the results indicate that mucus and feces can be used as potentially less invasive matrices than blood for evaluating stress and, consequently, the welfare of Atlantic salmon in captivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouzbeh Keihani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ana S Gomes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Pablo Balseiro
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Marnix Gorissen
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Ecological Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Augustine Arukwe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
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3
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Li J, Lu Y, Chen H, Zheng P, Zhang X, Zhang Z, Ding L, Wang D, Xu C, Ai X, Zhang Q, Xian J, Hong M. Effects of Dietary Fish Oil Supplementation on the Growth, Proximate Composition, and Liver Health of Chinese Stripe-Necked Turtle ( Mauremys sinensis). Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2511. [PMID: 39272296 PMCID: PMC11394261 DOI: 10.3390/ani14172511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Dietary lipids provide energy for animals and can also be converted into other nutrients (such as non-essential amino acids), which play a role in saving protein. The Chinese stripe-necked turtle is a protected and endangered species that has been bred in captivity; however, basic data on lipid requirements remain unavailable. In this study, 360 Mauremys sinensis (body weight of 65.32 ± 0.15 g) were randomly divided into six groups with three replicates per group; the turtles were fed experimental diets supplemented with various levels of fish oil (i.e., 1% (control group, CG), 3.5% (HF-1), 6% (HF-2), 8.5% (HF-3), 11% (HF-4), and 13.5% (HF-5)) for 10 weeks. The results showed that compared with CG, increasing the fish oil level promoted the growth performance of turtles, and the HF-3 group achieved the best effect. The HF-4 group showed the highest increases in the hepatosomatic index and viscerosomatic index. In addition, increased lipid levels also increased the crude lipid content and reduced the crude protein content in muscle tissue. Oil red O staining showed that the liver lipid content increased with the level of supplemented fish oil, which is consistent with the results of the hepatosomatic index. Compared with CG, triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased significantly in both the liver and serum when fish oil levels exceeded 8.5% (p < 0.05), while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased significantly. Aspartate transaminase and cerealthirdtransaminase levels in serum increased significantly when fish oil levels exceeded 8.5% (p < 0.05). Moreover, the activities of antioxidant enzymes (GSH-Px, SOD, T-AOC, and CAT) and MDA showed similar results, indicating that high fish oil levels (8.5-13.5%) caused liver tissue damage in M. sinensis. Increased fish oil levels significantly upregulated the expression levels of cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, TGF-β1, IL-10, and IL-12) (p < 0.05), downregulated the expression levels of antioxidant enzyme-related genes (cat, mn-sod, and gsh-px), and increased apoptosis of liver cells. Supplementation of the diet with 3.5-6% fish oil improved the growth performance of M. sinensis, and the turtles maintained a beneficial immune status. The results provide a scientific basis for optimizing the commercial feed formula of M. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntao Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Components Research and Utilization of Marine Bio-Resources, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Yaopeng Lu
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Components Research and Utilization of Marine Bio-Resources, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Huiqin Chen
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Components Research and Utilization of Marine Bio-Resources, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Peihua Zheng
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Components Research and Utilization of Marine Bio-Resources, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Xiuxia Zhang
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Components Research and Utilization of Marine Bio-Resources, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Zelong Zhang
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Components Research and Utilization of Marine Bio-Resources, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Li Ding
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Components Research and Utilization of Marine Bio-Resources, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Chi Xu
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Components Research and Utilization of Marine Bio-Resources, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Xiaoqi Ai
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Qiongyu Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Jianan Xian
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Components Research and Utilization of Marine Bio-Resources, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Meiling Hong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
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Dissinger A, Rimoldi S, Terova G, Kwasek K. Chronic social isolation affects feeding behavior of juvenile zebrafish (Danio rerio). PLoS One 2024; 19:e0307967. [PMID: 39058733 PMCID: PMC11280532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0307967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Many organisms exhibit social behaviors and are part of some scheme of social structure. Zebrafish are highly social, shoaling fish and therefore, social isolation may have notable impacts on their physiology and behavior. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of social isolation on feed intake, monoaminergic system related gene expression, and intestinal health of juvenile zebrafish fed a high-inclusion soybean meal based diet. At 20 days post-fertilization zebrafish were randomly assigned to chronic isolation (1 fish per 1.5 L tank) or social housing (6 fish per 9 L tank) with 18 tanks per treatment group (n = 18). Dividers were placed between all tanks to prevent visual cues between fish. Zebrafish were fed a commercial fishmeal based diet until 35 days post-fertilization and then fed the experimental high-inclusion soybean meal based diet until 50 days post-fertilization. At the end of the experiment (51 days post-fertilization), the mean total length, weight, and weight gain were not significantly different between treatment groups. Feed intake and feed conversion ratio were significantly higher in chronic isolation fish than in social housing fish. Expression of monoaminergic and appetite-related genes were not significantly different between groups. The chronic isolation group showed higher expression of the inflammatory gene il-1b, however, average intestinal villi width was significantly smaller and average length-to-width ratio was significantly higher in chronic isolation fish, suggesting morphological signs of inflammation were not present at the time of sampling. These results indicate that chronic isolation positively affects feed intake of juvenile zebrafish and suggest that isolation may be useful in promoting feed intake of less-palatable diets such as those based on soybean meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aubrey Dissinger
- Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University – Carbondale, Carbondale, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Simona Rimoldi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Genciana Terova
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Karolina Kwasek
- Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University – Carbondale, Carbondale, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, United States of America
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5
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da Silva HNP, Dornelles JL, Bandeira Junior G, Barany A, da Silva LVF, Mourão RHV, Baldissera MD, de Freitas Milarch C, Portela VM, Martínez-Rodríguez G, Mancera JM, Martos-Sitcha JA, Baldisserotto B. Protium heptaphyllum essential oil from the fruit as a sedative and anesthetic in Rhamdia quelen: influence in cardiac frequency, biochemical, and oxidative parameters. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2024:10.1007/s10695-024-01380-z. [PMID: 39020065 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-024-01380-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Protium heptaphyllum fruit essential oil (PHEO) on the physiology of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) during anesthesia and recovery, through studying echocardiograms, oxidative status, and metabolic parameters. Three experiments were performed: (1) 50 silver catfish juveniles were submitted to anesthesia and recovery tests with 300, 400, 500, 600, and 700 mg L-1 of PHEO. (2) Echocardiogram analysis was performed in anesthetized and non-anesthetized fish. (3) Biochemical parameters were evaluated at 0, 30, 60, and 120 min of recovery after being anesthetized for 3 min with 600 mg L-1 PHEO. Times to sedation and deep anesthesia were reduced with PHEO increasing concentrations. The echocardiogram showed a higher cardiac rate in anesthetized fish. Plasma glucose levels increased in control fish through recovery time, but anesthetized fish showed lower levels than controls at 120 min of recovery. Metabolic parameters such as plasma and hepatic glucose did not show changes considering the recovery time of up to 120 min. Hepatic glycogen, lactate, and triglycerides reduced their levels over recovery times. Fish anesthetized enhanced superoxide dismutase activity and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances levels but decreased reduced glutathione (GSH) levels at 30 min compared to controls. After 60 min, GSH values were significantly higher in anesthetized fish than in controls. These results suggest that PHEO at 600 mg L-1 is an effective anesthetic for the rapid handling of silver catfish, providing stable metabolic parameters and enhanced antioxidant responses during recovery. Echocardiogram analysis confirms the anesthetic effect, supporting PHEO as a viable and efficient option for fish anesthesia in aquaculture. The use of PHEO in aquaculture can enhance fish welfare by reducing stress during handling and transportation, potentially leading to improved growth, health, and survival rates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan Lameira Dornelles
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Rio Grande Do Sul, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Guerino Bandeira Junior
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Rio Grande Do Sul, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - André Barany
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, ExcelenciaInternacional del Mar (CEI MAR), Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), University of Cádiz, Campus de, 11519, Cádiz, Puerto Real, Spain
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Valerio Marques Portela
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Rio Grande Do Sul, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Gonzalo Martínez-Rodríguez
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICMAN-CSIC), Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía, 11519, Cádiz, Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Juan Miguel Mancera
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, ExcelenciaInternacional del Mar (CEI MAR), Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), University of Cádiz, Campus de, 11519, Cádiz, Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Martos-Sitcha
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, ExcelenciaInternacional del Mar (CEI MAR), Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), University of Cádiz, Campus de, 11519, Cádiz, Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Bernardo Baldisserotto
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Rio Grande Do Sul, Santa Maria, Brazil.
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Aravena-Canales D, Valenzuela-Muñoz V, Gallardo-Escarate C, Molina A, Valdés JA. Transcriptomic and Epigenomic Responses to Cortisol-Mediated Stress in Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) Skeletal Muscle. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7586. [PMID: 39062828 PMCID: PMC11276852 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The production and release of cortisol during stress responses are key regulators of growth in teleosts. Understanding the molecular responses to cortisol is crucial for the sustainable farming of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and other salmonid species. While several studies have explored the genomic and non-genomic impacts of cortisol on fish growth and skeletal muscle development, the long-term effects driven by epigenetic mechanisms, such as cortisol-induced DNA methylation, remain unexplored. In this study, we analyzed the transcriptome and genome-wide DNA methylation in the skeletal muscle of rainbow trout seven days after cortisol administration. We identified 550 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by RNA-seq and 9059 differentially methylated genes (DMGs) via whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) analysis. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that cortisol modulates the differential expression of genes associated with nucleotide metabolism, ECM-receptor interaction, and the regulation of actin cytoskeleton pathways. Similarly, cortisol induced the differential methylation of genes associated with focal adhesion, adrenergic signaling in cardiomyocytes, and Wnt signaling. Through integrative analyses, we determined that 126 genes showed a negative correlation between up-regulated expression and down-regulated methylation. KEGG enrichment analysis of these genes indicated participation in ECM-receptor interaction, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, and focal adhesion. Using RT-qPCR, we confirmed the differential expression of lamb3, itga6, limk2, itgb4, capn2, and thbs1. This study revealed for the first time the molecular responses of skeletal muscle to cortisol at the transcriptomic and whole-genome DNA methylation levels in rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Aravena-Canales
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370035, Chile; (D.A.-C.); (A.M.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), University of Concepción, Concepcion 4030000, Chile; (V.V.-M.); (C.G.-E.)
| | - Valentina Valenzuela-Muñoz
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), University of Concepción, Concepcion 4030000, Chile; (V.V.-M.); (C.G.-E.)
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Naturaleza, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción 4030000, Chile
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Department of Oceanography, University of Concepción, Concepcion 4030000, Chile
| | - Cristian Gallardo-Escarate
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), University of Concepción, Concepcion 4030000, Chile; (V.V.-M.); (C.G.-E.)
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Department of Oceanography, University of Concepción, Concepcion 4030000, Chile
| | - Alfredo Molina
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370035, Chile; (D.A.-C.); (A.M.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), University of Concepción, Concepcion 4030000, Chile; (V.V.-M.); (C.G.-E.)
- Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Universidad Andres Bello, Quintay 2340000, Chile
| | - Juan Antonio Valdés
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370035, Chile; (D.A.-C.); (A.M.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), University of Concepción, Concepcion 4030000, Chile; (V.V.-M.); (C.G.-E.)
- Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Universidad Andres Bello, Quintay 2340000, Chile
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Mi H, Zhang T, Lu Y, Chen J, Li X. Effect of temperature fluctuation on the physiological stress response of hybrid pearl gentian grouper during waterless keeping alive. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2024; 50:927-939. [PMID: 38305929 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-024-01307-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Temperature fluctuations are inevitable and have an important impact on the survival of fish during transportation. Therefore, the effect of temperature fluctuation (15 ± 1 °C, 15 ± 2 °C, 15 ± 3 °C) on the muscle quality, physiological, and immune function of hybrid pearl gentian grouper before waterless keeping alive, during keeping alive (0 h, 3 h, 6 h, 9 h, 12 h), and after revival for 12 h was investigated. The plasma glucose concentration of grouper gradually decreased to 0.645 ± 0.007 mg/mL, 0.657 ± 0.006 mg/mL, and 0.677 ± 0.004 mg/mL after keeping alive for 12 h under different temperature fluctuations of 15 ± 1 °C, 15 ± 2 °C, and 15 ± 3 °C, respectively. The cortisol concentration and lysozyme activity of pearl gentian grouper significantly increased (P < 0.05) during the keeping alive period. The results suggested that fish bodies would produce acute stress response, strengthen immune defense ability, and quickly consume a lot of energy to adapt to the low-temperature anhydrous environment. In all treatment groups, the activities of plasma alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and the content of creatinine gradually increased with the prolongation of the survival time. The hardness and springiness of muscle decreased from 5965.99 ± 20.15 and 0.90 ± 0.00 to 3490.69 ± 27.59 and 0.42 ± 0.01, respectively. In the meanwhile, the change of glycogen and lactic acid content was opposite, indicating that temperature fluctuation harmed the liver, kidney function, and muscle quality. In the later stage of keeping alive, the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities decreased, especially in the temperature fluctuation group of ±3 °C (125.99 ± 5.48 U/mgprot, 44.21 ± 0.63 U/mgprot), leading to an imbalance of fish immunity. In summary, higher temperature fluctuation would influence the physiological function and immune defense ability and decrease the quality of pearl gentian grouper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Mi
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou, 121013, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Ocean Research, Bohai University, Jinzhou, 121013, People's Republic of China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products, Jinzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou, 121013, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Ocean Research, Bohai University, Jinzhou, 121013, People's Republic of China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products, Jinzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou, 121013, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Ocean Research, Bohai University, Jinzhou, 121013, People's Republic of China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products, Jinzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingxin Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou, 121013, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Ocean Research, Bohai University, Jinzhou, 121013, People's Republic of China.
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products, Jinzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xuepeng Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou, 121013, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Ocean Research, Bohai University, Jinzhou, 121013, People's Republic of China.
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products, Jinzhou, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Zare M, Kazempour M, Hosseini Choupani SM, Akhavan SR, Salini M, Rombenso A, Esmaeili N. The crosstalk between photoperiod and early mild stress on juvenile oscar (Astronotus ocellatus) after acute stress. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2024; 50:1025-1046. [PMID: 38407735 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-024-01316-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Early mild stress (EMS) is like preparedness and might help fish deal with stress appropriately. This study investigated how EMS and photoperiod changes can impact growth, haematology, blood biochemistry, immunological response, antioxidant system, liver enzymes, and stress response of oscar (Astronotus ocellatus; 7.29 ± 0.96 g) before and after acute confinement stress (AC stress). Ten experimental treatments included five different photoperiods 8L16D (08:16 light to dark), 12L12D (12:12 light to dark), 16L8D (16:08 light to dark), 20L4D (20:04 light to dark), and 24L0D (24:00 light to dark), and these five photoperiod schedules were conducted in an EMS condition. After 9 weeks, no significant differences were found in growth parameters, survival rate, and body composition. At the end of the experiment and after AC stress, fish farmed in 24 light hours had the lowest haematocrit, white blood cells, total protein, blood performance, lysozyme, immunoglobulin M, complement C3, superoxide dismutase, and catalase. Fish that experienced EMS had significantly higher survival rates than those farmed in normal conditions (80.67% vs 61.33%). In conclusion, considering all measured parameters, 8-h light can be suggested as an optimum photoperiod for this fish species. Under 24L0D (no EMS) conditions, there were many negative effects apparent. In addition, a positive effect of EMS was evident in terms of survival after AC stress. AC stress decreased some health parameters under 24-h light treatment, while these results were not observed in EMS-exposed fish. Therefore, the EMS schedule can be a useful tool in preventing the negative effects of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahyar Zare
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Institute of Aquaculture and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Na Sádkách, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Mohammad Kazempour
- Department of Microbiology, Pathobiology & Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | | | - Sobhan R Akhavan
- Nelson Marlborough Institute of Technology, 322 Hardy Street, Private Bag 19, Nelson, New Zealand
| | - Michael Salini
- Nutrition and Seafood Laboratory (NuSea.Lab), School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3225, Australia
| | - Artur Rombenso
- CSIRO, Agriculture and Food, Livestock & Aquaculture Program, Bribie Island Research Centre, Bribie Island, QLD, Australia
| | - Noah Esmaeili
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 15-21 Nubeena Cres, Hobart, Taroona, TAS, 7053, Australia.
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9
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Maeda T, Hagihara S, Wakiya R, Kimura S. Can displaced Anguilla marmorata return to their original habitat? Daily tracking study of their homing behavior. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38811345 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Anguilla marmorata collected in the Odana River lower reaches were passive integrated transponder-tagged displaced and released into the upper river reaches (54 up-transported eels), and eels collected in the upper reaches were tagged and released downstream (52 down-transported eels). Their movements were detected once per day for 10 days using a portable radio-frequency identification (RFID) system. The homing rate of the down-transported eels was 38.9%, compared to 3.7% for the up-transported eels, suggesting that eels inhabiting upstream areas have relatively high fidelity to their habitats and downstream eels have less fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiko Maeda
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Seishi Hagihara
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
- Nanae Freshwater Station, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ryoshiro Wakiya
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shingo Kimura
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
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10
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Hematyar N, Rahimnejad S, Gorakh Waghmare S, Malinovskyi O, Policar T. Effects of Stocking Density and Pre-Slaughter Handling on the Fillet Quality of Largemouth Bass ( Micropterus salmoides): Implications for Fish Welfare. Foods 2024; 13:1477. [PMID: 38790777 PMCID: PMC11120225 DOI: 10.3390/foods13101477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
There is currently insufficient acknowledgment of the relationship between fish welfare and ultimate fillet quality. The purpose of this study was to assess the impacts of pre-slaughter handling and stocking density as fish welfare markers on fillet quality of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Fish from three stocking densities of 35, 50, and 65 kg·m-3 were reared in a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) for 12 weeks and received commercial feed. Ultimately, the fish were either stunned with percussion on the head (control group) or subjected to air exposure for 3 min (anoxia group) before stunning and subsequent collection of blood and fillet samples. Western blot analysis revealed the degradation of actin in both groups. Additionally, higher oxidation progress and lower hardness and pH were observed in anoxia compared to the control group. We observed higher hardness at 35 kg·m-3 in anoxia compared to 50 and 65 km-3. The initial hardness values at 35, 50, and 65 km-3 were 1073, 841, and 813 (g) respectively in the anoxia group. Furthermore, the anoxia and control groups had rigor mortis after 6 and 10 h, respectively. Cortisol and glucose levels, and oxidative enzymes activity were higher in anoxia than in the control group. In conclusion, oxidation induced by anoxia likely plays a crucial role as a promoter of the quality deterioration of largemouth bass fillets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Hematyar
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic; (S.R.); (S.G.W.); (O.M.); (T.P.)
| | - Samad Rahimnejad
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic; (S.R.); (S.G.W.); (O.M.); (T.P.)
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Swapnil Gorakh Waghmare
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic; (S.R.); (S.G.W.); (O.M.); (T.P.)
| | - Oleksandr Malinovskyi
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic; (S.R.); (S.G.W.); (O.M.); (T.P.)
| | - Tomas Policar
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic; (S.R.); (S.G.W.); (O.M.); (T.P.)
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11
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Gaffney K, Burgerhout E, Espmark Å, Lein I. The impact of dissolved oxygen concentration on the swimming performance and welfare of ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta Ascanius, 1767). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2024; 104:1423-1432. [PMID: 38350663 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis [Krøyer, 1838]) are a key issue for salmon aquaculture, contributing to increased mortality for both wild and farmed salmon if no action is taken. Using cleaner fish can be an effective, drug-free treatment method, and ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta) is a hardy wrasse species that displays cleaning behavior. With concerns about the overharvest of wild ballan wrasse, many companies farm this species, but the optimal ranges of a wide variety of rearing parameters are still unknown. This study investigated the effect of 6-week exposure to four dissolved oxygen (DO) levels (125%, 100%, 85%, and 75% DO saturation as the percentage of air) on ballan wrasse. Survival; growth (specific growth rate, SGR); condition factor (CF); and primary (cortisol), secondary (glucose, lactate, magnesium), and tertiary stress indicators (swimming performance) were investigated. There were no differences in SGR, CF, survival, or cortisol level among the groups at the end of the 6 weeks. There was variation in the magnitude of the cortisol response to an acute stressor at the end of the 6-week period, with the 75% DO treatment exhibiting a 3.3-fold increase in cortisol compared to a 5.2-fold increase in the control group (100%), which could suggest chronic stress. Relative critical swimming speed (RUcrit) was measured to investigate swimming performance once all groups were returned to 100% DO saturation. The 75% RUcrit was lower than the 100% treatment (1.7 ± 0.18 body length [BL]/s compared to 2.5 ± 0.16 BL/s). Overall, these results suggest that DO levels of 75% trigger physiological changes and therefore may negatively affect welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Gaffney
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, University of the Highlands and Islands, Oban, UK
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12
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Li Z, Gao Q, Dong S, Dong K, Xu Y, Mei Y, Hou Z. Effects of Chronic Stress from High Stocking Density in Mariculture: Evaluations of Growth Performance and Lipid Metabolism of Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhychus mykiss). BIOLOGY 2024; 13:263. [PMID: 38666875 PMCID: PMC11048194 DOI: 10.3390/biology13040263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
(1) Background: In aquaculture, chronic stress due to high stocking density impairs animals' welfare and results in declined fishery production with low protein quality. However, most previous studies evaluated the effects of high stocking density on trout in freshwater rather than seawater. (2) Methods: Juvenile trout were reared for 84 days in circular tanks under three stocking densities, including low density ("LD", 9.15 kg/m3), moderate density ("MD", 13.65 kg/m3), and high density ("HD", 27.31 kg/m3) in seawater. The final densities of LD, MD, and HD were 22.00, 32.05 and 52.24 kg/m3, respectively. Growth performance and lipid metabolism were evaluated. (3) Results: Growth performance and feeding efficiency were significantly reduced due to chronic stress under high density in mariculture. The digestive activity of lipids was promoted in the gut of HD fish, while the concentration of triglycerides was decreased in the blood. Furthermore, decreased acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and fatty acid synthase (FAS), increased hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) concentrations, and activated hepatic β-oxidation processes were observed in trout under HD. Redundancy analysis showed that glycerol and HSL can be used as potential markers to evaluate the growth performance of trout in mariculture. (4) Conclusions: We showed that chronic high stocking density led to negative effects on growth performance, reduced de novo synthesis of fatty acids, and enhanced lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (Z.L.)
| | - Qinfeng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (Z.L.)
- Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Shuanglin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (Z.L.)
- Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Kang Dong
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (Z.L.)
| | - Yuling Xu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (Z.L.)
| | - Yaoping Mei
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (Z.L.)
| | - Zhishuai Hou
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (Z.L.)
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13
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Winship K, McClain A, Ramos A, Dunham J, Xitco M. Health and Welfare Benefits of Computerized Cognitive Enrichment in California Sea Lions ( Zalophus californianus) at the US Navy Marine Mammal Program. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1120. [PMID: 38612359 PMCID: PMC11010985 DOI: 10.3390/ani14071120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cognitive enrichment is becoming more prevalent in professional marine mammal facilities. Research with dolphins has suggested that such enrichment provides more welfare benefits than enrichment that does not incorporate cognitive challenge. However, there is little research supporting the use of cognitive enrichment as a means to improve the welfare of sea lions. Recently, a novel form of technological cognitive enrichment, the Enclosure Video Enrichment (EVE) system, was introduced to a population of California sea lions at the US Navy's Marine Mammal Program as a means to enhance welfare. Two of the initial focal animals introduced to EVE were selected based on their health history and the possible benefits of cognitive enrichment in improving health measures. To evaluate this, information regarding the animals' consumption of their offered diet was compared to other animals in the population of similar age and the absence of a similar health history. Subsequently, the total diet consumption of the targeted animals was evaluated in the two years prior to the introduction to EVE and compared to the total diet consumption during the initial 2 years of regular EVE sessions. There was a significant decrease in the number of days in which the sea lions did not consume their entire offered diet in the two years after implementing regular EVE sessions, an increase in participation and performance of voluntary husbandry behaviors, and a reduction in the number of days animals were clinically ill. This study provides evidence of cognitive enrichment as a management tool to improve animal health and welfare as well as performance in training sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley Winship
- National Marine Mammal Foundation, 2240 Shelter Island Dr., Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92106, USA
| | - Abby McClain
- National Marine Mammal Foundation, 2240 Shelter Island Dr., Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92106, USA
| | - Amber Ramos
- National Marine Mammal Foundation, 2240 Shelter Island Dr., Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92106, USA
| | - Jennifer Dunham
- National Marine Mammal Foundation, 2240 Shelter Island Dr., Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92106, USA
| | - Mark Xitco
- U.S. Navy Marine Mammal Program, Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific, Code 56700, 53560 Hull Street, San Diego, CA 92152, USA
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14
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Villalba AM, De la Llave-Propín Á, De la Fuente J, Pérez C, de Chavarri EG, Díaz MT, Cabezas A, González-Garoz R, Torrent F, Villarroel M, Bermejo-Poza R. Using underwater currents as an occupational enrichment method to improve the stress status in rainbow trout. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2024; 50:463-475. [PMID: 38060080 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-023-01277-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of occupational enrichment, specifically underwater currents, on the stress status of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). A total of 540 fish were divided into three groups: control tanks without artificial currents (CO), tanks with randomly fired underwater currents (RFC), and tanks with continuous current throughout the day (CT). After 30 days, half of the fish in each group underwent a 5-day pre-slaughter fasting (5D), while the others were fed until the day before slaughter (0D). Fish in the RFC group exhibited lower levels of plasma cortisol and acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity in hypothalamus and optic tract than other groups, suggesting an improved stress status. RFC group also showed higher levels of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in 5D fish and higher liver glycogen stores, suggesting improved energy reserves. In comparison, the CT group had higher LDH levels, possibly due to their increased swimming activity. The CO group had significantly lower NEFA levels at 5D compared to the RFC group, suggesting lower energy reserves. The RFC fish had darker and yellow-reddish skin and liver color, suggesting an improved stress status and lower lipid reserves, respectively. Overall, although a significant stress response was not observed in fasted individuals, possibly due to the relatively short fasting period, the study suggests that providing occupational enrichment using randomly fired underwater currents for 1 month helped to improve stress status in rainbow trout, indicating that occupational enrichment during the grow-out phase can positively impact the welfare of rainbow trout during routine handling procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Martínez Villalba
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro S/N, 28040, VeterinariaMadrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro De la Llave-Propín
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro S/N, 28040, VeterinariaMadrid, Spain
- CEIGRAM-ETSIAAB, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Avenida Complutense 3, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús De la Fuente
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro S/N, 28040, VeterinariaMadrid, Spain
| | - Concepción Pérez
- Departamento de Fisiología Animal, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro S/N, 28040, VeterinariaMadrid, Spain
| | - Elisabet González de Chavarri
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro S/N, 28040, VeterinariaMadrid, Spain
| | - María Teresa Díaz
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro S/N, 28040, VeterinariaMadrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Cabezas
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro S/N, 28040, VeterinariaMadrid, Spain
| | - Roberto González-Garoz
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro S/N, 28040, VeterinariaMadrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Torrent
- Departamento de Ingeniería y Gestión Forestal y Ambiental, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería de Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria S/N, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Morris Villarroel
- CEIGRAM-ETSIAAB, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Avenida Complutense 3, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rubén Bermejo-Poza
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro S/N, 28040, VeterinariaMadrid, Spain.
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15
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Gneiding B, Bonotto DR, Bendhack F, Mauerwerk MT, de Oliveira JEB, Madeira HMF, de Macedo REF, Pinto RD, Baldan AP. The influence of eugenol, benzocaine and ice water on the welfare of adult grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:787-796. [PMID: 37923868 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10244-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of eugenol, benzocaine, and ice water during the sedative, anesthetic or euthanasia processes on the welfare of adult grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). The experimental design was randomized and the animals were divided into eight groups. Sixty-two animals underwent an acclimation period. The neutral group used to obtain basal data of grass carp were not subjected to treatments, but anesthetized to collect blood samples and euthanized by medullary section. The others seven groups were submitted to seven treatments with eight repetitions (control group; ethanol; eugenol 50 mgL-1, eugenol 250 mgL-1, benzocaine 100 mgL-1, benzocaine 300 mgL-1, and ice water 2:1), their behavior was observed. Blood samples was collected and then euthanized by medullary sectioning. Biometric data were measured and a part of the liver was collected for hepatic glycogen analysis. There was a statistically significant difference in the time required to reach the anesthetic stage between the groups (p < 0.01). Benzocaine and eugenol at the higher concentration provided the fastest responses to sedatives and anesthetics, respectively. The animals subjected to higher anesthetic concentrations reached stage five and did not return from anesthesia, therefore, benzocaine and eugenol were effective euthanizing agents. Benzocaine at the lowest concentration showed the highest concentrations of glucose and cortisol (p < 0.05). Although benzocaine at 100 mgL-1 concentrations is widely used as an anesthetic in fish, this study demonstrated its use as a stressor agent. Basal data of grass carp for stress parameters are presented for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Gneiding
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Imaculada Conceição, 1155 - Prado Velho, CEP: 80.215-901, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | | | - Fabiano Bendhack
- Center for Marine Studies, Federal University of Paraná, Pontal do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - José Eduardo Basilio de Oliveira
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Center for the Development of Alto Vale do Itajaí, Rio do Sul, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | - Renata Ernlund Freitas de Macedo
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Imaculada Conceição, 1155 - Prado Velho, CEP: 80.215-901, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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16
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Li Z, Zhou S, He J, Ying J, Xu K. Environmental enrichment improves behaviors rather than the growth and physiology of rock bream Oplegnathus fasciatus. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2024; 104:758-768. [PMID: 37950685 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Environmental enrichment has the potential to improve the welfare and post-release survival of hatchery fish stocked for conservation purposes. However, the effectiveness of environmental enrichment is partly dependent on the fish species, life stage, and specific enrichment structure used. To enhance the effectiveness of environmental enrichment, it is crucial to focus on characteristic differences in enrichment structures, such as type and level. This study investigated how differences in enrichment type and level affected physiological and behavioral aspects of the welfare of pre-release juvenile rock bream Oplegnathus fasciatus by evaluating growth performance, basal and stressed cortisol levels, antioxidant enzyme activities, and exploratory behaviors regarding anxiety and flexibility. Fish were reared for 4 weeks in different enrichment treatments: barren, low-level cover structure, high-level cover structure, low-level interference structure (LI), and high-level interference structure (HI). The results revealed that fish reared with the LI treatment showed less anxiety and greater flexibility with respect to exploratory behaviors, without oxidative damage being detected. Despite exhibiting less anxiety as well, fish reared in the HI treatment had oxidative damage, indicated by lower superoxide dismutase activity, compared to those in the barren treatment. In addition, none of these enrichment structures enhanced growth performance or mitigate chronic and acute stress responses. Overall, the low-level interference structure may be more favorable in promoting the behavioral welfare of the fish. Application of this type and level of enrichment may increase the survival of the hatchery fish after release, which is critical to stocking success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Li
- Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan, China
- Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources of Key Fishing Grounds, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhoushan, China
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fishery Resources of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan, China
| | - Shanshan Zhou
- Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan, China
- Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources of Key Fishing Grounds, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhoushan, China
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fishery Resources of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan, China
| | - Jingjing He
- Marine and Fisheries Institute, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Jie Ying
- Yuanjie aquatic seeding farm, Zhoushan, China
| | - Kaida Xu
- Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan, China
- Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources of Key Fishing Grounds, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhoushan, China
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fishery Resources of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan, China
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17
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Ali W, Fatima M, Shah SZH, Khan N, Naveed S. Black cardamom (Amomum subulatum) extract improves growth potential, antioxidant status, immune parameters and response to crowding stress in Catla catla. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2024; 108:274-284. [PMID: 37803872 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural herbs are excellent alternatives to synthetic compounds to enhance the growth performance and health status of fish. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of black cardamom (Amomum subulatum) extract (BCE) as an herbal supplement in improving the growth, antioxidant status, haematology, and serum biochemistry of Catla catla. The acclimatized fish (N = 900; average initial weight = 14.44 ± 0.33 g) were allocated into five groups (60 fish/group in triplicate) in hapas (4 × 2 × 2.5 ft) and provided with feed containing 0 (control), 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 g/kg BCE for 90 days before being subjected to 8 days of crowding stress. After 90 days, significantly higher feed utilization and growth were observed in all BCE-fed treatments compared to the control; however, the maximum values of these parameters were noted in the 2 g/kg BCE-fed treatment. Moreover, the BCE-fed groups exhibited a significant increase in antioxidant indices (glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase), with a significant reduction in malondialdehyde levels, indicating a higher antioxidant capacity compared to the control. Significant improvements in haematological parameters, such as an increase in haematocrit, haemoglobin and red blood cells and a decrease in white blood cells, were observed in BCE-fed treatments compared to the control. Furthermore, BCE-fed groups showed a significant decrease in serum glucose, cortisol and triglycerides, while total protein, globulin and albumin levels were significantly higher compared with the control. During the feeding trial of 90 days, no mortality was observed; however, the lowest cumulative mortality was noted in the 2 g/kg BCE group after crowding stress of 8 days. In conclusion, the use of BCE in feed can enhance the growth performance, antioxidant status, haematology, and serum biochemistry of C. catla and improve the resistance against crowding stress. The optimum levels of BCE for C. catla were estimated based on weight gain % (1.78 g/kg; R2 = 0.97), feed conversion ratio (1.65 g/kg; R2 = 0.98), MDA content (1.66 g/kg; R2 = 0.93) and serum lysozyme activity (1.72 g/kg; R2 = 1) using broken-line regression analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wazir Ali
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mahroze Fatima
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Noor Khan
- Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saima Naveed
- Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
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18
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Suhr M, Fichtner-Grabowski FT, Seibel H, Bang C, Franke A, Schulz C, Hornburg SC. Effects of plant-based proteins and handling stress on intestinal mucus microbiota in rainbow trout. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22563. [PMID: 38110473 PMCID: PMC10728151 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50071-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Via 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, this study explores whether the gut mucus microbiota of rainbow trout is affected by the interaction of a plant-protein-based diet and a daily handling stressor (chasing with a fishing net) across two genetic lines (A, B). Initial body weights of fish from lines A and B were 124.7 g and 147.2 g, respectively. Fish were fed 1.5% of body weight per day for 59 days either of two experimental diets, differing in their fish meal [fishmeal-based diet (F): 35%, plant-based diet (V): 7%] and plant-based protein content (diet F: 47%, diet V: 73%). No diet- or stress-related effect on fish performance was observed at the end of the trial. However, we found significantly increased observed ASVs in the intestinal mucus of fish fed diet F compared to diet V. No significant differences in Shannon diversity could be observed between treatments. The autochthonous microbiota in fish fed with diet V was dominated by representatives of the genera Mycoplasma, Cetobacterium, and Ruminococcaceae, whereas Enterobacteriaceae and Photobacterium were significantly associated with diet F. The mucus bacteria in both genetic lines were significantly separated by diet, but neither by stress nor an interaction, as obtained via PERMANOVA. However, pairwise comparisons revealed that the diet effect was only significant in stressed fish. Therefore, our findings indicate that the mucus-associated microbiota is primarily modulated by the protein source, but this modulation is mediated by the stress status of the fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Suhr
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Straße 9, 24118, Kiel, Germany.
| | | | - Henrike Seibel
- Fraunhofer Research Institution for Individualized and Cell-Based Medical Engineering (IMTE), Hafentörn 3, 25761, Büsum, Germany
| | - Corinna Bang
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Rosalind-Franklin-Str. 12, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Rosalind-Franklin-Str. 12, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Carsten Schulz
- Fraunhofer Research Institution for Individualized and Cell-Based Medical Engineering (IMTE), Hafentörn 3, 25761, Büsum, Germany
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Straße 6, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stéphanie C Hornburg
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Straße 9, 24118, Kiel, Germany
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19
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Dawood MAO, Gewaily M, Sewilam H. Combined effects of water salinity and ammonia exposure on the antioxidative status, serum biochemistry, and immunity of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2023; 49:1461-1477. [PMID: 37987935 PMCID: PMC10757701 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-023-01267-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Growing Nile tilapia in brackish water showed promising results, but the possibility of ammonia exposure can interrupt health status and productivity. Herein, the study tested the combined effects of water salinity and ammonia exposure on the antioxidative status, serum biochemistry, and immunity of Nile tilapia. Fish were assigned to eight groups where fish were reared in saline water (5, 10, and 15 ppt) with continuous or intermittent (every 3 days) total ammonia (TAN) exposure (5 mg TAN/L) (2 × 4 factorial design). After 30 days, the water salinity, TAN, and their interaction were markedly (P < 0.05), affecting the growth performance (final weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate) and survival rate of Nile tilapia. The growth performance and survival rate were markedly lower in tilapia grown in 15 ppt with continuous TAN exposure than in the remaining groups. The results showed that fish exposed to higher salinity levels (10 and 15 ppt) and continuous TAN exposure had a more robust antioxidative response, as evidenced by higher superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities and lower malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the homogenates of the gills, intestines, and livers. The gills were notably affected, with congestion of primary filaments blood vessels and degeneration or shedding of secondary filaments epithelium, especially at salinity levels of 10 and 15 ppt. Additionally, the intestines displayed hyperplasia and inflammatory cell infiltration of intestinal mucosa at 5-10 ppt salinity, degeneration and sloughing of the intestinal epithelium at 15 ppt saline water, and increased goblet cell number at salinity of 10 ppt. The study found that continuous TAN exposure had a more significant impact on the fish, especially at higher salinity levels. Water salinity, TAN, and their interaction significantly affected all measured blood bio-indicators (total, albumin, globulin, ALT, AST, creatinine, urea, glucose, and cortisol levels). The phagocytic activity and index were markedly lowered in fish reared in 15 ppt with continuous TAN exposure, while the lysozyme activity was decreased in fish grown in 5, 10, and 15 ppt with continuous TAN exposure. In conclusion, Nile tilapia showed the possibility of growth with normal health status in brackish water (5-10 ppt); however, continuous TAN exposure can impair the productivity of tilapia, especially with high salinity (15 ppt).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A O Dawood
- The Center for Applied Research On the Environment and Sustainability, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, 11835, Cairo, Egypt.
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516, Egypt.
| | - Mahmoud Gewaily
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Hani Sewilam
- The Center for Applied Research On the Environment and Sustainability, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, 11835, Cairo, Egypt.
- Department of Engineering Hydrology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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20
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Carbajal A, Lawrence MJ, Gilmour KM, Lopez-Bejar M, Cooke SJ. Evaluation of the effects of exogenous cortisol manipulation and the glucocorticoid antagonist, RU486, on the exploratory tendency of bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2023; 49:1187-1198. [PMID: 37819483 PMCID: PMC10757703 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-023-01250-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
In teleost fishes, activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal axis leads to an elevation of circulating cortisol levels as a primary stress response. While acute elevation of cortisol is generally beneficial, long-term elevation, a common characteristic of chronic stress, may lead to detrimental effects on health and physiological performance in fishes. Some stress-mediated behavioural shifts, such as variation along the shy-boldness axis in fish, may influence individual fitness. The present study evaluated the role of cortisol and its mechanisms of action in the exploratory behaviour of the bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus). Fish were implanted with cocoa butter alone (sham treatment), or cocoa butter containing cortisol, or cortisol and the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, RU486. A control (untreated) group was also used. Animals were held for 48 h following treatment and then were subjected to a Z-maze trial to characterize the exploratory behaviour. Cortisol treatment had no measurable effect on the exploratory behaviour of bluegill sunfish. Despite presenting a higher probability of refuge emergence, fish treated with cortisol combined with RU486 behaved similarly to cortisol-treated and control groups. While these results suggest that cortisol may not be involved in the mechanisms controlling boldness, the influence of cortisol elevation across longer time periods plus validation in different contexts will be necessary to confirm this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annaïs Carbajal
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Veterinary Faculty, UniversitatAutònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Michael J Lawrence
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | - Manel Lopez-Bejar
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Veterinary Faculty, UniversitatAutònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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21
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Pomianowski K, Gozdowska M, Sokołowska E, Kulczykowska E. The cutaneous stress response system in three-spined stickleback and European flounder exposed to oxidative stress: Different mode of action. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2023; 285:111493. [PMID: 37541323 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
In fish, the skin is directly exposed to multiple environmental stressors and provides the first line of defense against harmful external factors. It turned out that cortisol and melatonin (Mel) are involved in fish cutaneous stress response system (CSRS) similar to mammalian. This study investigates the mode of action of CSRS in two teleost species of different biology and skin characteristics, the three-spined stickleback and the European flounder, after exposure to oxidative stress induced by a potassium dichromate solution. The cutaneous stress response system presents different ways of action in two studied species: Mel concentration increases in the skin of both species, but cortisol concentration increases in the skin only in sticklebacks. Data suggest that stickleback skin cells can produce cortisol. However, cortisol is not involved in the response to oxidative stress in flounders. In stickleback skin, two genes encoding AANAT and ASMT/HIOMT (enzymes involved in Mel synthesis), aanat1a and asmt2, are expressed, but in flounder skin, only one, asmtl. Because gene expression does not change in stickleback skin after exposure to stress, the source of increased Mel is probably outside the skin. A lack of expression of the gene encoding AANAT in flounder skin strongly suggests that Mel is transported to the skin by the bloodstream from other sites of synthesis. Pigment dispersion in the skin after exposure to oxidative stress is found only in sticklebacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Pomianowski
- Department of Genetics and Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55 Str., 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - Magdalena Gozdowska
- Department of Genetics and Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55 Str., 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - Ewa Sokołowska
- Department of Genetics and Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55 Str., 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - Ewa Kulczykowska
- Department of Genetics and Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55 Str., 81-712 Sopot, Poland.
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22
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Marcoli R, Symonds JE, Walker SP, Battershill CN, Bird S. Characterising the Physiological Responses of Chinook Salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) Subjected to Heat and Oxygen Stress. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1342. [PMID: 37887052 PMCID: PMC10604766 DOI: 10.3390/biology12101342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
In New Zealand, during the hottest periods of the year, some salmon farms in the Marlborough Sounds reach water temperatures above the optimal range for Chinook salmon. High levels of mortality are recorded during these periods, emphasising the importance of understanding thermal stress in this species. In this study, the responses of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) to chronic, long-term changes in temperature and dissolved oxygen were investigated. This is a unique investigation due to the duration of the stress events the fish were exposed to. Health and haematological parameters were analysed alongside gene expression results to determine the effects of thermal stress on Chinook salmon. Six copies of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) were discovered and characterised: HSP90AA1.1a, HSP90AA1.2a, HSP90AA1.1b, HSP90AA1.2b, HSP90AB1a and HSP90AB1b, as well as two copies of SOD1, named SOD1a and SOD1b. The amino acid sequences contained features similar to those found in other vertebrate HSP90 and SOD1 sequences, and the phylogenetic tree and synteny analysis provided conclusive evidence of their relationship to other vertebrate HSP90 and SOD1 genes. Primers were designed for qPCR to enable the expression of all copies of HSP90 and SOD1 to be analysed. The expression studies showed that HSP90 and SOD1 were downregulated in the liver and spleen in response to longer term exposure to high temperatures and lower dissolved oxygen. HSP90 was also downregulated in the gill; however, the results for SOD1 expression in the gill were not conclusive. This study provides important insights into the physiological and genetic responses of Chinook salmon to temperature and oxygen stress, which are critical for developing sustainable fish aquaculture in an era of changing global climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Marcoli
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia;
- ARC Research Hub for Supercharging Tropical Aquaculture through Genetic Solutions, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand;
| | - Jane E. Symonds
- Cawthron Institute, Nelson 7010, New Zealand; (J.E.S.); (S.P.W.)
| | - Seumas P. Walker
- Cawthron Institute, Nelson 7010, New Zealand; (J.E.S.); (S.P.W.)
| | | | - Steve Bird
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand;
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23
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Saiz N, Herrera-Castillo L, de Pedro N, Delgado MJ, Arvidsson SD, Marugal-López MÁ, Isorna E. Assessing Chronodisruption Distress in Goldfish: The Importance of Multimodal Approaches. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2481. [PMID: 37570290 PMCID: PMC10417125 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronodisruption caused by factors such as light at night and mistimed meals has been linked to numerous physiological alterations in vertebrates and may be an anxiogenic factor affecting welfare. This study aims to investigate whether chronodisruption causes measurable changes in the anxiety responses of goldfish under two conditions: randomly scheduled feeding (RF) and continuous light (LL). Anxiety-like behavior was assessed in the open field with object approach and black/white preference tests, which had been validated using diazepam. An increased thigmotaxis response and decreased object exploration under both chronodisruption protocols indicated anxiety states. Furthermore, locomotor activity was increased in LL fish. The black/white preference test discriminated anxiolysis induced by diazepam but was unable to detect anxiety caused by chronodisruption. Plasma cortisol increased in both RF and LL fish throughout the experiment, confirming that both conditions caused stress. The LL fish also showed an apparently desensitized hypothalamus-pituitary-interrenal HPI axis, with a decrease in pomc and crf expression. Individual analysis found no correlation between anxiety-like behavior and stress axis activation nor between scototaxis and thigmotaxis responses. However, individual differences in sensitivity to each test were detected. Altogether, these results highlight circadian disruption as a stressor for fish and endorse a multiple variable approach for reliably assessing animal discomfort.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Esther Isorna
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (N.S.); (L.H.-C.); (N.d.P.); (M.J.D.); (S.D.A.); (M.Á.M.-L.)
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24
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Ikari T, Furusawa Y, Tabuchi Y, Maruyama Y, Hattori A, Kitani Y, Toyota K, Nagami A, Hirayama J, Watanabe K, Shigematsu A, Rafiuddin MA, Ogiso S, Fukushi K, Kuroda K, Hatano K, Sekiguchi T, Kawashima R, Srivastav AK, Nishiuchi T, Sakatoku A, Yoshida MA, Matsubara H, Suzuki N. Kynurenine promotes Calcitonin secretion and reduces cortisol in the Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8700. [PMID: 37248272 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35222-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Deep ocean water (DOW) exerts positive effects on the growth of marine organisms, suggesting the presence of unknown component(s) that facilitate their aquaculture. We observed that DOW suppressed plasma cortisol (i.e., a stress marker) concentration in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) reared under high-density condition. RNA-sequencing analysis of flounder brains showed that when compared to surface seawater (SSW)-reared fish, DOW-reared fish had lower expression of hypothalamic (i.e., corticotropin-releasing hormone) and pituitary (i.e., proopiomelanocortin, including adrenocorticotropic hormone) hormone-encoding genes. Moreover, DOW-mediated regulation of gene expression was linked to decreased blood cortisol concentration in DOW-reared fish. Our results indicate that DOW activated osteoblasts in fish scales and facilitated the production of Calcitonin, a hypocalcemic hormone that acts as an analgesic. We then provide evidence that the Calcitonin produced is involved in the regulatory network of genes controlling cortisol secretion. In addition, the indole component kynurenine was identified as the component responsible for osteoblast activation in DOW. Furthermore, kynurenine increased plasma Calcitonin concentrations in flounders reared under high-density condition, while it decreased plasma cortisol concentration. Taken together, we propose that kynurenine in DOW exerts a cortisol-reducing effect in flounders by facilitating Calcitonin production by osteoblasts in the scales.
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Grants
- 22009, 22015, 22016, 22017, 22044 The cooperative research program of the Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University
- 22009, 22015, 22016, 22017, 22044 The cooperative research program of the Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University
- 22009, 22015, 22016, 22017, 22044 The cooperative research program of the Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University
- 22009, 22015, 22016, 22017, 22044 The cooperative research program of the Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University
- 22009, 22015, 22016, 22017, 22044 The cooperative research program of the Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University
- 20K06718, 21K05725, 22J01508 JSPS
- 20K06718, 21K05725, 22J01508 JSPS
- 20K06718, 21K05725, 22J01508 JSPS
- 2209 The Salt Science Research Foundation
- JPMJTM19AP JST
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Ikari
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ogi, Noto-Cho, Ishikawa, 927-0553, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Furusawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Kurokawa, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Tabuchi
- Life Science Research Center, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yusuke Maruyama
- Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Ichikawa, Chiba, 272-0827, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Hattori
- Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Ichikawa, Chiba, 272-0827, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Kitani
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ogi, Noto-Cho, Ishikawa, 927-0553, Japan
| | - Kenji Toyota
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ogi, Noto-Cho, Ishikawa, 927-0553, Japan
| | - Arata Nagami
- Noto Center for Fisheries Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Osaka, Noto-Cho, Ishikawa, 927-0552, Japan
| | - Jun Hirayama
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Faculty of Health Sciences, Komatsu University, Komatsu, Ishikawa, 923-0961, Japan
| | - Kazuki Watanabe
- Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Ichikawa, Chiba, 272-0827, Japan
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Faculty of Health Sciences, Komatsu University, Komatsu, Ishikawa, 923-0961, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shigematsu
- Noto Center for Fisheries Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Osaka, Noto-Cho, Ishikawa, 927-0552, Japan
| | - Muhammad Ahya Rafiuddin
- Noto Center for Fisheries Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Osaka, Noto-Cho, Ishikawa, 927-0552, Japan
| | - Shouzo Ogiso
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ogi, Noto-Cho, Ishikawa, 927-0553, Japan
| | - Keisuke Fukushi
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kohei Kuroda
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ogi, Noto-Cho, Ishikawa, 927-0553, Japan
| | - Kaito Hatano
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ogi, Noto-Cho, Ishikawa, 927-0553, Japan
| | - Toshio Sekiguchi
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ogi, Noto-Cho, Ishikawa, 927-0553, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Kawashima
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Faculty of Health Sciences, Komatsu University, Komatsu, Ishikawa, 923-0961, Japan
| | - Ajai K Srivastav
- Department of Zoology, D.D.U. Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, 273-009, India
| | - Takumi Nishiuchi
- Bioscience Core Facility, Research Center for Experimental Modeling of Human Disease, Kanazawa University, Takara-Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Akihiro Sakatoku
- School of Science, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Gofuku, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan
| | - Masa-Aki Yoshida
- Marine Biological Science Section, Education and Research Center for Biological Resources, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Oki, Shimane, 685-0024, Japan
| | - Hajime Matsubara
- Noto Center for Fisheries Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Osaka, Noto-Cho, Ishikawa, 927-0552, Japan
| | - Nobuo Suzuki
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ogi, Noto-Cho, Ishikawa, 927-0553, Japan.
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25
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Aguiar D, Marques C, Pereira AC. The Importance of Monitoring Cortisol in the Agri-Food Sector-A Systematic Review. Metabolites 2023; 13:692. [PMID: 37367850 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13060692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortisol monitoring in the agri-food sector is considered a valuable tool due to its direct correlation with growth, reproduction, the immune system, and overall animal welfare. Strategies to monitor this stress hormone and its correlation to food quality and security have been studied in fish farming and the livestock industry. This review discusses studies on monitoring cortisol in the food industry for the first time. The impact of cortisol on animal production, quality, and the security of food products, and the analytical procedures commonly implemented for sample pre-concentration and quantification by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, are reviewed and discussed according to the results published in the period 2012-2022. Aquaculture, or fish farming, is the leading agri-food sector, where cortisol's impact and usefulness are better known than in livestock. The determination of cortisol in fish not only allows for an increase in the production rate, but also the ability to monitor the water quality, enhancing the sustainable development of this industry. In cattle, further studies are needed since it has mainly been used to detect the administration of illicit substances. Current analytical control and monitoring techniques are expensive and often depend on invasive sampling, not allowing fast or real-time monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayana Aguiar
- Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- ISOPlexis, Centre for Sustainable Agriculture and Food Technology, University of Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Carlos Marques
- Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Institute of Nanostructures, Nanomodelling and Nanofabrication (I3N), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana C Pereira
- ISOPlexis, Centre for Sustainable Agriculture and Food Technology, University of Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
- Institute of Nanostructures, Nanomodelling and Nanofabrication (I3N), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Pólo II-Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
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26
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Ouyang A, Zhang M, Yuan G, Liu X, Su J. Chitooligosaccharide boosts the immunity of immunosuppressed blunt snout bream against bacterial infections. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:124696. [PMID: 37224898 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The immunosuppression hazard of fish brought by intensive aquaculture needs to be addressed urgently, while chitooligosaccharide (COS) shows the potential application in the prevention the immunosuppression of fish due to its superior biological properties. In this study, COS reversed the cortisol-induced immunosuppression of macrophages and improved the immune activity of macrophages in vitro, promoting the expression of inflammatory genes (TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS) and NO production, and increasing the phagocytic activity of macrophages. In vivo, the oral COS was absorbed directly through the intestine, significantly ameliorating the innate immunity of cortisol-induced immunosuppression of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). Such as facilitated the gene expression of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) and pattern recognition receptors (TLR4, MR) and potentiated bacterial clearance, resulting in an effective improvement in survival and tissue damage. Altogether, this study demonstrates that COS offers potential strategies in the application of immunosuppression prevention and control in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aotian Ouyang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Mengwei Zhang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Gailing Yuan
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Jianguo Su
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430070, China
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Echeverría-Bugueño M, Irgang R, Mancilla-Schulz J, Avendaño-Herrera R. Healthy and infected Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) skin-mucus response to Tenacibaculum dicentrarchi under in vitro conditions. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 136:108747. [PMID: 37059254 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Tenacibaculosis caused by Tenacibaculum dicentrarchi is the second most important bacterial disease that affects the Chilean salmon industry. The impacted fish show severe external gross skin lesions on different areas of the body. The external mucus layer that covers fish skin contains numerous immune substances that act as one of the main defense barriers against microbial colonization and invasions by potential pathogens. The present in vitro study aimed to evaluate and elucidate the role of the external mucus layer in the susceptibility of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to three Chilean T. dicentrarchi strains and the type strain. For this, mucus collected from healthy and diseased (i.e., with T. dicentrarchi) Atlantic salmon were used, and various antibacterial and inflammatory parameters were analysed. The T. dicentrarchi strains were attracted to the mucus of Atlantic salmon regardless of health status. All four strains adhered to the skin mucus and very quickly grew using the mucus nutrients. Once infection was established, different mucosal defense components were activated in the fish, but the levels of bactericidal activity and of other enzymes were insufficient to eliminate T. dicentrarchi. Alternatively, this pathogen may be able to neutralize or evade these mechanisms. Therefore, the survival of T. dicentrarchi in fish skin mucus could be relevant to facilitate the colonization and subsequent invasion of hosts. The given in vitro results suggest that greater attention should be given to fish skin mucus as a primary defense against T. dicentrarchi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Echeverría-Bugueño
- Universidad Andrés Bello, Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Viña del Mar, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Rute Irgang
- Universidad Andrés Bello, Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Viña del Mar, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | | | - Ruben Avendaño-Herrera
- Universidad Andrés Bello, Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Viña del Mar, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile; Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Universidad Andrés Bello, Quintay, Chile.
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Samaras A. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Basal and Post-Stress Circulating Cortisol Concentration in an Important Marine Aquaculture Fish Species, European Sea Bass, Dicentrarchus labrax. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13081340. [PMID: 37106903 PMCID: PMC10135258 DOI: 10.3390/ani13081340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND European sea bass is a species characterized by high and dispersed cortisol levels. The aim of the present study was to analyze all published data on basal and post-acute stress cortisol levels in this species. METHODS For this systematic review and meta-analysis the Web of Science and Scopus databases were searched for papers reporting plasma or serum cortisol levels in E. sea bass, without language or date restrictions. Data were extracted directly for the reported results and were analyzed separately for basal and post-acute stress levels, as well their standardized mean differences (SMD) using random-effects meta-analyses. RESULTS Of 407 unique records identified, 69 were eligible. Basal cortisol levels had a pooled effect of 88.7 ng mL-1 (n = 57), while post-acute stress levels were 385.9 ng mL-1 (n = 34). The average SMD between basal and post-stress was calculated to be 3.02 (n = 22). All analyses had a high between-study heterogeneity. Results for basal and post-stress levels were affected by the assay type and anesthesia prior to blood sampling. CONCLUSIONS Cortisol levels in E. sea bass are higher than most studied fish species and display large heterogeneity. Application of stress led to elevated cortisol levels in all studies examined. In all cases, sources of between-studies heterogeneity were identified.
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Salih AHM, Patra I, Sivaraman R, Alhamzawi R, Khalikov KM, Al-qaim ZH, Golgouneh S, Jawad MA, Adhab AH, Vázquez-Cárdenas AL, Abarghouei S. The Probiotic Lactobacillus sakei Subsp. Sakei and Hawthorn Extract Supplements Improved Growth Performance, Digestive Enzymes, Immunity, and Resistance to the Pesticide Acetamiprid in Common Carp ( Cyprinus carpio). AQUACULTURE NUTRITION 2023; 2023:8506738. [PMID: 36922956 PMCID: PMC10010885 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8506738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the impacts of the probiotic, Lactobacillus sakei (L. sakei), and the extract of hawthorn, Crataegus elbursensis, on growth and immunity of the common carp exposed to acetamiprid. Fish (mean ± SE: 11.48 ± 0.1 g) feeding was done with formulated diets (T 1 (control): no supplementation, T 2: 1 × 106 CFU/g LS (Lactobacillus sakei), T3: 1 × 108 CFU/g LS, T 4: 0.5% hawthorn extract (HWE), and T 5: 1% HWE) for 60 days and then exposed to acetamiprid for 14 days. The growth performance improved in the fish fed LS at dietary level of 1 × 108 CFU/g, even after exposure to acetamiprid (P < 0.05). Intestinal Lactobacillus sakei (CFU/g) load increased (P < 0.05), following supplementation with the probiotic-enriched diet. The LS-treated fish had increases in the activity of digestive enzymes (P < 0.05). Both LS and HWE stimulated antioxidant enzymes and immune system components in serum and mucus (alkaline phosphatase (ALP), protease, total Ig, and lysozyme) (P < 0.05). However, the changes were different depending on the kind of the supplement. The malondialdehyde (MDA) levels decreased in HWE-treated fish after acetamiprid exposure (P < 0.05). Both LS and HWE reduced the liver metabolic enzymes (LDH, ALP, AST, ALT, and LDH) in serum both before and after exposure to the pesticide (P < 0.05). However, each enzyme exhibited a different change trend depending on the type of the supplement. HWE showed a stress-ameliorating effect, as glucose and cortisol levels declined in the HWE-treated fish (P < 0.05). This study indicated the immunomodulatory impacts of LS (1 × 108 CFU/g) and HWE (at dietary levels of 0.5-1%). The probiotic showed more performance compared to HWE. However, the HWE mitigated oxidative stress more efficiently than the probiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ramaswamy Sivaraman
- Institution of Dwaraka Doss Goverdhan Doss Vaishnav College, Arumbakkam, University of Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Rahim Alhamzawi
- College of Administration and Economics, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al Diwaniyah, Iraq
| | - Kakhor M. Khalikov
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Samarkand State Medical University, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
| | | | - Sahar Golgouneh
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ali Hussein Adhab
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technics, Al-Zahrawi University College, Karbala, Iraq
| | | | - Safoura Abarghouei
- Baharavaran Nastaran Agricultural Applied Scientific Training Center, Applied Scientific University, Qom, Iran
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Svitačová K, Slavík O, Horký P. Pigmentation potentially influences fish welfare in aquaculture. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2023.105903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2023]
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Dietary Chlorella vulgaris mitigated the adverse effects of Imidacloprid on the growth performance, antioxidant, and immune responses of common carp ( Cyprinus carpio). ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2023-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The use of pesticides to eliminate pests and weeds has raised concerns about water pollution and adverse effects on aquatic organisms, so many efforts have been made to increase the resistance of fish to these pesticides by using a proper nutrition strategy. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the growth performance, antioxidant, and immune responses of fish exposed to Imidacloprid insecticide (C9H10ClN5O2) by different doses of Chlorella vulgaris dry powder to the diet of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). In this study, 600 common carp with a medium weight (18.10±0.2 g; Mean ± SE) were prepared and after adaptation and determination of lethal concentration of Imidacloprid, for 56 days in 6 treatments and each with 3 replications were classified and tested (Control (T1), 5% Chlorella vulgaris dry powder and no pollution (T2), 10% Chlorella vulgaris dry powder and no pollution (T3), No Chlorella vulgaris dry powder and 12.5% LC50 Imidacloprid (T4), 5% Chlorella vulgaris dry powder plus 12.5% LC50 imidacloprid (T5) and 10% Chlorella vulgaris dry powder plus 12.5% LC50 Imidacloprid (T6)). After 96 hours of exposure to distinct concentrations of the insecticide, the total mortality was measured and the Imidacloprid median lethal concentration (LC50) over 96 hours was calculated (266.2 mg/l) using Probit analysis. According to the result, common carp fed T2 had the highest final weight (FW), weight gain (WG), and specific growth rate (SGR), and the lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) among the groups (P<0.05). Fish in the T2 group had the highest Total proteins, Albumin and Globulin (P<0.05). Fish in the group T4 had the highest Cortisol, Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) levels in the blood, while fish fed T2 and T3 had low values (P<0.05). The Alternative Complement Pathway (ACH50) was significantly higher in T2 and T3 than other groups (P<0.05). Blood total Immunoglobulin (Ig) and Lysozyme activity were high in T2 and T3 groups, and had the lowest values in the T4 group (P<0.05). The Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) and Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) showed the highest activities in T2 (P<0.05). T4 group had the highest Malondialdehyde (MDA) level, while T2 and T3 groups had the lowest MDA level (P<0.05). The highest Amylase, Protease and Lipase were in the T2 group, while the lowest values were in the T4 group (P<0.05). In conclusion, dietary Chlorella vulgaris protects common carp from Imidacloprid insecticide, since it improved growth performance, antioxidant and immune responses of fish.
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Wang X, Meng Z, Ma A. Genotype by Temperature Interaction for Plasma Physiological Indexes in Turbot ( Scophthalmus maximus) under Acute Heat Stress─Exploring a Method for Screening Physiological Biomarkers of Nontoxic Stress in Aquatic Environments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:2813-2825. [PMID: 36765456 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a method for exploring the genetic mechanism underlying the plasma physiological indexes under heat stress in aquatic environments and for screening reliable stress biomarkers based on split-split-plot analysis (SSP), additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analysis, and genotype main effects and genotype × environment interaction (GGE) biplot analysis. The methodology developed was illustrated by applying it to a specific turbot heat stress case study. Five plasma physiological indexes (epinephrine, cortisol, alkaline phosphatase, superoxide dismutase, and blood glucose levels) were measured in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) under acute heat stress at four temperatures (18, 21, 24, and 27 °C) for various exposure times (3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h). The SSP analysis showed that exposure time and temperature × gene interactions had significant (P < 0.01) effects on the activity/content of turbot plasma physiological indexes. The AMMI analysis showed the following: (1) that at each exposure time, the genotype effect > the genotype × temperature interaction > the temperature effect; (2) that during the whole experiment, the change trend of the contribution of the genotype × temperature interactions was similar to that of the temperature effect, and the changing trends of the contributions of the genotype × temperature interaction and the genotype effect were clearly completely reversed; and (3) that the 3-24-h period was the key period for the changes in the physiological indexes due to acute heat stress. The GGE biplot analysis showed that blood glucose and cortisol levels were reliable biomarkers and could be used as early warning markers for numerical simulations of physiological behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Function Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhen Meng
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Function Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Aijun Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Function Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
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Aedo JE, Zuloaga R, Aravena-Canales D, Molina A, Valdés JA. Role of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors in rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) skeletal muscle: A transcriptomic perspective of cortisol action. Front Physiol 2023; 13:1048008. [PMID: 36685183 PMCID: PMC9852899 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1048008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortisol is an essential regulator of neuroendocrine stress responses in teleost. Cortisol performs its effects through the modulation of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), activating gene expression. Until now the contribution of both receptors in the global transcriptional response in teleost skeletal muscle has not been explored. To understand in a comprehensive and global manner how GR and MR modulates the skeletal muscle transcriptomic response, we performed RNA-seq analysis. Juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) pretreated with a suppressor of endogenous cortisol production were intraperitoneally injected with cortisol (10 mg/kg). We also included a treatment with mifepristone (GR antagonist) and eplerenone (MR antagonist) in the presence or absence of cortisol. cDNA libraries were constructed from the skeletal muscle of rainbow trout groups: vehicle, cortisol, mifepristone, eplerenone, mifepristone/cortisol and eplerenone/cortisol. RNA-seq analysis revealed that 135 transcripts were differentially expressed in cortisol vs. mifepristone/cortisol group, mainly associated to inflammatory response, ion transmembrane transport, and proteolysis. In the other hand, 68 transcripts were differentially expressed in cortisol vs. eplerenone/cortisol group, mainly associated to muscle contraction, and regulation of cell cycle. To validate these observations, we performed in vitro experiments using rainbow trout myotubes. In myotubes treated with cortisol, we found increased expression of cxcr2, c3, and clca3p mediated by GR, associated with inflammatory response, proteolysis, and ion transmembrane transport, respectively. Contrastingly, MR modulated the expression of myh2 and gadd45g mainly associated with muscle contraction and regulation of cell cycle, respectively. These results suggest that GR and MR have a differential participation in the physiological response to stress in teleost skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge E. Aedo
- Departamento Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile,Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Zuloaga
- Departamento Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile,Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción, Chile
| | - Daniela Aravena-Canales
- Departamento Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile,Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción, Chile
| | - Alfredo Molina
- Departamento Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile,Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción, Chile
| | - Juan Antonio Valdés
- Departamento Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile,Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción, Chile,*Correspondence: Juan Antonio Valdés,
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Primary and Secondary Physiological Stress Responses of European Sea Bass ( Dicentrarchus labrax) Due to Rearing Practices under Aquaculture Farming Conditions in M'diq Bay, Moroccan Mediterranean: The Case of Sampling Operation for Size and Weight Measurement. Life (Basel) 2022; 13:life13010110. [PMID: 36676059 PMCID: PMC9862771 DOI: 10.3390/life13010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, aquaculture contributes to sustainable food and nutritional stability. However, stress conditions constitute a major threat affecting farmed-fish welfare and fish farms’ performances. In this regard, the present study was aimed at measuring and comparing in-situ (offshore) the physiological stress responses caused by recurrent sampling operations for length−weight measurement. Studied fish were European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax sub-adults and adults reared in intensive farming conditions in M’diq Bay, on the Moroccan Mediterranean coast. The physiological stress response was evaluated by measuring blood biomarkers, including cortisol, glucose, lactate, total cholesterol and total proteins levels, and hematocrit percentage. The hypercortisolemia, hyperglycemia, hyperlactatemia and hypoproteinemia detected in the post-sampling state in both age groups of D. labrax indicated stress tendencies and a high sensitivity to aquaculture practice-related stress factors, with major and minor responses detected in the same age and same stress conditions. It is also interesting to note that the fish age and the time-course of the sampling operation had a statistically significant effect in terms of the physiological response (with p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively). In conclusion, the present study showed that sea bass subjected to various stressful situations in intensive farming conditions displayed a physiological stress response specific to its age, to the individual status, as well as to the duration of stressor.
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García-Meilán I, Tort L, Khansari AR. Rainbow trout integrated response after recovery from short-term acute hypoxia. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1021927. [DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1021927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Overcoming a stress situation, such as hypoxia episodes, which involve an allostatic load, will depend on the ability of fish to modulate physiological and biochemical systems to maintain homeostasis. The aim of the study was to determine the integrated stress response after acute hypoxia of the rainbow trout considering the different elements and areas of the stress response: systemic and mucosal, local and global, and from the systemic hypothalamic–pituitary–interrenal axis to skin mucosa. For this purpose, trout were subjected to acute hypoxia (dissolved O2 down to 2 mg/L) for 1 h and then recovered and sampled at 1, 6, and 24 h after reoxygenation. Physiological responses were significantly affected by hypoxic stress and their interaction with time after the challenge, being significant for plasma lactate and cortisol levels, in both plasma and skin mucus. At the central brain level, only trh expression was modulated 1 h after hypoxia which indicates that brain function is not heavily affected by this particular stress. Unlike the brain, the head kidney and skin were more affected by hypoxia and reoxygenation. In the head kidney, an upregulation in the expression of most of the genes studied (gr, il1β, il6, tgfβ1, lysozyme, caspase 3, enolase, hif-1, myoglobin, sod2, gpx, gst, and gsr) took place 6 h after recovery, whereas only hsp70 and il10 were upregulated after 1 h. On the contrary, in the skin, most of the analyzed genes showed a higher upregulation during 1 h after stress suggesting that, in the skin, a local response took place as soon as the stressor was detected, thus indicating the importance of the skin in the building of a stress response, whereas the interrenal tissue participated in a later time point to help prevent further alteration at the central level. The present results also show that, even though the stressor is a physical/environmental stressor, all components of the biological systems participate in the regulation of the response process and the recovery process, including neuroendocrine, metabolism, and immunity.
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Li H, Wang J, Zhang X, Hu Y, Liu Y, Ma Z. Comparing behavioral performance and physiological responses of Sebastes schlegelii with different aggressiveness. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2022; 48:1333-1347. [PMID: 36103021 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-022-01123-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In fish, aggression has significant individual differences, and different personalities exhibit distinct behavioral performances and physiological stress responses. Under intensive culture conditions, Sebastes schlegelii juveniles display severe aggression and cannibalism, causing damage to fish welfare and economic loss. Herein, we investigated the alterations in behavioral performance and physiological stress indicators of Sebastes schlegelii juveniles with different aggressiveness. The results revealed that latency to the first movement, distance to center point, mobile frequency, and immobile frequency were significantly lower in high-aggressive individuals than low-aggressive individuals. In contrast, the immobile time was significantly higher in high-aggressive individuals compared to low-aggressive individuals. PCA was performed to identify the key parameters of fish behavior. From the results of PCA, position, motion state, and physical status could be used as behavioral screening indicators for individuals with different aggressiveness. The 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio was significantly lower in high-aggressive individuals than in low-aggressive individuals. Moreover, cortisol levels were positively correlated with immobile time, and the ratio of 5-HIAA/5-HT was significantly and positively correlated with the distance to the central point. These results suggested that individuals with different aggressiveness can be effectively distinguished in a short period of time according to behavioral factors such as position, motion state, and physical status. For a single measure, the distance to center point associated with brain monoaminergic activity may be a more direct factor. The results could be a non-invasive method to measure fish aggression and fish welfare, and then build on to improve fish welfare and enhance aquaculture management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Li
- College of Marine Science and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture, Ministry of Education, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jie Wang
- College of Marine Science and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture, Ministry of Education, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- College of Marine Science and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture, Ministry of Education, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yu Hu
- College of Marine Science and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture, Ministry of Education, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture, Ministry of Education, Dalian, 116023, China
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhen Ma
- College of Marine Science and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture, Ministry of Education, Dalian, 116023, China.
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Wang X, Meng Z, Ma A, Liu Z. Genotype × ammonia interaction effects on plasma physiological indexes in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) cultured under acute ammonia stress for different periods of times. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 242:113863. [PMID: 35841653 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated six plasma physiological indexes (epinephrine, cortisol, alkaline phosphatase, superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione, and blood glucose) in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) cultured in five ammonia concentrations (30.28, 35.90, 42.56, 50.47, and 59.82) at different exposure times (4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h). Then, we conducted additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) and genotype main effects and genotype × environment interaction (GGE) biplot analyses to analyze the genotype × ammonia interaction effects on the plasma physiological indexes. The AMMI analysis results revealed that the contributions of ammonia effect first decreased sharply (4-8 h), then decreased slowly (8-24 h), and then increased slowly (24-48 h). The contributions of genotype effect first decreased sharply (4-8 h), then increased slowly (8-24 h), and then decreased slowly (24-48 h). The contributions of genotype × ammonia interactions showed a sharp rise (4-8 h), a sharp decline (8-12 h), a slow decline (12-24 h), and finally a slow increase (24-48 h). The GGE biplot analysis revealed that alkaline phosphatase and reduced glutathione contents/activities are reliable biomarkers that can be used to establish an online early warning system for behavior numerical simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinan Wang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
| | - Zhen Meng
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
| | - Aijun Ma
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China.
| | - Zhifeng Liu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
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38
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Backström T, Winkelmann C. Invasive round goby shows higher sensitivity to salinization than native European perch. NEOBIOTA 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.75.86528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Salinity is an influential abiotic environmental factor in aquatic species, specifically in freshwater, where salinization causes ecosystem degradation. Secondary salinization, that is increases in salinity due to anthropogenic activities, can affect both osmoregulation and behaviour in freshwater fishes. It is generally believed that invasive species handle climatic change and environmental degradation better than native species, which is one reason for their invasion success. However, how invasive and native species cope with salinity changes remains little understood. Therefore, we investigated how low (500 µS/cm) and high salinity (2000 µS/cm) conditions affected oxygen consumption and behaviour in the invasive round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) and the native European perch (Perca fluviatilis). Our results showed that in round goby oxygen consumption increased and swimming and non-swimming movements changed in response to salinity increments, whereas European perch was not affected by salinity. Thus, it seems as if the invasive round goby is more sensitive to changes in salinity than the native European perch. Our results fit with the minority of studies indicating invasive species being less tolerant than some native species to environmental changes. This finding could be explained by the adaptation of round goby to low salinity due to its long establishment in River Rhine. Further, our results are also confirming that the effect of salinity is species-specific. In addition, European perch and round goby show diametrically different behavioural response to disturbance which could be an effect of holding different ecological niches as well as their anatomical differences.
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High-Temperature Stress Effect on the Red Cusk-Eel (Geypterus chilensis) Liver: Transcriptional Modulation and Oxidative Stress Damage. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11070990. [PMID: 36101373 PMCID: PMC9312335 DOI: 10.3390/biology11070990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary The red cusk-eel (Genypterus chilensis) is a native Chilean species important for aquaculture diversification in Chile. The effect of high-temperature stress on the liver, a key organ for fish metabolism, is unknown. In this study we determined for the first time the effects of high-temperature stress on the liver of red cusk-eel. The results showed that high-temperature stress increased hepatic enzyme activity in the plasma of stressed fish. Additionally, this stressor generated oxidative damage in liver, and generated a transcriptional response with 1239 down-regulated and 1339 up-regulated transcripts associated with several processes, including unfolded protein response, heat shock response and oxidative stress, among others. Together, these results indicate that high-temperature stress generates a relevant impact on liver, with should be considered for the aquaculture and fisheries industry of this species under a climate change scenario. Abstract Environmental stressors, such as temperature, are relevant factors that could generate a negative effect on several tissues in fish. A key fish species for Chilean aquaculture diversification is the red cusk-eel (Genypterus chilensis), a native fish for which knowledge on environmental stressors effects is limited. This study evaluated the effects of high-temperature stress on the liver of red cusk-eel in control (14 °C) and high-temperature (19 °C) groups using multiple approaches: determination of plasmatic hepatic enzymes (ALT, AST, and AP), oxidative damage evaluation (AP sites, lipid peroxidation, and carbonylated proteins), and RNA-seq analysis. High-temperature stress generated a significant increase in hepatic enzyme activity in plasma. In the liver, a transcriptional regulation was observed, with 1239 down-regulated and 1339 up-regulated transcripts. Additionally, high-temperature stress generated oxidative stress in the liver, with oxidative damage and transcriptional modulation of the antioxidant response. Furthermore, an unfolded protein response was observed, with several pathways enriched, as well as a heat shock response, with several heat shock proteins up regulated, suggesting candidate biomarkers (i.e., serpinh1) for thermal stress evaluation in this species. The present study shows that high-temperature stress generated a major effect on the liver of red cusk-eel, knowledge to consider for the aquaculture and fisheries of this species.
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Gozdowska M, Sokołowska E, Pomianowski K, Kulczykowska E. Melatonin and cortisol as components of the cutaneous stress response system in fish: Response to oxidative stress. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2022; 268:111207. [PMID: 35358732 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.111207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The skin being a passive biological barrier that defends the organism against harmful external factors is also a site of action of the system responding to stress. It appears that melatonin (Mel) and its biologically active metabolite AFMK (N1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine), both known as effective antioxidants, together with cortisol, set up a local (cutaneous) stress response system (CSRS) of fish, similar to that of mammals. Herein we comment on recent studies on CSRS in fish and show the response of three-spined stickleback skin to oxidative stress induced by potassium dichromate. Our study indicates that exposure of the three-spined stickleback to K2Cr2O7 affects Mel and cortisol levels and pigment dispersion in melanophores in the skin. In our opinion, an increased concentration of Mel and cortisol in the skin may be the strategy to cope with oxidative stress, where both components act locally to prevent damage caused by active oxygen molecules. Furthermore, the pigment dispersion may be a valuable, easy-to-observe mark of oxidative stress, useful in the evaluation of fish welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Gozdowska
- Department of Genetics and Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55 Str., 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - Ewa Sokołowska
- Department of Genetics and Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55 Str., 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - Konrad Pomianowski
- Department of Genetics and Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55 Str., 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - Ewa Kulczykowska
- Department of Genetics and Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55 Str., 81-712 Sopot, Poland.
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Datta N, Kar PK, Saha SK. Primary stress response and biochemical profile of Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) experimentally parasitized with Argulus bengalensis (Ramakrishna, 1951). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2022; 100:1375-1387. [PMID: 35319798 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Argulosis is a major problem that causes huge economic loss in aquaculture. In a microcosm, an infested condition was developed upon Labeo rohita with 100 ± 10 adult morphs of Argulus bengalensis per fish. Primary stress response and biochemical profiles of the host were evaluated to underscore the pathogenicity of the parasites. Significant alterations in biochemical parameters were monitored at four different post-infestation time points: days 1, 3, 6 and 9. The overall increasing trends of both plasma cortisol and plasma epinephrine indicate parasite-induced primary stress response among experimental fish. The study revealed a hyperglycaemic trend throughout the infestation period, which has been correlated with hypoxia-associated glycogenolysis. Decreasing level of plasma cholesterol has also been correlated with the development of anaemia and subsequent hypoxia among the infested fish. Plasma protein of the experimental fish initially increases as an outcome of the immediate innate immune response against Argulus infestation, whereas the decrease in plasma protein at the later period of infestation results from less-dietary protein intake due to loss of appetite, reduced digestibility and metabolic proteolysis. Plasma Na+ concentration showed an overall decreasing trend throughout the infestation period, which may be due to excess production of catecholamine under stress. Nonetheless, plasma K+ concentration showed an increasing trend up to day 6 of infestation, and thereafter the value declined to the control level. Plasma ionic imbalances reflect changes in cell permeability under tissue hypoxia and the wounds produced on the skin for intensive feeding activity of the parasites. Both serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase activities were significantly elevated throughout the infestation period, which indicates excess synthesis or release of those enzymes from the damaged cells of the tissues. Activities of some renal, hepatic and branchial antioxidant enzymes, viz., superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione-S-transferase, increased in the infested fish. The fact is explained as an effort of the fish for gaining adaptive adjustment to neutralize the oxidative stress generated under the parasitic stress. The overall experimental result points towards the generation of potential stress upon host fish by this branchiuran parasite. The biochemical alterations of the fish under argulosis are centred around the two stress-sensitive hormones, cortisol and epinephrine. The outcome of the study will be the important physiological determinants in adopting a suitable control measure as well as assessing the nutritional value of the fish under diseased condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Netri Datta
- Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, India
| | - Pradip K Kar
- Department of Zoology, Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, Cooch Behar, India
| | - Samar K Saha
- Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, India
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Lee CJ, Paull GC, Tyler CR. Improving zebrafish laboratory welfare and scientific research through understanding their natural history. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 97:1038-1056. [PMID: 34983085 PMCID: PMC9303617 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Globally, millions of zebrafish (Danio rerio) are used for scientific laboratory experiments for which researchers have a duty of care, with legal obligations to consider their welfare. Considering the growing use of the zebrafish as a vertebrate model for addressing a diverse range of scientific questions, optimising their laboratory conditions is of major importance for both welfare and improving scientific research. However, most guidelines for the care and breeding of zebrafish for research are concerned primarily with maximising production and minimising costs and pay little attention to the effects on welfare of the environments in which the fish are maintained, or how those conditions affect their scientific research. Here we review the physical and social conditions in which laboratory zebrafish are kept, identifying and drawing attention to factors likely to affect their welfare and experimental science. We also identify a fundamental lack knowledge of how zebrafish interact with many biotic and abiotic features in their natural environment to support ways to optimise zebrafish health and well-being in the laboratory, and in turn the quality of scientific data produced. We advocate that the conditions under which zebrafish are maintained need to become a more integral part of research and that we understand more fully how they influence experimental outcome and in turn interpretations of the data generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole J. Lee
- Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope BuildingUniversity of ExeterStocker RoadExeterEX4 4QDU.K.
| | - Gregory C. Paull
- Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope BuildingUniversity of ExeterStocker RoadExeterEX4 4QDU.K.
| | - Charles R. Tyler
- Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope BuildingUniversity of ExeterStocker RoadExeterEX4 4QDU.K.
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Methanotroph (Methylococcus capsulatus, Bath) bacteria meal (FeedKind®) could effectively improve the growth, apparent digestibility coefficient, blood biochemical parameters, antioxidant indices of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Effects of Social Hierarchy Establishment on Stress Response and Cell Phagocytosis in Gilt-Head Sea Bream (Sparus aurata). FISHES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes7020075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Social stress can affect the ability of fish to respond to various stressors, such as pathogens or environmental variations. In this paper, the effects of social stress on gilt-head bream (Sparus aurata) were investigated. To study the effects of physiological stress, we evaluated biochemical and cellular parameters, such as cortisol, glucose, lactate, osmolarity, and phagocytosis, 24 h after the establishment of social hierarchy in a group of three fish. Social hierarchy was determined and characterized by behavioral observation (aggressive acts and feeding order) of the specimens (dominant: “α”; subordinate: “β” and “γ”). After the establishment of social hierarchy, we observed that, overall, levels of plasma cortisol and other biochemical plasmatic stress markers (glucose and lactate) were higher in subordinate individuals than in dominant individuals. In addition, the modulation of phagocytic activity of the peritoneal exudate cells (PECs) demonstrated that social stress appeared to affect immune response. Finally, principal component analysis clearly separated the subordinate fish groups from the dominant groups, based on stress markers and the phagocytic activity of peritoneal exudate cells. This study contributes to current knowledge on gilt-head sea bream, helping to understand the link between social stress, behavior, and physiology of this species, relevant in the aquaculture sector, where fish are subjected to several kinds of stress.
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Slavík O, Horký P, Valchářová T, Pfauserová N, Velíšek J. Comparative study of stress responses, laterality and familiarity recognition between albino and pigmented fish. ZOOLOGY 2021; 150:125982. [PMID: 34896758 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2021.125982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Oculocutaneous albinism is the result of a combination of homozygous recessive mutations that block the synthesis of the tyrosine and melatonin hormones. This disability is associated with physiological limitations, e.g., visual impairment expressed by lower visual acuity and movement perception, and eventually leads to acrophobia and/or photophobia, suggesting a potentially higher stress level associated with the behavioral responses of individuals with albinism to external stimuli compared to their pigmented conspecifics. However, in fish, differences in behavioral and/or physiological responses and stress levels between these phenotypes have been poorly documented. While acoustic perception of albino individuals is well known, the use of olfactory sensors for social communication, e.g., for the preference for familiar conspecifics, remains poorly understood. We performed two laboratory experiments with albino and pigmented European catfish Silurus glanis to observe: i) their behavioral and physiological responses to short-term stress induced by a combination of air exposure and novel environmental stressors and ii) their ability to use odor keys to recognize of familiar conspecifics and the influence of lateralization on this preference. In response to stress stimuli, albino fish showed higher movement activities and ventilatory frequencies and more often changed their swimming directions compared to their pigmented conspecifics. Blood plasma analysis showed significantly higher values of stress-, deprivation-, and emotional arousal-associated substances, e.g., glucose and lactate, as well as of substances released during intensive muscle activity of hyperventilation and tissue hypoxia, e.g., hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, erythrocytes, and neutrophil granulocytes. A preference test between environments with and without scented water showed the preference by both albino and pigmented catfish for environments with scent of familiar conspecifics, and both groups of fish displayed left-side lateralization associated with the observation of conspecifics and group coordination. The results tended to show higher physiological and behavioral responses of albinos to stress stimuli compared to the responses of their pigmented conspecifics, but the uses of olfactory sensors and lateralization were not differentiated between the two groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Slavík
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Prague 6, Suchdol, 165 21, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavel Horký
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Prague 6, Suchdol, 165 21, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Valchářová
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Prague 6, Suchdol, 165 21, Czech Republic
| | - Nikola Pfauserová
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Prague 6, Suchdol, 165 21, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Velíšek
- Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
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Aedo J, Aravena-Canales D, Ruiz-Jarabo I, Oyarzún R, Molina A, Martínez-Rodríguez G, Valdés JA, Mancera JM. Differential Metabolic and Transcriptional Responses of Gilthead Seabream ( Sparus aurata) Administered with Cortisol or Cortisol-BSA. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113310. [PMID: 34828041 PMCID: PMC8614361 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cortisol is a key stress hormone in teleosts. Cortisol exerts its effects through genomic—and membrane-initiated mechanisms, however, the role of the latter in long-term stress responses is unknown. Here, we treated Sparus aurata with cortisol or cortisol-BSA (exclusive inductor to membrane-initiated effects) to emulate a long-term stress situation. We found that cortisol, but not cortisol-BSA, promotes energy substrate mobilization in the liver, together with the regulation of metabolism-related genes. We suggest that genomic cortisol actions exclusively participate in metabolic responses during prolonged treatment using cortisol in S. aurata. This study contributes to the current knowledge on cortisol’s involvement in stress responses in fish. Abstract Cortisol is the main glucocorticoid hormone promoting compensatory metabolic responses of stress in teleosts. This hormone acts through genomic and membrane-initiated actions to exert its functions inside the cell. Experimental approaches, using exogenous cortisol administration, confirm the role of this hormone during short (minutes to hours)- and long-term (days to weeks) responses to stress. The role of membrane-initiated cortisol signaling during long-term responses has been recently explored. In this study, Sparus aurata were intraperitoneally injected with coconut oil alone or coconut oil containing cortisol, cortisol-BSA, or BSA. After 3 days of treatment, plasma, liver, and skeletal muscle were extracted. Plasma cortisol, as well as metabolic indicators in the plasma and tissues collected, and metabolism-related gene expression, were measured. Our results showed that artificially increased plasma cortisol levels in S. aurata enhanced plasma glucose and triacylglycerols values as well as hepatic substrate energy mobilization. Additionally, cortisol stimulated hepatic carbohydrates metabolism, as seen by the increased expression of metabolism-related genes. All of these responses, observed in cortisol-administered fish, were not detected by replicating the same protocol and instead using cortisol-BSA, which exclusively induces membrane-initiated effects. Therefore, we suggest that after three days of cortisol administration, only genomic actions are involved in the metabolic responses in S. aurata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Aedo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Andres Bello University, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (J.A.); (D.A.-C.); (A.M.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción 4030000, Chile
| | - Daniela Aravena-Canales
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Andres Bello University, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (J.A.); (D.A.-C.); (A.M.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción 4030000, Chile
| | - Ignacio Ruiz-Jarabo
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI-MAR), University of Cádiz, 11519 Puerto Real, Spain; (I.R.-J.); (J.M.M.)
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Oyarzún
- Institute of Marine and Limnological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University Austral of Chile, Valdivia 5110652, Chile;
| | - Alfredo Molina
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Andres Bello University, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (J.A.); (D.A.-C.); (A.M.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción 4030000, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Martínez-Rodríguez
- Department of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (ICMAN-CSIC), 11519 Puerto Real, Spain;
| | - Juan Antonio Valdés
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Andres Bello University, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (J.A.); (D.A.-C.); (A.M.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción 4030000, Chile
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-2661-8363; Fax: +56-2661-8415
| | - Juan Miguel Mancera
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI-MAR), University of Cádiz, 11519 Puerto Real, Spain; (I.R.-J.); (J.M.M.)
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Lee J, Kim DH, Park SJ, Jong HR, Jung JW, Jeon YJ, Park SR, Kim GY, Lee S. Involvement of the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal axis in the antistress activities of Tenebrio molitor Larvae in zebrafish. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2021.105487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Klug JJ, Treuting PM, Sanders GE, Winton JR, Kurath G. Effects of Stocking Density on Stress Response and Susceptibility to Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus in Rainbow Trout. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021; 60:637-645. [PMID: 34544525 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-21-000003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The goals of this study were to examine the effect of stocking density on the stress response and disease susceptibility in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish were sorted into one of 2 stocking densities (high density "HD", 20-40 kg/m³) or (low density, "LD", 4-8 kg/m³) and 3 stress indices (cortisol levels in serum and water, and neutrophil: lymphocyte (N:L) ratios from blood smears) were measured at multiple time points over 21 d. Serum cortisol was significantly increased at 1 h in LD samples and at 14 d in HD samples. Water cortisol concentrations were significantly higher in LD tanks as compared with HD tanks on day 14. N:L ratios were significantly higher in HD tanks on day 14 as compared with LD tanks and with baseline. The effect of stocking density on mortality after exposure to infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) was compared between fish held in HD or LD conditions, with or without prior acclimation to the different density conditions. No significant differences in survival were found between HD and LD treatments or between acclimated and nonacclimated treatments. Cumulative results indicate that 1) 1 to 4 gram rainbow trout did not generally demonstrate significant differences in stress indices at the density conditions tested over a 21-d period, 2) independent differences were found in 3 stress indices at day 14 after sorting into LD and HD holding conditions; and 3) LD and HD stocking densities did not have a significant effect on mortality due to IHNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna J Klug
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Piper M Treuting
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - George E Sanders
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - James R Winton
- US Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Gael Kurath
- US Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, Washington
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Anders N, Roth B, Breen M. Physiological response and survival of Atlantic mackerel exposed to simulated purse seine crowding and release. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 9:coab076. [PMID: 34532056 PMCID: PMC8439261 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coab076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how animals physiologically respond to capture and release from wild capture fishing is fundamental for developing practices that enhance their welfare and survival. As part of purse seine fishing for small pelagic fish in northern European waters, excess and/or unwanted catches are routinely released from the net in a process called slipping. Due to excessive crowding in the net prior to release, post-slipping mortality rates can be unacceptably high. Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) support large and economically important purse seine fisheries but are known to be particularly vulnerable to such crowding-induced mortality. Developing management advice to promote post-slipping survival for this species is currently challenging, due to a lack of understanding of how crowding influences their physiology. Here we examine the physiological response, recovery and survival of wild caught mackerel exposed to various degrees and durations of simulated crowding stress in a series of sea cage trials. The magnitude of the physiological response and its time to recovery was positively correlated with crowding density and duration and was characterized by cortisol elevation, energy mobilization and anaerobic metabolite accumulation. There were also indications of osmoregulatory disturbance. Skin injury and mortality rates showed a similar positive relationship to crowding density. The physiological disturbance was recoverable for most fish. Instead, the rate at which mortalities developed and the physiological profile of moribund fish indicated that skin injury, likely arising from abrasive contact with netting and other fish during crowding, was the probable cause of mortality. Injured fish also exhibited a loss of allometric condition relative to non-injured survivors. Crowding treatments were potentially confounded by differences in ambient oxygen reduction, water temperature and pre-treatment fish condition between trials, and densities were replicated only once. These results contribute to the development of welfare conscious fishing practices that aim to reduce post-slipping mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Anders
- Fish Capture Division, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Bergen, 5817, Norway
| | - Bjørn Roth
- Department of Processing Technology, NOFIMA, Stavanger, 4068, Norway
| | - Mike Breen
- Fish Capture Division, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Bergen, 5817, Norway
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Brandão ML, Dorigão-Guimarães F, Bolognesi MC, Gauy ACDS, Pereira AVS, Vian L, Carvalho TB, Gonçalves-de-Freitas E. Understanding behaviour to improve the welfare of an ornamental fish. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2021; 99:726-739. [PMID: 34076258 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Some common practices in aquaculture, ornamental trade and fish facilities may disturb the behavioural repertoire of fish and its natural adaptive value, reducing welfare and impairing fish production. Hence, it is necessary to understand fish behaviour, as well as the factors affecting it, to improve the quality of fish's life under artificial environment. Here, we reviewed the behaviour of the angelfish Pterophyllum scalare, an Amazonian cichlid used worldwide both as an ornamental fish and as a fish model in scientific research. We characterized social, reproductive and feeding behaviour, as well as the amazing cognitive ability of the angelfish. In addition, we reviewed the effects of environmental enrichment and suggested some important variables that need to be considered for rearing P. scalare. In this review, we show for the first time a synthesis on behaviour and a best practice overview to improve the welfare of angelfish as a target species. Nonetheless, most topics reviewed fit a broader set of fish species, particularly ornamental ones. This synthesis can therefore open a path for further behavioural research applied to the welfare of angelfish and bring insights to other fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Lombardi Brandão
- Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe Dorigão-Guimarães
- Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcela Cesar Bolognesi
- Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
- Centro de Aquicultura da Universidade Estadual Paulista, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Dos Santos Gauy
- Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
- Centro de Aquicultura da Universidade Estadual Paulista, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André Vitor Salinas Pereira
- Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lethicia Vian
- Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Eliane Gonçalves-de-Freitas
- Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
- Centro de Aquicultura da Universidade Estadual Paulista, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
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