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Li Q, Shan X, Yuan Y, Ye W, Fang X. Shegan-Mahuang decoction ameliorates cold-induced asthma via regulating the proliferation and apoptosis of airway smooth muscle cells through TAS2R10: An in vivo and in vitro study. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 334:118504. [PMID: 38950796 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Shegan-Mahuang Decoction (SMD) is a classical formula that has been used to effectively treat cold-induced asthma (CA) for 1800 years. Airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) play a crucial role in airway remodeling of CA and can be modulated through bitter taste-sensing type 2 receptors (TAS2Rs). Given that SMD contains numerous bitter herbs and TAS2R10 expression in ASMCs remains consistently high, it is pertinent to explore whether SMD regulates ASMCs via TAS2R10 to exert its CA mechanism. AIM OF THE STUDY This study investigated the efficacy as well as the potential mechanism of SMD in CA. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, experiments in vivo were conducted using the CA rat model induced by ovalbumin (OVA) along with cold stimulation. The effects of SMD and TAS2R10 expression in CA rats were evaluated using the following methods: clinical symptoms, weights, pathological staining, immunofluorescence staining (IF), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blot (WB). Assays in vitro including cell counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), ELISA, flow cytometry, TUNEL staining, RT-qPCR and WB were performed to investigate potential mechanism of SMD on the proliferation and apoptosis of ASMCs through upregulation of TAS2R10. RESULTS The administration of SMD resulted in a notable improvement in the symptoms, trends in weight, airway inflammation and airway remodeling observed in CA rats with upregulated TAS2R10. Mechanistically, we furtherly confirmed that SMD inhibits p70S6K/CyclinD1 pathway by upregulating TAS2R10. SMD furthermore blocked the G0/G1 phase, suppressed the proliferation and inducted apoptosis in ASMCs induced by platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB). Erythromycin (EM), a TAS2R10 agonist, can intensify these effects. CONCLUSIONS SMD significantly ameliorates CA by upregulating TAS2R10 and inhibiting the p70S6K/CyclinD1 pathway, thereby modulating ASMCs' proliferation and apoptosis. Inspired by the Five Flavors Theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, this study provides an updated treatment perspective for treating CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhui Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China.
| | - Xiaoxiao Shan
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China.
| | - Yamei Yuan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China.
| | - Weidong Ye
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China.
| | - Xiangming Fang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China.
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2
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Kim Y, Gumpper RH, Liu Y, Kocak DD, Xiong Y, Cao C, Deng Z, Krumm BE, Jain MK, Zhang S, Jin J, Roth BL. Bitter taste receptor activation by cholesterol and an intracellular tastant. Nature 2024; 628:664-671. [PMID: 38600377 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07253-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Bitter taste sensing is mediated by type 2 taste receptors (TAS2Rs (also known as T2Rs)), which represent a distinct class of G-protein-coupled receptors1. Among the 26 members of the TAS2Rs, TAS2R14 is highly expressed in extraoral tissues and mediates the responses to more than 100 structurally diverse tastants2-6, although the molecular mechanisms for recognizing diverse chemicals and initiating cellular signalling are still poorly understood. Here we report two cryo-electron microscopy structures for TAS2R14 complexed with Ggust (also known as gustducin) and Gi1. Both structures have an orthosteric binding pocket occupied by endogenous cholesterol as well as an intracellular allosteric site bound by the bitter tastant cmpd28.1, including a direct interaction with the α5 helix of Ggust and Gi1. Computational and biochemical studies validate both ligand interactions. Our functional analysis identified cholesterol as an orthosteric agonist and the bitter tastant cmpd28.1 as a positive allosteric modulator with direct agonist activity at TAS2R14. Moreover, the orthosteric pocket is connected to the allosteric site via an elongated cavity, which has a hydrophobic core rich in aromatic residues. Our findings provide insights into the ligand recognition of bitter taste receptors and suggest activities of TAS2R14 beyond bitter taste perception via intracellular allosteric tastants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoojoong Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ryan H Gumpper
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yongfeng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - D Dewran Kocak
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yan Xiong
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences, Oncological Sciences and Neuroscience, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Can Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhijie Deng
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences, Oncological Sciences and Neuroscience, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian E Krumm
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Manish K Jain
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Shicheng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jian Jin
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences, Oncological Sciences and Neuroscience, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bryan L Roth
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Kriauciunas A, Gedvilaite G, Bruzaite A, Zekonis G, Razukevicius D, Liutkeviciene R. Generalised Periodontitis: Examining TAS2R16 Serum Levels and Common Gene Polymorphisms (rs860170, rs978739, rs1357949). Biomedicines 2024; 12:319. [PMID: 38397921 PMCID: PMC10886930 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12020319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the associations between TAS2R16 serum levels and common gene rs860170, rs978739, and rs1357949 polymorphisms in patients affected by generalized periodontitis. The study enrolled 590 patients: 280 patients with periodontitis and 310 healthy controls as a reference group. Patients underwent periodontal examination and radiographic analysis to confirm the periodontitis diagnosis. Blood samples were collected, and the DNA salting-out method was used for DNA extraction from peripheral venous blood. Genotyping of TAS2R16 (rs860170, rs978739, and rs1357949) was performed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and serum level analysis was performed for both periodontitis-affected patients and reference group subjects. The analysis of TAS2R16 rs860170 (TT, CT, and CC) showed a statistically significant difference between generalized periodontitis and the reference group (41.8%, 58.2%, and 0% vs. 38.7%, 56.1%, and 5.2%, p < 0.001). TAS2R16 rs860170 (TT, CT, and CC) showed a statistically significant difference between males in generalized periodontitis and reference groups (38.4%, 61.6%, and 0% vs. 32.9%, 56.6%, and 10.5%, p = 0.002). Female-specific analysis showed that the TAS2R16 rs978739 C allele was more frequent in generalized periodontitis compared to the reference group (37.5% vs. 28.7%, p = 0.016). Subjects aged 70 years and older demonstrated a statistically significant difference in TAS2R16 rs860170 (TT, CT, and CC) between generalized periodontitis and the reference group (42.8%, 57.2%, and 0% vs. 38.6%, 53.8%, and 7.6%, p = 0.003). TAS2R16 serum levels were elevated in generalized periodontitis compared to the reference group (0.112 (0.06) ng/mL vs. 0.075 (0.03) ng/mL, p = 0.002). Females carrying the TAS2R16 rs978739 C allele were more prone to generalized periodontitis development. Associations were found between TAS2R16 rs860170 polymorphisms, elevated TAS2R16 serum levels, and generalized periodontitis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albertas Kriauciunas
- Department of Prosthodontics, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukilėlių Str. 51, LT-50106 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Greta Gedvilaite
- Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eivenių Str. 2, LT-50009 Kaunas, Lithuania; (G.G.); (A.B.); (R.L.)
| | - Akvile Bruzaite
- Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eivenių Str. 2, LT-50009 Kaunas, Lithuania; (G.G.); (A.B.); (R.L.)
| | - Gediminas Zekonis
- Department of Prosthodontics, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukilėlių Str. 51, LT-50106 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Dainius Razukevicius
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eivenių Str. 2, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Rasa Liutkeviciene
- Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eivenių Str. 2, LT-50009 Kaunas, Lithuania; (G.G.); (A.B.); (R.L.)
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Miller ZA, Mueller A, Kim T, Jolivert JF, Ma RZ, Muthuswami S, Park A, McMahon DB, Nead KT, Carey RM, Lee RJ. Lidocaine induces apoptosis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma through activation of bitter taste receptor T2R14. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113437. [PMID: 37995679 PMCID: PMC10842818 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) have high mortality and significant treatment-related morbidity. It is vital to discover effective, minimally invasive therapies that improve survival and quality of life. Bitter taste receptors (T2Rs) are expressed in HNSCCs, and T2R activation can induce apoptosis. Lidocaine is a local anesthetic that also activates bitter taste receptor 14 (T2R14). Lidocaine has some anti-cancer effects, but the mechanisms are unclear. Here, we find that lidocaine causes intracellular Ca2+ mobilization through activation of T2R14 in HNSCC cells. T2R14 activation with lidocaine depolarizes mitochondria, inhibits proliferation, and induces apoptosis. Concomitant with mitochondrial Ca2+ influx, ROS production causes T2R14-dependent accumulation of poly-ubiquitinated proteins, suggesting that proteasome inhibition contributes to T2R14-induced apoptosis. Lidocaine may have therapeutic potential in HNSCCs as a topical gel or intratumor injection. In addition, we find that HPV-associated (HPV+) HNSCCs are associated with increased TAS2R14 expression. Lidocaine treatment may benefit these patients, warranting future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoey A Miller
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Pharmacology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Arielle Mueller
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - TaeBeom Kim
- Department of Epidemiology, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jennifer F Jolivert
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ray Z Ma
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sahil Muthuswami
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - April Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Derek B McMahon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kevin T Nead
- Department of Epidemiology, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ryan M Carey
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Robert J Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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5
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Yen CL, Petrie MA, Suneja M, Shields RK. Neuromuscular and gene signaling responses to passive whole-body heat stress in young adults. J Therm Biol 2023; 118:103730. [PMID: 37890230 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate whether acute passive heat stress 1) decreases muscle Maximal Voluntary Contraction (MVC); 2) increases peripheral muscle fatigue; 3) increases spinal cord excitability, and 4) increases key skeletal muscle gene signaling pathways in skeletal muscle. Examining the biological and physiological markers underlying passive heat stress will assist us in understanding the potential therapeutic benefits. MVCs, muscle fatigue, spinal cord excitability, and gene signaling were examined after control or whole body heat stress in an environmental chamber (heat; 82 °C, 10% humidity for 30 min). Heart Rate (HR), an indicator of stress response, was correlated to muscle fatigue in the heat group (R = 0.59; p < 0.05) but was not correlated to MVC, twitch potentiation, and H reflex suppression. Sixty-one genes were differentially expressed after heat (41 genes >1.5-fold induced; 20 < 0.667 fold repressed). A strong correlation emerged between the session type (control or heat) and principal components (PC1) (R = 0.82; p < 0.005). Cell Signal Transduction, Metabolism, Gene Expression and Transcription, Immune System, DNA Repair, and Metabolism of Proteins were pathway domains with the largest number of genes regulated after acute whole body heat stress. Acute whole-body heat stress may offer a physiological stimulus for people with a limited capacity to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Ling Yen
- School of Physical Therapy and Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Neuroscience Research Center, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Michael A Petrie
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Roy and Lucille Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Medical Education Building, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Manish Suneja
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy and Lucille Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Richard K Shields
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Roy and Lucille Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Medical Education Building, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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6
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Grădinaru TC, Gilca M, Vlad A, Dragoș D. Relevance of Phytochemical Taste for Anti-Cancer Activity: A Statistical Inquiry. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16227. [PMID: 38003415 PMCID: PMC10671173 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting inflammation and the pathways linking inflammation with cancer is an innovative therapeutic strategy. Tastants are potential candidates for this approach, since taste receptors display various biological functions, including anti-inflammatory activity (AIA). The present study aims to explore the power different tastes have to predict a phytochemical's anti-cancer properties. It also investigates whether anti-inflammatory phytocompounds also have anti-cancer effects, and whether there are tastes that can better predict a phytochemical's bivalent biological activity. Data from the PlantMolecularTasteDB, containing a total of 1527 phytochemicals, were used. Out of these, only 624 phytocompounds met the inclusion criterion of having 40 hits in a PubMed search, using the name of the phytochemical as the keyword. Among them, 461 phytochemicals were found to possess anti-cancer activity (ACA). The AIA and ACA of phytochemicals were strongly correlated, irrespective of taste/orosensation or chemical class. Bitter taste was positively correlated with ACA, while sweet taste was negatively correlated. Among chemical classes, only flavonoids (which are most frequently bitter) had a positive association with both AIA and ACA, a finding confirming that taste has predictive primacy over chemical class. Therefore, bitter taste receptor agonists and sweet taste receptor antagonists may have a beneficial effect in slowing down the progression of inflammation to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodora-Cristiana Grădinaru
- Department of Functional Sciences I/Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Marilena Gilca
- Department of Functional Sciences I/Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Adelina Vlad
- Department of Functional Sciences I/Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Dorin Dragoș
- Department of Medical Semiology, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
- 1st Internal Medicine Clinic, University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
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7
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Talmon M, Massara E, Quaregna M, De Battisti M, Boccafoschi F, Lecchi G, Puppo F, Bettega Cajandab MA, Salamone S, Bovio E, Boldorini R, Riva B, Pollastro F, Fresu LG. Bitter taste receptor (TAS2R) 46 in human skeletal muscle: expression and activity. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1205651. [PMID: 37771728 PMCID: PMC10522851 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1205651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Bitter taste receptors are involved not only in taste perception but in various physiological functions as their anatomical location is not restricted to the gustatory system. We previously demonstrated expression and activity of the subtype hTAS2R46 in human airway smooth muscle and broncho-epithelial cells, and here we show its expression and functionality in human skeletal muscle cells. Three different cellular models were used: micro-dissected human skeletal tissues, human myoblasts/myotubes and human skeletal muscle cells differentiated from urine stem cells of healthy donors. We used qPCR, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence analysis to evaluate gene and protein hTAS2R46 expression. In order to explore receptor activity, cells were incubated with the specific bitter ligands absinthin and 3ß-hydroxydihydrocostunolide, and calcium oscillation and relaxation were evaluated by calcium imaging and collagen assay, respectively, after a cholinergic stimulus. We show, for the first time, experimentally the presence and functionality of a type 2 bitter receptor in human skeletal muscle cells. Given the tendentially protective role of the bitter receptors starting from the oral cavity and following also in the other ectopic sites, and given its expression already at the myoblast level, we hypothesize that the bitter receptor can play an important role in the development, maintenance and in the protection of muscle tissue functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Talmon
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Erika Massara
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Martina Quaregna
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Marta De Battisti
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Francesca Boccafoschi
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Giulia Lecchi
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Federico Puppo
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Salamone
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Enrica Bovio
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Renzo Boldorini
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Beatrice Riva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Federica Pollastro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Luigia G. Fresu
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
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8
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Abd-Elmonsif NM, Gamal S. Histological and molecular response of oral cavity tissues to Covid-19. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:7893-7899. [PMID: 37418081 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08607-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
The world is still dealing with Covid-19 waves, and maintaining good oral health has systemic effects on overall health. This review's objective is to identify the main oral manifestations of this illness, its effects on oral tissues at their histological bases, their molecular cell mechanisms, and the relationship issues between Covid-19 outcomes and oral health conditions. The main sources of the review are research articles published from 2000 to 2023. The main used terms in search were Covid-19 oral manifestations, Corona virus and Taste, or Olfaction, Covid and periodontitis, or Oral cavity. the angiotensin-converting enzyme II receptor (ACE2), which serves as a cellular entry point for viral entry into the cell to cause Covid-19 infection, is the target of corona virus attacks on human cells. The destruction of keratinocytes and oral fibroblasts, which is an indication of the virus's direct impact on oral tissues, results in inflammatory reactions in the salivary glands, tongue, and gingiva, which may explain both the loss of taste and the mouth ulceration. Additionally, there is a significant correlation between Covid-19 outcome and periodontitis. This results from the connection between hyperinflammation and poor oral hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehad M Abd-Elmonsif
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Sherif Gamal
- Research labs supervisor, Faculty of pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
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9
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Descamps-Solà M, Vilalta A, Jalsevac F, Blay MT, Rodríguez-Gallego E, Pinent M, Beltrán-Debón R, Terra X, Ardévol A. Bitter taste receptors along the gastrointestinal tract: comparison between humans and rodents. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1215889. [PMID: 37712001 PMCID: PMC10498470 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1215889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
For decades bitter taste receptors (TAS2R) were thought to be located only in the mouth and to serve as sensors for nutrients and harmful substances. However, in recent years Tas2r have also been reported in extraoral tissues such as the skin, the lungs, and the intestine, where their function is still uncertain. To better understand the physiological role of these receptors, in this paper we focused on the intestine, an organ in which their activation may be similar to the receptors found in the mouth. We compare the relative presence of these receptors along the gastrointestinal tract in three main species of biomedical research (mice, rats and humans) using sequence homology. Current data from studies of rodents are scarce and while more data are available in humans, they are still deficient. Our results indicate, unexpectedly, that the reported expression profiles do not always coincide between species even if the receptors are orthologs. This may be due not only to evolutionary divergence of the species but also to their adaptation to different dietary patterns. Further studies are needed in order to develop an integrated vision of these receptors and their physiological functionality along the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Raúl Beltrán-Debón
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, MoBioFood Research Group, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ximena Terra
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, MoBioFood Research Group, Tarragona, Spain
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10
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Tokmakova A, Kim D, Guthrie B, Kim SK, Goddard WA, Liggett SB. Predicted structure and cell signaling of TAS2R14 reveal receptor hyper-flexibility for detecting diverse bitter tastes. iScience 2023; 26:106422. [PMID: 37096045 PMCID: PMC10121769 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The 25 human bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) are expressed on taste and extra-oral cells representing an integrated chemosensory system. The archetypal TAS2R14 is activated by > 150 topographically diverse agonists, raising the question of how this uncharacteristic accommodation is achieved for these GPCRs. We report the computationally derived structure of TAS2R14 with binding sites and energies for five highly diverse agonists. Remarkably, the binding pocket is the same for all five agonists. The energies derived from molecular dynamics are consistent with experiments determining signal transduction coefficients in live cells. TAS2R14 accommodates agonists through the breaking of a TMD3 H-bond instead of the prototypic strong salt bridge, a TMD1,2,7 interaction different from Class A GPCRs, and agonist-promoted TMD3 salt bridges for high affinity (which we confirmed by receptor mutagenesis). Thus, the broadly tuned TAS2Rs accommodate diverse agonists via a single (vs multiple) binding pocket through unique TM interactions for sensing disparate micro-environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Tokmakova
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Donghwa Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Center for Personalized Medicine and Genomics, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Brian Guthrie
- Cargill Global Food Research Center, Wayzata, MN 55391, USA
| | - Soo-Kyung Kim
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - William A. Goddard
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Stephen B. Liggett
- Department of Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Center for Personalized Medicine and Genomics, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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11
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Waterloo L, Hübner H, Fierro F, Pfeiffer T, Brox R, Löber S, Weikert D, Niv MY, Gmeiner P. Discovery of 2-Aminopyrimidines as Potent Agonists for the Bitter Taste Receptor TAS2R14. J Med Chem 2023; 66:3499-3521. [PMID: 36847646 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
The bitter taste receptor TAS2R14 is a G protein-coupled receptor that is found on the tongue as well as in the human airway smooth muscle and other extraoral tissues. Because its activation causes bronchodilatation, TAS2R14 is a potential target for the treatment of asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Structural variations of flufenamic acid, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, led us to 2-aminopyridines showing considerable efficacy and potency in an IP1accumulation assay. In combination with an exchange of the carboxylic moiety by a tetrazole unit, a set of promising new TAS2R14 agonists was developed. The most potent ligand 28.1 (EC50 = 72 nM) revealed a six-fold higher potency than flufenamic acid and a maximum efficacy of 129%. Besides its unprecedented TAS2R14 activation, 28.1 revealed marked selectivity over a panel of 24 non-bitter taste human G protein-coupled receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Waterloo
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Harald Hübner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Fabrizio Fierro
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Hebrew University, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Tara Pfeiffer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Regine Brox
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Stefan Löber
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Dorothee Weikert
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Masha Y Niv
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Hebrew University, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, Erlangen 91058, Germany
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12
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Costa AR, Duarte AC, Costa-Brito AR, Gonçalves I, Santos CRA. Bitter taste signaling in cancer. Life Sci 2023; 315:121363. [PMID: 36610638 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacoresistance of cancer cells to many drugs used in chemotherapy remains a major challenge for the treatment of cancer. Multidrug resistance transporters, especially ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, are a major cause of cancer drug resistance since they translocate a broad range of drug compounds across the cell membrane, extruding them out of the cells. The regulation of ABC transporters by bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs), which might be activated by specific bitter tasting compounds, was described in several types of cells/organs, becoming a potential target for cancer therapy. TAS2Rs expression has been reported in many organs and several types of cancer, like breast, ovarian, prostate, and colorectal cancers, where their activation was shown to be involved in various biological actions (cell survival, apoptosis, molecular transport, among others). Moreover, many TAS2Rs' ligands, such as flavonoids and alkaloids, with well-recognized beneficial properties, including several anticancer effects, have been reported as potential adjuvants in cancer therapies. In this review, we discuss the potential therapeutic role of TAS2Rs and bitter tasting compounds in different types of cancer as a possible way to circumvent chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R Costa
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ana C Duarte
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; CPIRN-IPG - Centro de Potencial e Inovação de Recursos Naturais, Instituto Politécnico da Guarda, Guarda, Portugal
| | - Ana R Costa-Brito
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; Research Unit for Inland Development (UDI), Polytechnic of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal
| | - Isabel Gonçalves
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Cecília R A Santos
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
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13
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Mori Y, Aoki A, Okamoto Y, Isobe T, Ohkawara S, Hanioka N, Tanaka-Kagawa T, Jinno H. Isoform-Specific Quantification of Human Bitter Taste Receptor Transcripts Using Real-Time PCR Analysis. Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:1185-1190. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b22-00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Mori
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University
| | | | | | - Takashi Isobe
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Yokohama University of Pharmacy
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14
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Jeruzal-Świątecka J, Borkowska E, Łaszczych M, Nowicka Z, Pietruszewska W. TAS2R38 Bitter Taste Receptor Expression in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps: New Data on Polypoid Tissue. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137345. [PMID: 35806350 PMCID: PMC9266535 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown differences in TAS2R38 receptor expression in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) compared to healthy controls. Known agonists of TAS2R38 stimulate epithelial cells, leading to robust intracellular nitric oxide (NO) production, which damages bacterial membranes, enzymes, and DNA, but also increases ciliary beat frequency. In this study we examined, using qRT-PCR, the expression of TAS2R38 receptor in nasal polyps (NP) of patients with CRS (N = 107) and in inferior turbinate mucosa (ITM) of patients with CRS and controls (N = 39), and confronted it with clinical features and the severity of the disease. The expression was shown in 43 (50.00%) samples of ITM in the study group (N = 107), in 28 (71.79%) in the control group (N = 39) (p = 0.037), and in 43 (46.24%) of NP. There were no differences in levels of the expression in all analyzed tissues. Patients who rated their symptoms at 0–3 showed higher TAS2R38 expression in ITM in comparison to the patients with 8–10 points on the VAS scale (p = 0.020). A noticeable, however not significant, correlation between the TAS2R38 expression in ITM and the Lund–Mackay CT score was shown (p = 0.068; R = −0.28). Patients with coexisting asthma had significantly higher receptor expression in the NP (p = 0.012). Our study is the first to confirm the presence of the TAS2R38 receptor in NP. Expression of the TAS2R38 receptor is reduced in the sinonasal mucosa in patients with more advanced CRS with NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Jeruzal-Świątecka
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-501-785470
| | - Edyta Borkowska
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Mateusz Łaszczych
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (M.Ł.); (Z.N.)
| | - Zuzanna Nowicka
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (M.Ł.); (Z.N.)
| | - Wioletta Pietruszewska
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland;
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15
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Bhatia V, de Jesus VC, Shaik FA, Jaggupilli A, Singh N, Chelikani P, Atukorallaya D. Extraoral expression and characterization of bitter taste receptors in
Astyanax mexicanus
(Mexican Tetra Fish). FASEB Bioadv 2022; 4:574-584. [PMID: 36089978 PMCID: PMC9447421 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2022-00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Bhatia
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group and Department of Oral Biology University of Manitoba Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E0W2 Canada
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Winnipeg MB R3E3P4 Canada
| | - Vivianne Cruz de Jesus
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group and Department of Oral Biology University of Manitoba Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E0W2 Canada
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Winnipeg MB R3E3P4 Canada
| | - Feroz Ahmed Shaik
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group and Department of Oral Biology University of Manitoba Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E0W2 Canada
| | - Appalaraju Jaggupilli
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group and Department of Oral Biology University of Manitoba Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E0W2 Canada
| | - Nisha Singh
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group and Department of Oral Biology University of Manitoba Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E0W2 Canada
| | - Prashen Chelikani
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group and Department of Oral Biology University of Manitoba Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E0W2 Canada
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Winnipeg MB R3E3P4 Canada
| | - Devi Atukorallaya
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group and Department of Oral Biology University of Manitoba Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E0W2 Canada
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Winnipeg MB R3E3P4 Canada
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16
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Cilia Stimulatory and Antibacterial Activities of T2R Bitter Taste Receptor Agonist Diphenhydramine: Insights into Repurposing Bitter Drugs for Nasal Infections. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15040452. [PMID: 35455449 PMCID: PMC9025516 DOI: 10.3390/ph15040452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
T2R bitter taste receptors in airway motile cilia increase ciliary beat frequency (CBF) and nitric oxide (NO) production. Polymorphisms in some T2Rs are linked to disease outcomes in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and cystic fibrosis (CF). We examined the expression of cilia T2Rs during the differentiation of human nasal epithelial cells grown at air–liquid interface (ALI). The T2R expression increased with differentiation but did not vary between CF and non-CF cultures. Treatment with Pseudomonas aeruginosa flagellin decreased the expression of diphenhydramine-responsive T2R14 and 40, among others. Diphenhydramine increased both NO production, measured by fluorescent dye DAF-FM, and CBF, measured via high-speed imaging. Increases in CBF were disrupted after flagellin treatment. Diphenhydramine impaired the growth of lab and clinical strains of P. aeruginosa, a major pathogen in CF and CF-related CRS. Diphenhydramine impaired biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa, measured via crystal violet staining, as well as the surface attachment of P. aeruginosa to CF airway epithelial cells, measured using colony-forming unit counting. Because the T2R agonist diphenhydramine increases NO production and CBF while also decreasing bacterial growth and biofilm production, diphenhydramine-derived compounds may have potential clinical usefulness in CF-related CRS as a topical therapy. However, utilizing T2R agonists as therapeutics within the context of P. aeruginosa infection may require co-treatment with anti-inflammatories to enhance T2R expression.
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17
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Walker EG, Lo KR, Pahl MC, Shin HS, Lang C, Wohlers MW, Poppitt SD, Sutton KH, Ingram JR. An extract of hops (Humulus lupulus L.) modulates gut peptide hormone secretion and reduces energy intake in healthy-weight men: a randomized, crossover clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2022; 115:925-940. [PMID: 35102364 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal enteroendocrine cells express chemosensory bitter taste receptors that may play an important role in regulating energy intake (EI) and gut function. OBJECTIVES To determine the effect of a bitter hop extract (Humulus lupulus L.) on acute EI, appetite, and hormonal responses. METHODS Nineteen healthy-weight men completed a randomized 3-treatment, double-blind, crossover study with a 1-wk washout between treatments. Treatments comprised either placebo or 500 mg of hop extract administered in delayed-release capsules (duodenal) at 11:00 h or quick-release capsules (gastric) at 11:30 h. Ad libitum EI was recorded at the lunch (12:00 h) and afternoon snack (14:00 h), with blood samples taken and subjective ratings of appetite, gastrointestinal (GI) discomfort, vitality, meal palatability, and mood assessed throughout the day. RESULTS Total ad libitum EI was reduced following both the gastric (4473 kJ; 95% CI: 3811, 5134; P = 0.006) and duodenal (4439 kJ; 95% CI: 3777, 5102; P = 0.004) hop treatments compared with the placebo (5383 kJ; 95% CI: 4722, 6045). Gastric and duodenal treatments stimulated prelunch ghrelin secretion and postprandial cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide 1, and peptide YY responses compared with placebo. In contrast, postprandial insulin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, and pancreatic polypeptide responses were reduced in gastric and duodenal treatments without affecting glycemia. In addition, gastric and duodenal treatments produced small but significant increases in subjective measures of GI discomfort (e.g., nausea, bloating, abdominal discomfort) with mild to severe adverse GI symptoms reported in the gastric treatment only. However, no significant treatment effects were observed for any subjective measures of appetite or meal palatability. CONCLUSIONS Both gastric and duodenal delivery of a hop extract modulates the release of hormones involved in appetite and glycemic regulation, providing a potential "bitter brake" on EI in healthy-weight men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward G Walker
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kim R Lo
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Malcolm C Pahl
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hyun S Shin
- Human Nutrition Unit; School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Claudia Lang
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mark W Wohlers
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sally D Poppitt
- Human Nutrition Unit; School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kevin H Sutton
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - John R Ingram
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
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18
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Zehentner S, Reiner AT, Grimm C, Somoza V. The Role of Bitter Taste Receptors in Cancer: A Systematic Review. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5891. [PMID: 34885005 PMCID: PMC8656863 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13235891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since it is known that bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) are expressed and functionally active in various extra-oral cells, their genetic variability and functional response initiated by their activation have become of broader interest, including in the context of cancer. METHODS A systematic research was performed in PubMed and Google Scholar to identify relevant publications concerning the role of TAS2Rs in cancer. RESULTS While the findings on variations of TAS2R genotypes and phenotypes and their association to the risk of developing cancer are still inconclusive, gene expression analyses revealed that TAS2Rs are expressed and some of them are predominately downregulated in cancerous compared to non-cancerous cell lines and tissue samples. Additionally, receptor-specific, agonist-mediated activation induced various anti-cancer effects, such as decreased cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, as well as increased apoptosis. Furthermore, the overexpression of TAS2Rs resulted in a decreased tumour incidence in an in vivo study and TAS2R activation could even enhance the therapeutic effect of chemotherapeutics in vitro. Finally, higher expression levels of TAS2Rs in primary cancerous cells and tissues were associated with an improved prognosis in humans. CONCLUSION Since current evidence demonstrates a functional role of TAS2Rs in carcinogenesis, further studies should exploit their potential as (co-)targets of chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Zehentner
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (S.Z.); (A.T.R.)
| | - Agnes T. Reiner
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (S.Z.); (A.T.R.)
| | - Christoph Grimm
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Gynecologic Cancer Unit, Department of General Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Veronika Somoza
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (S.Z.); (A.T.R.)
- Leibniz Institute of Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Chair of Nutritional Systems Biology, School of Life Science, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
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19
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Bitter Taste Receptors Expression in Human Granulosa and Cumulus Cells: New Perspectives in Female Fertility. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113127. [PMID: 34831350 PMCID: PMC8619861 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bitter taste receptors (TAS2RS) expression is not restricted to the oral cavity and the presence of these receptors in the male reproductive system and sperm provides insights into their possible role in human reproduction. To elucidate the potential role of TAS2Rs in the female reproductive system, we investigated the expression and localization of bitter taste receptors and the components of signal transduction cascade involved in the pathway of taste receptors in somatic follicular cells obtained from women undergoing assisted reproductive techniques. We found that TAS2R genes are expressed in both cumulus (CCs) and granulosa (GCs) cells, with TAS2R14 being the most highly expressed bitter receptor subtype. Interestingly, a slight increase in the expression of TAS2R14 and TAS2R43 was shown in both GCs and CCs in young women (p < 0.05), while a negative correlation may be established between the number of oocytes collected at the pickup and the expression of TAS2R43. Regarding α-gustducin and α-transducin, two Gα subunits expressed in the taste buds on the tongue, we provide evidence for their expression in CCs and GCs, with α-gustducin showing two additional isoforms in GCs. Finally, we shed light on the possible downstream transduction pathway initiated by taste receptor activation in the female reproductive system. Our study, showing for the first time the expression of taste receptors in the somatic ovarian follicle cells, significantly extends the current knowledge of the biological role of TAS2Rs for human female fertility.
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20
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Carey RM, McMahon DB, Miller ZA, Kim T, Rajasekaran K, Gopallawa I, Newman JG, Basu D, Nead KT, White EA, Lee RJ. T2R bitter taste receptors regulate apoptosis and may be associated with survival in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Oncol 2021; 16:1474-1492. [PMID: 34717036 PMCID: PMC8978516 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Better management of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) requires a clearer understanding of tumor biology and disease risk. Bitter taste receptors (T2Rs) have been studied in several cancers, including thyroid, salivary, and GI, but their role in HNSCC has not been explored. We found that HNSCC patient samples and cell lines expressed functional T2Rs on both the cell and nuclear membranes. Bitter compounds, including bacterial metabolites, activated T2R‐mediated nuclear Ca2+ responses leading to mitochondrial depolarization, caspase activation, and ultimately apoptosis. Buffering nuclear Ca2+ elevation blocked caspase activation. Furthermore, increased expression of T2Rs in HNSCCs from The Cancer Genome Atlas is associated with improved overall survival. This work suggests that T2Rs are potential biomarkers to predict outcomes and guide treatment selection, may be leveraged as therapeutic targets to stimulate tumor apoptosis, and may mediate tumor‐microbiome crosstalk in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Carey
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Derek B McMahon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zoey A Miller
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - TaeBeom Kim
- Department of Epidemiology, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Karthik Rajasekaran
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Indiwari Gopallawa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jason G Newman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Devraj Basu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kevin T Nead
- Department of Epidemiology, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Elizabeth A White
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert J Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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21
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Abstract
Bitter taste-sensing type 2 receptors (TAS2Rs or T2Rs), belonging to the subgroup of family A G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), are of crucial importance in the perception of bitterness. Although in the first instance, TAS2Rs were considered to be exclusively distributed in the apical microvilli of taste bud cells, numerous studies have detected these sensory receptor proteins in several extra-oral tissues, such as in pancreatic or ovarian tissues, as well as in their corresponding malignancies. Critical points of extra-oral TAS2Rs biology, such as their structure, roles, signaling transduction pathways, extensive mutational polymorphism, and molecular evolution, have been currently broadly studied. The TAS2R cascade, for instance, has been recently considered to be a pivotal modulator of a number of (patho)physiological processes, including adipogenesis or carcinogenesis. The latest advances in taste receptor biology further raise the possibility of utilizing TAS2Rs as a therapeutic target or as an informative index to predict treatment responses in various disorders. Thus, the focus of this review is to provide an update on the expression and molecular basis of TAS2Rs functions in distinct extra-oral tissues in health and disease. We shall also discuss the therapeutic potential of novel TAS2Rs targets, which are appealing due to their ligand selectivity, expression pattern, or pharmacological profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Tuzim
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Korolczuk
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
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22
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de Jesus VC, Singh M, Schroth RJ, Chelikani P, Hitchon CA. Association of Bitter Taste Receptor T2R38 Polymorphisms, Oral Microbiota, and Rheumatoid Arthritis. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2021; 43:1460-1472. [PMID: 34698096 PMCID: PMC8929115 DOI: 10.3390/cimb43030103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The association of taste genetics and the oral microbiome in autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has not been reported. We explored a novel oral mucosal innate immune pathway involving the bitter taste G protein-coupled receptor T2R38. This case–control study aimed to evaluate whether T2R38 polymorphisms associate with the buccal microbial composition in RA. Genomic DNA was obtained from buccal swabs of 35 RA patients and 64 non-RA controls. TAS2R38 genotypes were determined by Sanger sequencing. The buccal microbiome was assessed by Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the V4-16S rRNA gene. Bacterial community differences were analyzed with alpha and beta diversity measures. Linear discriminant analysis effect size identified taxa discriminating between RA versus non-RA and across TAS2R38 genotypes. TAS2R38 genotype frequency was similar between RA and non-RA controls (PAV/PAV; PAV/AVI; AVI/AVI: RA 42.9%; 45.7%; 11.4% versus controls 32.8%; 48.4%; 18.8%, chi-square (2, N = 99) = 2.1, p = 0.35). The relative abundance of Porphyromonas, among others, differed between RA and non-RA controls. The relative abundance of several bacterial species also differed across TAS2R38 genotypes. These findings suggest an association between T2R38 polymorphisms and RA buccal microbial composition. However, further research is needed to understand the impact of T2R38 in oral health and RA development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivianne Cruz de Jesus
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group, Department of Oral Biology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W4, Canada; (V.C.d.J.); (R.J.S.)
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Manu Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;
| | - Robert J. Schroth
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group, Department of Oral Biology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W4, Canada; (V.C.d.J.); (R.J.S.)
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
- Department of Preventive Dental Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W4, Canada
| | - Prashen Chelikani
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group, Department of Oral Biology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W4, Canada; (V.C.d.J.); (R.J.S.)
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
- Correspondence: (P.C.); (C.A.H.); Tel.: +1-204-789-3539 (P.C.); +1-204-787-1851 (C.A.H.); Fax: +1-204-789-3913 (P.C.); +1-204-787-2475 (C.A.H.)
| | - Carol A. Hitchon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3A 1M4, Canada
- Correspondence: (P.C.); (C.A.H.); Tel.: +1-204-789-3539 (P.C.); +1-204-787-1851 (C.A.H.); Fax: +1-204-789-3913 (P.C.); +1-204-787-2475 (C.A.H.)
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23
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Medapati MR, Bhagirath AY, Singh N, Schroth RJ, Bhullar RP, Duan K, Chelikani P. Bitter Taste Receptor T2R14 Modulates Gram-Positive Bacterial Internalization and Survival in Gingival Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189920. [PMID: 34576085 PMCID: PMC8469602 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bitter-taste receptors (T2Rs) have emerged as key players in host–pathogen interactions and important modulators of oral innate immunity. Previously, we reported that T2R14 is expressed in gingival epithelial cells (GECs) and interacts with competence stimulating peptides (CSPs) secreted by the cariogenic Streptococcus mutans. The underlying mechanisms of the innate immune responses and physiological effects of T2R14 on Gram-positive bacteria are not well characterized. In this study, we examined the role of T2R14 in internalization and growth inhibitory effects on Gram-positive bacteria, namely Staphylococcus aureus and S. mutans. We utilized CRISPR-Cas9 T2R14 knockdown (KD) GECs as the study model to address these key physiological mechanisms. Our data reveal that the internalization of S. aureus is significantly decreased, while the internalization of S. mutans remains unaffected upon knockdown of T2R14 in GECs. Surprisingly, GECs primed with S. mutans CSP-1 resulted in an inhibition of growth for S. aureus, but not for S. mutans. The GECs infected with S. aureus induced T2R14-dependent human β-defensin-2 (hBD-2) secretion; however, S. mutans–infected GECs did not induce hBD-2 secretion, but induced T2R14 dependent IL-8 secretion. Interestingly, our results show that T2R14 KD affects the cytoskeletal reorganization in GECs, thereby inhibiting S. aureus internalization. Our study highlights the distinct mechanisms and a direct role of T2R14 in influencing physiological responses to Gram-positive bacteria in the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Reddy Medapati
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group, Department of Oral Biology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, 780 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada; (M.R.M.); (A.Y.B.); (N.S.); (R.J.S.); (R.P.B.); (K.D.)
| | - Anjali Yadav Bhagirath
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group, Department of Oral Biology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, 780 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada; (M.R.M.); (A.Y.B.); (N.S.); (R.J.S.); (R.P.B.); (K.D.)
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), University of Manitoba, 715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Nisha Singh
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group, Department of Oral Biology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, 780 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada; (M.R.M.); (A.Y.B.); (N.S.); (R.J.S.); (R.P.B.); (K.D.)
| | - Robert J. Schroth
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group, Department of Oral Biology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, 780 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada; (M.R.M.); (A.Y.B.); (N.S.); (R.J.S.); (R.P.B.); (K.D.)
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), University of Manitoba, 715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, 780 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada
| | - Rajinder P. Bhullar
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group, Department of Oral Biology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, 780 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada; (M.R.M.); (A.Y.B.); (N.S.); (R.J.S.); (R.P.B.); (K.D.)
| | - Kangmin Duan
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group, Department of Oral Biology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, 780 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada; (M.R.M.); (A.Y.B.); (N.S.); (R.J.S.); (R.P.B.); (K.D.)
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), University of Manitoba, 715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Prashen Chelikani
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group, Department of Oral Biology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, 780 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada; (M.R.M.); (A.Y.B.); (N.S.); (R.J.S.); (R.P.B.); (K.D.)
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), University of Manitoba, 715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-204-789-3539; Fax: +1-204-789-3913
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24
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Expression of Jejunal Taste Receptors in Women with Morbid Obesity. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072437. [PMID: 34371946 PMCID: PMC8308737 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrient sensing plays important roles in promoting satiety and maintaining good homeostatic control. Taste receptors (TAS) are located through the gastrointestinal tract, and recent studies have shown they have a relationship with metabolic disorders. The aim of this study was to analyze the jejunal expression of TAS1R2, TAS1R3, TAS2R14 and TAS2R38 in women with morbid obesity, first classified according to metabolic syndrome presence (MetS; n = 24) or absence (non-MetS; n = 45) and then classified according to hepatic histology as normal liver (n = 28) or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (n = 41). Regarding MetS, we found decreased expression of TAS2R14 in MetS patients. However, when we subclassified patients according to liver histology, we did not find differences between groups. We found negative correlations between glucose levels, triglycerides and MetS with TAS1R3 expression. Moreover, TAS2R14 jejunal expression correlated negatively with the presence of MetS and ghrelin levels and positively with the jejunal Toll-like receptor (TLR)4, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ, and interleukin (IL)-10 levels. Furthermore, TAS2R38 expression correlated negatively with TLR9 jejunal expression and IL-6 levels and positively with TLR4 levels. Our findings suggest that metabolic dysfunctions such as MetS trigger downregulation of the intestinal TASs. Therefore, taste receptors modulation could be a possible therapeutic target for metabolic disorders.
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25
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Morini G, Winnig M, Vennegeerts T, Borgonovo G, Bassoli A. Vanillin Activates Human Bitter Taste Receptors TAS2R14, TAS2R20, and TAS2R39. Front Nutr 2021; 8:683627. [PMID: 34307435 PMCID: PMC8298857 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.683627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vanilla is widely used in food preparation worldwide for its sensory properties, mainly related to its fragrance, being vanillin the major compound present in the processed vanilla. Vanillin is also known to elicit bitterness as a secondary sensory sensation, but the molecular mechanism of its bitterness has never been reported. Assay buffers of vanillin were tested in vitro on all known 25 human bitter taste receptors TAS2Rs. Three receptors, TAS2R14, TAS2R20, and TAS2R39, were activated, showing that these receptors are mediating the bitterness of vanillin. The result could be useful to improve the overall sensory profile of this broadly used food ingredient, but even more could represent the starting point for further studies to investigate the potential of vanillin in sensory nutrition and other pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcel Winnig
- IMAX Discovery GmbH, Dortmund, Germany.,Axxam S.p.A. Bresso, Italy
| | - Timo Vennegeerts
- IMAX Discovery GmbH, Dortmund, Germany.,Axxam S.p.A. Bresso, Italy
| | - Gigliola Borgonovo
- DeFENS - Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Bassoli
- DeFENS - Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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26
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Sung WW, Tu JH, Yu JS, Ulfa MZ, Chang JH, Cheng HL. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens exopolysaccharide preparation induces glucagon-like peptide 1 secretion through the activation of bitter taste receptors. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 185:562-571. [PMID: 34216658 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The exopolysaccharide preparation of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens amy-1 (EPS) regulates glycemic levels and promotes glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) secretion in vivo and in vitro. This study aimed to identify the molecular mechanism underlying EPS-induced GLP-1 secretion. HEK293T cells stably expressing human Gα-gustducin were used as a heterologous system for expressing the genes of human bitter taste receptor (T2R) 10, 14, 30, 38 (PAV), 38 (AVI), 43, and 46, which were expressed as recombinant proteins with an N-terminal tag composed of a Lucy peptide and a human somatostatin receptor subtype 3 fragment for membrane targeting and a C-terminal red fluorescent protein for expression monitoring. EPS induced a dose-dependent calcium response from the human NCI-H716 enteroendocrine cell line revealed by fluorescent calcium imaging, but inhibitors of the G protein-coupled receptor pathway suppressed the response. EPS activated heterologously expressed T2R14 and T2R38 (PAV). shRNAs of T2R14 effectively inhibited EPS-induced calcium response and GLP-1 secretion in NCI-H716 cells, suggesting the involvement of T2R14 in these effects. The involvement of T2R38 was not characterized because NCI-H716 cells express T2R38 (AVI). In conclusion, the activation of T2Rs mediates EPS-induced GLP-1 secretion from enteroendocrine cells, and T2R14 is a critical target activated by EPS in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wen Sung
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, No. 1, Shuehfu Rd., Neipu Township, Pingtung 912301, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Hong Tu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, No. 1, Shuehfu Rd., Neipu Township, Pingtung 912301, Taiwan
| | - Jyun-Sian Yu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, No. 1, Shuehfu Rd., Neipu Township, Pingtung 912301, Taiwan
| | - Marisa Zakiya Ulfa
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, No. 1, Shuehfu Rd., Neipu Township, Pingtung 912301, Taiwan; Department of Agroindustrial Biotechnology, Brawijaya University, Jalan Veteran, Malang 65145, Indonesia
| | - Jia-Hong Chang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, No. 1, Shuehfu Rd., Neipu Township, Pingtung 912301, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Ling Cheng
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, No. 1, Shuehfu Rd., Neipu Township, Pingtung 912301, Taiwan.
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27
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Atukorallaya DS, Ratnayake RK. Oral Mucosa, Saliva, and COVID-19 Infection in Oral Health Care. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:656926. [PMID: 33968961 PMCID: PMC8100190 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.656926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus has shaken the globe with an ongoing pandemic of COVID-19 and has set challenges to every corner of the modern health care setting. The oral mucosa and saliva are high risk sites for higher viral loads and dental health care professionals are considered a high risk group. COVID-19-induced oral lesions and loss of taste and smell are common clinical complaints in the dental health care setting. The SARS-CoV-2 virus has been found to cause a wide range of non-specific oral mucosal lesions, but the specific diagnosis of these mucocutaneous lesions as COVID-19 lesions will facilitate the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 in dental health care settings and aid in proper patient management. The reported loss of taste and smell needs further investigation at the receptor level as it will give new insights into SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity. The high yield of virus in the salivary secretion is a common finding in this infection and ongoing research is focusing on developing saliva as a rapid diagnostic fluid in COVID-19. In this review, we discuss the significance of oral mucosa, saliva and the relevance of the COVID-19 pandemic in dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devi Sewvandini Atukorallaya
- Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ravindra K Ratnayake
- Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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28
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Bouazza B, Ramdani I, Chahed R. Chloroquine and COVID-19: role as a bitter taste receptor agonist? New Microbes New Infect 2021; 40:100843. [PMID: 33520251 PMCID: PMC7830265 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2021.100843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a world public health emergency caused by the new coronavirus, SARSCoV-2. Many drugs were repurposed as a treatment for COVID-19 patients including Chloroquine (CQ). CQ is a bitter taste receptor agonist reported to relax the airways suggesting a role in preventing disease severity of COVID-19 patients with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Bouazza
- Biochemistry and Microbiology Department, Mouloud Mammeri University of Tizi-Ouzou, Algeria
| | - I. Ramdani
- Biochemistry and Microbiology Department, Mouloud Mammeri University of Tizi-Ouzou, Algeria
| | - R. Chahed
- Cabinet Médical Privé, Spécialité de Pneumologie, Tizi-Ouzou, Algeria
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29
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Cheng W, Yao M, Liu F. Bitter Taste Receptor as a Therapeutic Target in Orthopaedic Disorders. Drug Des Devel Ther 2021; 15:895-903. [PMID: 33679130 PMCID: PMC7926036 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s289614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-gustatory, extraoral bitter taste receptors (T2Rs) are G-protein coupled receptors that are expressed throughout the body and have various functional responses when stimulated by bitter agonists. Presently, T2Rs have been found to be expressed in osteoclasts and osteocytes where osteoclasts were capable of detecting bacterial quorum-sensing molecules through the T2R38 isoform. In the innate immune system, stimulating T2Rs induces anti-inflammatory and anti-pathogenic effects through the phospholipase C/inositol triphosphate pathway, which leads to intracellular calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum. The immune cells with functional responses to T2R activation also play a role in bone inflammation and orthopaedic disorders. Furthermore, increasing intracellular calcium levels in bone cells through T2R activation can potentially influence bone formation and resorption. With recent studies finding T2R expression in bone cells, we examine the potential of targeting this receptor to treat bone inflammation and to promote bone anabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weyland Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Children’s Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Manye Yao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fangna Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
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30
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Medapati MR, Singh N, Bhagirath AY, Duan K, Triggs-Raine B, Batista EL, Chelikani P. Bitter taste receptor T2R14 detects quorum sensing molecules from cariogenic Streptococcus mutans and mediates innate immune responses in gingival epithelial cells. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21375. [PMID: 33559200 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000208r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Host-pathogen interactions play an important role in defining the outcome of a disease. Recent studies have shown that the bacterial quorum sensing molecules (QSM) can interact with host cell membrane proteins, mainly G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), and induce innate immune responses. However, few studies have examined QSM-GPCR interactions and their influence on oral innate immune responses. In this study, we examined the role of bitter taste receptor T2R14 in sensing competence stimulating peptides (CSPs) secreted by cariogenic bacterium Streptococcus mutans and in mediating innate immune responses in gingival epithelial cells (GECs). Transcriptomic and western blot analyses identify T2R14 to be highly expressed in GECs. Our data show that only CSP-1 from S. mutans induces robust intracellular calcium mobilization compared to CSP-2 and CSP-3. By using CRISPR-Cas9, we demonstrate that CSP-1 induced calcium signaling and secretion of cytokines CXCL-8/IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-6 is mediated through T2R14 in GECs. Interestingly, the NF-kB signaling activated by CSP-1 in GECs was independent of T2R14. CSP-1-primed GECs attracted differentiated HL-60 immune cells (dHL-60) and this effect was abolished in T2R14 knock down GECs and also in cells primed with T2R14 antagonist 6-Methoxyflavone (6-MF). Our findings identify S. mutans CSP-1 as a peptide ligand for the T2R family. Our study establishes a novel host-pathogen interaction between cariogenic S. mutans CSP-1 and T2R14 in GECs leading to an innate immune response. Collectively, these findings suggest T2Rs as potential therapeutic targets to modulate innate immune responses upon oral bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Reddy Medapati
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group and Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Nisha Singh
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group and Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Anjali Yadav Bhagirath
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group and Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.,Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Kangmin Duan
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group and Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.,Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Barbara Triggs-Raine
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Eraldo L Batista
- Department of Dental Diagnostic and Clinical Sciences, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Prashen Chelikani
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group and Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.,Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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31
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Medapati MR, Bhagirath AY, Singh N, Chelikani P. Pharmacology of T2R Mediated Host-Microbe Interactions. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2021; 275:177-202. [PMID: 33580389 DOI: 10.1007/164_2021_435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bitter taste receptors (T2Rs) belong to the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. Humans express 25 T2Rs that are known to detect several bitter compounds including bacterial quorum sensing molecules (QSM). Primarily found to be key receptors for bitter sensation T2Rs are known to play an important role in mediating innate immune responses in oral and extraoral tissues. Several studies have led to identification of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial QSMs as agonists for T2Rs in airway epithelial cells and immune cells. However, the pharmacological characterization for many of the QSM-T2R interactions remains poorly defined. In this chapter, we discuss the extraoral roles including localization of T2Rs in extracellular vesicles, molecular pharmacology of QSM-T2R interactions, role of T2Rs in mediating innate immune responses, and some of the challenges in understanding T2R pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Reddy Medapati
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group, Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Anjali Y Bhagirath
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group, Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Nisha Singh
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group, Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Prashen Chelikani
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group, Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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32
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Jeruzal-Świątecka J, Fendler W, Pietruszewska W. Clinical Role of Extraoral Bitter Taste Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5156. [PMID: 32708215 PMCID: PMC7404188 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans can recognise five basic tastes: sweet, sour, salty, bitter and umami. Sour and salty substances are linked to ion channels, while sweet, bitter and umami flavours are transmitted through receptors linked to the G protein (G protein-coupled receptors; GPCRs). There are two main types of GPCRs that transmit information about sweet, umami and bitter tastes-the Tas1r and TAS2R families. There are about 25 functional TAS2R genes coding bitter taste receptor proteins. They are found not only in the mouth and throat, but also in the intestines, brain, bladder and lower and upper respiratory tract. The determination of their purpose in these locations has become an inspiration for much research. Their presence has also been confirmed in breast cancer cells, ovarian cancer cells and neuroblastoma, revealing a promising new oncological marker. Polymorphisms of TAS2R38 have been proven to have an influence on the course of chronic rhinosinusitis and upper airway defensive mechanisms. TAS2R receptors mediate the bronchodilatory effect in human airway smooth muscle, which may lead to the creation of another medicine group used in asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The discovery that functionally compromised TAS2R receptors negatively impact glucose homeostasis has produced a new area of diabetes research. In this article, we would like to focus on what facts have been already established in the matter of extraoral TAS2R receptors in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Jeruzal-Świątecka
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Fendler
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland;
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wioletta Pietruszewska
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland;
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Talmon M, Bosso L, Quaregna M, Lopatriello A, Rossi S, Gavioli D, Marotta P, Caprioglio D, Boldorini R, Miggiano R, Fresu LG, Pollastro F. Anti-inflammatory Activity of Absinthin and Derivatives in Human Bronchoepithelial Cells. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:1740-1750. [PMID: 32496797 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bitter taste receptors (hTAS2R) are expressed ectopically in various tissues, raising the possibility of a pharmacological exploitation. This seems of particular relevance in airways, since hTAS2Rs are involved in the protection of the aerial tissues from infections and in bronchodilation. The bis-guaianolide absinthin (1), one of the most bitter compounds known, targets the hTAS2R46 bitter receptor. Absinthin (1), an unstable compound, readily turns into anabsinthin (2) with substantial retention of the bitter properties, and this compound was used as a starting material to explore the chemical space around the bis-guaianolide bitter pharmacophore. Capitalizing on the chemoselective opening of the allylic lactone ring, the esters 3 and 4, and the nor-azide 6 were prepared and assayed on human bronchoepithelial (BEAS-2B) cells expressing hTAS2R46. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by measuring the expression of MUC5AC, iNOS, and cytokines, as well as the production of superoxide anion, qualifying the methyl ester 3 as the best candidate for additional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Talmon
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Lorenza Bosso
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2/3, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Martina Quaregna
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Annalisa Lopatriello
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Silvia Rossi
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Daniele Gavioli
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Patrizia Marotta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2/3, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Diego Caprioglio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2/3, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Renzo Boldorini
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Riccardo Miggiano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2/3, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Luigia G Fresu
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Federica Pollastro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2/3, 28100 Novara, Italy
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Ekstedt S, Kumlien Georén S, Cardell LO. Effects of MP-AzeFlu enhanced by activation of bitter taste receptor TAS2R. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2020; 16:45. [PMID: 32514276 PMCID: PMC7268313 DOI: 10.1186/s13223-020-00438-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
MP-AzeFlu is relatively new a pharmaceutical drug used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. It is comprised of azelastine hydrochloride (AZE), a potent histamine-H1-receptor antagonist and fluticasone propionate (FP), corticosteroid. It’s somewhat bitter taste (often considered a disadvantage) can be attributed to AZE. We here hypothesize that MP-AzeFlu may induce some of its beneficial effects through activation of bitter taste receptors (Tas2R), which have recently been described in human airways. In the nose Tas2Rs induce secretion of antimicrobial peptides and increase ciliary activity, while in the lung they cause airway smooth muscle relaxation. The mechanisms behind Tas2R-mediated effects are not yet fully known. In order to evaluate the role of Tas2R in the effects induced by MP-AzeFlu the dilatory response of pre-contracted isolated airways from Balb/c mice was investigated in tissue bath myographs in the presence or absence of various well-characterized pharmacological antagonists or their corresponding vehicles. MP-AzeFlu caused a potent dose-dependent relaxation of pre-contracted airways, an effect probably mediated by its AZE component. The dilatory effect of MP-AzeFlu and AZE both mimicked the response induced by the Tas2R agonist, chloroquine, but was independent of histamine receptor (H1-, H2- and H3-), prostaglandins, cAMP and cGMP involvement, all known to be common pathways for airway dilation. Other bitter-tasting antihistamines (i.e. olopatadine and desloratadine) also relaxed airway segments. These data support the notion that MP-AzeFlu has the ability to activate Tas2R in the same way as chloroquine. The effect appears to be mediated by AZE, but not via the histamine receptor. Activation of Tas2R by MP-AzeFlu may contribute to its superior efficacy over FP observed in controlled clinical trials in patients with moderate/severe allergic rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Ekstedt
- Division of ENT Diseases, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanna Kumlien Georén
- Division of ENT Diseases, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Olaf Cardell
- Division of ENT Diseases, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of ENT Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Bloxham CJ, Foster SR, Thomas WG. A Bitter Taste in Your Heart. Front Physiol 2020; 11:431. [PMID: 32457649 PMCID: PMC7225360 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The human genome contains ∼29 bitter taste receptors (T2Rs), which are responsible for detecting thousands of bitter ligands, including toxic and aversive compounds. This sentinel function varies between individuals and is underpinned by naturally occurring T2R polymorphisms, which have also been associated with disease. Recent studies have reported the expression of T2Rs and their downstream signaling components within non-gustatory tissues, including the heart. Though the precise role of T2Rs in the heart remains unclear, evidence points toward a role in cardiac contractility and overall vascular tone. In this review, we summarize the extra-oral expression of T2Rs, focusing on evidence for expression in heart; we speculate on the range of potential ligands that may activate them; we define the possible signaling pathways they activate; and we argue that their discovery in heart predicts an, as yet, unappreciated cardiac physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor J Bloxham
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Simon R Foster
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Walter G Thomas
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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Duarte AC, Rosado T, Costa AR, Santos J, Gallardo E, Quintela T, Ishikawa H, Schwerk C, Schroten H, Gonçalves I, Santos CRA. The bitter taste receptor TAS2R14 regulates resveratrol transport across the human blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:113953. [PMID: 32272108 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of transport mechanisms at brain barriers must be thoroughly understood, so that novel strategies for improving drug delivery to the brain can be designed. The blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) established by the choroid plexus (CP) epithelial cells has been poorly studied in this regard despite its relevance for the protection of the central nervous system (CNS). This study assessed the role of bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs), TAS2R14 and TAS2R39, in the transport of resveratrol across CP epithelial cells using an in vitro model of the human BCSFB. Both receptors are expressed in human CP cells and known to bind resveratrol. First, Ca2+ imaging assays demonstrated that resveratrol specifically activates the TAS2R14 receptor, but not TAS2R39, in these human CP epithelial cells. Then, we proceeded with permeation studies that showed resveratrol can cross the human BCSFB, from the blood to the CSF side and that TAS2R14 knockdown decreased the transport of resveratrol across these cells. Conversely, inhibition of efflux transporters ABCC1, ABCC4 or ABCG2 also restrained the transport of resveratrol across these cells. Interestingly, resveratrol upregulated the expression of ABCG2 located at the apical membrane of the cells via TAS2R14, whereas ABCC1 and ABCC4 at the basolateral membrane of the cells were not affected. Altogether, our study demonstrates that the BCSFB is a gateway for resveratrol entrance into the CNS and that the receptor TAS2R14 regulates its transport by regulating the action of efflux transporters at CP epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Duarte
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Tiago Rosado
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Estrada Municipal 506, 6200-284 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ana R Costa
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - José Santos
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Eugénia Gallardo
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Estrada Municipal 506, 6200-284 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Telma Quintela
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Hiroshi Ishikawa
- Laboratory of Clinical Regenerative Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Christian Schwerk
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Horst Schroten
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Isabel Gonçalves
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Cecília R A Santos
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
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Welcome MO. The bitterness of genitourinary infections: Properties, ligands of genitourinary bitter taste receptors and mechanisms linking taste sensing to inflammatory processes in the genitourinary tract. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2020; 247:101-110. [PMID: 32088528 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Though, first identified in the gastrointestinal tract, bitter taste receptors are now believed to be ubiquitously expressed in several regions of the body, including the respiratory tract, where they play a critical role in sensing and clearance of excess metabolic substrates, toxins, debris, and pathogens. More recently, bitter taste receptor expression has been reported in cells, tissues and organs of the genitourinary (GU) system, suggesting that these receptors may play an integral role in mediating inflammatory responses to microbial aggression in the GU tract. However, the mechanisms, linking bitter taste receptor sensing with inflammatory responses are not exactly clear. Here, I review recent data on the properties and ligands of bitter taste receptors and suggest mechanisms of bitter taste receptor signaling in the GU tract, and the molecular pathways that link taste sensing to inflammatory responses in GU tract. METHOD Computer-aided search was conducted in Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar for relevant peer-reviewed articles published between 1990 and 2018, investigating the functional implication of bitter taste receptors in GU infections, using the following keywords: extra-oral bitter taste receptors, bitter taste receptors, GU bitter taste receptors, kidney OR renal OR ureteral OR urethral OR bladder OR detrusor smooth muscle OR testes OR spermatozoa OR prostate OR vaginal OR cervix OR ovarian OR endometrial OR myometrial OR placenta OR cutaneous bitter taste receptors. To identify research gaps on etiopathogenesis of GU infections/inflammation, additional search was conducted using the following keywords: GU inflammatory signaling, GU microbes, GU bacteria, GU virus, GU protozoa, GU microbial metabolites, and GU infection. The retrieved articles were filtered and further screened for relevance according to the aim of the study. A narrative review was performed for selected literatures. RESULTS Bitter taste receptors of the GU tract may constitute essential components of the pathogenetic mechanisms of GU infections/inflammation that are activated by microbial components, known as quorum sensing signal molecules. Based on accumulating evidences, indicating that taste receptors may signal downstream to activate inflammatory cascades, in addition to the nitric oxide-induced microbicidal effects produced upon taste receptor activation, it is suggested that the anti-inflammatory activities of bitter taste receptor stimulation are mediated via pathways involving the nuclear factor κB by downstream signaling of the metabolic and stress sensors, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (sirtuin 1), resulting to the synthesis of anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, and antimicrobial factors, which ultimately, under normal conditions, leads to the elimination of microbial aggression. CONCLUSIONS GU bitter taste receptors may represent critical players in GU tract infections/inflammation. Bitter taste receptors may serve as important therapeutic target for treatment of a number of infectious diseases that affect the GU tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menizibeya O Welcome
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Nile University of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria.
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Imai H, Hakukawa M, Hayashi M, Iwatsuki K, Masuda K. Expression of Bitter Taste Receptors in the Intestinal Cells of Non-Human Primates. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030902. [PMID: 32019181 PMCID: PMC7037741 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Recent studies have investigated the expression of taste-related genes in the organs of various animals, including humans; however, data for additional taxa are needed to facilitate comparative analyses within and among species. (2) Methods: We investigated the expression of taste-related genes in the intestines of rhesus macaques, the non-human primates most commonly used in experimental models. (3) Results: Based on RNAseq and qRT-PCR, genes encoding bitter taste receptors and the G-protein gustducin were expressed in the gut of rhesus macaques. RNAscope analysis showed that one of the bitter receptors, TAS2R38, was expressed in some cells in the small intestine, and immunohistochemical analysis revealed the presence of T2R38-positive cells in the villi of the intestines. (4) Conclusions: These results suggest that bitter receptors are expressed in the gut of rhesus macaques, supporting the use of macaques as a model for studies of human taste, including gut analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroo Imai
- Molecular Biology Section, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Aichi 4848506, Japan; (M.H.); (M.H.)
- Correspondence: (H.I.); (K.M.); Tel.: +81-568-63-0577 (H.I.)
| | - Miho Hakukawa
- Molecular Biology Section, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Aichi 4848506, Japan; (M.H.); (M.H.)
| | - Misa Hayashi
- Molecular Biology Section, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Aichi 4848506, Japan; (M.H.); (M.H.)
| | - Ken Iwatsuki
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo 1568502, Japan;
| | - Katsuyoshi Masuda
- Structural Bioscience for Taste Molecular Recognition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
- Correspondence: (H.I.); (K.M.); Tel.: +81-568-63-0577 (H.I.)
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Singh N, Shaik FA, Myal Y, Chelikani P. Chemosensory bitter taste receptors T2R4 and T2R14 activation attenuates proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 465:199-214. [PMID: 31894529 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-019-03679-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The emerging significance of the bitter taste receptors (T2Rs) role in the extraoral tissues alludes to their potential role in many pathophysiological conditions. The dysregulation of T2R expression and function in disease conditions has now been demonstrated in airways diseases, neurological disorders, and in some cancers. However, the role of T2Rs in the pathophysiology of breast cancer is unexplored thus far. Previously, we demonstrated differential expression of the 25 T2Rs in breast cancer (BC) cells. Based on our previous findings we selected two T2Rs, T2R4 and T2R14 for this work. The objective of the current study is to investigate the expression of T2R4 and T2R14 in BC clinical samples and to examine their physiological role using highly metastatic BC and non-cancerous cell lines. Using approaches, which involve receptor knockdown, pharmacological activation and biochemical assays we report that (i) T2R4 and T2R14 expression patterns are dissimilar, with decreased levels of T2R4 and increased levels of T2R14 in BC clinical samples compared to non-cancerous controls. (ii) Activation of T2Rs with their respective agonist elicited physiological responses in metastatic breast cancer cells, and no responses were seen in non-tumorigenic breast epithelial cells. (iii) Agonist activation of T2Rs (irrespective of T2R subtype) induced anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, and anti-migratory responses in highly metastatic breast cancer cells. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that the chemosensory T2R signaling network is involved in evoking physiological responses in the metastatic breast cancer cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Singh
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group, Department of Oral Biology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, D319, 780 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0W3, Canada
| | - Feroz Ahmed Shaik
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group, Department of Oral Biology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, D319, 780 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0W3, Canada
| | - Yvonne Myal
- Department of Pathology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Prashen Chelikani
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group, Department of Oral Biology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, D319, 780 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0W3, Canada.
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Grassin-Delyle S, Salvator H, Mantov N, Abrial C, Brollo M, Faisy C, Naline E, Couderc LJ, Devillier P. Bitter Taste Receptors (TAS2Rs) in Human Lung Macrophages: Receptor Expression and Inhibitory Effects of TAS2R Agonists. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1267. [PMID: 31632299 PMCID: PMC6783802 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bitter-taste receptors (TAS2Rs) are involved in airway relaxation but are also expressed in human blood leukocytes. We studied TAS2R expression and the effects of TAS2R agonists on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokine release in human lung macrophages (LMs). METHODS Lung macrophages were isolated from patients undergoing surgery for carcinoma. We used RT-qPCR to measure transcripts of 16 TAS2Rs (TAS2Rs 3/4/5/7/8/9/10/14/19/20/31/38/39/43/45 and 46) in unstimulated and LPS-stimulated (10 ng.mL-1) LMs. The macrophages were also incubated with TAS2R agonists for 24 h. Supernatant levels of the cytokines TNF-α, CCL3, CXCL8 and IL-10 were measured using ELISAs. RESULTS The transcripts of all 16 TAS2Rs were detected in macrophages. The addition of LPS led to an increase in the expression of most TAS2Rs, which was significant for TAS2R7 and 38. Although the promiscuous TAS2R agonists, quinine and denatonium, inhibited the LPS-induced release of TNF-α, CCL3 and CXCL8, diphenidol was inactive. Partially selective agonists (dapsone, colchicine, strychnine, and chloroquine) and selective agonists [erythromycin (TAS2R10), phenanthroline (TAS2R5), ofloxacin (TAS2R9), and carisoprodol (TAS2R14)] also suppressed the LPS-induced cytokine release. In contrast, two other agonists [sodium cromoglycate (TAS2R20) and saccharin (TAS2R31 and 43)] were inactive. TAS2R agonists suppressed IL-10 production - suggesting that this anti-inflammatory cytokine is not involved in the inhibition of cytokine production. CONCLUSION Human LMs expressed TAS2Rs. Experiments with TAS2R agonists' suggested the involvement of TAS2Rs 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 14, 30, 39 and 40 in the inhibition of cytokine production. TAS2Rs may constitute new drug targets in inflammatory obstructive lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislas Grassin-Delyle
- Department of Airway Diseases, Foch Hospital, Suresnes, France
- INSERM UMR 1173, UFR Simone Veil - Santé, University Versailles Saint-Quentin, University of Paris-Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Hélène Salvator
- Department of Airway Diseases, Foch Hospital, Suresnes, France
- Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Pharmacology–UPRES EA 220, Foch Hospital, University Versailles Saint-Quentin, University of Paris-Saclay, Suresnes, France
| | - Nikola Mantov
- Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Pharmacology–UPRES EA 220, Foch Hospital, University Versailles Saint-Quentin, University of Paris-Saclay, Suresnes, France
| | - Charlotte Abrial
- Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Pharmacology–UPRES EA 220, Foch Hospital, University Versailles Saint-Quentin, University of Paris-Saclay, Suresnes, France
| | - Marion Brollo
- Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Pharmacology–UPRES EA 220, Foch Hospital, University Versailles Saint-Quentin, University of Paris-Saclay, Suresnes, France
| | - Christophe Faisy
- Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Pharmacology–UPRES EA 220, Foch Hospital, University Versailles Saint-Quentin, University of Paris-Saclay, Suresnes, France
| | - Emmanuel Naline
- Department of Airway Diseases, Foch Hospital, Suresnes, France
- Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Pharmacology–UPRES EA 220, Foch Hospital, University Versailles Saint-Quentin, University of Paris-Saclay, Suresnes, France
| | - Louis-Jean Couderc
- Department of Airway Diseases, Foch Hospital, Suresnes, France
- Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Pharmacology–UPRES EA 220, Foch Hospital, University Versailles Saint-Quentin, University of Paris-Saclay, Suresnes, France
| | - Philippe Devillier
- Department of Airway Diseases, Foch Hospital, Suresnes, France
- Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Pharmacology–UPRES EA 220, Foch Hospital, University Versailles Saint-Quentin, University of Paris-Saclay, Suresnes, France
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Shaik FA, Jaggupilli A, Chelikani P. Highly conserved intracellular H208 residue influences agonist selectivity in bitter taste receptor T2R14. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1861:183057. [PMID: 31493373 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.183057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bitter taste receptors (T2Rs) are a specialized class of cell membrane receptors of the G protein-coupled receptor family and perform a crucial role in chemosensation. The 25 T2Rs in humans are activated by structurally diverse ligands of plant, animal and microbial origin. The mechanisms of activation of these receptors are poorly understood. Therefore, identification of structural determinants of T2Rs that regulate its efficacy could be beneficial in understanding the molecular mechanisms of T2R activation. In this work, we characterized a highly conserved histidine (H208), present at TM5-ICL3 region of T2R14 and its role in agonist-induced T2R14 signaling. Surprisingly, mutation of the conserved H208 (H208A) did not result in increased basal activity of T2R14, in contrast to similar H206A mutation in T2R4 that showed constitutive or basal activity. However, H208A mutation in T2R14 resulted in an increase in agonist-induced efficacy for Flufenamic acid (FFA). Interestingly, H208A did not affect the potency of another T2R14 agonist Diphenhydramine (DPH). The H208R compensatory mutation showed FFA response similar to wild-type T2R14. Molecular modeling suggests a FFA-induced shift in TM3 and TM5 helices of H208A, which changes the network of interactions connecting TM5-ICL3-TM6. This report identifies a crucial residue on the intracellular surface of T2Rs that is involved in bitter ligand selectivity. It also highlights the varied roles carried out by some conserved residues in different T2Rs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feroz Ahmed Shaik
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group, Department of Oral Biology, University of Manitoba, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Appalaraju Jaggupilli
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group, Department of Oral Biology, University of Manitoba, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Prashen Chelikani
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group, Department of Oral Biology, University of Manitoba, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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Luo M, Ni K, Jin Y, Yu Z, Deng L. Toward the Identification of Extra-Oral TAS2R Agonists as Drug Agents for Muscle Relaxation Therapies via Bioinformatics-Aided Screening of Bitter Compounds in Traditional Chinese Medicine. Front Physiol 2019; 10:861. [PMID: 31379593 PMCID: PMC6647893 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant advances have been made in the past decade in mapping the distributions and the physiological functions of extra-oral bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) in non-gustatory tissues. In particular, it has been found that TAS2Rs are expressed in various muscle tissues and activation of TAS2Rs can lead to muscle cell relaxation, which suggests that TAS2Rs may be important new targets in muscle relaxation therapy for various muscle-related diseases. So far, however, there is a lack of potent extra-oral TAS2R agonists that can be used as novel drug agents in muscle relaxation therapies. Interestingly, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) often characterizes a drug’s property in terms of five distinct flavors (bitter, sweet, sour, salty, and pungent) according to its taste and function, and commonly regards “bitterness” as an intrinsic property of “good medicine.” In addition, many bitter flavored TCM are known in practice to cause muscle relaxation after long term use, and in lab experiments the compounds identified from some bitter flavored TCM do activate TAS2Rs and thus relax muscle cells. Therefore, it is highly possible to discover very useful extra-oral TAS2R agonists for muscle relaxation therapies among the abundant bitter compounds used in bitter flavored TCM. With this perspective, we reviewed in literature the distribution of TAS2Rs in different muscle systems with a focus on the map of bitter flavored TCM which can regulate muscle contractility and related functional chemical components. We also reviewed the recently established databases of TCM chemical components and the bioinformatics software which can be used for high-throughput screening and data mining of the chemical components associated with bitter flavored TCM. All together, we aim to present a knowledge-based approach and technological platform for identification or discovery of extra-oral TAS2R agonists that can be used as novel drug agents for muscle relaxation therapies through screening and evaluation of chemical compounds used in bitter flavored TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhi Luo
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Respiratory Medical Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
| | - Kai Ni
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Respiratory Medical Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
| | - Yang Jin
- Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zifan Yu
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Respiratory Medical Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
| | - Linhong Deng
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Respiratory Medical Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
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Jaggupilli A, Howard R, Aluko RE, Chelikani P. Advanced Glycation End-Products Can Activate or Block Bitter Taste Receptors. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11061317. [PMID: 31212814 PMCID: PMC6628017 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bitter taste receptors (T2Rs) are expressed in several tissues of the body and are involved in a variety of roles apart from bitter taste perception. Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are produced by glycation of amino acids in proteins. There are varying sources of AGEs, including dietary food products, as well as endogenous reactions within our body. Whether these AGEs are T2R ligands remains to be characterized. In this study, we selected two AGEs, namely, glyoxal-derived lysine dimer (GOLD) and carboxymethyllysine (CML), based on their predicted interaction with the well-studied T2R4, and its physiochemical properties. Results showed predicted binding affinities (Kd) for GOLD and CML towards T2R4 in the nM and μM range, respectively. Calcium mobilization assays showed that GOLD inhibited quinine activation of T2R4 with IC50 10.52 ± 4.7 μM, whilst CML was less effective with IC50 32.62 ± 9.5 μM. To characterize whether this antagonism was specific to quinine activated T2R4 or applicable to other T2Rs, we selected T2R14 and T2R20, which are expressed at significant levels in different human tissues. A similar effect of GOLD was observed with T2R14; and in contrast, GOLD and CML activated T2R20 with an EC50 of 79.35 ± 29.16 μM and 65.31 ± 17.79 μM, respectively. In this study, we identified AGEs as novel T2R ligands that caused either activation or inhibition of different T2Rs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Appalaraju Jaggupilli
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group, Department of Oral Biology, University of Manitoba, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W4, Canada.
| | - Ryan Howard
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group, Department of Oral Biology, University of Manitoba, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W4, Canada.
| | - Rotimi E Aluko
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | - Prashen Chelikani
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group, Department of Oral Biology, University of Manitoba, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W4, Canada.
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44
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Purnell PR, Addicks BL, Zalzal HG, Shapiro S, Wen S, Ramadan HH, Setola V, Siderovski DP. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Chemosensory Pathway Genes GNB3, TAS2R19, and TAS2R38 Are Associated with Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2019; 180:72-78. [PMID: 31137020 PMCID: PMC6715503 DOI: 10.1159/000499875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a multifaceted disease with a significant genetic component. The importance of taste receptor signaling has recently been highlighted in CRS; single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of bitter tastant-responsive G-protein-coupled receptors have been linked with CRS and with altered innate immune responses to multiple bacterially derived signals. OBJECTIVE To determine in CRS the frequency of six SNPs in genes with known bitter tastant signaling function. METHODS Genomic DNA was isolated from 74 CRS volunteers in West Virginia, and allele frequency was determined and compared with demographically matched data from the 1,000 Genomes database. RESULTS For two SNPs in a gene recently associated with bitterant signaling regulation, RGS21, there were no associations with CRS (although the frequency of the minor allele of RGS21, rs7528947, was seen to increase with increasing Lund-Mackay CT staging score). Two TAS2R bitter taste receptor gene variants (TAS2R19 rs10772420 and TAS2R38 rs713598), identified in prior CRS genetics studies, were found to have similar associations in this study. CONCLUSION Unique to our study is the establishment of an association between CRS in this patient population and GNB3 SNP rs5443, a variation in an established G protein component downstream of bitterant receptor signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip R Purnell
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Benjamin L Addicks
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Habib G Zalzal
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Scott Shapiro
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Sijin Wen
- Department of Biostatistics, West Virginia University School of Public Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Hassan H Ramadan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Vincent Setola
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Department of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - David P Siderovski
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA,
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Di Pizio A, Behrens M, Krautwurst D. Beyond the Flavour: The Potential Druggability of Chemosensory G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1402. [PMID: 30897734 PMCID: PMC6471708 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) belong to the largest class of drug targets. Approximately half of the members of the human GPCR superfamily are chemosensory receptors, including odorant receptors (ORs), trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs), bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs), sweet and umami taste receptors (TAS1Rs). Interestingly, these chemosensory GPCRs (csGPCRs) are expressed in several tissues of the body where they are supposed to play a role in biological functions other than chemosensation. Despite their abundance and physiological/pathological relevance, the druggability of csGPCRs has been suggested but not fully characterized. Here, we aim to explore the potential of targeting csGPCRs to treat diseases by reviewing the current knowledge of csGPCRs expressed throughout the body and by analysing the chemical space and the drug-likeness of flavour molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Di Pizio
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, 85354, Germany.
| | - Maik Behrens
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, 85354, Germany.
| | - Dietmar Krautwurst
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, 85354, Germany.
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46
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Xu Q, Singh N, Hong H, Yan X, Yu W, Jiang X, Chelikani P, Wu J. Hen protein-derived peptides as the blockers of human bitter taste receptors T2R4, T2R7 and T2R14. Food Chem 2019; 283:621-627. [PMID: 30722920 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Bitter sensation is mediated by various bitter taste receptors (T2Rs), thus T2R antagonists are actively explored. Our objective was to look for novel T2R blockers in hen protein hydrolysate (HPH). We screened the least bitter HPH fractions using electronic tongue, and analyzed their peptide sequences and calcium mobilization in HEK293T cells expressing T2Rs. The results showed that the HPH fractions with higher bitterness intensity had higher hydrophobicity, more hydrophobic amino acids, and more positively charged peptides, but fewer known umami peptides. The peptide fractions from the least bitter HPH fraction significantly inhibited quinine bitterness (P < 0.05), and also significantly inhibited quinine- or diphenhydramine-dependent calcium mobilization of HEK293T cells expressing human T2R4, T2R7, or T2R14 (P < 0.05). Among them, the first eluted (least bitter) peptide fraction showed the strongest bitter-inhibitory effect. In conclusion, HPH peptides are the blockers of T2R4, T2R7, and T2R14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingbiao Xu
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pig Precision Feeding and Feed Safety Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Nisha Singh
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group and Department of Oral Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0W2, Canada
| | - Hui Hong
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Xianghua Yan
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pig Precision Feeding and Feed Safety Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wenlin Yu
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Xu Jiang
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Prashen Chelikani
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group and Department of Oral Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0W2, Canada
| | - Jianping Wu
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada.
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47
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Shaik FA, Medapati MR, Chelikani P. Cholesterol modulates the signaling of chemosensory bitter taste receptor T2R14 in human airway cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 316:L45-L57. [PMID: 30358435 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00169.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bitter taste receptors (T2Rs) are a group of 25 chemosensory receptors expressed at significant levels in the human airways. In human airways, bitter taste receptor 14 (T2R14)-mediated physiological response in ameliorating obstructive airway disorders is an active area of investigation. Therefore, understanding various factors regulating the structure and function of T2R14 will be beneficial. We hypothesize that membrane lipids like cholesterol play a regulatory role in T2R14 signaling in airway cells. We confirmed the expression and signaling of T2R14 in primary human airway smooth muscle (HASM) cells and the human airway epithelial cell line (NuLi-1) using immunoblot analysis and intracellular calcium concentration mobilization experiments, respectively. Next, T2R14 signaling was examined in membrane cholesterol-altered environments by methyl-β-cyclodextrin or cholesterol oxidase treatments. In the cells analyzed, cholesterol depletion affected the agonist-induced T2R14 signaling, and cholesterol replenishment rescued its efficacy. An alternative approach for cholesterol depletion (with cholesterol oxidase pretreatment) also negatively affected the agonist potency at T2R14 in HASM cells. To understand the molecular mechanism of interaction between cholesterol and T2R14, we used site-directed mutagenesis coupled with functional assays and examined the role of putative cholesterol-binding motifs (CRAC and CARC) in T2R14. Functional characterization of wild-type and mutant T2R14 receptors suggests that amino acid residues K110, F236, and L239 are crucial in T2R14-cholesterol functional interaction. In conclusion, our results show that cholesterol influences the T2R14 signaling efficacy by forming direct interactions with the receptor and consequently plays a regulatory role in T2R14-mediated signaling in human airway cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feroz Ahmed Shaik
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Oral Biology, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada.,Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba , Canada
| | - Manoj Reddy Medapati
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Oral Biology, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada.,Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba , Canada
| | - Prashen Chelikani
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Oral Biology, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada.,Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba , Canada
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48
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Bitter taste receptors are expressed in human epithelial ovarian and prostate cancers cells and noscapine stimulation impacts cell survival. Mol Cell Biochem 2018; 454:203-214. [PMID: 30350307 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-018-3464-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Bitter taste receptors (Tas2Rs) are a subfamily of G-protein coupled receptors expressed not only in the oral cavity but also in several extra-oral tissues and disease states. Several natural bitter compounds from plants, such as bitter melon extract and noscapine, have displayed anti-cancer effects against various cancer types. In this study, we examined the prevalence of Tas2R subtype expression in several epithelial ovarian or prostate cancer cell lines, and the functionality of Tas2R14 was determined. qPCR analysis of five TAS2Rs demonstrated that mRNA expression often varies greatly in cancer cells in comparison to normal tissue. Using receptor-specific siRNAs, we also demonstrated that noscapine stimulation of ovarian cancer cells increased apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells in a receptor-dependent, but ROS-independent manner. This study furthers our understanding of the function of Tas2Rs in ovarian cancer by demonstrating that their activation has an impact on cell survival.
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Choi JH, Lee J, Yang S, Lee EK, Hwangbo Y, Kim J. Genetic variations in TAS2R3 and TAS2R4 bitterness receptors modify papillary carcinoma risk and thyroid function in Korean females. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15004. [PMID: 30301923 PMCID: PMC6177438 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33338-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 taste receptors (T2Rs, TAS2Rs) mediate bitterness perception and are involved in diverse defence mechanisms in extraoral tissues. The thyrocyte-expressed T2Rs control thyroid hormone production, and this regulatory role may be associated with susceptibility to thyroid diseases. This study examined whether the variations in TAS2Rs modify the risk of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and whether such T2R-related PTC risk is associated with genetically modified thyroid function. We conducted a case-control study with 763 Korean females, including 250 PTC cases. Seventy-three single-nucleotide polymorphisms in 13 TAS2R genes and the pre-diagnosis levels of 4 thyroid-related functional markers [total triiodothyronine (TT3), free thyroxine, thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroglobulin] were analysed. Individuals with TAS2R3/4 CC haplotype (rs2270009 and rs2234001) were at a lower risk for PTC than those with the remaining haplotypes (odds ratio = 0.59, 95% confidence interval: 0.36-0.97). Furthermore, TT3 levels were significantly reduced for TAS2R3/4 CC haplotype carriers compared with other haplotype carriers (p = 0.005). No other genetic variants exhibited critical associations with the PTC phenotype and biomarkers. In summary, genetic variations in T2R3/4 bitterness receptors may modify the PTC risk, and the genetically modified thyroid hormone level by those variations may be linked with the PTC-T2Rs association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hwa Choi
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10408, Korea.,Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Keimyung University, 1095, Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu, 42601, Korea
| | - Jeonghee Lee
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10408, Korea
| | - Sarah Yang
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10408, Korea.,Complex Disease & Genome Epidemiology Branch, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Eun Kyung Lee
- Center for Thyroid Cancer, National Cancer Center Hospital, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10408, Korea
| | - Yul Hwangbo
- Center for Thyroid Cancer, National Cancer Center Hospital, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10408, Korea
| | - Jeongseon Kim
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10408, Korea.
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50
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Jaggupilli A, Singh N, De Jesus VC, Gounni MS, Dhanaraj P, Chelikani P. Chemosensory bitter taste receptors (T2Rs) are activated by multiple antibiotics. FASEB J 2018; 33:501-517. [PMID: 30011231 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800521rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Many medications including antibiotics taste bitter. The potency of these antibiotics on the 25 bitter taste receptors (T2Rs) in humans remains poorly understood. Here we characterize by sensory and structure-function analyses how antibiotics frequently used to treat airway infections in cystic fibrosis activate multiple human T2Rs. The potency of the broad-spectrum antibiotics, tobramycin, levofloxacin, and azithromycin on the highly expressed T2Rs in airways, T2R4, T2R14, and T2R20 was pursued. The amino acids and structural features of T2R4, T2R14, and T2R20 important for antibiotic binding were characterized by mutational analysis in heterologous cell-based assays. Strikingly, extracellular loop 2 in T2Rs performs a key function in binding to antibiotics with contribution from residues in transmembrane helices. Our results suggest that different antibiotics activate multiple T2Rs with different potencies. An understanding of the nonantibiotic and physiologic effects mediated through T2Rs on the host cells is much needed.-Jaggupilli, A., Singh, N., De Jesus, V. C., Gounni, M. S., Dhanaraj, P., Chelikani, P. Chemosensory bitter taste receptors (T2Rs) are activated by multiple antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Appalaraju Jaggupilli
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group and Department of Oral Biology, University of Manitoba, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Nisha Singh
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group and Department of Oral Biology, University of Manitoba, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Vivianne Cruz De Jesus
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group and Department of Oral Biology, University of Manitoba, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Mohamed Soussi Gounni
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group and Department of Oral Biology, University of Manitoba, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Premnath Dhanaraj
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group and Department of Oral Biology, University of Manitoba, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Prashen Chelikani
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group and Department of Oral Biology, University of Manitoba, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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