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Wang J, Xie Y, Zhang Y, Xu H, Zhang X, Wan Y, Tao F. The relationship between cumulative ecological risk and health risk behaviors among Chinese adolescents. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:603. [PMID: 38403637 PMCID: PMC10895731 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-17934-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the relationship between cumulative ecological risk and individual risky behavior and multiple forms of aggregated behaviors among adolescents, and examine the gender differences. METHODS A large-scale, nationally representative, and students-based investigation was conducted in rural and urban areas of eight provinces in China from October to December 2021. A total of 22 868 adolescents with an average age of 14.64 years completely standardized questionnaire in which the sociodemographic characteristics, socio-ecological risk factors and risky behaviors were used to analyze. RESULTS Of included students, 48.4% encountered the high level of social-ecological risk. The prevalence of breakfast intake not daily, alcohol use (AU), smoking, physical inactivity, prolonged screen time (ST) on weekdays and weekends, suicidal ideation, suicidal plan, suicidal attempt, and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) was 41.0%, 11.9%, 3.4%, 61.9%, 15.1%, 51.1%, 27.7%, 13.9%, 6.5% and 27.0% respectively. 22.2% of participants engaged in high-risk behaviors. All were significantly influences of increased cumulative ecological risk on individual behavior and low-risk clustering behaviors separately. The odds ratio of breakfast intake not daily, AU, smoking, physical inactivity, prolonged ST in weekday and weekend, suicidal ideation, suicidal plan, suicidal attempt, and NSSI for the adjusted model in low versus high level of cumulative ecological risk was respectively significant in both boy and girls, and the ratio of odds ratios (ROR) was separately 0.95 (p = 0.228), 0.67 (p < 0.001), 0.44 (p < 0.001), 0.60 (p < 0.001), 0.78 (p = 0.001), 0.83 (p = 0.001), 0.80 (p = 0.001), 0.83 (p = 0.022), 0.71 (p = 0.005), 0.75 (p = 0.001). Girls encountering a high level of cumulative ecological risk were more likely to engage in multiple forms of clustering risky behaviors than boys (RORs: 0.77, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Research and effective inventions at the social-ecological environment, based on the view of cumulative risk, are needed to promote the healthy development of behaviors in adolescence, and pay more attention to decreasing the occurrence of risky behaviours in girls than boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Wang
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yang Xie
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Moe Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study On Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Moe Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study On Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Huiqiong Xu
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Moe Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study On Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xianglin Zhang
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yuhui Wan
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Moe Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study On Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Fangbiao Tao
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- Moe Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study On Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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Huang F, Wang Y, Yang J, Zhang F, Wang X, Xiang Y, Yang W, Zhou Y, Fan L, Du W. Pattern of lifestyle behaviors and associated risk of being bullied at schools: A latent class analysis of 25,379 adolescents in Jiangsu Province of China. Res Nurs Health 2023; 46:515-526. [PMID: 37525309 DOI: 10.1002/nur.22331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
School bullying is a worldwide problem. Although previous studies examined the association between different lifestyle behaviors and bullying victimization, the complex co-occurrence of these behaviors was not identified, and their association with the risk of being bullied remains unclear. We aimed to identify the behavioral patterns of adolescents and to explore their association with bullying victimization. This cross-sectional study employed data from the "Surveillance for Common Diseases and Health Risk Factors among Students" project implemented in Jiangsu Province of China in 2019, and a total of 25,379 school-enrolled students were included. We used a latent class analysis to identify behavioral patterns and a regression mixture model to explore various demographic characteristics, such as age, sex, and family structure in relation to bullying victimization across different patterns. We considered respondents having targeted behaviors, including smoking, alcohol consumption, illicit drug use, sugar consumption, no fruit consumption, low physical activity, electronic media use, and insufficient sleep. Four behavioral patterns were identified, including the "adolescents without apparent targeted behaviors" (19.65%), "substance and electronic media users" (12.76%), "typical electronic media users" (54.49%), and "typical substance users" (8.10%). The risk of being bullied was the highest in the "substance and electronic media users" (probability: 0.33), tripled that in "adolescents without apparent targeted behaviors" (odds ratio: 3.60, 95% confidence interval: 3.01-4.30). Risk of being bullied was reduced for those "substance and electronic media users" living with a nuclear family. Behavioral patterns and their association with being bullied differ between groups of school-aged adolescents. To better inform decision-making based on the current real-world findings, the implementation of bullying prevention programs could target specific behavioral patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health Promotion, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health Promotion, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fengyun Zhang
- Division of Child and Youth Health, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health Promotion, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yao Xiang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health Promotion, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenyi Yang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health Promotion, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yonglin Zhou
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health Promotion, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lijun Fan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Du
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Whipple CR, Robinson WL, Flack CE, Jason LA, Keenan K. Longitudinal patterns and predictors of suicidal ideation in African American adolescents. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 71:453-464. [PMID: 37042796 PMCID: PMC11103682 DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Suicide rates among African American adolescents have increased dramatically. Suicidal ideation is associated with both suicide attempts and completions, thus understanding ideation patterns and predictors in African American adolescents is critical to informing prevention efforts. This study recruited 160 African American ninth grade students. Participants were those students randomized to the control condition of a randomized controlled preventive intervention. Of the 160 participants, 99 completed all assessment points and were included in latent transition analyses. We assessed participants four times: baseline then again at 6-, 12-, and 18-month postbaseline. Constructs of interest for this study included suicidal ideation, depression, hopelessness, and community violence exposure. A 2-class model (i.e., low ideation [LI] and high ideation [HI]) characterized ideation at each time point. A total of 86%-90% of participants were in the LI class in any given time point and 27.3% of participants were in the HI class at least once. Participants in the LI class tended to stay in that class, whereas those in the HI class often transitioned to the LI group. Depression and hopelessness, but not exposure to community violence, predicted HI class membership. Findings suggest that (a) most African American adolescents may experience suicide ideation at some point in time, (b) a concerning proportion of African American adolescents may experience high ideation, (c) high ideation is often time-limited, and (d) depression and hopelessness predict high ideation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Whipple
- Department of Social Sciences and Psychology, School of Behavioral Sciences and Education, Penn State Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, Middletown, USA
| | | | - Caleb E. Flack
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Leonard A. Jason
- Department of Psychology, DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kate Keenan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Selvarajah S, Corona Maioli S, Deivanayagam TA, de Morais Sato P, Devakumar D, Kim SS, Wells JC, Yoseph M, Abubakar I, Paradies Y. Racism, xenophobia, and discrimination: mapping pathways to health outcomes. Lancet 2022; 400:2109-2124. [PMID: 36502849 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(22)02484-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite being globally pervasive, racism, xenophobia, and discrimination are not universally recognised determinants of health. We challenge widespread beliefs related to the inevitability of increased mortality and morbidity associated with particular ethnicities and minoritised groups. In refuting that racial categories have a genetic basis and acknowledging that socioeconomic factors offer incomplete explanations in understanding these health disparities, we examine the pathways by which discrimination based on caste, ethnicity, Indigeneity, migratory status, race, religion, and skin colour affect health. Discrimination based on these categories, although having many unique historical and cultural contexts, operates in the same way, with overlapping pathways and health effects. We synthesise how such discrimination affects health systems, spatial determination, and communities, and how these processes manifest at the individual level, across the life course, and intergenerationally. We explore how individuals respond to and internalise these complex mechanisms psychologically, behaviourally, and physiologically. The evidence shows that racism, xenophobia, and discrimination affect a range of health outcomes across all ages around the world, and remain embedded within the universal challenges we face, from COVID-19 to the climate emergency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujitha Selvarajah
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK; St George's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
| | | | - Thilagawathi Abi Deivanayagam
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK; Lancaster Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | | | - Delan Devakumar
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Seung-Sup Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jonathan C Wells
- University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Marcella Yoseph
- Global Mental Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Sir Ketumile Masire Teaching Hospital, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Ibrahim Abubakar
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Yin Paradies
- Alfred Deakin Institute for Citizenship and Globalisation, Deakin University, Melbourne VIC, Australia
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Ballard PJ, Hoyt LT, Johnson J. Opportunities, challenges, and contextual supports to promote enacting maturing during adolescence. Front Psychol 2022; 13:954860. [PMID: 36211917 PMCID: PMC9532964 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.954860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Conceptions of adolescent "storm and stress" may be tied to a developmental mismatch that exists between young people's need for meaningful roles and autonomy - which we refer to as a need for enacting maturity - and the lack of such opportunities in most adolescents' contexts. First, we summarize our previous work on enacting maturity, including a review of the key components, links to wellbeing, and the nuances and limitations of this construct. Next, we extend this work by considering how the ecological contexts (e.g., family, school, community) young people are embedded in and their various intersecting social positions and identities (e.g., race/ethnicity, gender, immigrant origin) influence their experiences with enacting maturity. In this section, we pose several key questions for developmental scientists around: (a) identifying a young person's desire for, and phenomenological processing of, their adult-like roles, (b) understanding how complex and unequal responses to physical maturation shape opportunities for enacting maturity, and (c) attending to disparities in curricular and extracurricular pathways to leadership, responsibility, and autonomy. Finally, we discuss spaces with high potential to support enacting maturity, including both specially designed programs (e.g., youth participatory action research, leadership programs) as well as routine, everyday opportunities (e.g., interactions with teachers, training for companies that employ youth). We offer two levers for supporting enacting maturity across both types of spaces: adult allies and responsive organizations. Looking to exemplary programs, innovative leaders, social media, and case studies, we re-imagine how adults and organizations can promote young people enacting maturing in ways that are safe, worthwhile, and equitable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parissa J Ballard
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Lindsay Till Hoyt
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Jasmine Johnson
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University, Bronx, NY, United States
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Countering Educational Disparities Among Black Boys and Black Adolescent Boys from Pre-K to High School: A Life Course-Intersectional Perspective. THE URBAN REVIEW 2022; 54:183-206. [PMID: 34565917 PMCID: PMC8450170 DOI: 10.1007/s11256-021-00616-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Accounts of educational opportunity gaps for Black boys are overwhelmingly focused on later years of development. Achievement and discipline disparities are evident across their lifespan. Life course and intersectionality theories were used to develop a framework for understanding obstacles Black boys face during their preschool through high school years. Outlining the cumulative impact of threats and protective factors for their academic success provides insight for supporting Black boys at various developmental stages. Implications include tools for families, educators, and practitioners. This perspective will enhance the collective understanding of the resiliency of Black boys and support their educational success throughout the life course.
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Agger CA, Roby RS, Nicolai KD, Koenka AC, Miles ML. Taking a Critical Look at Adolescent Research on Black Girls and Women: A Systematic Review. JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/07435584221076054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In the field of adolescent development, the language, theoretical frameworks, methods for collecting and analyzing data, and ways of interpretation that researchers use may advance notions of white supremacy and perpetuate racist ideas. Understanding how researchers study Black girls and women, in particular, is a critical step in working toward the production of science and knowledge that promotes an anti-racist and anti-sexist agenda and centers the voices of historically marginalized adolescents. Accordingly, we engaged in a systematic review (k = 48) with the goal of taking a critical look at how researchers study Black girls and women. Our synthesis of empirical articles from four prominent adolescent research journals published between 2010 and 2020 revealed themes related to (a) a dearth of critical theoretical frameworks, (b) a lack of acknowledgment of the intersectional experiences of Black girls and women, (c) differences in how researchers incorporate ethnic/racial information, (d) the use of a deficit perspective, and (e) the dominance of quantitative designs. We discuss these themes and conclude with recommendations for incorporating critical frameworks and more varied methodologies, issuing a call for adolescent development scholars to take a deeper, asset-based, and more critical approach to studying Black girls and their development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Monica L. Miles
- Physician Assistant Education Association, Washington, DC, USA
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Mendez L, Mozley MM, Kerig PK. Beyond Trauma Exposure: Discrimination and Posttraumatic Stress, Internalizing, and Externalizing Problems Among Detained Youth. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:1825-1851. [PMID: 32515294 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520926314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
According to the race-based traumatic stress model, racial discrimination is proposed to comprise a traumatic experience that results in posttraumatic stress symptoms, as well as internalizing and externalizing problems among youth. Accordingly, a significant body of research has emerged that supports the associations among these constructs. However, the majority of these empirical studies have not accounted for the potential role of traditionally defined traumatic events in these associations. This study investigated whether self-reported racial discrimination was related to posttraumatic stress symptoms, internalizing, and externalizing symptoms above and beyond the impact of other trauma exposures in a sample of 266 detained youth (79% boys, 60% identified as an ethnic minority). Results of hierarchical linear regressions demonstrated that, after accounting for youths' other trauma exposures, racial discrimination accounted for significant variance in the models predicting delinquency and risk-taking but no other externalizing and internalizing problems, or posttraumatic stress symptoms. These findings indicate that racial discrimination may be particularly important for understanding offending behavior among detained youth.
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Curtis MG, Collins C, Augustine D, Kwon E, Reck A, Zuercher H, Kogan SM. The Transition to Fatherhood, Contextual Stress, and Substance Abuse: A Prospective Analysis of Rural, Emerging Adult Black American Men. Subst Use Misuse 2022; 57:1818-1827. [PMID: 36053081 PMCID: PMC9561031 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2022.2115851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Background: Among Black American emerging adult men (∼aged 18-25), the early transition to fatherhood is often marred by numerous contextual stressors related to racial discrimination and socioeconomic instability. The strain of transitioning to fatherhood while experiencing high levels of contextual stress may evidence escalations in substance misuse over time as men may turn to substances to cope with the stress of complex life transitions. However, research examining these associations are scarce. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the influence of contextual stress on the association between fatherhood and substance misuse. Hypotheses were tested using multiple linear regression with 3 waves of data from 476 Black American men aged 19 to 22 at baseline living in resource-poor communities in the rural South. Results: Results demonstrated that fatherhood status was associated, prospectively, with Black American fathers' substance misuse when exposure to contextual stress was high but not low. Conclusions: Findings underscore the need for substance misuse prevention programs to (a) support Black American fathers in coping with race-related stress and (b) integrate robust socioeconomic stability services in order in disrupt patterns of future substance misuse by improving Black American men's experience of the transition to fatherhood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ava Reck
- University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Yonek JC, Velez S, Satre DD, Margolis K, Whittle A, Jain S, Tolou-Shams M. Addressing adolescent substance use in an urban pediatric federally qualified health center. J Subst Abuse Treat 2021; 135:108653. [PMID: 34840042 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) is a systematic approach to identification and intervention for individuals at risk for substance use disorders. Prior research indicates that SBIRT is underutilized in pediatric primary care. Yet few studies have examined procedures for identifying and addressing substance use in clinics that serve publicly insured adolescents (i.e., federally qualified health centers [FQHC]). This descriptive, multi-method study assessed adolescent substance use frequency and provider perspectives to inform SBIRT implementation in an urban pediatric FQHC in California. METHODS A medical record review assessed substance use frequency and correlates among publicly insured adolescents aged 12-17 years who completed a well-child visit in pediatric primary care between 2014 and 2017 (N = 2252). Data on substance use (i.e., alcohol, illicit drugs, and tobacco) were from a health assessment tool mandated by Medicaid. Semi-structured interviews with 12 providers (i.e., pediatricians, nurse practitioners, behavioral health clinicians) elicited information about the current clinic workflow for adolescent substance use and barriers and facilitators to SBIRT implementation. RESULTS Of 1588 adolescents who completed the assessment (70.5%), 6.8% reported current substance use. Self-reported use was highest among non-Hispanic Black (15.2%) adolescents and those with co-occurring depressive symptoms (14.4%). Provider-reported challenges to implementing SBIRT included a lack of space for confidential screening and a lack of referral options. Providers favored implementing technology-based tools such as tablets for adolescent pre-visit screening and electronic medical record-based decision support to facilitate brief intervention and treatment referrals. CONCLUSIONS This study fills a substantial research gap by examining factors that impede and support SBIRT implementation in pediatric FQHC settings. Successful SBIRT implementation in these settings could significantly reduce the unmet need for substance use treatment among uninsured and publicly insured adolescents. Pediatric primary care and urgent care providers perceived SBIRT to be feasible, and health information and digital technologies may facilitate the integration of SBIRT into clinic workflows. Ensuring confidentiality for screening and expanding referral options for adolescents in need of community-based addiction treatment are also critical to increasing SBIRT uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet C Yonek
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, 401 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Building 5, Suite 7M, San Francisco, CA 94110, United States.
| | - Sarah Velez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, 401 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Building 5, Suite 7M, San Francisco, CA 94110, United States.
| | - Derek D Satre
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, 401 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States; Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California Region, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA 94612, United States.
| | - Kathryn Margolis
- Department of Pediatrics at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Building 5, Suite 6B, San Francisco, CA 94110, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Building 5, Suite 7M, San Francisco, CA 94110, United States.
| | - Amy Whittle
- Department of Pediatrics at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Building 5, Suite 6B, San Francisco, CA 94110, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Building 5, Suite 7M, San Francisco, CA 94110, United States.
| | - Shonul Jain
- Department of Pediatrics at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Building 5, Suite 6B, San Francisco, CA 94110, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Building 5, Suite 7M, San Francisco, CA 94110, United States.
| | - Marina Tolou-Shams
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, 401 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Building 5, Suite 7M, San Francisco, CA 94110, United States.
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11
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Johnson RM, Boon D, Wang X, Beach LB, Brighthaupt SC, Schneider KE, Phillips G. Trends in heroin use and injection drug use among high school students in five urban school districts in the US (2005-2017). J Ethn Subst Abuse 2021; 22:681-687. [PMID: 34704895 PMCID: PMC9281164 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2021.1992327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Background. We describe the prevalence of and changes in heroin use and injection drug use (IDU) among high school students in five large, urban school districts in the US (2005-2017); nearly three-fourths of the students were Black and/or Hispanic/Latino.Methods. Data are from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's "Youth Risk Behavior Survey" program, which includes biennial surveys in urban school districts. We pooled data across districts and survey years, and then generated weighted prevalence estimates (and 95% CIs) for any lifetime heroin use and IDU. Joinpoint regression modeling was used to estimate changes in prevalence over the study period.Results. Biennial prevalence estimates (2005-2017) for heroin use and IDU were above 1.8% for all seven timepoints. In 2017, prevalence of heroin use and IDU were 2.9% and 2.5%, respectively. Both heroin use and IDU were higher among boys than girls. There were statistically significant increases in heroin use and IDU among girls from 2005-2009, whereas changes over time were stable among boys.Conclusions. High school students in large, urban school districts may have higher rates of heroin use and IDU than US high school students in general, and there is little evidence of increases since 2009. This study suggests that adolescence may be a critical period for initiation of heroin use among adolescents in large urban school districts, the majority of whom are Black and/or Latino.Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/15332640.2021.1992327 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee M Johnson
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Denali Boon
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Xinzi Wang
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Lauren B Beach
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | | | | | - Gregory Phillips
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
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12
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Hoyt LT, Chaku N, Barry K, Anderson G, Ballard PJ. Enacting maturity during adolescence: Extending theory, developing a measure, and considering implications for problem behaviors. APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10888691.2021.1957892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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A Qualitative Study of Stress and Coping to Inform the LEADS Health Promotion Trial for African American Adolescents with Overweight and Obesity. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072247. [PMID: 34210069 PMCID: PMC8308260 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to conduct in-depth individual interviews with 30 African American adolescents with overweight and obesity and their families (caregiver/adolescent dyads) to gain a better understanding of how to integrate stress and coping essential elements into an existing family-based health promotion program for weight loss. Interview data from 30 African American adolescents with overweight and obesity (Mage = 15.30 ± 2.18; MBMI%-ile = 96.7 ± 3.90) were transcribed and coded for themes using inductive and deductive approaches by two independent coders. Inter-rater reliability was acceptable (r = 0.70–0.80) and discrepancies were resolved to 100% agreement. The themes were guided by the Relapse Prevention Model, which focuses on assessing barriers of overall coping capacity in high stress situations that may undermine health behavior change (physical activity, diet, weight loss). Prominent themes included feeling stressed primarily in response to relationship conflicts within the family and among peers, school responsibilities, and negative emotions (anxiety, depression, anger). A mix of themes emerged related to coping strategies ranging from cognitive reframing and distraction to avoidant coping. Recommendations for future programs include addressing sources of stress and providing supportive resources, as well as embracing broader systems such as neighborhoods and communities. Implications for future intervention studies are discussed.
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Moderating Effects of Parental Feeding Practices and Emotional Eating on Dietary Intake among Overweight African American Adolescents. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061920. [PMID: 34204927 PMCID: PMC8229013 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effects of parental feeding practices and adolescent emotional eating (EE) on dietary outcomes among overweight African American adolescents. Based on Family Systems Theory, it was hypothesized that parental feeding practices, such as parental monitoring and responsibility, would buffer the effects of EE on poor dietary quality, whereas practices such as concern about a child’s weight, restriction, and pressure-to-eat would exacerbate this relationship. Adolescents (N = 127; Mage = 12.83 ± 1.74; MBMI% = 96.61 ± 4.14) provided baseline data from the Families Improving Together (FIT) for Weight Loss trial and an ancillary study. Dietary outcomes (fruit and vegetables (F&Vs), energy intake, sweetened beverage, total fat, and saturated fat) were assessed using random 24-h dietary recalls. Validated surveys were used to assess adolescent-reported EE and parental feeding practices. Results demonstrated a significant interaction between EE and parental monitoring (adjusted analyses; B = 0.524, SE = 0.176, p = 0.004), restriction (B = −0.331, SE = 0.162, p = 0.043), and concern (B = −0.602, SE = 0.171, p = 0.001) on F&V intake; under high monitoring, low restriction, and low concern, EE was positively associated with F&V intake. There were no significant effects for the other dietary outcomes. These findings indicate that parental feeding practices and EE may be important factors to consider for dietary interventions, specifically for F&V intake, among overweight African American adolescents.
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Itzkovich Y, Dolev N. Rudeness is not only a kids’ problem: Incivility against preschool teachers and its impacts. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-018-0117-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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Adverse childhood experiences: Mechanisms of risk and resilience in a longitudinal urban cohort. Dev Psychopathol 2021; 32:1418-1439. [PMID: 31663487 DOI: 10.1017/s095457941900138x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
There is an extensive literature describing the detrimental effects of adverse childhood experiences (ACE; e.g., abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction) on physical and mental health. However, few large-scale studies have explored these associations longitudinally in urban minority cohorts or assessed links to broader measures of well-being such as educational attainment, occupation, and crime. Although adversity and resilience have long been of interest in developmental psychology, protective and promotive factors have been understudied in the ACE literature. This paper investigates the psychosocial processes through which ACEs contribute to outcomes, in addition to exploring ways to promote resilience to ACEs in vulnerable populations. Follow-up data were analyzed for 87% of the original 1,539 participants in the Chicago Longitudinal Study (N = 1,341), a prospective investigation of the impact of an Early Childhood Education program and early experiences on life-course well-being. Findings suggest that ACEs impact well-being in low-socioeconomic status participants above and beyond the effects of demographic risk and poverty, and point to possible mechanisms of transmission of ACE effects. Results also identify key areas across the ecological system that may promote resilience to ACEs, and speak to the need to continue to support underserved communities in active ways.
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Chen-Sankey JC, Mead-Morse EL, Le D, Rose SW, Quisenberry AJ, Delnevo CD, Choi K. Cigar-Smoking Patterns by Race/Ethnicity and Cigar Type: A Nationally Representative Survey Among U.S. Adults. Am J Prev Med 2021; 60:87-94. [PMID: 33341182 PMCID: PMC7755027 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Racial/ethnic minorities have a higher prevalence of past 30-day cigar smoking than White, non-Hispanics. Little is known, however, about racial/ethnic differences in advanced cigar-smoking patterns by cigar types. This research explores whether cigar-smoking patterns differ by race/ethnicity and cigar types. METHODS This study used a nationally representative sample of adults (aged ≥18 years; N=28,148) from the Wave 3 survey (2015-2016) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study for analysis. Cigar-smoking patterns included past 30-day use, daily use, established use, past 12-month blunt use, use within 30 minutes of waking, and the number of cigars used per day. Weighted multivariable regressions were conducted in 2019 to examine the associations between race/ethnicity and cigar-smoking patterns by cigar types (traditional cigars, cigarillos, and filtered cigars), controlling for covariates. RESULTS Compared with White, non-Hispanics, Black, non-Hispanics were more likely to smoke cigars in the past 30 days (AOR=2.27, 95% CI=2.03, 2.54) and daily (AOR=2.65, 95% CI=1.89, 3.70), have established cigar smoking (AOR=1.95, 95% CI=1.66, 2.29), and smoke blunts in the past 12 months (AOR=2.30, 95% CI=1.84, 2.88). This pattern was generally consistent across cigar types and was especially pronounced for cigarillos. Compared with White, non-Hispanics, Hispanics were more likely to smoke cigars within 30 minutes of waking (AOR=1.50, 95% CI=1.10, 2.06). CONCLUSIONS This study finds that Black, non-Hispanics and Hispanics have more advanced patterns of cigar smoking than White, non-Hispanics. Interventions and policies for minimizing cigar smoking may differentially benefit these populations and reduce disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Cen Chen-Sankey
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Erin L Mead-Morse
- School of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, Connecticut
| | - Daisy Le
- School of Nursing, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Shyanika W Rose
- Department of Behavioral Science and Center for Health Equity Transformation, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Amanda J Quisenberry
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Cristine D Delnevo
- Rutgers Center for Tobacco Studies, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Department of Health Behavior, Society, and Policy, Rutgers School of Public Health, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Kelvin Choi
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, Maryland
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Contextual risks and psychosocial outcomes among rural African American emerging adults: A latent profile analysis. Dev Psychopathol 2020; 34:395-407. [PMID: 33353572 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579420001339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
African American emerging adults face unique contextual risks that place them at heightened risk for poor psychosocial outcomes. The purpose of this study was to identify profiles of contextual risks among rural African American emerging adults and determine how risk profiles relate to psychosocial outcomes. Our representative sample included 667 fifth graders who live in the rural South and were followed from preadolescence into emerging adulthood. Contextual risks were assessed at ages 19-21 years via six indicators: perceived stress, daily stress, community disadvantage, parent-child conflict, racial discrimination, and childhood trauma. Four psychosocial variables were also assessed at ages 19-21 years: self-regulation, racial identity, parent support, and friend support. Psychosocial outcomes were assessed at age 25 years: education, substance use, future orientation, depressive symptoms, and externalizing behaviors. Latent profile analysis results indicated that the sample could be characterized by three patterns of contextual risk: low contextual risk, high contextual risk, and high contextual risk-childhood trauma. Risk profiles were associated with psychosocial outcomes, with the childhood trauma and high-risk profiles faring worse than the low-risk profile. Further, childhood trauma was particularly predictive of worse outcomes for emerging adults. Findings highlight the need for research and prevention programs that mitigate the effects of contextual risks on psychosocial outcomes for African American emerging adults in rural areas.
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Doherty IA, Browne FA, Wechsberg WM. Think Inside the Box: the Heterogeneity of "in Risk" Among "at Risk" Female African American Adolescents in North Carolina. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2020; 7:1150-1159. [PMID: 32297304 PMCID: PMC10961606 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-020-00739-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION An abundance of research investigates the health of often referred to as "at risk" or "high risk" youth from underserved communities and usually racial/ethnic minorities. These ubiquitous terms relate to poverty, violence, and unsafe behaviors (e.g., sex without condoms, alcohol, and drug use). METHODS This analysis distinguished the heterogeneity of risks among African American female adolescents recruited for an intervention study from underserved communities in North Carolina. Eligibility included: ages 16-19, considered or dropped out of school, never completed high school, and during the past 3 months had sex with a male partner and used drugs or alcohol. A variable was created to represent the continuum of risk comprised of history of homelessness, or trading sex, or current heavy alcohol and marijuana use. Participants fell into 0, 1, or 2-3 categories. Ordinal logistic regression estimated the odds of adverse poor outcomes by category. Linear regression estimated reduction in material and emotional support by category. RESULTS Of the 237 participants, 59.5%, 27.8%, and 12.7% were in 0, 1, or 2-3 categories, respectively. Relative to adolescents in 0 categories, participants in other categories were more likely to report food insecurity (OR = 3.27, 95%CI [1.8, 5.94]); past arrest (OR = 3.56 [2.08, 6.09]); run away (OR = 3.30 [1.79, 6.10]); multiple sex partners (2.97 [1.61, 5.48]); and vaginal/anal sexual abuse (OR = 3.21[1.73, 5.96]). Material and emotional support was significantly lower for participants in 2-3 risk categories. CONCLUSIONS Vague use of "at risk" fails to recognize the heterogeneity of experiences and needs of underserved African American youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene A Doherty
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, USA.
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - F A Browne
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, USA
| | - W M Wechsberg
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, USA
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Xie TH, Ahuja M, McCutcheon VV, Bucholz KK. Associations between racial and socioeconomic discrimination and risk behaviors among African-American adolescents and young adults: a latent class analysis. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2020; 55:1479-1489. [PMID: 32417956 PMCID: PMC9036724 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-020-01884-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Discrimination is a common stressor among African Americans and may increase vulnerability to risk behaviors, such as early initiation of substance use, substance use problems, and physical aggression; however, few studies have examined different types of discrimination and their associations with patterns of risk behaviors. This study examines the relationship between experiences of racial and socioeconomic discrimination and risk behaviors in African-American adolescents and young adults. METHODS We investigated associations of two discrimination types with risk behavior patterns identified with latent class analysis in a high-risk sample of African Americans (N = 797, Mage = 17.9 years, 50.2% female). RESULTS Four distinct classes of risk behaviors were characterized by High Use and Aggression (10%), Moderate Use and Aggression (10%), High Alcohol (17%), and Low Use and Aggression (63%). Classes that exhibit general risk behaviors, including substance use and aggression, were significantly associated with racial and socioeconomic discrimination, even in the fully adjusted model. Relative to other classes, the High Use and Aggression class demonstrated an elevated likelihood of experiencing both racial and socioeconomic discrimination. CONCLUSIONS Findings support a link between racial and socioeconomic discrimination and risk behavior in African-American youth, which may be stronger for socioeconomic discrimination. Understanding the relationship between discrimination and risk behavior can inform future interventions to prevent substance misuse and conduct problems in youth. Further study is needed to elucidate the relationship between discrimination and other risk behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany H. Xie
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States,Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Manik Ahuja
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States,Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Vivia V. McCutcheon
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Kathleen K. Bucholz
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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Tieu HV, Koblin BA, Latkin C, Curriero FC, Greene ER, Rundle A, Frye V. Neighborhood and Network Characteristics and the HIV Care Continuum among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men. J Urban Health 2020; 97:592-608. [PMID: 29845586 PMCID: PMC7560681 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-018-0266-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
In order for treatment as prevention to work as a national strategy to contain the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the United States (US), the HIV care continuum must become more robust, retaining more individuals at each step. The majority of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in the US are gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM). Within this population, there are distinct race- and ethnicity-based disparities in rates of HIV infection, engagement, and retention in HIV care, and viral suppression. Compared with White MSM, HIV-infected Black MSM are less likely to be on anti-retroviral therapy (ART), adhere to ART, and achieve viral suppression. Among MSM living in urban areas, falling off the continuum may be influenced by factors beyond the individual level, with new research identifying key roles for network- and neighborhood-level characteristics. To inform multi-level and multi-component interventions, particularly to support Black MSM living in urban areas, a clearer understanding of the pathways of influence among factors at various levels of the social ecology is required. Here, we review and apply the empirical literature and relevant theoretical perspectives to develop a series of potential pathways of influence that may be further evaluated. Results of research based on these pathways may provide insights into the design of interventions, urban planning efforts, and assessments of program implementation, resulting in increased retention in care, ART adherence, and viral suppression among urban-dwelling, HIV-infected MSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Van Tieu
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Beryl A Koblin
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carl Latkin
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Frank C Curriero
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Emily R Greene
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew Rundle
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Victoria Frye
- Department of Community Health and Social Medicine, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Adolescent Depression and Substance Use: the Protective Role of Prosocial Peer Behavior. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 47:1065-1074. [PMID: 30547314 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-018-0501-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Adolescents with depression disorders have higher rates of substance use. In order to advance contextually relevant mental health interventions, basic research is needed to test social ecological mechanisms hypothesized to influence adolescent depression and substance use. Accordingly, we conducted growth curve modeling with a sample of 248 urban adolescents to determine if depression's effect on substance use was dependent upon peer network health (sum of peer risk and protective behaviors) and activity space risk (likelihood of high-risk behaviors at routine locations). Results showed that peer network health moderated the effects of depression on substance use, but this effect was not altered by activity space risk. These findings suggest the importance of peer network health relative to depression and substance use, particularly for young adolescents.
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Griffin CB, Metzger IW, Halliday-Boykins CA, Salazar CA. Racial Fairness, School Engagement, and Discipline Outcomes in African American High School Students: The Important Role of Gender. SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/2372966x.2020.1726810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Felver JC, Razza R, Morton ML, Clawson AJ, Mannion RS. School-based yoga intervention increases adolescent resilience: a pilot trial. J Child Adolesc Ment Health 2020; 32:1-10. [DOI: 10.2989/17280583.2019.1698429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C Felver
- Psychology Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse NY, USA
| | - Rachel Razza
- Psychology Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse NY, USA
| | | | - Adam J Clawson
- Psychology Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse NY, USA
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Naser S, Dever BV. Mapping Trajectories of Behavioral and Emotional Risk Among Predominately African American Youth Across the Middle School Transition. SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2020. [DOI: 10.17105/spr-2018-0054.v48-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Cheng YJ, Smith L, Ritzi R, Wagner T, Pertuit TL. Counselor Preparation in Working with African American Adolescents in Group Counseling. JOURNAL FOR SPECIALISTS IN GROUP WORK 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/01933922.2019.1699620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Anderson RE, Jones S, Anyiwo N, McKenny M, Gaylord-Harden N. What's Race Got to Do With It? Racial Socialization's Contribution to Black Adolescent Coping. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2019; 29:822-831. [PMID: 30099797 PMCID: PMC8807351 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
While youth generally experience stressors from developmental milestones, Black youth also face racialized stressors. Racial socialization has been found to help Black youth cope with racialized stressors, but research has yet to show its contribution to coping beyond general socialization practices. This study examines how racial socialization contributes beyond that of general coping socialization to coping behaviors. Fifty-eight third-eighth-grade (Mage = 11.3, SD = 1.54) youth reported general coping socialization and racial socialization practices and coping behaviors. Results indicate that for engagement coping, racial socialization messages contributed significantly to parent-provided engaged socialization strategies. Implications are considered for the ways in which Black youth experience stress and require culturally specific practices for successful coping with frequently encountered stressors.
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Evaluating Neighborhood, Social, and Genetic Influences on Precursors of Alcohol Use Risk Behavior in African American Adolescents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16173078. [PMID: 31450589 PMCID: PMC6747126 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16173078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Using a socioecological framework, we examined neighborhood and social stressors in concert with genetic risk for alcohol dependence in relation to externalizing behaviors, important precursors to alcohol-related problems. Methods: We used data from African American adolescents and their caregivers in the Gene, Environment, and Neighborhood Initiative, a subsample of the Mobile Youth and Poverty Study. Participants for the current analyses included 112 adolescents who reported ever having at least one full drink of alcohol. Empirical Bayes scores were used to estimate neighborhood-level violence and transitions. Multivariate models tested main effects and then interactions of family stressors, discrimination, and genetic risk with the neighborhood variables. Results: In the main effects model, adolescent externalizing behaviors were positively associated with greater family stressors, more racial discrimination experiences, and genetic liability, while neighborhood variables were nonsignificant. We found three significant interactions. Specifically, the joint effects of neighborhood violence and transitions and between these neighborhood variables and family stressors were significantly associated with externalizing behaviors. Conclusions: Our findings suggest genetic liability and complex interactions between neighborhood context and social stressors are important contributors that should be considered in the development of early prevention programs for adolescents who live in economically disadvantaged areas.
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Reboussin BA, Ialongo NS, Green KM, Furr-Holden DM, Johnson RM, Milam AJ. The Impact of the Urban Neighborhood Environment on Marijuana Trajectories During Emerging Adulthood. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2019; 20:270-279. [PMID: 29845401 PMCID: PMC6265122 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-018-0915-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although there is little difference in rates of marijuana use between White and Black youth, Blacks have significantly higher rates of marijuana use and disorder in young adulthood. Theory suggests that factors tied to social disadvantage may explain this disparity, and neighborhood setting may be a key exposure. This study sought to identify trajectories of marijuana use in an urban sample during emerging adulthood, neighborhood contexts that predict these trajectories and social role transitions or "turning points" that may redirect them. Data are from a longitudinal cohort study of 378 primarily Black emerging adults who were first sampled in childhood based on their residence in low-income neighborhoods in Baltimore City and followed up annually. Group-based trajectory modeling identified three groups: No Use (68.8%), Declining Use (19.6%), and Chronic Use (11.7%). Living in close proximity to an alcohol outlet, and living in a neighborhood with more female-headed households and higher rates of violent crime increased the odds of membership in the Chronic Use group relative to No Use. Living in a neighborhood with more positive social activity increased the odds of membership in the Declining Use group relative to No Use. Not receiving a high school diploma or GED, pregnancy, and parenting also increased the odds of membership in the Declining Use group relative to No Use. These findings provide support that minority youth living in socially toxic and disordered neighborhoods are at increased risk of continuing on a trajectory of marijuana use during emerging adulthood while positive social activity in neighborhoods has the potential to redirect these negative trajectories. Besides taking on the responsibilities of parenting, emerging adults in the marijuana user groups had similar educational and family outcomes, suggesting that early marijuana use may have long-term implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth A Reboussin
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
| | - Nicholas S Ialongo
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Kerry M Green
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Debra M Furr-Holden
- Public Health Division and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Flint, MI, 48502, USA
| | - Renee M Johnson
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Adam J Milam
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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Reboussin BA, Johnson RM, Green KM, Debra M Furr-Holden C, Ialongo NS, Milam AJ. Neighborhood context and transitions in marijuana use among urban young adults. Subst Use Misuse 2019; 54:1075-1085. [PMID: 30849926 PMCID: PMC6483858 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2018.1528461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In emerging adulthood when many youth are maturing out of marijuana use, Blacks continue to have high rates of use and disorder. Theory suggests that factors tied to neighborhood disadvantage may partially explain this phenomenon but research is limited. OBJECTIVES This study examines the influence of neighborhood physical and social disorder on transitions in marijuana use during emerging adulthood in a low-income urban sample. METHODS 379 primarily Black young adults residing in low-income neighborhoods in Baltimore City were followed-up annually from ages 18 to 21. Neighborhood environment was evaluated using a valid and reliable field-rater assessment of the residential block. Longitudinal latent class and latent transition analyses were performed. RESULTS Fit indices supported three-classes of marijuana use: no use, infrequent use and frequent use. Between ages 18 and 21, young adults tended to transition toward lower levels of use. However, neighborhood physical disorder was associated with transitioning to increased marijuana use (no use to frequent use; AOR = 2.712; p = .023) while positive neighborhood social activity was associated with a decreased risk (AOR = 0.002; p = .013). Neighborhood social activity was also associated with decreases in use (frequent to infrequent use; AOR = 2.342; p = .020). Conclusions/Importance: These findings demonstrate that physical disorder within the context of a low-income urban neighborhood adversely impacts marijuana use. However, even in the presence of physical disorder, interventions that foster collective efficacy among residents through positive social activity may prevent initiation and progression of marijuana use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth A Reboussin
- a Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston-Salem , North Carolina, USA
| | - Renee M Johnson
- b Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore , Maryland, USA
| | - Kerry M Green
- c University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Nicholas S Ialongo
- b Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore , Maryland, USA
| | - Adam J Milam
- b Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore , Maryland, USA
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Marks AK, Garcia Coll C. Education and developmental competencies of ethnic minority children: Recent theoretical and methodological advances. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mason MJ, Mennis J. Young Urban Adolescents' Activity Spaces, Close Peers, and the Risk of Cannabis Use: A Social-Spatial Longitudinal Analysis. Subst Use Misuse 2018; 53:2032-2042. [PMID: 29608124 PMCID: PMC6788753 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2018.1452260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An understudied, yet important area of youth development research is the examination of how place affects critical psychosocial processes such as identity formation, problem solving, emotional regulation, and in particular with adolescents, belongingness, autonomy, social competency, and behavioral health. A growing spatially informed literature indicates that youth interact with meaningful places as environmental strategies, shaping developmental trajectories related to behavioral health. OBJECTIVES The objective is to investigate the relationship between place preference and health behavior among adolescents, with a focus on substance use behavior, specifically, cannabis use. We theorize that cannabis use is associated with place preference for urban, city types of places, and that this particular place preference interacts with close peer network behaviors. METHODS To understand the role of preferred locations, close peer relations, and mental health on cannabis use, 248 adolescents (ages 13 to 14) were studied longitudinally. Logistic regression models tested the moderating effects of peer network health (sum of close friends risk and protective behaviors) on selecting city locations (urban stress/neighborhoods) as preferred places, and subsequent cannabis use. RESULTS Results indicated that peer network health moderated the effects of choosing city locations as favorite, increasing the odds of cannabis use more than eight-fold at 24 months. CONCLUSIONS Favorite places located in city environments appear to interact with peer risk behaviors influencing the cannabis use of young urban adolescents, even after controlling for the influence of baseline cannabis use, neighborhood disorder the home neighborhood, age, gender, and mental health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Mason
- a Center for Behavioral Health Research , College of Social Work, University of Tennessee , Knoxville , Tennessee , USA
| | - Jeremy Mennis
- b Department of Geography & Urban Studies , Temple University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , USA
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Benner AD, Wang Y, Shen Y, Boyle AE, Polk R, Cheng YP. Racial/ethnic discrimination and well-being during adolescence: A meta-analytic review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 73:855-883. [PMID: 30024216 DOI: 10.1037/amp0000204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This meta-analytic study systematically investigates the relations between perceived racial/ethnic discrimination and socioemotional distress, academics, and risky health behaviors during adolescence, and potential variation in these relations. The study included 214 peer-reviewed articles, theses, and dissertations, with 489 unique effect sizes on 91,338 unique adolescents. Random-effects meta-analyses across 11 separate indicators of well-being identified significant detrimental effects. Greater perceptions of racial/ethnic discrimination were linked to more depressive and internalizing symptoms; greater psychological distress; poorer self-esteem; lower academic achievement and engagement; less academic motivation; greater engagement in externalizing behaviors, risky sexual behaviors, and substance use; and more associations with deviant peers. Metaregression and subgroup analyses indicated differences by race/ethnicity, Gender × Race/Ethnicity interactions, developmental stage, timing of retrospective measurement of discrimination, and country. Overall, this study highlights the pernicious effects of racial/ethnic discrimination for adolescents across developmental domains and suggests who is potentially at greater risk. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yijie Wang
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies
| | - Yishan Shen
- Department of School of Family and Consumer Sciences
| | | | | | - Yen-Pi Cheng
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences
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Maciejewski D, Lauharatanahirun N, Herd T, Lee J, Deater-Deckard K, King-Casas B, Kim-Spoon J. Neural cognitive control moderates the association between insular risk processing and risk-taking behaviors via perceived stress in adolescents. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2018; 30:150-158. [PMID: 29525416 PMCID: PMC6969092 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a critical period for the initiation of risk-taking behaviors. We examined the longitudinal interplay between neural correlates of risk processing and cognitive control in predicting risk-taking behaviors via stress. The sample consisted of 167 adolescents (53% males) who were assessed twice (MAgeTime1 = 14.13, MAgeTime2 = 15.05). Neural risk processing was operationalized as blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) responses in the anterior insula during a lottery choice task and neural cognitive control as BOLD responses during an inhibitory control task. Adolescents reported on perceived stress and risk-taking behaviors. Structural equation modeling analyses indicated that low insular risk processing predicted increases in perceived stress, while perceived stress did not predict changes in insular risk processing across one year. Moreover, significant moderation by neural cognitive control indicated that low insular risk processing predicted increases in risk-taking behaviors via increases in perceived stress among adolescents with poor neural cognitive control, but not among adolescents with good neural cognitive control. The results suggest that risk processing in the anterior insular cortex plays an important role in stress experience and risk-taking behaviors particularly for vulnerable adolescents with poor neural cognitive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Maciejewski
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Nina Lauharatanahirun
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, United States; Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, United States.
| | - Toria Herd
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, United States.
| | - Jacob Lee
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, United States.
| | - Kirby Deater-Deckard
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, United States.
| | - Brooks King-Casas
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, United States; Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, United States.
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Respress BN, Amutah-Onukagha NN, Opara I. The Effects of School-Based Discrimination on Adolescents of Color Sexual Health Outcomes: A Social Determinants Approach. SOCIAL WORK IN PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 33:1-16. [PMID: 29199912 DOI: 10.1080/19371918.2017.1378953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Social inequalities are at the heart of disparities in sexual health outcomes among African American and Latino/a adolescents living in the United States. Schools are typically the largest and primary context in youth development. School characteristics such as peer and teacher discrimination and school performance were examined to determine whether such characteristics predict sexual behavior in adolescents of color. This study utilized a representative sample of high school age students to assess sexual risk behavior. Findings indicate that there was a clear disparity in sexually transmitted infection diagnoses. School characteristics such as teacher discrimination and Grade Point Average were significant predictors to sexual risky behaviors among adolescents of color. The study adds to the literature in examining contextual factors that are associated with adolescent sexual risk behavior, and findings provide implications for future prevention work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon N Respress
- a College of Nursing and Health Innovation , University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , Texas , USA
| | - Ndidiamaka N Amutah-Onukagha
- b Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, School of Medicine , Tufts University , Boston , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Ijeoma Opara
- c Department of Family Science and Human Development , Montclair State University , Montclair , New Jersey , USA
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Mason MJ, Light JM, Mennis J, Rusby JC, Westling E, Crewe S, Zaharakis N, Way T, Flay BR. Neighborhood disorder, peer network health, and substance use among young urban adolescents. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 178:208-214. [PMID: 28662444 PMCID: PMC9015677 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current study investigated the moderating effect of peer networks on neighborhood disorder's association with substance use in a sample of primarily African American urban adolescents. METHODS A convenience sample of 248 adolescents was recruited from urban health care settings and followed for two years, assessing psychological, social, and geographic risk and protective characteristics. A subset of 106 substance using participants were used for the analyses. A moderation model was tested to determine if the influence of neighborhood disorder (percent vacant housing, assault index, percent single parent headed households, percent home owner occupied, percent below poverty line) on substance use was moderated by peer network health (sum of peer risk and protective behaviors). RESULTS Evidence for hypothesized peer network moderation was supported. A latent growth model found that peer network health is most strongly associated with lower baseline substance use for young adolescents residing in more disordered neighborhoods. Over the course of two years (ages approximately 14-16) this protective effect declines, and the decline is stronger for more disordered neighborhoods. CONCLUSIONS Understanding the longitudinal moderating effects of peer networks within high-risk urban settings is important to the development and testing of contextually sensitive peer-based interventions. RESULTS suggest that targeting the potential protective qualities of peer networks may be a promising approach for interventions seeking to reduce substance use, particularly among younger urban adolescents living in high-risk neighborhoods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Mason
- Center for Behavioral Health Research, University of Tennessee, United States,Corresponding author at: Center for Behavioral Health Research, College of Social Work, Henson Hall, 213, Knoxville, TN 37996-3332, United States. , (M.J. Mason)
| | - John M. Light
- Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, OR, United States
| | - Jeremy Mennis
- Department of Geography and Urban Studies, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | | | - Stephanie Crewe
- Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Nikola Zaharakis
- Center for Behavioral Health Research, University of Tennessee, United States
| | - Thomas Way
- Department of Computing Sciences, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, United States
| | - Brian R. Flay
- School of Social and Behavioral Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
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Assari S, Caldwell CH. Neighborhood Safety and Major Depressive Disorder in a National Sample of Black Youth; Gender by Ethnic Differences. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 4:E14. [PMID: 28241490 PMCID: PMC5332916 DOI: 10.3390/children4020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Adolescence is a developmental period marked by increased stress, especially among Black youth. In addition to stress related to their developmental transition, social factors such as a perceived unsafe neighborhood impose additional risks. We examined gender and ethnic differences in the association between perceived neighborhood safety and major depressive disorder (MDD) among a national sample of Black youth. We used data from the National Survey of American Life - Adolescents (NSAL-A), 2003-2004. In total, 1170 Black adolescents entered the study. This number was composed of 810 African American and 360 Caribbean Black youth (age 13 to 17). Demographic factors, perceived neighborhood safety, and MDD (Composite International Diagnostic Interview, CIDI) were measured. Logistic regressions were used to test the association between neighborhood safety and MDD in the pooled sample, as well as based on ethnicity by gender groups. In the pooled sample of Black youth, those who perceived their neighborhoods to be unsafe were at higher risk of MDD (Odds Ratio [OR] = 1.25; 95% Confidence Interval [CI] = 1.02-1.51). The perception that one's neighborhood is unsafe was associated with a higher risk of MDD among African American males (OR=1.41; 95% CI = 1.03-1.93) but not African American females or Caribbean Black males and females. In conclusion, perceived neighborhood safety is not a universal psychological determinant of MDD across ethnic by gender groups of Black youth; however, policies and programs that enhance the sense of neighborhood safety may prevent MDD in male African American youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shervin Assari
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Center for Research on Ethnicity, Culture and Health, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Cleopatra Howard Caldwell
- Center for Research on Ethnicity, Culture and Health, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Lavoie J, Pereira LC, Talwar V. Children's Physical Resilience Outcomes: Meta-Analysis of Vulnerability and Protective Factors. J Pediatr Nurs 2016; 31:701-711. [PMID: 27566942 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Resilience has generally been understood as positive coping and adaptation despite stress and adversity and as a buffer against stress. Researchers examining resilience have typically focused on children's psychological resilience because of the well-established impact of stress on children's mental health. However, although it has also been well-established that high levels of stress can impact children's physical health, their physical health has received little attention in resilience research. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Articles were selected for review if they (1) had a variable that was in some way a measure of physical health in response to a psychosocial stressor; (2) had participants who were children or adolescents within the age range of 4-18years; and (3) were a peer-reviewed, empirical study. SAMPLE Two random-effect meta-analyses were conducted with a sample of 12,772 participants across 14 studies to determine the influence of protective and vulnerability factors on children's physical health in adverse experiences. RESULTS Protective factors had a moderate effect and vulnerability factors had a small-moderate effect on health measures across domains of physiological, sleep behavior, and overall health. The type of health measure moderated the effect size for vulnerability factors, but not for protective factors. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that protective factors may be associated with an environment that encourages children to thrive, as apparent by their physical health. IMPLICATIONS The results of this review and meta-analysis can be used to guide the methodological design of future studies on childhood resilience and to inform clinical practice with children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Lavoie
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Liane C Pereira
- Department of Psychology, Central Washington University, Seattle, WA
| | - Victoria Talwar
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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English D, Lambert SF, Ialongo NS. Adding to the Education Debt: Depressive Symptoms Mediate the Association between Racial Discrimination and Academic Performance in African Americans. J Sch Psychol 2016; 57:29-40. [PMID: 27425564 PMCID: PMC4955594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsp.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Although the United States faces a seemingly intractable divide between white and African American academic performance, there remains a dearth of longitudinal research investigating factors that work to maintain this gap. The present study examined whether racial discrimination predicted the academic performance of African American students through its effect on depressive symptoms. Participants were a community sample of African American adolescents (N=495) attending urban public schools from grade 7 to grade 9 (Mage=12.5). Structural equation modeling revealed that experienced racial discrimination predicted increases in depressive symptoms 1year later, which, in turn, predicted decreases in academic performance the following year. These results suggest that racial discrimination continues to play a critical role in the academic performance of African American students and, as such, contributes to the maintenance of the race-based academic achievement gap in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin English
- The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
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Risky Substance Use Environments and Addiction: A New Frontier for Environmental Justice Research. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13060607. [PMID: 27322303 PMCID: PMC4924064 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13060607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Substance use disorders are widely recognized as one of the most pressing global public health problems, and recent research indicates that environmental factors, including access and exposure to substances of abuse, neighborhood disadvantage and disorder, and environmental barriers to treatment, influence substance use behaviors. Racial and socioeconomic inequities in the factors that create risky substance use environments may engender disparities in rates of substance use disorders and treatment outcomes. Environmental justice researchers, with substantial experience in addressing racial and ethnic inequities in environmental risk from technological and other hazards, should consider similar inequities in risky substance use environments as an environmental justice issue. Research should aim at illustrating where, why, and how such inequities in risky substance use environments occur, the implications of such inequities for disparities in substance use disorders and treatment outcomes, and the implications for tobacco, alcohol, and drug policies and prevention and treatment programs.
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Assari S, Moghani Lankarani M, Caldwell CH, Zimmerman MA. Fear of Neighborhood Violence During Adolescence Predicts Development of Obesity a Decade Later: Gender Differences Among African Americans. ARCHIVES OF TRAUMA RESEARCH 2016; 5:e31475. [PMID: 27679791 PMCID: PMC5035671 DOI: 10.5812/atr.31475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND African American youth are more likely than other racial and ethnic groups to be obese. African American youth are also more likely to live in disadvantaged neighborhoods which increase their victimization, observation, and fear of violence. OBJECTIVES This study tested if victimization, observation, and fear of violence in the neighborhood during adolescence predict trajectory of body mass index (BMI) in the 3rd decade of life in African Americans. PATIENTS AND METHODS Data came from an 18-year community-based cohort. We used multi-group latent growth curve modeling for data analysis, considering neighborhood violence at age 15 (i.e. victimization, observation, and fear) as predictors, and the linear slope for the average change in BMI from age 21 to 32 as the outcome, with age and socioeconomic status (i.e. intact family and parental employment) as covariates. RESULTS Fear of neighborhood violence at age 15 was predictive of an increase in BMI from age 21 to 32 among female but not male African Americans. Victimization and observation of violence at age 15 did not predict BMI change from age 21 to 32 among female or male African Americans. CONCLUSIONS Fear of neighborhood violence is a contributing factor to increased risk of obesity for female African American youth who live in disadvantaged areas. This finding has implications for prevention of obesity among African American women who are at highest risk for obesity in the United States. Initiatives that enhance neighborhood safety are critical strategies for obesity prevention among African American women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shervin Assari
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Research on Ethnicity, Culture and Health, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Cleopatra Howard Caldwell
- Center for Research on Ethnicity, Culture and Health, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Marc A Zimmerman
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Duncan DT, Rienti M, Kulldorff M, Aldstadt J, Castro MC, Frounfelker R, Williams JH, Sorensen G, Johnson RM, Hemenway D, Williams DR. Local spatial clustering in youths' use of tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana in Boston. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2016; 42:412-21. [PMID: 27096932 DOI: 10.3109/00952990.2016.1151522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding geographic variation in youth drug use is important for both identifying etiologic factors and planning prevention interventions. However, little research has examined spatial clustering of drug use among youths by using rigorous statistical methods. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to examine spatial clustering of youth use of tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana. METHODS Responses on tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use from 1,292 high school students ages 13-19 who provided complete residential addresses were drawn from the 2008 Boston Youth Survey Geospatial Dataset. Response options on past month use included "none," "1-2," "3-9," and "10 or more." The response rate for each substance was approximately 94%. Spatial clustering of youth drug use was assessed using the spatial Bernoulli model in the SatScan™ software package. RESULTS Approximately 12%, 36%, and 18% of youth reported any past-month use of tobacco, alcohol, and/or marijuana, respectively. Two clusters of elevated past tobacco use among Boston youths were generated, one of which was statistically significant. This cluster, located in the South Boston neighborhood, had a relative risk of 5.37 with a p-value of 0.00014. There was no significant localized spatial clustering in youth past alcohol or marijuana use in either the unadjusted or adjusted models. CONCLUSION Significant spatial clustering in youth tobacco use was found. Finding a significant cluster in the South Boston neighborhood provides reason for further investigation into neighborhood characteristics that may shape adolescents' substance use behaviors. This type of research can be used to evaluate the underlying reasons behind spatial clustering of youth substance and to target local drug abuse prevention interventions and use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin T Duncan
- a Department of Population Health , New York University School of Medicine , New York , NY , USA.,b College of Global Public Health , New York University , New York , NY , USA.,c Center for Drug Use and HIV Research , New York University College of Nursing , New York , NY , USA.,d Population Center , New York University College of Arts and Science , New York , NY , USA.,e Center for Data Science , New York University , New York , NY , USA
| | - Michael Rienti
- f Department of Geography , University at Buffalo, State University of New York , Buffalo , NY , USA.,g Center for Health and Social Research , SUNY Buffalo State, Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Martin Kulldorff
- h Department of Medicine , Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Jared Aldstadt
- f Department of Geography , University at Buffalo, State University of New York , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Marcia C Castro
- i Department of Global Health and Population , Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , MA , USA.,j Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies , Harvard University , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Rochelle Frounfelker
- k Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences , Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , MA , USA
| | - James H Williams
- a Department of Population Health , New York University School of Medicine , New York , NY , USA
| | - Glorian Sorensen
- l Center for Community-based Research , Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston , MA , USA.,m Lung Cancer Disparities Center , Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , MA USA.,n Department of Mental Health , Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Renee M Johnson
- n Department of Mental Health , Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - David Hemenway
- o Department of Health Policy and Management , Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , MA , USA
| | - David R Williams
- k Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences , Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , MA , USA.,m Lung Cancer Disparities Center , Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , MA USA.,p Departments of African and African American Studies, and Sociology , Harvard University , Cambridge , MA , USA
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Reboussin BA, Milam AJ, Green KM, Ialongo NS, Furr-Holden CDM. Clustering of Black Adolescent Marijuana Use in Low-Income, Urban Neighborhoods. J Urban Health 2016; 93:109-16. [PMID: 26696003 PMCID: PMC4794464 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-015-0014-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beth A Reboussin
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences and Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
| | - Adam J Milam
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48207, USA.,Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Kerry M Green
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Nicholas S Ialongo
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - C Debra M Furr-Holden
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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Stress in the City: Influence of Urban Social Stress and Violence on Pregnancy and Postpartum Quality of Life among Adolescent and Young Mothers. J Urban Health 2016; 93:19-35. [PMID: 26791234 PMCID: PMC4794454 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-015-0021-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Adolescent and young mothers transitioning from pregnancy to postpartum need to maintain an optimal quality of life. Stress and exposure to violence (e.g., intimate partner violence (IPV), nonpartner violence) are predictors of poor quality of life for adult women; however, these associations remain understudied among adolescent and young mothers in urban areas. Guided by the social ecological model, the current study created a latent variable, urban social stress, to examine the impact of the urban social environment (i.e., stressful life events, discrimination, family stress, and neighborhood problems) on the quality of life of adolescent and young mothers during both pregnancy and postpartum. The current study is a secondary data analysis of a prospective cohort study of 296 expectant young mothers recruited at obstetrics and gynecology clinics. Results from structural equation and multigroup models found that higher urban social stress predicted lower mental and physical quality of life during pregnancy, but these associations were significantly stronger for IPV-exposed and nonpartner violence-exposed mothers. In the postpartum period, higher urban social stress predicted lower mental and physical quality of life, but these associations were significantly stronger for IPV-unexposed and nonpartner violence-exposed mothers. Stress reduction programs need to help adolescent and young mothers in urban areas develop stress management skills specific to urban social stress. Pregnancy and parenting programs need to be tailored to the specific needs of young mothers in urban areas by becoming sensitive to the role of IPV and nonpartner violence in these young women's lives.
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Swartzendruber A, Sales JM, Rose ES, DiClemente RJ. Alcohol Use Problems and Sexual Risk Among Young Adult African American Mothers. AIDS Behav 2016; 20 Suppl 1:S74-83. [PMID: 26499334 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-015-1228-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Studies have documented high levels of alcohol use and sexual risk among young mothers. We examined parenting satisfaction and self-efficacy in relation to alcohol use problems and sexual risk among 346 young African American women enrolled in an HIV prevention trial, 41 % (n = 141) of whom were mothers. Among mothers, greater parenting satisfaction was associated with a reduced likelihood of problematic alcohol use, having multiple sex partners, and testing positive for Trichomonas vaginalis. Relative to non-parenting women, mothers reported lower condom use. Compared to non-parenting women, mothers with the highest parenting satisfaction reported fewer alcohol use problems; mothers with the lowest parenting satisfaction reported lower condom use and were more likely to have multiple partners and test positive for T. vaginalis. Parenting self-efficacy was not associated with the outcomes examined. Future research investigating relationships between parenting satisfaction, alcohol use and sexual risk may be useful for improving multiple maternal health outcomes.
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Robinson WL, Droege JR, Case MH, Jason LA. Reducing Stress and Preventing Anxiety in African American Adolescents: A Culturally- Grounded Approach. GLOBAL JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY PRACTICE 2015; 6:http://www.gjcpp.org/pdfs/Robinson-AnxietyCulturalCompetence-FINAL.pdf. [PMID: 27042702 PMCID: PMC4813807 DOI: 10.7728/0602201503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Evidenced-based and culturally adapted stress-reduction interventions for urban African American adolescents who are at risk for anxiety and other problems related to stress are needed. This study presents intervention components and preliminary outcome findings of a culturally adapted stress-reduction intervention for urban African American adolescents. Preliminary findings support the efficacy of the intervention to reduce anxiety and enhance general cognitive competencies, such as coping strategies, self-efficacy, and positive thinking, among participants, in comparison to controls. Clinical implications of the stress-reduction intervention for the prevention of psychopathology, particularly among African American adolescents, are discussed.
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Paradies Y, Ben J, Denson N, Elias A, Priest N, Pieterse A, Gupta A, Kelaher M, Gee G. Racism as a Determinant of Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138511. [PMID: 26398658 PMCID: PMC4580597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1202] [Impact Index Per Article: 133.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite a growing body of epidemiological evidence in recent years documenting the health impacts of racism, the cumulative evidence base has yet to be synthesized in a comprehensive meta-analysis focused specifically on racism as a determinant of health. This meta-analysis reviewed the literature focusing on the relationship between reported racism and mental and physical health outcomes. Data from 293 studies reported in 333 articles published between 1983 and 2013, and conducted predominately in the U.S., were analysed using random effects models and mean weighted effect sizes. Racism was associated with poorer mental health (negative mental health: r = -.23, 95% CI [-.24,-.21], k = 227; positive mental health: r = -.13, 95% CI [-.16,-.10], k = 113), including depression, anxiety, psychological stress and various other outcomes. Racism was also associated with poorer general health (r = -.13 (95% CI [-.18,-.09], k = 30), and poorer physical health (r = -.09, 95% CI [-.12,-.06], k = 50). Moderation effects were found for some outcomes with regard to study and exposure characteristics. Effect sizes of racism on mental health were stronger in cross-sectional compared with longitudinal data and in non-representative samples compared with representative samples. Age, sex, birthplace and education level did not moderate the effects of racism on health. Ethnicity significantly moderated the effect of racism on negative mental health and physical health: the association between racism and negative mental health was significantly stronger for Asian American and Latino(a) American participants compared with African American participants, and the association between racism and physical health was significantly stronger for Latino(a) American participants compared with African American participants. Protocol PROSPERO registration number: CRD42013005464.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Paradies
- Alfred Deakin Institute for Citizenship and Globalization, Faculty of Arts and Education, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jehonathan Ben
- Alfred Deakin Institute for Citizenship and Globalization, Faculty of Arts and Education, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nida Denson
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, University of Western Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amanuel Elias
- Alfred Deakin Institute for Citizenship and Globalization, Faculty of Arts and Education, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Naomi Priest
- Australian Centre for Applied Social Research Methods, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Alex Pieterse
- Division of Counseling Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Arpana Gupta
- Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Margaret Kelaher
- Centre for Health Policy Programs and Economics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gilbert Gee
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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Reboussin BA, Green KM, Milam AJ, Furr-Holden DM, Johnson RM, Ialongo NS. The role of neighborhood in urban black adolescent marijuana use. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 154:69-75. [PMID: 26162651 PMCID: PMC4536173 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study examined the influence of neighborhood factors on transitions in marijuana involvement during adolescence in a sample of primarily low-income, urban Black youth. METHODS 556 Black adolescents were interviewed annually beginning in first grade as part of a longitudinal study. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to examine stages of marijuana involvement from 6th to 9th grades. The influence of neighborhood disorder, drug activity, violent crime, safety and disadvantage on transitions in marijuana involvement was tested using latent transition analysis (LTA). RESULTS There was evidence for three stages of involvement: no involvement, offered, and use and problems. Involvement increased steadily during adolescence with a slightly greater risk to transition from offers to use between 6th and 7th grades. Neighborhood disorder (AOR=1.04, CI=1.00, 1.08), drug activity (AOR=1.12, CI=1.02, 1.22) and disadvantage (AOR=1.44, CI=1.10, 1.92) were associated with the transition from marijuana offers to use and problems. Neighborhood disorder (AOR=1.07, CI=1.02, 1.11), drug activity (AOR=1.19, CI=1.10, 1.29) and violent crime (AOR=1.17, CI=1.03, 1.32) were associated with transitioning rapidly from no involvement to use and problems. CONCLUSIONS Understanding how neighborhoods could be organized and provided with supports to discourage marijuana use and promote non-drug using behaviors should be an important goal of any prevention program in low-income, urban Black neighborhoods. Enhancing citizen participation and mobilization to address the social processes of neighborhood disorder has the potential to reduce marijuana involvement in these neighborhoods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth A. Reboussin
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Kerry M. Green
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Adam J. Milam
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Debra M. Furr-Holden
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Renee M. Johnson
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Nicholas S. Ialongo
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
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Sales JM, Brown JL, Swartzendruber AL, Smearman EL, Brody GH, DiClemente R. Genetic sensitivity to emotional cues, racial discrimination and depressive symptoms among African-American adolescent females. Front Psychol 2015; 6:854. [PMID: 26157407 PMCID: PMC4476200 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychosocial stress, including stress resulting from racial discrimination (RD), has been associated with elevated depressive symptoms. However, individuals vary in their reactivity to stress, with some variability resulting from genetic differences. Specifically, genetic variation within the linked promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) is related to heightened reactivity to emotional environmental cues. Likewise, variations within this region may interact with stressful life events (e.g., discrimination) to influence depressive symptoms, but this has not been empirically examined in prior studies. The objective of this study was to examine whether variation in the 5-HTTLPR gene interacts with RD to predict depressive symptoms among a sample of African-American adolescent females. Participants were 304 African-American adolescent females enrolled in a sexually transmitted disease prevention trial. Participants completed a baseline survey assessing psychosocial factors including RD (low vs. high) and depressive symptomatology (low vs. high) and provided a saliva sample for genotyping the risk polymorphism 5-HTTLPR (s allele present vs. not present). In a logistic regression model adjusting for psychosocial correlates of depressive symptoms, an interaction between RD and 5-HTTLPR group was significantly associated with depressive symptomatology (AOR = 3.79, 95% CI: 1.20-11.98, p = 0.02). Follow-up tests found that high RD was significantly associated with greater odds of high depressive symptoms only for participants with the s allele. RD and 5-HTTLPR status interact to differentially impact depressive symptoms among African-American adolescent females. Efforts to decrease depression among minority youth should include interventions which address RD and strengthen factors (e.g., coping, emotion regulation, building support systems) which protect youth from the psychological costs of discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. Sales
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory UniversityAtlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Brown
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech UniversityLubbock, TX, USA
| | - Andrea L. Swartzendruber
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory UniversityAtlanta, GA, USA
| | - Erica L. Smearman
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory UniversityAtlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gene H. Brody
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory UniversityAtlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ralph DiClemente
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory UniversityAtlanta, GA, USA
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