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Rosemberg MAS, Le AB, Luu M, Nguyen T. An Online Training Module to Increase Knowledge and Awareness of Chemical Exposures and Safety Measures Among Nail Salon Workers. J Occup Environ Med 2024; 66:766-771. [PMID: 38769077 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000003153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We developed an online training module targeting nail salon workers' knowledge of chemical exposure and safety, responding directly to the workers' expressed needs in a Midwest State. METHODS Following a needs assessment, we designed and developed the module content. Implementation and evaluation approaches were rolled out into three phases. RESULTS Seven workers completed the English version of the module, and 24 workers completed the Vietnamese version. The average pretest scores for those who completed the English and Vietnamese versions of the training were 81.43% and 58.33%, respectively. The average posttest score was 98.57% for English and 91.67% for Vietnamese. CONCLUSION Culturally appropriate educational resources are effective facets of enhancing nail salon workers' awareness and their occupational health subsequently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Anne S Rosemberg
- From the Department of Systems, Population and Leadership, School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.-A.S.R.); Department of Health Behavior, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas (A.B.L.); School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.L.); and Workplace Health Without Borders, Ann Arbor, MI (T.N.)
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Karimi Zeverdegani S, Mohebian Z, Mohammadi F, Tajik L. Semi-quantitative health risk assessment of heavy metal dust exposure among nail technicians using the SQRA technique and Monte Carlo simulation. Toxicol Ind Health 2024; 40:221-231. [PMID: 38377068 DOI: 10.1177/07482337241233308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Nail technology, including the application of artificial nails and nail care, is a developing sector of the global beauty industry. Nail technicians are exposed to a variety of chemical substances through inhalation, as they spend extended periods of time in close proximity to these materials. This study aimed to evaluate the semi-quantitative health risk of dust-containing heavy metals among nail technicians. This analytical descriptive study employed the risk assessment method provided by the Singapore Occupational Health Department to evaluate the health hazards of lead, cadmium, nickel, chromium, and manganese. Dust samples from nail filing were collected from the respiratory zone of 20 nail technicians following the NIOSH 7300 method. The samples were analyzed using ICP-OES instrumentation. Monte Carlo simulation was utilized to characterize the risk and its uncertainties. Manganese and cadmium had the highest and lowest mean concentrations, respectively. The risk scores of the metals ranked from highest to lowest were as follows: N i > C r > C d > M n > P b . All five metals had risk rankings below 2.8, signifying a minimal risk level. Sensitivity analysis using Spearman's correlation coefficient demonstrated a positive relationship between concentration, daily hours of exposure, and the number of workdays per week with the risk score (RR) and exposure level (ER). Conversely, the variable of weekly working hours (W) showed a negative correlation with these parameters. Despite the low-risk level of the examined metals, continuous exposure and potential long-term effects on nail technicians warrant preventive measures. Recommendations include implementing local exhaust ventilation systems, using table fans, establishing work-rest cycles, wearing N95 dust masks, and using reputable and high-quality nail polishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Karimi Zeverdegani
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zohreh Mohebian
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Student Research Committee, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Mohammadi
- Department of Enviromental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Leila Tajik
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety at Work Engineering, Environmental Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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Huỳnh TB, Tina Nguyễn D, Vũ N, Carroll-Scott A, Wong C, Freeland C, Parvanta C. Perceived Benefits and Barriers to Implementing Occupational Health Recommendations Among Immigrant-Owned Nail Salons in the Greater Philadelphia Region. Health Promot Pract 2024; 25:77-86. [PMID: 36924273 DOI: 10.1177/15248399231160461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Introduction. Immigrant nail salon owners and employees face multiple barriers to accessing occupational health training and services. We formed an academic-community-based organization-business owner partnership-unique in that all partners were culturally congruent-to develop a pilot intervention program for the nail salon community. Methods. Eighteen individuals (nine salon owners and nine employees) from the Greater Philadelphia region received the training in their native language and provided feedback through in-depth qualitative interviews. Interview guide was developed using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). Themes of perceived benefits and barriers were identified and aligned with relevant CFIR constructs to gain better understanding of the implementation challenges. Results. Reported benefits of program were improved knowledge of the workplace hazards and safety practices, and the potential to attract more customers and retain employees. Perceived barriers to implementing recommended practices were limited availability of safer products and high cost, challenges communicating with customers, lack of engagement from some owners, organizational management practices affecting employees' motivation, and limited partnership with local government to assist small immigrant-owned businesses. Conclusions. Our study revealed multiple factors that pit long-term health protection of nail salon workers against the economic viability of the businesses that employ them. Our research highlights the need to (1) advocate for federal policies making safer products to be more accessible to the masses, (2) establish local policy and culturally appropriate technical support programs that engage community-based organizations, and (3) develop economic opportunities and mentorship for immigrant entrepreneurs to operate profitable healthy salons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nga Vũ
- VietLead, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Huỳnh TB, Nguyễn DT, Vũ N, Robinson L, Trần E, Nguyễn N, Carroll-Scott A, Burstyn I. A participatory approach to designing and implementing an occupational health intervention for the nail salon community in the Greater Philadelphia region. Ann Work Expo Health 2023; 67:938-951. [PMID: 37584489 PMCID: PMC10848307 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxad044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nail salon industry in the US comprises mostly immigrant-owned, small mom-and-pop salons that employ primarily first-generation immigrant workers from Asia. Because of the cultural and language barriers, both owners and workers may not avail themselves of the occupational safety resources. We formed an academic-community partnership to co-design a feasibility study and multi-level occupational health intervention for Vietnamese-speaking salon owners, workers, and community-based organization. METHODS The intervention for each salon included (i) 2-h in-person training covering chemical safety, infection control, musculoskeletal prevention, and workers' rights for both the owners and their employees, (ii) a tailored recommendation report for the owner, and (iii) check-ins with the owner during the 3-month follow-up. Community partner was trained to deliver the in-language training with technical assistance from the research team. Baseline and post-intervention individual data about health symptoms and behaviors, as well as personal chemical exposures were collected and analyzed. RESULTS A total of 44 participants from 12 consented salons enrolled in the study. One salon dropped out at follow-up due to change of ownership. Analysis of the differences between post-and pre-intervention showed a tendency toward reduction in some self-reported symptoms in the respiratory system, skin, and eyes, neurotoxicity score, as well as chemical exposures. We could not rule out seasonality as an explanation for these trends. Increase in self-efficacy in some areas was observed post-intervention. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated a successful academic-community partnership to engage community members in the intervention study. While the intervention effects from this feasibility study should be interpreted with caution, our preliminary results indicated that our community-based intervention is a promising approach to reduce work-related exposures among Asian American nail salon workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trân B Huỳnh
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Dương T Nguyễn
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Nga Vũ
- Vietlead, Philadelphia, PA 19148, United States
| | - Lucy Robinson
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Emily Trần
- Vietlead, Philadelphia, PA 19148, United States
| | | | - Amy Carroll-Scott
- Department of Community Health and Prevention, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Igor Burstyn
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
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5
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Nguyen DT, Nguyen C, Pintor JK, Huynh TB. Stakeholders' Perspectives on the Feasibility of Adopting a Healthy Nail Salon Recognition Program in Philadelphia: A Qualitative Study. Ann Work Expo Health 2023; 67:320-329. [PMID: 36585841 PMCID: PMC10015804 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxac092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The California Healthy Nail Salon Recognition Program is a statewide initiative to incentivize nail salons to adopt occupational health and safety best practices such as the use of safer nail products without certain harmful chemicals, ventilation systems upgrade, proper personal protective equipment use, and staff training. This public policy intervention is in response to the call to protect nail care workers, mostly women of color, who bear a disproportionate burden of chemical exposure at work. Because there is an interest to adopt a similar program in the Greater Philadelphia region, we conducted this formative research to document stakeholders' perspectives on the feasibility of adopting a Healthy Nail Salon Recognition Program in Philadelphia. METHODS We conducted semi-structured interviews with a purposive sample of 31 stakeholders in Philadelphia in 2021. Using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Science as our theoretical framework, we developed the interview guide and analysed the data using qualitative research methods to identify key facilitators and barriers. RESULTS Key facilitating themes were perceived need and benefits of program to improve workers' health and working conditions, and willingness of stakeholders to leverage their organizational resources. Barriers included perceived high cost and time commitment from salon owners and employees, lack of funding and implementation leaders at the city government, community members' willingness to be visible and advocate for the program affected by the stigmas of being immigrant workers, and fear of interacting with authorities, as well as the impact of COVID-19 pandemic. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest successful adoption of a Healthy Nail Salon Recognition Program in Philadelphia will require outreach within the community to raise awareness of the benefits of the program and close partnership with community-based organizations to facilitate mutual understanding between the authorities and the ethnically diverse nail salon communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duong T Nguyen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Chau Nguyen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jessie K Pintor
- Department of Health Management and Policy, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Tran B Huynh
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Abareshi F, Rastaghi S, Fallahi M. Nail job and women’s health: Assessment of ergonomics and occupational hazards. Work 2022; 73:687-694. [DOI: 10.3233/wor-210672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The nail job is a new occupation in which the number of people who choose this job is rising. Therefore, the harmful hazards affecting the health of the practitioners should be taken into account. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the ergonomics and occupational health hazards among nail technicians in Iranian society. METHODS: The self-administered questionnaire, the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire and Novel Ergonomic Postural Assessment (NERPA) method were used to gather data from 80 female nail technicians who participated in this study. RESULTS: More than half of the participants (67.6%) complained of coughing and eye irritation (70%) which was the most frequently reported irritation. The final score of the NERPA was at a high-risk level and the neck pain (63.8%) was the highest in comparison with other parts of the body. There was a significant relationship between activity type with disorder in the neck, elbow, hip, knee, and ankle. Lighting intensity was not significantly associated with musculoskeletal disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Concerning the low work experience, the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and, respiratory complaints is high. Hence, the attention of policy-makers to the safety and hygiene issues of women in this occupation is necessary by setting guidelines and considering inspections of occupational health and safety professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Abareshi
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Seddighe Rastaghi
- School of Public Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Fallahi
- Non-Communicable Disease Research Center, Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
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Nguyen TN, Chen S, Chan K, Nguyen MT, Hinton L. Cognitive Functioning and Nail Salon Occupational Exposure among Vietnamese Immigrant Women in Northern California. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19084634. [PMID: 35457501 PMCID: PMC9032223 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Vietnamese nail salon technicians are continuously exposed to neurotoxins linked to cognitive impairments and Alzheimer’s disease. This study examined the association of occupational exposure with cognitive function and depressive symptoms among Vietnamese nail salon technicians. Methods: The sample included 155 current or former Vietnamese female nail technicians and 145 control group participants. Measures included the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Results: Average cognitive functioning was significantly higher for the control compared to the nail technician group (mean difference = 1.2, p < 0.05). No differences were observed for depression. Multivariate findings revealed that exposure was negatively associated with cognitive functioning (β = −0.29, 95% CI: −0.53, −0.05, p < 0.05). Discussion: Nail salon work and the extent of occupational exposure were associated with lower cognitive functioning among Vietnamese nail technicians. Longitudinal research can further examine the risk for cognitive decline and dementia for this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuc-Nhi Nguyen
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (T.-N.N.); (S.C.); (M.T.N.); (L.H.)
| | - Shuai Chen
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (T.-N.N.); (S.C.); (M.T.N.); (L.H.)
| | - Keith Chan
- Silberman School of Social Work at Hunter College, CUNY, New York, NY 10035, USA
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +1-617-818-7255
| | - Mai Tram Nguyen
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (T.-N.N.); (S.C.); (M.T.N.); (L.H.)
| | - Ladson Hinton
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (T.-N.N.); (S.C.); (M.T.N.); (L.H.)
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Siegel MR, Rocheleau CM, Broadwater K, Santiago-Colón A, Johnson CY, Herdt ML, Chen IC, Lawson CC. Maternal occupation as a nail technician or hairdresser during pregnancy and birth defects, National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997-2011. Occup Environ Med 2022; 79:17-23. [PMID: 34193593 PMCID: PMC8991319 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2021-107561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nail technicians and hairdressers may be exposed to chemicals with potential reproductive effects. While studies have examined birth defects in children of hairdressers, those in children of nail technicians have not been evaluated. We investigated associations between selected birth defects and maternal occupation as a nail technician or hairdresser versus a non-cosmetology occupation during pregnancy. METHODS We analysed population-based case-control data from the multisite National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997-2011. Cases were fetuses or infants with major structural birth defects; controls were live-born infants without major birth defects. Expert raters classified self-reported maternal jobs as nail technician, combination nail technician-hairdresser, hairdresser, other cosmetology work or non-cosmetology work. We used logistic regression to calculate adjusted ORs and 95% CIs for associations between occupation during pregnancy and birth defects, controlling for age, smoking, education and race/ethnicity. RESULTS Sixty-one mothers worked as nail technicians, 196 as hairdressers, 39 as combination nail technician-hairdressers and 42 810 as non-cosmetologists. The strongest associations among nail technicians included seven congenital heart defect (CHD) groups (ORs ranging from 2.7 to 3.5) and neural tube defects (OR=2.6, CI=0.8 to 8.4). Birth defects most strongly associated with hairdressing included anotia/microtia (OR=2.1, CI=0.6 to 6.9) and cleft lip with cleft palate (OR=2.0, CI=1.1 to 3.7). All oral cleft groups were associated with combination nail technician-hairdresser work (ORs ranging from 4.2 to 5.3). CONCLUSIONS Small samples resulted in wide CIs. Still, results suggest associations between maternal nail technician work during pregnancy and CHDs and between hairdressing work and oral clefts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam R. Siegel
- Division of Field Studies and Engineering, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Carissa M. Rocheleau
- Division of Field Studies and Engineering, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Kendra Broadwater
- Division of Field Studies and Engineering, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Albeliz Santiago-Colón
- World Trade Center Health Program, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Candice Y. Johnson
- Division of Field Studies and Engineering, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Michele L. Herdt
- Center for Environmental Health, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, State University of New York at Albany School of Public Health, Rensselaer, NY, USA
| | - I-Chen Chen
- Division of Field Studies and Engineering, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Christina C. Lawson
- Division of Field Studies and Engineering, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Tran HM, Bui HTM, Thoumsang S, Ngo NTB, Nguyen NPT, Nguyen HTM, Nguyen SM, Hara K, Wangwongwatana S. Occupational symptoms due to exposure to volatile organic compounds among female Vietnamese nail salon workers in Danang city. J Occup Health 2021; 62:e12160. [PMID: 32949076 PMCID: PMC7507489 DOI: 10.1002/1348-9585.12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Nail workers are exposed to many hazardous chemicals. Despite many warnings about health problems among nail workers in other countries, data concerning exposure to chemical hazards among nail workers is still limited in Vietnam. In this study, we aimed to identify exposure to volatile organic compounds and their relationship with occupational symptoms among Vietnamese female nail salon workers. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in Danang, Vietnam, from January 2019 to September 2019. Total 42 personal passive samplers were collected to evaluate 12 substances from 21 nail workers (15 salons) twice a week. We chose one representative worker from each of the nine salons with less than six workers and two representative workers from each of the six salons with over five workers for personal sampling based on the principle of similar exposure groups. We interviewed a total of 100 nail workers in 15 salons and 100 office workers in offices adjacent to the salons to compare occupational symptoms among them. RESULTS The commonly detected compounds in nail salons were acetone (97.6%), butyl acetate (83.3%), and ethyl acetate and ethyl methacrylate (78%). The concentration of total target VOCs was related to the number of serviced customers, the concentration of CO2 , and general ventilation used. The subjective symptoms were significantly higher for the nail workers than for the comparison subjects, that is, headache, nausea, nose irritation, skin irritation, shortness of breath, and confusion. Among 100 nail workers, nose irritation was significantly higher for nail workers who were exposed to acetone at levels exceeding the Vietnam occupational exposure limit (VOEL) adjusted with the Brief-Scala model. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to VOCs such as acetone in nail salons results in occupational symptoms among workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan M Tran
- Faculty of Public Health, Thammasat University, Rangsit, Thailand.,Faculty of Public Health, Da Nang University of Medical Technology and Pharmacy, Da Nang, Viet Nam
| | - Hanh T M Bui
- Department of Quarantine Service, Danang Center for Disease Control, Da Nang, Viet Nam
| | | | - Ngoc T B Ngo
- Faculty of Public Health, Da Nang University of Medical Technology and Pharmacy, Da Nang, Viet Nam
| | - Nhan P T Nguyen
- Institute for Community Health Research, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue, Viet Nam
| | - Hai T M Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Da Nang University of Medical Technology and Pharmacy, Da Nang, Viet Nam
| | - Son M Nguyen
- Faculty of Odonto-Stomatology, Da Nang University of Medical Technology and Pharmacy, Da Nang, Viet Nam
| | - Kunio Hara
- Department of Safety and Health Management, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
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Nicholson HL, Ahmmad Z, Anderson A, Doan TT. Unequal Returns of Employment on Self-Rated Health: Asian-White Differences. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2021; 9:1106-1113. [PMID: 33977508 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-021-01050-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research has shown that employment status is one of the most powerful socioeconomic resources utilized to promote health and well-being. However, racial and ethnic minorities often experience diminished returns of socioeconomic resources compared to non-Hispanic Whites. This analysis explores the association between employment status and self-rated health among Asians and non-Hispanic Whites, and whether race or ethnicity moderates this association. METHODS We used data from the 2016 National Asian American Survey, a nationally representative survey of Asians from ten ethnic backgrounds. We measured the association between employment status and self-rated health, using race and ethnicity as the primary moderators. Age, gender, income, education, nativity status, and English proficiency were used as controls. Pooled (by race) and stratified (by ethnicity) logistic regressions were estimated. RESULTS The pooled logistic regressions showed that employment was associated with lower odds of poorer self-rated health among Asians and Whites. Race, however, moderated this relationship, indicating a stronger protective effect of employment for Whites. In the stratified logistic regressions, employment was not associated with lower odds of poorer self-rated health across all of the assessed Asian ethnic subgroups. Ethnicity moderated the association between employment and self-rated health, suggesting a stronger protective effect of employment for Whites than for Chinese, Hmong, Koreans, Japanese, and Filipinos. CONCLUSION The protective health benefits of employment do not operate the same for Whites and Asians. Discrimination and unequal labor market and working conditions may weaken the positive health returns of employment for Asians compared to their White counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey L Nicholson
- Department of Sociology and Criminology & Law, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Zobayer Ahmmad
- Department of Sociology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Andrew Anderson
- Department of Health Policy & Management, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Tran T Doan
- Department of Health Management & Policy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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11
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Sanaat S, Holness DL, Arrandale VH. Health and Safety in Nail Salons: A Cross-Sectional Survey. Ann Work Expo Health 2021; 65:225-229. [PMID: 32728720 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxaa078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In recent years, nail salons have become more abundant than ever. The majority are small businesses, often employing immigrant women. Nail technicians have many exposures at work including chemical, biological, physical, and ergonomic hazards but few data exist on their symptoms or occupational health and safety practices, particularly in the Canadian context. The aim of this study was to learn about nail technicians, their work, and their health and safety practices. METHODS Nail technicians were recruited from nail salons in Toronto, Ontario. Participants completed an anonymous survey with questions about demographics, work tasks, workplace health and safety practices, and symptoms (skin, respiratory, and musculoskeletal). RESULTS A total of 155 nail technicians (95% female) participated in the survey. The majority of nail technicians performed manicures (99%) and pedicures (96%) and applied shellac polishes (86%). Only a third (34%) applied acrylic artificial nails. The reported use of personal protective equipment (PPE) was very high; 88% reported using a mask at work and 96% reporting using gloves. The most common symptoms reported by technicians were neck (44%) and back pain (38%). Skin and respiratory symptoms were less common with 6% of technicians reporting cough, 8% wheeze, and 5% a current rash. Technicians working over 30 h per week reported more neck pain (52 vs. 32%, P = 0.02). Technicians who reported using shellac polishes were more likely to report a runny nose (25 vs. 0%, P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Nail technicians in Toronto, Canada are experiencing work-related symptoms. Musculoskeletal symptoms were the most common symptoms reported. Much of the focus on nail salons and health has been on chemical exposures, but ergonomic hazards should not be overlooked. Efforts to increase knowledge and improve occupational health in nail salons should include information on multiple possible workplace hazards and how to reduce impacts of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Sanaat
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Ontario Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - D Linn Holness
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,St Michael's Hospital, Unity Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Victoria H Arrandale
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Ontario Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Ceballos DM, Young AS, Allen JG, Specht AJ, Nguyen VT, Craig JA, Miller M, Webster TF. Exposures in nail salons to trace elements in nail polish from impurities or pigment ingredients - A pilot study. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2021; 232:113687. [PMID: 33445102 PMCID: PMC7854487 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Nail polishes have evolved considerably. Toxic elements, such as lead, have been found in nail polish, and it is unclear if new finishes using metallic effect pigments may be contributing to metals exposure in nail technicians. We characterized concentrations of trace elements in 40 nail polishes, 9 technicians' urine, and 20 technicians' toenail clippings from 8 nail salons in the Boston area in 2017. We also collected 24 salon surface wipes from 3 of the salons. Antimony was not disclosed as a nail polish ingredient, yet concentrations (<15 μg/g) were above existing cosmetics guidelines (0.5 μg/g) in five (13%) of the samples. Aluminum (<11,450 μg/g), barium (<11,250 μg/g), iron (<3,270 μg/g), and magnesium (<2375 μg/g) were disclosed as ingredients and were also found on salon surfaces where nail polish was stored or used. Heavy metal impurities in nail polish were not detected for cadmium. Lead and nickel were found at low concentrations (<0.40 μg/g lead, <0.67 μg/g nickel). Tin (p = 0.003) concentrations were higher in nail polish with finishes compared to without. Barium and strontium (both p = 0.0001) concentrations were higher for red nail polishes compared to all other colors. Of those elements in nail polish and salon surfaces, aluminum and iron were detected in toenails, manganese was detected in urine and toenails, and barium was detected in urine at comparable levels to the general population. Besides preventable antimony levels in nail polish, individual metals in nail polish did not appear to be from impurities but mainly from colorants (i.e., pigments) and not major contributors to nail technician exposure. It is unclear if low-level chronic metals mixtures in nail salons are of health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Ceballos
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Anna S Young
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph G Allen
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aaron J Specht
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vy T Nguyen
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica A Craig
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Melissa Miller
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas F Webster
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Lee AA, Ingram M, Quijada C, Yubeta A, Cortez I, Lothrop N, Beamer P. Responsibility for chemical exposures: perspectives from small beauty salons and auto shops in southern metropolitan Tucson. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:271. [PMID: 33530969 PMCID: PMC7851808 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10336-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Throughout the United States, low-wage, minority workers are disproportionately affected by occupational illnesses and injuries. Chronic exposure to hazardous chemicals at work can lead to serious illnesses, contributing to health inequities. In this article, we expand on theories of ‘responsibilization’ in an occupational health context to reveal how responsibilities for workplace chemical exposures are negotiated by workers and owners in Latinx-owned small businesses. Methods We conducted semi-structured interviews with a total of 22 workers and owners in auto repair shops and beauty salons – two high-risk industries – in Southern Metropolitan Tucson. Participants were asked about their insights into workplace chemical exposures and health. A qualitative analysis team with representation from all study partner organizations collectively coded and reviewed the interview data in QSR International’s NVivo 11 and identified overarching themes across the interviews. Results We identified three primary themes: 1) ambivalence toward risks in the workplace; 2) shifting responsibilities for exposure protection at work; and 3) reflections on the system behind chemical exposure risks. Participants discussed the complexities that small businesses face in reducing chemical exposures. Conclusions Through our analysis of the interviews, we examine how neoliberal occupational and environmental policies funnel responsibility for controlling chemical exposures down to individuals in small businesses with limited resources, obscuring the power structures that maintain environmental health injustices. We conclude with a call for upstream policy changes that more effectively regulate and hold accountable the manufacturers of chemical products used daily by small business workers. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-10336-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda A Lee
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. .,School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - Maia Ingram
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Carolina Quijada
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Imelda Cortez
- Sonora Environmental Research Institute, Inc., Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Nathan Lothrop
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Paloma Beamer
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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14
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Blood plasma levels of biomarkers of liver status and lipid profile among nail technicians occupationally exposed to low-level mixture of volatile organic compounds. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2020; 94:487-494. [PMID: 33156392 PMCID: PMC8032578 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-020-01599-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nail technicians (NTs) are exposed to a low-level mixture of volatile organic solvents (VOCs), yet the health hazards related to such exposure are unknown. This study thus aimed to compare the blood plasma levels of selected biomarkers related to liver status and lipid profile among occupationally exposed NTs and unexposed controls. Associations between out-of-normal-range levels of such biomarkers and occupational exposure to VOCs mixture have also been investigated. METHODS The study enrolled 145 female NTs and 152 unexposed controls. Biochemical analyses were performed using spectrophotometric assays and obtained data were analyzed using general linear model and Poisson regression modelling adjusted to multiple confounders. RESULTS Compared to controls, NTs presented significantly increased plasma activities of ALT (2.04 ± 0.63 ln-U/l vs. 1.25 ± 0.71 ln-U/l; p < 0.0001) and AST (2.73 ± 0.25 ln-U/l vs. 2.08 ± 0.95 ln-U/l; p < 0.0001), and significantly increased plasma levels of TG (4.38 ± 0.53 ln-mg/dl vs. 4.21 ± 0.42 ln-mg/dl; p < 0.05) and TC/HDL ratio (1.18 ± 0.36 vs. 1.02 ± 0.27; p < 0.0005). Plasma levels of HDL were significantly lower among NTs (4.02 ± 0.29 ln-mg/dl vs. 4.21 ± 0.26 ln-mg/dl; p < 0.0001). Moreover, NTs were found to present significantly increased risk of occurrence of clinically relevant plasma HDL levels below 3.91 ln-mg/dl (i.e., 50 mg/dl; RR = 1.58, 95% CI 1.07-2.32, p < 0.05), as well as increased risk of clinically relevant TC/HDL ratio above the normal range limit of 3.5 (RR = 1.68, 95% CI 1.19-2.35, p < 0.005), as compared to unexposed controls. CONCLUSION Nail technicians are subject to adverse changes in selected plasma biomarkers related to liver functions, some of which may be of clinical relevance.
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Fernández-Esquer ME, Nguyen FM, Atkinson JS, Le YC, Chen S, Huynh TN, Schick V. Sức Khỏe là Hạnh Phúc (Health is Happiness): promoting mammography and pap test adherence among Vietnamese nail salon workers. Women Health 2020; 60:1206-1217. [PMID: 32990199 DOI: 10.1080/03630242.2020.1811834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Vietnamese nail salon workers have low cancer screening rates and confront multiple socioeconomic disparities as immigrants to the US. The Sức Khỏe là Hạnh Phúc (Vietnamese for "Health is Happiness") program was adapted to the cultural and work needs of this population and implemented at nail salons to increase cancer screening adherence. A total of 186 study participants were recruited from 59 nail salons in a neighborhood with mostly Asian population. After being pretested, workers were enrolled in a cancer education session delivered by Vietnamese lay health workers. Non-adherent cases were offered navigation to cancer screening services to a local federally qualified health center. Participants completed a posttest survey five months, on average. At posttest, navigated non-adherent participants were more likely to report a recent Pap test compared to cases not navigated (83.8% vs. 50.0%), an effect not observed for mammography uptake (77.3% vs. 71.4%). Time in the US, marital status, insurance status, having a primary care provider and/or a gynecologist were significantly associated with cancer screening adherence. Low rates of adherence to cancer screening among Vietnamese nail salons workers can be improved by community based programs addressing cultural and work-related barriers confronted by this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eugenia Fernández-Esquer
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Frances M Nguyen
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center , Houston, TX, USA
| | - John S Atkinson
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yen-Chi Le
- McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center , Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Vanessa Schick
- Department of Management, Policy, and Community Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center , Houston, TX, USA
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16
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Ma GX, Wei Z, Husni R, Do P, Zhou K, Rhee J, Tan Y, Navder K, Yeh MC. Characterizing Occupational Health Risks and Chemical Exposures Among Asian Nail Salon Workers on the East Coast of the United States. J Community Health 2020; 44:1168-1179. [PMID: 31297649 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-019-00702-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The products used in nail care services contain toxic chemicals. This study aimed to characterize occupational health risk factors and chemical exposures among Asian nail salon workers on the East Coast of the U.S. for informing the development of more effective, culturally appropriate interventions. We conducted a community-based participatory research (CBPR) study to characterize occupational health risks. A face-to-face, self-reported survey was performed, and personal exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was evaluated. Three VOCs, acetone, methyl methacrylate (MMA), and toluene, were measured using 3M 3500 organic vapor monitors. We collected data on 112 workers with 100 personal chemical exposure measurements from 25 nail salons. Self-reported health problems that emerged or worsened after participants started working in the nail salon industry included headaches (8%); lightheadedness (9.8%); and irritation to the nose, eyes, throat, and skin (21.2%). Approximately 70% of participants reported that they had been pregnant, 11.7% of whom had at least one miscarriage. The mean concentrations of acetone, MMA, and toluene were 18.51 parts per million (ppm), 39.45 ppm, and 0.09 ppm, respectively. Mean concentrations of acetone and MMA measured from salons in New York City were significantly lower than those measured in Philadelphia and southern New Jersey. CBPR proved to be as an efficient approach for recruiting hard-to-reach Asian immigrant nail salon workers. Adverse health symptoms and problems associated with providing nail salon services were identified in these workers. Further studies are needed to better understand the long-term health effects of chronic chemical exposures in nail salon environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace X Ma
- Center for Asian Health, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3440 N Broad St., Suite 320, Kresge East Bldg, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA.
| | - Zhengyu Wei
- Center for Asian Health, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3440 N Broad St., Suite 320, Kresge East Bldg, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Rosy Husni
- Hunter College, The City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA
| | - Phuong Do
- Center for Asian Health, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3440 N Broad St., Suite 320, Kresge East Bldg, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Kathy Zhou
- Center for Asian Health, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3440 N Broad St., Suite 320, Kresge East Bldg, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Joanne Rhee
- Center for Asian Health, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3440 N Broad St., Suite 320, Kresge East Bldg, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Yin Tan
- Center for Asian Health, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3440 N Broad St., Suite 320, Kresge East Bldg, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Khursheed Navder
- Hunter College, The City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA
| | - Ming-Chin Yeh
- Hunter College, The City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA
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Harrichandra A, Roelofs C, Pavilonis B. Occupational Exposure and Ventilation Assessment in New York City Nail Salons. Ann Work Expo Health 2020; 64:468-478. [DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxaa035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
In 2015, New York State enacted new ventilation regulations to protect employees and clients from exposure to chemicals used in nail salons. This study measured common air pollutants found in nail salons and assessed compliance with ventilation requirements. Area sampling was conducted in 12 nail salons located in New York City for three consecutive days (Thursday, Friday, and Saturday) to measure total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs), methyl methacrylate, toluene, and ethyl acetate concentrations and estimate ventilation rates. Salon characteristics were determined through a walkthrough inspection and survey administered to the manager. The average daily concentration of carbon dioxide and TVOCs across all salons was 1070 ppm [standard deviation (SD) = 440 ppm] and 29 ppm (SD = 25 ppm), respectively. Chemical-specific air sampling showed low to non-detectable levels of the three measured chemicals. Seventy-five percent of the nail salons did not meet general minimum outdoor airflow requirements. Little temporal variation was observed in day-to-day average concentrations of contaminants within salons, indicating uniform exposure during high customer count days. Salons that met the outdoor airflow requirements had twice the average daily customers (83 versus 42) and half the TVOC concentrations compared with salons that did not (33 versus 16 ppm). Nail salons not meeting ventilation requirements tended to have fewer customers and managers that did not understand the essential components of the ventilation system. Data from this study can be used as evidence of reduction in exposure due to compliance with the ventilation requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Harrichandra
- The CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, Department of Environmental, Occupational, and Geospatial Health Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cora Roelofs
- University of Massachusetts Lowell, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Brian Pavilonis
- The CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, Department of Environmental, Occupational, and Geospatial Health Sciences, New York, NY, USA
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18
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Seller SL, Roelofs C, Shoemaker PA, Nguyen NN, Nguyen TD. Improving Boston Nail Salon Indoor Air Quality Through Local Public Health Regulation, 2007-2019. Am J Public Health 2019; 109:1711-1713. [PMID: 31622145 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2019.305329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
In 2011, following years of outreach and training, Boston, Massachusetts, enacted regulations to improve health and safety in nail salons. These were amended in 2013 to require mechanical ventilation, including dedicated exhaust for each manicure and pedicure station. As of June 2019, 185 of 190 salons have satisfied the regulatory requirements. Regulations can help ensure that environmental health benefits are widespread and that small businesses' investment in occupational health does not result in a competitive disadvantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Seller
- Stephanie L. Seller, Paul A. Shoemaker, Nancie N. Nguyen, and Tuan D. Nguyen are with the Boston Public Health Commission, Boston, MA. Cora Roelofs is with the University of Massachusetts Lowell
| | - Cora Roelofs
- Stephanie L. Seller, Paul A. Shoemaker, Nancie N. Nguyen, and Tuan D. Nguyen are with the Boston Public Health Commission, Boston, MA. Cora Roelofs is with the University of Massachusetts Lowell
| | - Paul A Shoemaker
- Stephanie L. Seller, Paul A. Shoemaker, Nancie N. Nguyen, and Tuan D. Nguyen are with the Boston Public Health Commission, Boston, MA. Cora Roelofs is with the University of Massachusetts Lowell
| | - Nancie N Nguyen
- Stephanie L. Seller, Paul A. Shoemaker, Nancie N. Nguyen, and Tuan D. Nguyen are with the Boston Public Health Commission, Boston, MA. Cora Roelofs is with the University of Massachusetts Lowell
| | - Tuan D Nguyen
- Stephanie L. Seller, Paul A. Shoemaker, Nancie N. Nguyen, and Tuan D. Nguyen are with the Boston Public Health Commission, Boston, MA. Cora Roelofs is with the University of Massachusetts Lowell
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Assessing Acute Symptoms Related to Occupational Exposures Among Nail Salon Technicians. J Occup Environ Med 2019; 60:343-349. [PMID: 29099468 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000001210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This cross-sectional field study evaluated potential associations between acute symptoms among nail technicians and exposure of chemical hazards in New Jersey salons. METHODS In 2016, an in-person safety and health survey was conducted. Data were gathered on symptoms, demographics, work history, tobacco use, area and/or task ventilation, use of personal protective equipment, and safety training. Workplace hazards were identified by observational survey during site visit walk-throughs. RESULTS Of the 68 respondents from 40 participating salons whose owners agreed to participate (35% salon-level participation), most were Asian females with a self-reported history of work-associated eye, nose, throat, and skin symptoms. Few workers used personal protective equipment. Most workers had not received training in their primary language. CONCLUSIONS Nail salon workers need comprehensive chemical use training. More research is needed to determine extent of exposure.
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20
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Ceballos DM, Craig J, Fu X, Jia C, Chambers D, Chu MT, Fernandez AT, Fruh V, Petropoulos ZE, Allen JG, Vallarino J, Thornburg L, Webster TF. Biological and environmental exposure monitoring of volatile organic compounds among nail technicians in the Greater Boston area. INDOOR AIR 2019; 29:539-550. [PMID: 31112343 PMCID: PMC6565444 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Nail technicians are exposed to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from nail products, but no studies have previously measured VOC biomarkers for these workers. This study of 10 nail technicians aimed to identify VOCs in nail salons and explore relationships between air concentrations and biomarkers. Personal and area air samples were collected using thermal desorption tubes during a work shift and analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for 71 VOCs. Whole blood samples were collected pre-shift and post-shift, and analyzed using GC/MS for 43 VOCs. Ventilation rates were determined using continuous CO2 measurements. Predominant air VOC levels were ethyl methacrylate (median 240 µg/m3 ), methyl methacrylate (median 205 µg/m3 ), toluene (median 100 µg/m3 ), and ethyl acetate (median 639 µg/m3 ). Blood levels were significantly higher post-shift than pre-shift for toluene (median pre-shift 0.158 µg/L and post-shift 0.360 µg/L) and ethyl acetate (median pre-shift <0.158 µg/L and post-shift 0.510 µg/L); methacrylates were not measured in blood because of their instability. Based on VOCs measured in these seven nail salons, we estimated that emissions from Greater Boston area nail salons may contribute to ambient VOCs. Ventilation rates did not always meet the ASHRAE guideline for nail salons. There is a need for changes in nail product formulation and better ventilation to reduce VOC occupational exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M. Ceballos
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Talbot 4 Floor West, Boston, MA 02118
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, 4th Floor West, Boston, MA 02215
- Correspondence to: Tel: +1 (617) 358 1911,
| | - Jessica Craig
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Talbot 4 Floor West, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Xianqiang Fu
- School of Public Health, University of Memphis, 3825 DeSoto Avenue, Robison Hall 337, Memphis, TN 38152
| | - Chunrong Jia
- School of Public Health, University of Memphis, 3825 DeSoto Avenue, Robison Hall 337, Memphis, TN 38152
| | - David Chambers
- Volatile Organic Compounds Laboratory, Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Building 103, Room 3105, Atlanta, GA 30341
| | - MyDzung T. Chu
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, 4th Floor West, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Alai T. Fernandez
- Volatile Organic Compounds Laboratory, Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Building 103, Room 3105, Atlanta, GA 30341
| | - Victoria Fruh
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Talbot 4 Floor West, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Zoe E. Petropoulos
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Talbot 4 Floor West, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Joseph G. Allen
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, 4th Floor West, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Jose Vallarino
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, 4th Floor West, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Lydia Thornburg
- Volatile Organic Compounds Laboratory, Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Building 103, Room 3105, Atlanta, GA 30341
| | - Thomas F. Webster
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Talbot 4 Floor West, Boston, MA 02118
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21
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Rivas I, Fussell JC, Kelly FJ, Querol X. Indoor Sources of Air Pollutants. INDOOR AIR POLLUTION 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/9781788016179-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
People spend an average of 90% of their time in indoor environments. There is a long list of indoor sources that can contribute to increased pollutant concentrations, some of them related to human activities (e.g. people's movement, cooking, cleaning, smoking), but also to surface chemistry reactions with human skin and building and furniture surfaces. The result of all these emissions is a heterogeneous cocktail of pollutants with varying degrees of toxicity, which makes indoor air quality a complex system. Good characterization of the sources that affect indoor air pollution levels is of major importance for quantifying (and reducing) the associated health risks. This chapter reviews some of the more significant indoor sources that can be found in the most common non-occupational indoor environments.
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Lamplugh A, Harries M, Xiang F, Trinh J, Hecobian A, Montoya LD. Occupational exposure to volatile organic compounds and health risks in Colorado nail salons. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 249:518-526. [PMID: 30933751 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nail salon technicians face chronic exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which can lead to adverse health outcomes including cancer. In this study, indoor levels of formaldehyde, as well as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene, were measured in 6 Colorado nail salons. Personal exposure VOC measurements and health questionnaires (n = 20) were also performed; questionnaires included employee demographics, health symptoms experienced, and protective equipment used. Cancer slope factors from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) and anthropometric data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention were then used to estimate cancer risk for workers, assuming 20-yr exposures to concentrations of benzene and formaldehyde reported here. Results show that 70% of surveyed workers experienced at least one health issue related to their employment, with many reporting multiple related symptoms. Indoor concentrations of formaldehyde ranged from 5.32 to 20.6 μg m-3, across all 6 salons. Indoor concentrations of toluene ranged from 26.7 to 816 μg m-3, followed by benzene (3.13-51.8 μg m-3), xylenes (5.16-34.6 μg m-3), and ethylbenzene (1.65-9.52 μg m-3). Formaldehyde levels measured in one salon exceeded the Recommended Exposure Limit from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Cancer risk estimates from formaldehyde exposure exceeded the US EPA de minimis risk level (1 × 10-6) for squamous cell carcinoma, nasopharyngeal cancer, Hodgkin's lymphoma, and leukemia; leukemia risk exceeded 1 × 10-4 in one salon. The average leukemia risk from benzene exposure also exceeded the US EPA de minimis risk level for all demographic categories modeled. In general, concentrations of aromatic compounds measured here were comparable to those measured in studies of oil refinery and auto garage workers. Cancer risk models determined that 20-yr exposure to formaldehyde and benzene concentrations measured in this study will significantly increase worker's risk of developing cancer in their lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Lamplugh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, 1111 Engineering Drive, UCB 427, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309-0427, USA.
| | - Megan Harries
- Department of Chemistry, 1125 18th Street, UCB 215, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309-0215, USA.
| | - Feng Xiang
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, 1111 Engineering Drive, UCB 428, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309-0428, USA.
| | - Janice Trinh
- Department of Biochemistry, 3415 Colorado Avenue, UCB 596, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80305-0596, USA.
| | - Arsineh Hecobian
- Department of Atmospheric Science, 200 West Lake Street, 1371 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1371, USA.
| | - Lupita D Montoya
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, 1111 Engineering Drive, UCB 428, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309-0428, USA.
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Determinants of Exposures to Hazardous Materials among Nail Cosmeticians in the Kampala City, Uganda. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 2019:1925863. [PMID: 31061662 PMCID: PMC6466909 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1925863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Globally, nail salons represent a fast expanding industry and often with low-income cosmeticians. In general, cosmeticians have limited access to safety information about the hazardous materials they handle, which would potentially enable them to minimize workplace exposures. The problem is much pronounced in low- and middle-income countries due to weaknesses in regulation of the industry. We investigated determinants of exposures to hazardous materials among nail cosmeticians in Kampala District, Uganda. We employed a cross-sectional study design among a random sample of 243 participants. The sociodemographic characteristics, education and training status, knowledge about routes of exposure to hazardous chemicals, and personal protective material use of cosmeticians were assessed through face-to-face interviews. Most cosmeticians were aged 18–34 years, and more males were engaged in this work than females. Also, 82.7% believed inhalation was the major exposure route for the chemicals they handled. Participants who had attained secondary-level education and above were over three times more likely to wear masks (AOR = 3.19, 95% CI 1.58–6.41) and gloves (AOR = 3.48, 95% CI 1.55–7.81) and over two times more likely to use aprons (AOR = 2.50, 95% CI 1.18–5.32). Participants who had ever received safety training on hazardous chemicals were more likely to wear all four personal protective equipment: masks (AOR = 3.21, 95% CI 1.61–6.42), gloves (AOR = 4.23, 95% CI 2.05–8.75), goggles (AOR = 4.14, 95% CI 1.25–13.65), and aprons (AOR = 2.73, 95% CI 1.25–5.96). Participants who had spent more than two years in the nail cosmetics business were more likely to wear masks (AOR = 3.37, 95% CI 1.64–6.95). With the increasing demand for nail cosmetics, and many people in urban areas of low-income countries engaging in this industry, there is need for training and better workplace policies to promote a healthier urban workforce dealing in cosmetics.
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Seo JY, Chao YY, Strauss SM. Work-Related Symptoms, Safety Concerns, and Health Service Utilization Among Korean and Chinese Nail Salon Workers in the Greater New York City Area. Asia Pac J Public Health 2019; 31:199-209. [DOI: 10.1177/1010539519840255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine similarities and differences in health effects, safety concerns, and health service utilization among Korean and Chinese immigrant women working in nail salons in the Greater New York City area. In this cross-sectional study, analyses involved descriptive statistics, t tests, and χ2 tests. Koreans had longer work experience and more work-related health effects and concerns, but were less likely to use personal protective equipment than Chinese workers. Although Koreans reported better socioeconomic status than Chinese workers, they were less likely to have health care access and utilized less health services. To prevent prolonged exposure to toxic chemicals, nail salon employees need education regarding the importance of personal protective equipment use. Reducing structural barriers and increasing health care access for all nail salon workers are especially important in improving their health service utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Young Seo
- Hunter College, The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ying-Yu Chao
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Shiela M. Strauss
- Hunter College, The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- New York University, New York, NY, USA
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Huynh TB, Doan N, Trinh N, Verdecias N, Stalford S, Caroll-Scott A. Factors influencing health and safety practices among Vietnamese nail salon technicians and owners: A qualitative study. Am J Ind Med 2019; 62:244-252. [PMID: 30658004 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This qualitative study explored factors that influence health and safety practices among Vietnamese nail salon technicians and owners. METHODS We conducted semi-structured focus group discussions and individual interviews with a sample of 17 Vietnamese nail salon technicians and owners in the Philadelphia metropolitan area, Pennsylvania. RESULTS Analysis of transcripts revealed perceived health benefits/concerns, knowledge about work-related hazards, salon's management and policies attributed to owners, client influence, external policies/regulations, and protective equipment-specific challenges were among factors affecting workplace health promotion practices at the salons. CONCLUSIONS The study highlighted a complex interplay among the various stakeholders including nail technicians, owners, clients, policy makers, and enforcers. Interventions addressing barriers at the personal and organizational levels, as well as public policy change and enforcement are needed to create sustainable behavioral and organizational change in nail salons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tran B. Huynh
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health; Dornsife School of Public Health; Drexel University; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Ngoc Doan
- College of Engineering; Drexel University; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Ngan Trinh
- College of Science and Technology; Temple University; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Niko Verdecias
- Community Health and Prevention; Dornsife School of Public Health; Drexel University; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Samantha Stalford
- Health Management and Policy; Dornsife School of Public Health; Drexel University; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Amy Caroll-Scott
- Community Health and Prevention; Dornsife School of Public Health; Drexel University; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
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Seo JY, Chao YY, Yeung KM, Strauss SM. Factors Influencing Health Service Utilization Among Asian Immigrant Nail Salon Workers in the Greater New York City Area. J Community Health 2019; 44:1-11. [PMID: 29936641 PMCID: PMC6757341 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-018-0544-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Most nail salon workers in the greater New York City area are Asian immigrant women. They are exposed daily to potentially toxic chemicals and hazards in their workplace, making them more vulnerable for possible health problems. The study's primary purpose was to identify factors influencing past year healthcare utilization among Asian immigrant women working in nail salons. A cross-sectional study was conducted based on a modification of Andersen's behavioral model of healthcare utilization in which 148 Korean and Chinese immigrant women currently working in nail salons were surveyed. The questionnaire included: (1) individual health determinants, (2) health service utilization in the past year, and (3) work environment, work-related health concerns, and work-related health problems. Descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression models assessed factors related to past year healthcare utilization. Women who had health insurance (p < .01), a usual source of care (p < .01), low educational attainment (p < .05), and more work-related health symptoms (p < .05) were more likely to visit a primary care provider. Women who had health insurance (p < .01), a usual source of care (p < .05), and low educational attainment (p < .05), were also more likely to visit a woman's health provider. Korean (rather than Chinese) women (p < .05) and women who perceived themselves to be in fair/poor health (p < .05) were more likely to see a traditional provider of Eastern medicine. Asian immigrant women who work in nail salons have workplace health and safety concerns. They generally use Western rather than traditional medicine, with different factors related to these two types of medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Young Seo
- Hunter-Bellevue School of Nursing, Hunter College, 425 East 25th Street, Rm.416W, New York, NY, 10010, USA.
| | - Ying-Yu Chao
- School of Nursing, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Ka Man Yeung
- Hunter-Bellevue School of Nursing, Hunter College, 425 East 25th Street, Rm.416W, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Shiela M Strauss
- Hunter-Bellevue School of Nursing, Hunter College, 425 East 25th Street, Rm.416W, New York, NY, 10010, USA
- Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, NY, USA
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Zhong L, Batterman S, Milando CW. VOC sources and exposures in nail salons: a pilot study in Michigan, USA. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2019; 92:141-153. [PMID: 30276513 PMCID: PMC6325001 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-018-1353-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exposures of nail salon technicians have received attention due to the potentially toxic materials used in nail products, which include volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as formaldehyde and methyl methacrylate (MMA). This study characterized area and personal concentrations and other indoor air parameters in 17 nail salons in fall and winter seasons in three areas of Michigan. METHODS VOC samples were analyzed using thermal desorption, gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy, and the VOC composition of 35 nail products (e.g., polish, top coat, base coat) was measured using headspace sampling. Ventilation rates were derived using CO2 concentrations, occupancy and building information, and VOC sources were apportioned by a novel application of chemical mass balance models. RESULTS We detected ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, butyl acetate, MMA, n-heptane and toluene in most salons, and benzene, D-limonene, formaldehyde, and ethyl methacrylate in some salons. While MMA was not measured in the consumer and professional products, and the use of pure MMA in salons has been not been permitted since the 1970s, MMA was found in air at concentrations from 100 to 36,000 µg/m3 in 15 of 17 salons; thus its use appears to be commonplace in the industry. Personal measurements, representing exposures to workers and clients, were about twice those of the area measurements for many VOCs. CONCLUSION This study identifies the products responsible for emissions, shows the widespread presence of MMA, and documents low ventilation rates in some salons. It also demonstrates that "informal" short-term sampling approaches can evaluate chemical exposures in nail salons, providing measurements that can be used to protect a potentially susceptible and vulnerable population. Additional controls, including restrictions on the VOC compositions and improved ventilation, can reduce exposures to salon workers and clients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lexuan Zhong
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Stuart Batterman
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1420 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Chad W Milando
- School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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Pavilonis B, Roelofs C, Blair C. Assessing indoor air quality in New York City nail salons. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2018; 15:422-429. [PMID: 29494285 PMCID: PMC8974398 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2018.1447117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nail salons are an important business and employment sector for recent immigrants offering popular services to a diverse range of customers across the United States. However, due to the nature of nail products and services, salon air can be burdened with a mix of low levels of hazardous airborne contaminants. Surveys of nail technicians have commonly found increased work-related symptoms, such as headaches and respiratory irritation, that are consistent with indoor air quality problems. In an effort to improve indoor air quality in nail salons, the state of New York recently promulgated regulations to require increased outdoor air and "source capture" of contaminants. Existing indoor air quality in New York State salons is unknown. In advance of the full implementation of the rules by 2021, we sought to establish reliable and usable baseline indoor air quality metrics to determine the feasibility and effectiveness of the requirement. In this pilot study, we measured total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in 10 nail salons located in New York City to assess temporal and spatial trends. Within salon contaminant variation was generally minimal, indicating a well-mixed room and similar general exposure despite the task being performed. TVOC and CO2 concentrations were strongly positively correlated (ρ = 0.81; p < 0.01) suggesting that CO2 measurements could potentially be used to provide an initial determination of acceptable indoor air quality for the purposes of compliance with the standard. An almost tenfold increase in TVOC concentration was observed when the American National Standards Institute/American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ANSI/ASHRAE) target CO2 concentration of 850 ppm was exceeded compared to when this target was met.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Pavilonis
- a The CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, Department of Environmental , Occupational, and Geospatial Health Sciences , New York , New York
| | - Cora Roelofs
- b CR Research/Consulting , Boston , Massachusetts
| | - Carly Blair
- a The CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, Department of Environmental , Occupational, and Geospatial Health Sciences , New York , New York
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Grešner P, Świercz R, Król MB, Twardowska E, Gromadzińska J, Wąsowicz W. Does the Low-level occupational exposure to volatile organic compounds alter the seasonal variation of selected markers of oxidative stress? A case-control study in nail technicians. J Occup Med Toxicol 2016; 11:36. [PMID: 27453719 PMCID: PMC4957283 DOI: 10.1186/s12995-016-0125-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In this study we tested whether the seasonal variations in levels of selected biomarkers of oxidative stress in female nail technicians occupationally exposed to low levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) differ significantly from those observed among healthy unexposed controls. Airborne levels of selected VOCs in nail salons were also analyzed and tested for associations with seasonal variations of the levels of biomarkers among nail technicians. Methods The study enrolled 145 female nail technicians and 145 healthy unexposed female controls. The airborne VOCs and levels of biomarkers were assessed by GC-MS chromatography and absorption/fluorescence spectrophotometry, respectively. Results Plasma levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive species, ceruloplasmin, the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx1) and the SOD1/GPx1 activity ratio presented significant differences between the so-called “hot” and “cold” seasons in the case of nail technicians as well as in unexposed controls (p < <0.0001 for all four biomarkers). The pattern of these variations among nail technicians was found to be significantly different compared to that of the control subjects (p < <0.0001). Although such differences might intuitively be attributed to occupational exposure of nail technicians to VOCs, which was found to be higher during the “cold” season compared to the “hot” one, our study provided only limited evidence in favor of the hypothesis, that the different pattern of seasonal variations of biomarkers among nail technicians might have resulted from seasonal fluctuations in their occupational exposure to VOCs. Conclusion Further investigation is thus needed in order to elucidate the effect of low-level occupational exposure to VOCs on seasonal variations of biomarkers of oxidative stress. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12995-016-0125-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Grešner
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 8, Sw. Teresy str., 91-348 Lodz, Poland
| | - Radosław Świercz
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 8, Sw. Teresy str., 91-348 Lodz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Beata Król
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 8, Sw. Teresy str., 91-348 Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewa Twardowska
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 8, Sw. Teresy str., 91-348 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jolanta Gromadzińska
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 8, Sw. Teresy str., 91-348 Lodz, Poland
| | - Wojciech Wąsowicz
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 8, Sw. Teresy str., 91-348 Lodz, Poland
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Sy O, Phillips ML. Musculoskeletal symptoms and associated risk factors among African hair braiders. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2016; 13:434-441. [PMID: 26771155 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2015.1130226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
African hair braiders are potentially subject to work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) because they perform repetitive hand motions for many hours a day together with prolonged standing and/or prolonged sitting. A complete enumeration of African hair braiders was attempted in Oklahoma City (OKC) and Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW). Braiders were identified through the channels they typically use to offer services to clients. Potential risk factors and symptoms of WMSDs were assessed using an oral interview. Participation rates were 95% (18/19) in OKC and 83% (83/101) in DFW. More than 75% of braiders reported discomfort in the fingers, wrist/hand, upper back, and lower back. In multivariate analysis, years worked as a braider but not age was a significant risk factor (p < 0.005) for reported pain in the wrist/hand, time spent sitting during the work day was found to be a significant predictor (p < 0.05) of upper back pain and lower back pain, and time spent sitting and time spent standing during the work day were both significant predictors (p < 0.05) of shoulder pain. Braiders in OKC, where licensing requirements were stricter, were significantly more likely than braiders in DFW to work at home (67% vs. 4%, p < 0.001) and to report pain in the lower leg (p < 0.005) and ankle/foot (p < 0.05). The close-knit nature of the African hair braiding community makes it an appealing candidate for community-based participatory research aimed at further elucidating occupational health concerns and reducing risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oumy Sy
- a Department of Occupational and Environmental Health , College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City , Oklahama
| | - Margaret L Phillips
- a Department of Occupational and Environmental Health , College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City , Oklahama
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Goldin LJ, Ansher L, Berlin A, Cheng J, Kanopkin D, Khazan A, Kisivuli M, Lortie M, Bunker Peterson E, Pohl L, Porter S, Zeng V, Skogstrom T, Fragala MA, Myatt TA, Stewart JH, Allen JG. Indoor air quality survey of nail salons in Boston. J Immigr Minor Health 2015; 16:508-14. [PMID: 23765035 PMCID: PMC4008780 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-013-9856-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Employees in nail salons, largely Vietnamese immigrant women in Boston, are exposed to a range of volatile organic chemicals from the products used in salons, including solvents, glues and polishes. Some of these chemicals have the potential to cause short and long-term adverse health effects. Only limited research has been performed on assessing occupational exposures. This project aimed to characterize total volatile organic compound (TVOC) and PM2.5 concentrations in nail salons as a function of ventilation, building characteristics, customer and employee occupancy, and type of services being performed. Students conducted sampling in 21 salons in Boston, MA from September to December, 2011. Study visits included: indoor environmental quality measurements (TVOCs, PM2.5 and carbon dioxide), site observations, and an interview. CO2 levels in 15 of 21 salons exceeded 800 ppm, suggesting that these salons may have insufficient ventilation. Higher TVOC and PM2.5 levels were found in salons with less ventilation (as estimated using CO2 concentrations). Contrary to our a priori hypothesis, average levels of TVOCs, CO2 and PM2.5 were consistent throughout salons, indicating that exposures may not be restricted to areas in the salon where work is being performed (e.g., at the manicure table). Higher TVOC concentrations were observed when tasks were being performed, yet were not dependent upon the number of tasks being performed. Improving ventilation conditions in salons to meet minimum outdoor air delivery requirements can reduce exposures to TVOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Goldin
- Environmental Studies, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, MS055, Waltham, MA, 02453, USA,
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White H, Khan K, Lau C, Leung H, Montgomery D, Rohlman DS. Identifying Health and Safety Concerns in Southeast Asian Immigrant Nail Salon Workers. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2015; 70:196-203. [PMID: 25965322 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2013.853644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nail salon workers are exposed to a variety of toxic chemicals at levels that remain unreported and have undetermined health consequences. The objective of the study was to gather information about the hazards in nail salons along with safety practices and health concerns of nail salon workers. A survey was conducted on 65 nail salon workers who were immigrants from Southeast Asia in Oregon, USA. More than 20% of the participants reported nose irritation and allergies as the most common health problems. Rare and no use of gloves and mask were reported among 72% and 32% of the participants, respectively. A significantly higher number of participants with "fair" or "poor" self-reported general health condition was found among the workers who applied acrylic nails compared with those who were not involved in this application. Findings of the study emphasize the need for more research to determine the relationship between chemical exposures in nail salons and health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah White
- a Department of Psychology, University of Oregon , Eugene , Oregon , USA
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Quach T, Von Behren J, Goldberg D, Layefsky M, Reynolds P. Adverse birth outcomes and maternal complications in licensed cosmetologists and manicurists in California. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2014; 88:823-33. [PMID: 25501563 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-014-1011-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Due to concerns around occupational chemical exposures, this study sought to examine whether women working as cosmetologists (providing hair and nail care services) and manicurists (providing only nail care services) have an elevated risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes. METHODS In this population-based retrospective study of cosmetologists and manicurists in California, we linked cosmetology licensee and birth registry files to identify births during 1996-2009. We compared outcomes among cosmetologists and manicurists to those of the general female population and to women from other industries. We also conducted restricted analyses for Vietnamese women, who comprise a significant proportion of the workforce. RESULTS There was little evidence of increased risk for adverse birth outcomes, but we observed an association for small for gestational age (SGA) among Vietnamese manicurists (OR 1.39; 95 % CI 1.08-1.78) and cosmetologists (OR 1.40; 95 % CI 1.08-1.83) when compared to other working women. Some maternal complications were observed, notably an increased risk for gestational diabetes (OR 1.28; 95 % CI 1.10-1.50 for manicurists; OR 1.19; 95 % CI 1.07-1.33 for cosmetologists) compared with the general population, which further elevated when restricted to Vietnamese workers (OR 1.59; 95 % CI 1.20-2.11 for manicurists; OR 1.49; 95 % CI 1.04-2.11 for cosmetologists). Additionally, we observed an association for placentia previa among manicurists (OR 1.46; 95 % CI 1.08-1.97) and cosmetologists (OR 1.22; 95 % CI 1.02-1.46) compared with the general population. CONCLUSIONS Women in the nail and hair care industry may be potentially at increased risk for some maternal complications, although further research is warranted. Vietnamese workers may also have increased risk for SGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu Quach
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, 2001 Center Street, Suite 700, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA. .,Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Julie Von Behren
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, 2001 Center Street, Suite 700, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA.
| | - Debbie Goldberg
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, 2001 Center Street, Suite 700, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA
| | - Michael Layefsky
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, 2001 Center Street, Suite 700, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA
| | - Peggy Reynolds
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, 2001 Center Street, Suite 700, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA.,Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Girbig M, Seidler L, Hegewald J, Apfelbacher C, Seidler A, Deckert S, Rossa K, Butler J, Flyvholm MA, Schmitt J. Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Nordic Occupational Skin Questionnaire (NOSQ-2002) to German. J Occup Med Toxicol 2014. [DOI: 10.1186/s12995-014-0029-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Pak VM, Powers M, Liu J. Occupational Chemical Exposures Among Cosmetologists: Risk of Reproductive Disorders. Workplace Health Saf 2013. [DOI: 10.3928/21650799-20131206-04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Pak VM, Powers M, Liu J. Occupational chemical exposures among cosmetologists: risk of reproductive disorders. Workplace Health Saf 2013; 61:522-8; quiz 529. [PMID: 24328919 PMCID: PMC4260452 DOI: 10.1177/216507991306101204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
More research is needed to understand possible occupational reproductive risks for cosmetologists, specifically hairdressers and nail technicians, two occupations that often share workspace and exposure to hair dyes and nail polish. Cosmetologists are predominantly females of reproductive age; thus, they may be at higher risk for the effects of exposure to reproductive toxins. The purpose of this article is to inform nurses and public health professionals about occupational exposures for cosmetologists and discuss interventions to reduce the risks of reproductive disorders among susceptible worker populations.
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Shendell DG, Mapou AE, Kelly SW, Lewis AG, Houlroyd JL, Murtha AT. Assessing safety and health knowledge and awareness of young cosmetology students using a Salon Safety Quiz. ACS CHEMICAL HEALTH & SAFETY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchas.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Quach T, Varshavsky J, Von Behren J, Garcia E, Tong M, Nguyen T, Tran A, Gunier R, Reynolds P. Reducing chemical exposures in nail salons through owner and worker trainings: an exploratory intervention study. Am J Ind Med 2013; 56:806-17. [PMID: 23255315 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nail salons represent a rapidly growing industry with mainly Vietnamese immigrant workers. Workers routinely handle nail products containing hazardous compounds, yet have limited accessible information to minimize workplace exposures. METHODS We conducted a culturally appropriate pilot intervention on workplace chemical exposure reduction strategies. We trained eight Vietnamese owners, who then trained Vietnamese workers in their salons. We conducted pre-, mid-, and post-intervention assessments with workers, including an in-person survey and personal air monitoring of volatile compounds. RESULTS Survey results suggested statistically significant increases for chemical knowledge and behavioral changes in glove and mask use, and a reduced prevalence of nose, throat, and skin irritations. Air monitoring results showed a net reduction for methyl methacrylate and total volatile organic compounds, but not for toluene. CONCLUSIONS Worker education disseminated through salon owners to their workers can improve work-related knowledge, behavior, health symptoms, and exposures for select air contaminants, although more research is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu Quach
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California; Berkeley; California
- School of Medicine; Stanford University; Stanford California
- Asian Health Services; Oakland; California
| | | | | | - Erika Garcia
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California; Berkeley; California
| | - My Tong
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California; Berkeley; California
| | - Tuan Nguyen
- State Compensation Insurance Fund; Safety and Health Services; Santa Ana California
| | | | - Robert Gunier
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California; Berkeley; California
| | - Peggy Reynolds
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California; Berkeley; California
- School of Medicine; Stanford University; Stanford California
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Shendell DG, Mapou AEM, Kelly SW. Younger Cosmetology Workers and Environmental and Occupational Asthma Triggers at Training Sites and in Salons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/2150129712474820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Secondary school students in career, technical, and vocational education (CTE) programs include minors aged ≤17 years. These students enter the workforce starting at age 18 as young adults, and specifically in cosmetology after completing the State of New Jersey mandated 2-part licensing exam (theory and practical). The New Jersey Safe Schools Task Force 2010-2012 focused on potential safety and health (S&H) risks encountered by minors training in cosmetology. We conducted a stakeholder-driven participatory process with relevant state and federal agencies, private sector partners, teachers, administrators, and students from 1-in-3 of 21 county CTE school districts. We developed and disseminated Web pages ( http://www.njsafeschools.org/Cosmetology.htm ) with science-based information, materials such as “Right to Know” brochures in multiple languages (English, Spanish), and student-designed educational posters. Resources highlight S&H issues such as chemical exposures, including known environmental and occupational asthma triggers and respiratory irritants, for example, formaldehyde and volatile organic compounds. Asthma education professionals working in clinical management of chronic respiratory diseases can increase self-awareness of S&H in cosmetology. They can then help inform younger patients/workers with asthma, teachers, older employees, and managers/owners of hair, nail, and skin care salons of potential asthma triggers. The goal is to minimize exposures (S&H risks) among these professionals and their clients (general public).
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek G. Shendell
- Center for School and Community-Based Research and Education and NJ Safe Schools Program, New Brunswick, New Jersey (DGS, AEMM, SWK)
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey (DGS, AEMM)
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey School of Public Health Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (DGS)
| | - Ashley E. Miller Mapou
- Center for School and Community-Based Research and Education and NJ Safe Schools Program, New Brunswick, New Jersey (DGS, AEMM, SWK)
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey (DGS, AEMM)
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey School of Public Health Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (DGS)
| | - Sarah W. Kelly
- Center for School and Community-Based Research and Education and NJ Safe Schools Program, New Brunswick, New Jersey (DGS, AEMM, SWK)
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey (DGS, AEMM)
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey School of Public Health Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (DGS)
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Alaves VM, Sleeth DK, Thiese MS, Larson RR. Characterization of indoor air contaminants in a randomly selected set of commercial nail salons in Salt Lake County, Utah, USA. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2013; 23:419-433. [PMID: 23286453 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2012.755152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Air samples were collected in 12 randomly selected commercial nail salons in Salt Lake County, Utah. Measurements of salon physical/chemical parameters (room volume, CO2 levels) were obtained. Volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations were collected using summa air canisters and sorbent media tubes for an 8-h period. Multivariate analyses were used to identify relationships between salon physical/chemical characteristics and the VOCs found in the air samples. The ACGIH(®) additive mixing formula was also applied to determine if there were potential overexposures to the combined airborne concentrations of chemicals monitored. Methyl methacrylate was detected in 58% of the establishments despite having been banned for use in nail products by the state of Utah. Formaldehyde was found above the NIOSH REL(®) (0.016 ppm) in 58% of the establishments. Given the assortment of VOCs to which nail salon workers are potentially exposed, a combination of engineering as well as personal protective equipment is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Alaves
- a Salt Lake Valley Health Department, Environmental Health Division , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
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41
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Abstract
Due to the complexity of the nail salon work environment, traditional approaches to exposure assessment in this context tend to mischaracterize potential hazards as nuisances. For this investigation, a workable “indoor air” approach was devised to characterize potential hazards and ventilation in Boston, Massachusetts area nail salons which are primarily owned and staffed by Vietnamese immigrants. A community-university partnership project recruited salons to participate in a short audit which included carbon dioxide measurements and evaluation of other air quality metrics. Twenty-two salons participated. Seventy-three percent of the salons had spot carbon dioxide measurements in excess of 700 ppm, the level corresponding to a ventilation rate recommended for beauty salons. Fourteen salons (64%) did not have a mechanical ventilation system to provide fresh air and/or exhaust contaminated air. The lack of adequate ventilation is of significant concern because of the presence of potentially hazardous chemicals in salon products and the common self-report of symptoms among nail technicians. Community and worker health may be improved through adoption of recommended ventilation guidelines and reduction in the hazard potential of nail products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cora Roelofs
- Department of Work Environment, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - Tuan Do
- Department of Work Environment, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
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Azaroff LS, Nguyen HM, Do T, Gore R, Goldstein-Gelb M. Results of a community-university partnership to reduce deadly hazards in hardwood floor finishing. J Community Health 2011; 36:658-68. [PMID: 21267640 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-011-9357-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A community-university partnership used community-based participatory research (CBPR) to design, implement, and evaluate a multi-cultural public health campaign to eliminate flammable products and reduce use of products high in volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in hardwood floor finishing in Massachusetts. Leading participants were Vietnamese-American organizations and businesses. Following the public health campaign, a multi-lingual survey of self-reported experiences with fires, product use, exposure to outreach activities, and changes made, was conducted with floor finishers. One hundred nine floor finishers responded. Over 40% reported fires at their companies' jobs, mostly caused by lacquer sealers. Over one third had heard radio or TV shows about health and safety in floor finishing, and over half reported making changes as a result of outreach. Exposure to various outreach activities was associated with reducing use of flammable products, increasing use of low-VOC products, and greater knowledge about product flammability. However, most respondents still reported using flammable products. Outreach led by community partners reached large proportions of floor finishers, was associated with use of safer products, and adds to recent work on CBPR with immigrant workers. Continued use of flammable products supports the belief that an enforceable ban was ultimately necessary to eradicate them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenore S Azaroff
- Work Environment Department, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Avenue, Lowell, MA 01854, USA.
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Psychosocial Factors and Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders among Southeastern Asian Female Workers Living in Korea. Saf Health Work 2011; 2:183-93. [PMID: 22953201 PMCID: PMC3431902 DOI: 10.5491/shaw.2011.2.2.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A rapid increase in the population of migrant workers in Korea has brought new challenges regarding the possible effects of acculturation on health. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of acculturation- and work-related psychosocial factors on work-related musculoskeletal disorders among migrant female workers living in Korea. METHODS A cross-sectional survey design was used. A translated, structured questionnaire was administrated to 156 southeastern Asian female full-time workers living in Korea. RESULTS About 35% of the participants experienced some type(s) of work-related musculoskeletal disorder(s), which were more prevalent in Vietnamese women than in Thai and Filipino women. Women who preferred to maintain their own heritage and to reject the host country heritage were at risk for work-related musculoskeletal disorders. CONCLUSION Acculturation strategy and nationality were found to be significant factors associated with work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Health professionals need to accommodate acculturation contexts into risk assessment and intervention development for work-related musculoskeletal disorders separately for different nationalities.
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Price K. It's Not Just About Abortion: Incorporating Intersectionality in Research About Women of Color and Reproduction. Womens Health Issues 2011; 21:S55-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.whi.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Gallicchio L, Miller SR, Greene T, Zacur H, Flaws JA. Somatic symptoms among cosmetologists compared to women in other occupations. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2011; 20:605-15. [PMID: 21417748 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2010.2342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the literature pertaining to the cosmetology occupation and specific health effects, such as asthma, dermatitis, and reproductive function, has grown substantially, little information is available about whether cosmetologists are at increased risk of other symptoms compared to women working in other occupations. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine if cosmetologists of reproductive age are at increased risk of self-reported symptoms compared to women of the same age working in other occupations. METHODS Data were analyzed from 450 cosmetologists and 511 women in other occupations, aged 21-55 years, in the Baltimore metropolitan region who responded to a mailed survey that ascertained detailed data on symptoms as well as usual work tasks. RESULTS The data showed that cosmetologists were at increased risk of memory and sleep disturbances, muscle weakness, throat irritation, and hot flashes compared to women of the same age working in other occupations after adjustment for confounders, including cigarette smoking. Among the cosmetologists, handling cleaning supplies; hair bleaching; use of straighteners, texturizers, or permanent chemicals; and several nail care work tasks were associated with one or more of the queried symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Findings from this study suggest that, compared to noncosmetologists, cosmetologists are at increased risk for a number of symptoms reported to be associated with decreased quality of life. These symptoms may also reflect chronic exposure to chemicals that have been shown to be related to more severe long-term health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Gallicchio
- The Prevention and Research Center, The Weinberg Center for Women's Health & Medicine, Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Quach T, Doan-Billing PA, Layefsky M, Nelson D, Nguyen KD, Okahara L, Tran AN, Von Behren J, Reynolds P. Cancer incidence in female cosmetologists and manicurists in California, 1988-2005. Am J Epidemiol 2010; 172:691-9. [PMID: 20693266 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwq190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Health concerns have been pronounced for cosmetologists and manicurists, who are exposed daily to cosmetic products containing known or suspected human carcinogens and endocrine disruptors. In this retrospective cohort study, the authors used probabilistic record linkage between California's statewide cosmetology licensee and cancer surveillance files to identify newly diagnosed invasive cancers among female workforce members during 1988-2005. Rate ratios and 95% confidence intervals for cancer among workforce members compared with the general female population in California were estimated via Poisson regression. For comparison, site-specific proportional incidence ratios were computed. The authors identified 9,044 cancer cases in a cohort of 325,228 licensees. Rate ratios for all sites combined suggested lower incidence among both cosmetologists (rate ratio = 0.84, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.82, 0.86) and manicurists (rate ratio = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.84, 0.90). Proportional incidence ratios were modestly elevated for thyroid cancer among all licensees (proportional incidence ratio = 1.13, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.23) and for lung cancer among manicurists (proportional incidence ratio = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.07, 1.36). Although there did not appear to be a cancer excess, these findings may be artifactually influenced by limitations in demographic information available from the licensee files. Additionally, the relatively young ages of cohort members and demographic shifts in the industry composition in recent years suggest a need for further follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu Quach
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Berkeley, California, USA.
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Cooper GS, Wither J, Bernatsky S, Claudio JO, Clarke A, Rioux JD, Fortin PR. Occupational and environmental exposures and risk of systemic lupus erythematosus: silica, sunlight, solvents. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2010; 49:2172-80. [PMID: 20675707 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keq214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined occupational and non-occupational exposures in relation to risk of SLE in a case-control study conducted through the Canadian Network for Improved Outcomes in SLE (CaNIOS). METHODS SLE cases (n = 258) were recruited from 11 rheumatology centres across Canada. Controls (without SLE, n = 263) were randomly selected from phone number listings and matched to cases by age, sex and area of residence. Data were collected using a structured telephone interview. RESULTS An association was seen with outdoor work in the 12 months preceding diagnosis [odds ratio (OR) 2.0; 95% CI 1.1, 3.8]; effect modification by sun reaction was suggested, with the strongest effect among people who reported reacting to midday sun with a blistering sunburn or a rash (OR 7.9; 95% CI 0.97, 64.7). Relatively strong but imprecise associations were seen with work as an artist working with paints, dyes or developing film (OR 3.9; 95% CI 1.3, 12.3) and work that included applying nail polish or nail applications (OR 10.2; 95% CI 1.3, 81.5). Patients were more likely than controls to report participation in pottery or ceramics work as a leisure activity, with an increased risk among individuals with a total frequency of at least 26 days (OR 2.1; 95% CI 1.1, 3.9). Analyses of potential respirable silica exposures suggested an exposure-response gradient (OR 1.0, 1.4. and 2.1 for zero, one and two or more sources of exposure, respectively; trend test P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS This study supports the role of specific occupational and non-occupational exposures in the development of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glinda S Cooper
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, The George Washington University, School of Public Health and Health Services, Washington, DC, USA.
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Roelofs C, Shoemaker P, Skogstrom T, Acevedo P, Kendrick J, Nguyen N. The Boston Safe Shops model: an integrated approach to community environmental and occupational health. Am J Public Health 2010; 100 Suppl 1:S52-5. [PMID: 20147670 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2009.176511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Small, immigrant-owned businesses, such as auto repair shops and nail salons, often face barriers to environmental and occupational health compliance and may be a source of neighborhood pollution complaints. The Boston Public Health Commission established the Safe Shops Project to improve safety and environmental practices in such businesses using a community partnership model that incorporates enforcement inspection findings, worker training, technical assistance, and referral to health care and business resources. This integrated technical assistance approach has led to improved occupational health and environmental conditions, adoption of pollution prevention technologies, novel problem-solving, and dozens of health screenings and insurance referrals for workers and their neighbors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cora Roelofs
- Department of Work Environment, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA.
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Tsigonia A, Lagoudi A, Chandrinou S, Linos A, Evlogias N, Alexopoulos EC. Indoor air in beauty salons and occupational health exposure of cosmetologists to chemical substances. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2010; 7:314-24. [PMID: 20195448 PMCID: PMC2819791 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph7010314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The indoor environment in four beauty salons located in Athens (Greece) was examined in order to investigate the occupational health exposure of cosmetologists to various chemical products typically used in their work. Chemical substances chosen for investigation were volatile organic compounds (VOCs), formaldehyde, ozone and carbon dioxide. Total VOCs levels measured showed significant variation (100-1,450 microg m(-3)) depending on the products used and the number of treatments carried out, as well as ventilation. The main VOCs found in the salons were aromatics (toluene, xylene), esters and ketones (ethyl acetate, acetone, etc.) which are used as solvents in various beauty products; terpenes (pinene, limonene, camphor, menthenol) which have a particular odor and others like camphor which have specific properties. Ozone concentrations measured in all salons were quite low (0.1 and 13.3 microg m(-3)) and formaldehyde concentrations detected were lower than the detection limit of the method in all salons (<0.05 ppm). Carbon dioxide levels ranged between 402 and 1,268 ppm, depending on the number of people present in the salons during measurements and ventilation. Cosmetologists may be exposed to high concentrations of a mixture of volatile organic compounds although these levels could be decreased significantly by following certain practices such as good ventilation of the areas, closing the packages of the beauty products when not in use and finally selecting safer beauty products without strong odor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Tsigonia
- Department of Aesthetics and Cosmetology, Technological Educational Institute of Athens, 12210 Athens, Greece; E-Mail:
(A.T. & N.E.)
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Athens University, 11527 Athens, Greece; E-Mail:
| | - Argyro Lagoudi
- Terra Nova L.t.d., Environmental Engineering Consultancy, 11527 Athens, Greece; E-Mails:
(A.L.);
(S.C.)
| | - Stavroula Chandrinou
- Terra Nova L.t.d., Environmental Engineering Consultancy, 11527 Athens, Greece; E-Mails:
(A.L.);
(S.C.)
| | - Athena Linos
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Athens University, 11527 Athens, Greece; E-Mail:
| | - Nikos Evlogias
- Department of Aesthetics and Cosmetology, Technological Educational Institute of Athens, 12210 Athens, Greece; E-Mail:
(A.T. & N.E.)
| | - Evangelos C. Alexopoulos
- Occupational Health Unit, Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Patras University, 26500 Rio Patras, Greece
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail:
; Tel.: +30-2610-969-873; Fax: +30-2610-996-101
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50
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Reutman SR, Rohs AM, Clark JC, Johnson BC, Sammons DL, Toennis CA, Robertson SA, MacKenzie BA, Lockey JE. A pilot respiratory health assessment of nail technicians: symptoms, lung function, and airway inflammation. Am J Ind Med 2009; 52:868-75. [PMID: 19753596 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.20751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent surveys suggest nail technicians, particularly artificial nail applicators, have increased respiratory symptoms and asthma risk. METHODS We examined lung function (n = 62) and a marker of airway inflammation, i.e., exhaled nitric oxide (ENO) (n = 43), in a subset of nail technician and control participants in a pilot health assessment. RESULTS Bivariate analysis of technicians demonstrated that job latency was inversely correlated with FEV1 percent predicted (FEV1PP) (r = -0.34, P = 0.03) and FVCPP (r = -0.32, P = 0.05). Acrylic gel contact hours were inversely correlated with FEV1PP (r = -0.38, P = 0.02) and FVCPP (r = -0.47, P = 0.003). Current smoking was inversely and significantly (P <or= 0.05) associated with ENO in bivariate analysis. Log 10 ENO levels were directly correlated with job latency (P = 0.012) and gel nail application (P = 0.026) in multivariable analyses. CONCLUSIONS These positive pilot respiratory test results warrant additional future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan R Reutman
- Biomonitoring and Health Assessment Branch (BHAB), Division of Applied Research and Technology (DART), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Cincinnati, Ohio 45226-1998, USA.
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