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Wang RT, Sun Z, Tan CC, Tan L, Xu W. Dynamic Features of Body Mass Index in Late Life Predict Cognitive Trajectories and Alzheimer's Disease: A Longitudinal Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2024:JAD240292. [PMID: 39031359 DOI: 10.3233/jad-240292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Background The causal relationships of late-life body mass index (BMI) with Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains debated. Objective We aimed to assess the associations of dynamic BMI features (ΔBMIs) with cognitive trajectories, AD biomarkers, and incident AD risk. Methods We analyzed an 8-year cohort of 542 non-demented individuals who were aged ≥65 years at baseline and had BMI measurements over the first 4 years. ΔBMIs were defined as changing extent (change ≤ or >5%), variability (standard deviation), and trajectories over the first 4 years measured using latent class trajectory modeling. Linear mixed-effect models were utilized to examine the influence of ΔBMIs on changing rates of AD pathology biomarkers, hippocampus volume, and cognitive functions. Cox proportional hazards models were used to test the associations with AD risk. Stratified analyzes were conducted by the baseline BMI group and age. Results Over the 4-year period, compared to those with stable BMI, individuals who experienced BMI decreases demonstrated accelerated declined memory function (p = 0.006) and amyloid-β deposition (p = 0.034) while BMI increases were associated with accelerated hippocampal atrophy (p = 0.036). Three BMI dynamic features, including stable BMI, low BMI variability, and persistently high BMI, were associated with lower risk of incident AD (p < 0.005). The associations were validated over the 8-year period after excluding incident AD over the first 4 years. No stratified effects were revealed by the BMI group and age. Conclusions High and stable BMI in late life could predict better cognitive trajectory and lower risk of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Tong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhen Sun
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chen-Chen Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Iacobini C, Vitale M, Haxhi J, Menini S, Pugliese G. Impaired Remodeling of White Adipose Tissue in Obesity and Aging: From Defective Adipogenesis to Adipose Organ Dysfunction. Cells 2024; 13:763. [PMID: 38727299 PMCID: PMC11083890 DOI: 10.3390/cells13090763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The adipose organ adapts and responds to internal and environmental stimuli by remodeling both its cellular and extracellular components. Under conditions of energy surplus, the subcutaneous white adipose tissue (WAT) is capable of expanding through the enlargement of existing adipocytes (hypertrophy), followed by de novo adipogenesis (hyperplasia), which is impaired in hypertrophic obesity. However, an impaired hyperplastic response may result from various defects in adipogenesis, leading to different WAT features and metabolic consequences, as discussed here by reviewing the results of the studies in animal models with either overexpression or knockdown of the main molecular regulators of the two steps of the adipogenesis process. Moreover, impaired WAT remodeling with aging has been associated with various age-related conditions and reduced lifespan expectancy. Here, we delve into the latest advancements in comprehending the molecular and cellular processes underlying age-related changes in WAT function, their involvement in common aging pathologies, and their potential as therapeutic targets to influence both the health of elderly people and longevity. Overall, this review aims to encourage research on the mechanisms of WAT maladaptation common to conditions of both excessive and insufficient fat tissue. The goal is to devise adipocyte-targeted therapies that are effective against both obesity- and age-related disorders.
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Gezen-Ak D, Dursun E. Vitamin D, a Secosteroid Hormone and Its Multifunctional Receptor, Vitamin D Receptor, in Alzheimer's Type Neurodegeneration. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 95:1273-1299. [PMID: 37661883 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D is a secosteroid hormone exerting neurosteroid-like properties. Its well-known nuclear hormone receptor, and recently proposed as a mitochondrial transcription factor, vitamin D receptor, acts for its primary functions. The second receptor is an endoplasmic reticulum protein, protein disulfide isomerase A3 (PDIA3), suggested to act as a rapid response. Vitamin D has effects on various systems, particularly through calcium metabolism. Among them, the nervous system has an important place in the context of our subject. Recent studies have shown that vitamin D and its receptors have numerous effects on the nervous system. Neurodegeneration is a long-term process. Throughout a human life span, so is vitamin D deficiency. Our previous studies and others have suggested that the out-come of long-term vitamin D deficiency (hypovitaminosis D or inefficient utilization of vitamin D), may lead neurons to be vulnerable to aging and neurodegeneration. We suggest that keeping vitamin D levels at adequate levels at all stages of life, considering new approaches such as agonists that can activate vitamin D receptors, and utilizing other derivatives produced in the synthesis process with UVB are crucial when considering vitamin D-based intervention studies. Given most aspects of vitamin D, this review outlines how vitamin D and its receptors work and are involved in neurodegeneration, emphasizing Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Gezen-Ak
- Department of Neuroscience, Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Laboratories, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erdinc Dursun
- Department of Neuroscience, Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Laboratories, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
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Minné D, Marnewick JL, Engel-Hills P. Early Chronic Stress Induced Changes within the Locus Coeruleus in Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2023; 20:301-317. [PMID: 37872793 DOI: 10.2174/1567205020666230811092956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to stress throughout the lifespan has been the focus of many studies on Alzheimer's disease (AD) because of the similarities between the biological mechanisms involved in chronic stress and the pathophysiology of AD. In fact, the earliest abnormality associated with the disease is the presence of phosphorylated tau protein in locus coeruleus neurons, a brain structure highly responsive to stress and perceived threat. Here, we introduce allostatic load as a useful concept for understanding many of the complex, interacting neuropathological changes involved in the AD degenerative process. In response to chronic stress, aberrant tau proteins that begin to accumulate within the locus coeruleus decades prior to symptom onset appear to represent a primary pathological event in the AD cascade, triggering a wide range of interacting brain changes involving neuronal excitotoxicity, endocrine alterations, inflammation, oxidative stress, and amyloid plaque exacerbation. While it is acknowledged that stress will not necessarily be the major precipitating factor in all cases, early tau-induced changes within the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine pathway suggests that a therapeutic window might exist for preventative measures aimed at managing stress and restoring balance within the HPA axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donné Minné
- Applied Microbial & Health Biotechnology Institute, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa
- Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa
| | - Jeanine L Marnewick
- Applied Microbial & Health Biotechnology Institute, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa
| | - Penelope Engel-Hills
- Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa
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Vishal K, Bhuiyan P, Qi J, Chen Y, Zhang J, Yang F, Li J. Unraveling the Mechanism of Immunity and Inflammation Related to Molecular Signatures Crosstalk Among Obesity, T2D, and AD: Insights From Bioinformatics Approaches. Bioinform Biol Insights 2023; 17:11779322231167977. [PMID: 37124128 PMCID: PMC10134115 DOI: 10.1177/11779322231167977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity have a higher risk of developing Alzheimer disease (AD), and increasing evidence indicates a link between impaired immune signaling pathways and the development of AD. However, the shared cellular mechanisms and molecular signatures among these 3 diseases remain unknown. The purpose of this study was to uncover similar molecular markers and pathways involved in obesity, T2D, and AD using bioinformatics and a network biology approach. First, we investigated the 3 RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) gene expression data sets and determined 224 commonly shared differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from obesity, T2D, and AD diseases. Gene ontology and pathway enrichment analyses revealed that mutual DEGs were mainly enriched with immune and inflammatory signaling pathways. In addition, we constructed a protein-protein interactions network for finding hub genes, which have not previously been identified as playing a critical role in these 3 diseases. Furthermore, the transcriptional factors and protein kinases regulating commonly shared DEGs among obesity, T2D, and AD were also identified. Finally, we suggested potential drug candidates as possible therapeutic interventions for 3 diseases. The results of this bioinformatics analysis provided a new understanding of the potential links between obesity, T2D, and AD pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Vishal
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Piplu Bhuiyan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junxia Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jubiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fen Yang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juxue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Fen Yang, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China.
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Maglione AV, do Nascimento BPP, Ribeiro MO, de Souza TJL, da Silva REC, Sato MA, Penatti CAA, Britto LRG, de Souza JS, Maciel RMB, da Conceição RR, Laureano-Melo R, Giannocco G. Triiodothyronine Treatment reverses Depression-Like Behavior in a triple-transgenic animal model of Alzheimer's Disease. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:2735-2750. [PMID: 35951206 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-01055-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease's (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive and behavioral impairment. The central nervous system is an important target of thyroid hormones (TH). An inverse association between serum triiodothyronine (T3) levels and the risk of AD symptoms and progression has been reported. We investigated the effects of T3 treatment on the depression-like behavior in male transgenic 3xTg-AD mice. Animals were divided into 2 groups treated with daily intraperitoneal injections of 20 ng/g of body weight (b.w.) L-T3 (T3 group) or saline (vehicle, control group). The experimental protocol lasted 21 days, and behavioral tests were conducted on days 18-20. At the end of the experiment, the TH profile and hippocampal gene expression were evaluated. The T3-treated group significantly increased serum T3 and decreased thyroxine (T4) levels. When compared to control hippocampal samples, the T3 group exhibited attenuated glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3), metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10), amyloid-beta precursor-protein (APP), serotonin transporter (SERT), 5HT1A receptor, monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8) and bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP-7) gene expression, whereas augmented superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) and Hairless gene expression. T3-treated animals also displayed reduced immobility time in both the tail suspension and forced swim tests, and in the latter presented a higher latency time compared to the control group. Therefore, our findings suggest that in an AD mouse model, T3 supplementation promotes improvements in depression-like behavior, through the modulation of the serotonergic related genes involved in the transmission mediated by 5HT1A receptors and serotonin reuptake, and attenuated disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa V Maglione
- Dept. Medicine, Laboratory of Endocrinology and Translational Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP/EPM, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna P P do Nascimento
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP/EPM, São Paulo, Brazil
- Developmental Disorders Program, Center of Biological Science and Health, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Miriam O Ribeiro
- Developmental Disorders Program, Center of Biological Science and Health, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Talytha J L de Souza
- Dept. Medicine, Laboratory of Endocrinology and Translational Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP/EPM, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata E C da Silva
- Dept. Medicine, Laboratory of Endocrinology and Translational Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP/EPM, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Monica A Sato
- Dept. Morphology and Physiology, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Centro Universitário FMABC, Santo André- Brazil, São Paulo, Santo André, Brazil
| | - Carlos A A Penatti
- Laboratory of Human Physiology, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz R G Britto
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Janaina S de Souza
- Dept. Medicine, Laboratory of Endocrinology and Translational Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP/EPM, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rui M B Maciel
- Dept. Medicine, Laboratory of Endocrinology and Translational Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP/EPM, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Rodrigues da Conceição
- Dept. Medicine, Laboratory of Endocrinology and Translational Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP/EPM, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Roberto Laureano-Melo
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacoly and Behavior, Universidade de Barra Mansa, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gisele Giannocco
- Dept. Medicine, Laboratory of Endocrinology and Translational Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP/EPM, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Beeri MS, Tirosh A, Lin H, Golan S, Boccara E, Sano M, Zhu CW. Stability in BMI over time is associated with a better cognitive trajectory in older adults. Alzheimers Dement 2022; 18:2131-2139. [PMID: 35049119 PMCID: PMC9296696 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evidence on simultaneous changes in body mass index (BMI) and cognitive decline, which better reflect the natural course of both health phenomena, is limited. METHODS We capitalized on longitudinal data from 15,977 initially non-demented elderly from the Alzheimer's Disease Centers followed for 5 years on average. Changes in BMI were defined as (1) last minus first BMI, (2) mean of all follow-up BMIs minus first BMI, and (3) standard deviation of BMI change from baseline and all follow-up visits (representing variability). RESULTS Participants with significant changes in BMI (increase or decrease of ≥5%), or who had greater variability in BMI, had faster cognitive decline. This pattern was consistent irrespective of normal (BMI < 25; N = 5747), overweight (25 ≤ BMI < 30; N = 6302), or obese (BMI ≥ 30; N = 3928) BMI at baseline. CONCLUSIONS Stability in BMI predicts better cognitive trajectories suggesting clinical value in tracking BMI change, which is simple to measure, and may point to individuals whose cognition is declining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Schnaider Beeri
- Department of PsychiatryThe Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUSA,The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience CenterSheba Medical CenterRamat GanIsrael
| | - Amir Tirosh
- Division of EndocrinologyDiabetes and MetabolismSheba Medical CenterRamat GanIsrael
| | - Hung‐Mo Lin
- Department of Health Population Sciences and PolicyCenter of BiostatisticsIcahn School of MedicineMount SinaiUSA
| | - Sapir Golan
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience CenterSheba Medical CenterRamat GanIsrael
| | - Ethel Boccara
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience CenterSheba Medical CenterRamat GanIsrael
| | - Mary Sano
- Department of PsychiatryThe Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUSA,GRECCJames J Peters VA Medical CenterBronxNew YorkUSA
| | - Carolyn W. Zhu
- Brookdale Department of Geriatrics and Palliative MedicineIcahn School of MedicineMount SinaiUSA,GRECCJames J Peters VA Medical CenterBronxNew YorkUSA
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Association of life course adiposity with risk of incident dementia: a prospective cohort study of 322,336 participants. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:3385-3395. [PMID: 35538193 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01604-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cohort studies report inconsistent associations between body mass index (BMI) and all-cause incident dementia. Furthermore, evidence on fat distribution and body composition measures are scarce and few studies estimated the association between early life adiposity and dementia risk. Here, we included 322,336 participants from UK biobank to investigate the longitudinal association between life course adiposity and risk of all-cause incident dementia and to explore the underlying mechanisms driven by metabolites, inflammatory cells and brain structures. Among the 322,336 individuals (mean (SD) age, 62.24 (5.41) years; 53.9% women) in the study, during a median 8.74 years of follow-up, 5083 all-cause incident dementia events occurred. The risk of dementia was 22% higher with plumper childhood body size (p < 0.001). A strong U-shaped association was observed between adult BMI and dementia. More fat and less fat-free mass distribution on arms were associated with a higher risk of dementia. Interestingly, similar U-shaped associations were found between BMI and four metabolites (i.e., 3-hydroxybutrate, acetone, citrate and polyunsaturated fatty acids), four inflammatory cells (i.e., neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte and leukocyte) and abnormalities in brain structure that were also related to dementia. The findings that adiposity is associated with metabolites, inflammatory cells and abnormalities in brain structure that were related to dementia risk might provide clues to underlying biological mechanisms. Interventions to prevent dementia should begin early in life and include not only BMI control but fat distribution and body composition.
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Adiponectin and Nitric Oxide Deficiency-Induced Cognitive Impairment in Fatigued Home-Resident in Mature and Older Adults: A Case-Control Study. Pain Res Manag 2022; 2022:7480579. [PMID: 35600795 PMCID: PMC9117056 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7480579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective The present study explores the underlying factors of cognitive abilities in relation to the expression of adiponectin and nitric oxide, fatigue, and other cofounder variables such as physical activity, diabetes, and adiposity status in healthy home-resident mature and older adults. Background Fatigue has been shown to be correlated with many metabolic and psychiatric conditions, such as cognitive, neurological, musculoskeletal, and hormonal disorders, as well as physical and unhealthy lifestyles. Methods A total of 85 home residents aged 50–85 years participated in this case-control study. Mental, fatigue, and pain status were assessed by the cognitive assessment (LOTCA), fatigue questionnaire (CIS20r), and pain score (0–10). VO2 max and the prevalidated global physical activity questionnaire were used to estimate physical status. The levels of adiponectin, nitric oxide (NO), and variables related to diabetes, such as blood sugar and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c %), were assessed using ELISA and spectrophotometric immunoassays. Results The participants were classified according to the CIS-fatigue score into two groups: the healthy group (n = 40) and the fatigue group (n = 45). In fatigued subjects, LOTCA scores as a measure of cognitive performance significantly decreased (65.97 ± 7.17; P = 0.01) as compared with healthy subjects (LOTCA scores, 94.2 ± 7.5). The results of cognitive performance domains (LOTCA seven-subset scores) showed a significant decrease in the scores of orientation, visual perception, spatial perception, motor praxis, vasomotor organization, thinking operations, attention, and concentration in older subjects with fatigue compared with healthy subjects. In addition, pain scores significantly increased, and the expression of both nitric oxide (NO) and adiponectin significantly reduced in older adults with fatigue as compared with healthy controls. The decline in cognitive abilities among older adults with fatigue is significantly associated with the CIS-fatigue score, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, pain status, diabetes, and reduction in the levels of nitric oxide (NO), and adiponectin. Moreover, in fatigued cases, the expression of both NO and adiponectin was significantly correlated with CIS-fatigue score, physical activity, obesity, and diabetes, which indicates its availability as diagnostic markers for cognition in mature and older adults with fatigue. Conclusion In the present study, the data concluded that cognitive abilities were significantly associated with the lower expression of adiponectin and NO as endothelial vascular markers in association with fatigue among home-resident older adults. In addition, the reduction in cognition was significantly affected by other parameters, such as diabetes, obesity, and unhealthy sedentary life activities. Moreover, the results might recommend the use of cellular adiponectin and NO as diagnostic indicators of cognitive abilities in fatigued mature and older adults. However, more studies on larger sample sizes are required.
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Tocotrienols Attenuate White Adipose Tissue Accumulation and Improve Serum Cholesterol Concentration in High-Fat Diet-Treated Mice. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27072188. [PMID: 35408585 PMCID: PMC9000465 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Tocotrienols (T3s), which are vitamin E homologs, have not only antioxidant function but also inhibitory effects on body weight gain and hepatic lipid droplet accumulation. However, the mechanisms of the anti-obesity effects of T3s are not yet understood. In this study, C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat diet in the presence or absence of T3s. Treatment with T3s inhibited white adipose tissue accumulation and elevation of serum cholesterol concentrations. Additionally, to clarify the relationship between obesity-induced cognitive dysfunction and the neuroprotective effect of T3s, cognitive function, brain oxidation, and protein expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which is strongly involved in neuronal growth and differentiation, were measured. Although mice behaviors were improved by oral T3 intake, there were no significant differences in brain oxidation levels and BDNF expression. These results suggest that T3s attenuate obesity via inhibition of body fat and serum cholesterol increase.
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11
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Pons V, Rivest S. Targeting Systemic Innate Immune Cells as a Therapeutic Avenue for Alzheimer Disease. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:1-17. [PMID: 34987086 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is the first progressive neurodegenerative disease worldwide, and the disease is characterized by an accumulation of amyloid in the brain and neurovasculature that triggers cognitive decline and neuroinflammation. The innate immune system has a preponderant role in AD. The last decade, scientists focused their efforts on therapies aiming to modulate innate immunity. The latter is of great interest, since they participate to the inflammation and phagocytose the amyloid in the brain and blood vessels. We and others have developed pharmacological approaches to stimulate these cells using various ligands. These include toll-like receptor 4, macrophage colony stimulating factor, and more recently nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing 2 receptors. This review will discuss the great potential to take advantage of the innate immune system to fight naturally against amyloid β accumulation and prevent its detrimental consequence on brain functions and its vascular system. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The focus on amyloid β removal from the perivascular space rather than targeting CNS plaque formation and clearance represents a new direction with a great potential. Small molecules able to act at the level of peripheral immunity would constitute a novel approach for tackling aberrant central nervous system biology, one of which we believe would have the potential of generating a lot of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Pons
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boul., Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Serge Rivest
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boul., Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
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Blázquez E, Hurtado-Carneiro V, LeBaut-Ayuso Y, Velázquez E, García-García L, Gómez-Oliver F, Ruiz-Albusac J, Ávila J, Pozo MÁ. Significance of Brain Glucose Hypometabolism, Altered Insulin Signal Transduction, and Insulin Resistance in Several Neurological Diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:873301. [PMID: 35615716 PMCID: PMC9125423 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.873301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several neurological diseases share pathological alterations, even though they differ in their etiology. Neuroinflammation, altered brain glucose metabolism, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and amyloidosis are biological events found in those neurological disorders. Altered insulin-mediated signaling and brain glucose hypometabolism are characteristic signs observed in the brains of patients with certain neurological diseases, but also others such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and vascular diseases. Thus, significant reductions in insulin receptor autophosphorylation and Akt kinase activity, and increased GSK-3 activity and insulin resistance, have been reported in these neurological diseases as contributing to the decline in cognitive function. Supporting this relationship is the fact that nasal and hippocampal insulin administration has been found to improve cognitive function. Additionally, brain glucose hypometabolism precedes the unmistakable clinical manifestations of some of these diseases by years, which may become a useful early biomarker. Deficiencies in the major pathways of oxidative energy metabolism have been reported in patients with several of these neurological diseases, which supports the hypothesis of their metabolic background. This review remarks on the significance of insulin and brain glucose metabolism alterations as keystone common pathogenic substrates for certain neurological diseases, highlighting new potential targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Blázquez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Enrique Blázquez,
| | | | - Yannick LeBaut-Ayuso
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Velázquez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis García-García
- Pluridisciplinary Institute, Complutense University, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisca Gómez-Oliver
- Pluridisciplinary Institute, Complutense University, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Miguel Ruiz-Albusac
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Ávila
- Center of Molecular Biology “Severo Ochoa”, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Pozo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
- Pluridisciplinary Institute, Complutense University, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
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13
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Arend I, Beeri MS, Yuen K. Choices of (in)action in obesity: Implications for research on treatment and prevention. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:988495. [PMID: 36304561 PMCID: PMC9592758 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.988495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The obesity epidemic has crossed social-demographic barriers and is a matter of significant concern. Why do individuals fail to restrain from eating high-calorie foods and fail to follow treatment routines that reduce the risk of health complications? These questions have been addressed through behavioral and brain imaging studies on prefrontal cortex inhibitory mechanisms. Failure to inhibit undesirable behaviors has become a hallmark of obesity. In many life situations, obesity risk is increased by inaction (e.g., not taking blood pressure medication, not following a healthy diet). Risk by inaction has been defined as passive risk-taking, and it is correlated with traits such as procrastination, future time perspective, and cognitive avoidance. To the present, passive tendencies, specifically in the context of risk-taking behaviors, have not been addressed in the obesity literature. We introduce a framework in which active and passive risk-taking behaviors are integrated within the scope of bidirectional models of obesity that describe the brain as both the cause and the consequence of obesity vulnerability. The present perspective aims to foster new research on treatment and prevention, and also on the neurobiology of passive behaviors in obesity and other metabolic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Arend
- The Joseph Sagol Center for Neuroscience, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Michal Schnaider Beeri
- The Joseph Sagol Center for Neuroscience, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kenneth Yuen
- Neuroimaging Center (NIC), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.,Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research, Mainz, Germany
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14
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Kato Y, Uchiumi H, Usami R, Takatsu H, Aoki Y, Yanai S, Endo S, Fukui K. Tocotrienols reach the brain and play roles in the attenuation of body weight gain and improvement of cognitive function in high-fat diet-treated mice. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2021; 69:256-264. [PMID: 34857987 PMCID: PMC8611367 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.21-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity induces severe disorders such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular events, and the number of people with obesity is increasing all over the world. Furthermore, it is possible that obesity increases the risk of cognitive dysfunction via the acceleration of oxidative damage. Tocotrienols, which are part of the vitamin E family, have antioxidant and anti-obesity effects. However, the effects of tocotrienols on high-fat diet-treated mice have not been completely elucidated. In this study, we assessed changes in body weight, spatial reference memory acquisition, liver lipid droplet size, blood brain barrier-related protein expressions and antioxidative defense systems in high-fat diet-treated mice in the presence or absence of tocotrienols. The results showed that tocotrienols significantly inhibited body weight gain and lipid droplet synthesis. Although the amount was very small, it was confirmed that tocotrienols surely reached the brain in the perfused brain. Treatment with tocotrienols was tended to improve cognitive function in the control mice. However, tocotrienols did not modulate blood brain barrier-related protein expressions or antioxidative defense systems. These results indicate that treatment with tocotrienols could be effective for the prevention of obesity and cognitive dysfunction. Further extended research is needed to elucidate the relationship between anti-obesity and antioxidant effects of tocotrienols, especially in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugo Kato
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Functional Control Systems, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Fukasaku 307, Minuma-ku, Saitama 337-8570, Japan
| | - Hayami Uchiumi
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Bioscience and Engineering, College of Systems Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Fukasaku 307, Minuma-ku, Saitama 337-8570, Japan
| | - Ryo Usami
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Bioscience and Engineering, College of Systems Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Fukasaku 307, Minuma-ku, Saitama 337-8570, Japan
| | - Hirokatsu Takatsu
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kyorin University, Shimorenjaku 5-4-1, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8612, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Aoki
- Mitsubishi-Chemical Foods Corporation, Marunouchi 1-1-1, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8251, Japan
| | - Shuichi Yanai
- Aging Neuroscience Research Team, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Sakae-cho 35-2, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Shogo Endo
- Aging Neuroscience Research Team, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Sakae-cho 35-2, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Koji Fukui
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Functional Control Systems, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Fukasaku 307, Minuma-ku, Saitama 337-8570, Japan.,Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Bioscience and Engineering, College of Systems Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Fukasaku 307, Minuma-ku, Saitama 337-8570, Japan
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15
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Sodhi K, Pratt R, Wang X, Lakhani HV, Pillai SS, Zehra M, Wang J, Grover L, Henderson B, Denvir J, Liu J, Pierre S, Nelson T, Shapiro JI. Role of adipocyte Na,K-ATPase oxidant amplification loop in cognitive decline and neurodegeneration. iScience 2021; 24:103262. [PMID: 34755095 PMCID: PMC8564125 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that a western diet may contribute to clinical neurodegeneration and dementia. Adipocyte-specific expression of the Na,K-ATPase signaling antagonist, NaKtide, ameliorates the pathophysiological consequences of murine experimental obesity and renal failure. In this study, we found that a western diet produced systemic oxidant stress along with evidence of activation of Na,K-ATPase signaling within both murine brain and peripheral tissues. We also noted this diet caused increases in circulating inflammatory cytokines as well as behavioral, and brain biochemical changes consistent with neurodegeneration. Adipocyte specific NaKtide affected by a doxycycline on/off expression system ameliorated all of these diet effects. These data suggest that a western diet produces cognitive decline and neurodegeneration through augmented Na,K-ATPase signaling and that antagonism of this pathway in adipocytes ameliorates the pathophysiology. If this observation is confirmed in humans, the adipocyte Na,K-ATPase may serve as a clinical target in the therapy of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Sodhi
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - Rebecca Pratt
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - Xiaoliang Wang
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - Hari Vishal Lakhani
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - Sneha S. Pillai
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - Mishghan Zehra
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - Jiayan Wang
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - Lawrence Grover
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - Brandon Henderson
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - James Denvir
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - Jiang Liu
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - Sandrine Pierre
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - Thomas Nelson
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - Joseph I. Shapiro
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
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16
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Khan MI, Khan MZ, Shin JH, Shin TS, Lee YB, Kim MY, Kim JD. Pharmacological Approaches to Attenuate Inflammation and Obesity with Natural Products Formulations by Regulating the Associated Promoting Molecular Signaling Pathways. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:2521273. [PMID: 34812408 PMCID: PMC8605410 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2521273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a public health problem characterized by increased body weight due to abnormal adipose tissue expansion. Bioactive compound consumption from the diet or intake of dietary supplements is one of the possible ways to control obesity. Natural products with adipogenesis-regulating potential act as obesity treatments. We evaluated the synergistic antiangiogenesis, antiadipogenic and antilipogenic efficacy of standardized rebaudioside A, sativoside, and theasaponin E1 formulations (RASE1) in vitro in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), 3T3-L1 preadipocytes respectively, and in vivo using a high-fat and carbohydrate diet-induced obesity mouse model. Orlistat was used as a positive control, while untreated cells and animals were normal controls (NCs). Adipose tissue, liver, and blood were analyzed after dissection. Extracted stevia compounds and green tea seed saponin E1 exhibited pronounced antiobesity effects when combined. RASE1 inhibited HUVEC proliferation and tube formation by suppressing VEGFR2, NF-κB, PIK3, and-catenin beta-1 expression levels. RASE1 inhibited 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation by downregulating adipogenesis- and lipogenesis-promoting genes. RASE1 oral administration reduced mouse body and body fat pad weight and blood cholesterol, TG, ALT, AST, glucose, insulin, and adipokine levels. RASE1 suppressed adipogenic and lipid metabolism gene expression in mouse adipose and liver tissues and enhanced AMP-activated protein kinase levels in liver and adipose tissues and in serum adiponectin. RASE1 suppressed the NF-κB pathway and proinflammatory cytokines IL-10, IL-6, and TNF-α levels in mice which involve inflammation and progression of obesity. The overall results indicate RASE1 is a potential therapeutic formulation and functional food for treating or preventing obesity and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam Notational University, San96-1, Dun-Duk Dong, Yeosu, Chonnam, (59626), Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Zubair Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam Notational University, San96-1, Dun-Duk Dong, Yeosu, Chonnam, (59626), Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hyuk Shin
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam Notational University, San96-1, Dun-Duk Dong, Yeosu, Chonnam, (59626), Republic of Korea
| | - Tia Sun Shin
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju (61186), Republic of Korea
- Research Center on Anti-Obesity and Health Care, Chonnam National University, San96-1, Dun-Duk Dong, Yeosu, Chonnam, (59626), Republic of Korea
| | - Young Bok Lee
- Department of Refrigeration Engineering, Chonnam National University, San 96-1, Dun-Duk Dong, Yeosu, Chonnam (59626), Republic of Korea
| | - Min Yung Kim
- Research Center on Anti-Obesity and Health Care, Chonnam National University, San96-1, Dun-Duk Dong, Yeosu, Chonnam, (59626), Republic of Korea
- Department of Refrigeration Engineering, Chonnam National University, San 96-1, Dun-Duk Dong, Yeosu, Chonnam (59626), Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Deog Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam Notational University, San96-1, Dun-Duk Dong, Yeosu, Chonnam, (59626), Republic of Korea
- Research Center on Anti-Obesity and Health Care, Chonnam National University, San96-1, Dun-Duk Dong, Yeosu, Chonnam, (59626), Republic of Korea
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17
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Wang C, Huang X, Tian S, Huang R, Guo D, Lin H, Wang J, Wang S. High Plasma Resistin Levels Portend the Insulin Resistance-Associated Susceptibility to Early Cognitive Decline in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 75:807-815. [PMID: 32333593 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic disorders, including insulin resistance, obesity, and hyperlipidemia occur frequently prior to hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cause mild cognitive impairment (MCI). OBJECTIVE We investigated the involvement of resistin in these metabolic abnormalities contributes to MCI in patients with T2DM. METHODS A total of 138 hospitalized patients with T2DM were enrolled and categorized into MCI and non-MCI groups according to the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score. Metabolic indicators and cognitive state were assessed, and plasma resistin levels were determined by ELISA. RESULTS The resistin levels and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) scores of MCI and gender-stratified subgroups were significantly higher than those of controls without MCI (all p < 0.01). Correlation analysis showed that the resistin level was negatively associated with majority of cognitive domains, e.g., MoCA (r = -0.693, p < 0.001) and Mini-Mental State Examination (r = -0.571, p < 0.001), and was related to HOMA-IR (r = 0.667, p < 0.001) but not to obesity and lipid indices. Multivariable regression analysis indicated that resistin (β= -0.675, p < 0.001) and educational level (β= 0.177, p = 0.003) were independent risk factors of MoCA in patients with T2DM. CONCLUSIONS High plasma resistin levels portend the insulin resistance-related susceptibility to early cognitive decline in Chinese patients with T2DM. The involvement of this adipokine in other metabolic disorders leading to diabetic MCI and its clinical value for early disease screening must be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Wang
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xi Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sai Tian
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rong Huang
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan Guo
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongyan Lin
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shaohua Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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18
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Beeri MS, Leugrans SE, Delbono O, Bennett DA, Buchman AS. Sarcopenia is associated with incident Alzheimer's dementia, mild cognitive impairment, and cognitive decline. J Am Geriatr Soc 2021; 69:1826-1835. [PMID: 33954985 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.17206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined whether sarcopenia is associated with the occurrence of late-life cognitive impairment. METHODS Nondemented older adults (N = 1175) underwent annual testing with 17 cognitive tests summarized as a global cognitive score. A composite sarcopenia score was constructed based on muscle mass measured with bioelectrical impedance and muscle function based on grip strength. Cox proportional hazard models were employed to examine associations of sarcopenia with incident Alzheimer's dementia (AD) and incident mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Linear mixed-effect models determined the association of sarcopenia with cognitive decline. All models controlled for age, sex, education, race, and height squared. RESULTS Average follow-up was 5.6 years. More severe sarcopenia at baseline was associated with a higher risk of incident AD (hazard ratio [HR], 1.50 [95% confidence interval 1.20-1.86]; p < 0.001) and of MCI (1.21 [1.01-1.45]; 0.04) and a faster rate of cognitive decline (estimate = -0.013; p = 0.01). Analyses of the individual components of sarcopenia showed that muscle function was associated with incident AD, incident MCI, and cognitive decline with and without a term for lean muscle mass in the model. In contrast, lean muscle mass was not associated with incident cognitive impairment or cognitive decline when a term for muscle function was included in the model. CONCLUSIONS Poor muscle function, but not reduced lean muscle mass, drives the association of sarcopenia with late-life cognitive impairment. Further work is needed to identify features of muscle structure, which may increase the specificity of sarcopenia for identifying older adults at risk for late-life cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal S Beeri
- Department of Psychiatry, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Sheba Medical Center, The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Sue E Leugrans
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Osvaldo Delbono
- Section of Gerontology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Aron S Buchman
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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19
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Zonneveld MH, Noordam R, van der Grond J, van Heemst D, Mooijaart SP, Sabayan B, Jukema JW, Trompet S. Interplay of circulating leptin and obesity in cognition and cerebral volumes in older adults. Peptides 2021; 135:170424. [PMID: 33058961 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate whether circulating leptin and body mass index (BMI) associate independently with cognitive function (decline) and brain volumes using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in older individuals at risk of cardiovascular disease. We studied the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations in participants enrolled in the PROSPER study (Prospective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk). Cognitive function was tested at baseline and repeated during a mean follow-up time of 3.2 years. Analyses were performed with multivariable (repeated) linear regression models and adjusted for demographics, cardiovascular risk-factors, and stratified by sex. We included 5623 dementia-free participants (52 % female, mean age 75 years) with a mean BMI of 26.9 (SD = 4.1). In a sub-study, 527 participants underwent brain MRI. At baseline, individuals with a BMI > 30 had a worse performance on the Stroop test (β 5.0 s, 95 %CI 2.6;7.5) and larger volumes of the amygdala (β 234 mm3, 95 %CI 3;464) and hippocampus (β 590 mm3, 95 %CI 181;999), independent of intracranial volume and serum leptin levels, compared with individuals with the reference BMI (BMI 18-25 kg/m2). Per log ng/mL higher serum leptin, independent of BMI, a 135 mm3 (95 %CI 2;268) higher volume of the amygdala was found, but no association was observed with cognitive tests nor with other brain volumes. Stratification for sex did not materially change the results. Whereas higher BMI associated with worse cognitive function independent of leptin levels, our study provided evidence that leptin and BMI independently associate with amygdala volume suggesting potential distinct biological associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Zonneveld
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - R Noordam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - J van der Grond
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - D van Heemst
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - S P Mooijaart
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - B Sabayan
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, United States.
| | - J W Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands; Netherlands Heart Institute, 3511 EP Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - S Trompet
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands.
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20
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Tan B, Li W, Zeng P, Guo H, Huang Z, Fu F, Gao H, Wang R, Chen W. Epidemiological Study Based on China Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head Database. Orthop Surg 2020; 13:153-160. [PMID: 33347709 PMCID: PMC7862166 DOI: 10.1111/os.12857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of the present study was to reveal the case characteristics of osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) in Mainland China. Methods This cross‐sectional epidemiological study derived data for ONFH patients from July 2016 to December 2018 from the China Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head Database (CONFHD). The derived data included gender, age, body mass index (BMI), height, occupation, region, and etiology of femoral head necrosis. A descriptive analysis was performed to summarize the epidemiological characteristics of the case data in the CONFHD. Results A total of 1844 ONFH patients (2945 hips) were included in this study, comprising 1302 men and 542 women. The age of patients ranged from 18 to 95 years, with a median of 50 years, and the male to female ratio was 2.4. Male patients are younger than female patients (48.26 ± 12.56 years old and 55.56 ± 14.94 years old, respectively). Among the 1844 patients (2945 hips), there were 528 (17.92%) hips at ARCO stage I, 941 (31.99%) hips at ARCO stage II, 873 (29.63%) hips at ARCO stage III, and 603 (20.46%) hips at ARCO stage IV. In the subclassification of ARCO stages I and II, the majority of cases were type C; type A comprised the majority in the subclassification of ARCO stage III. According to the Kellgren–Lawrence classification system, among the 603 ARCO stage IV hips, there were 178 (29.52%) grade 1 hips, 201 (33.34%) grade 2 hips, 176 (29.18%) grade 3 hips, and 48 (7.96%) grade 4 hips. Most were from three provinces: Henan (27.3%), Shanxi (13.9%), and Shandong (11.9%). Regarding BMI, 982 patients (53.25%) were overweight or obese. Among all patients, the largest proportion of patients engaged in level IV manual work. Of all the patients, there were 495 (26.84%) with steroid‐induced ONFH, 685 (37.15%) were alcoholics, and 290 (15.73%) had traumatic ONFH. The 495 patients with steroid‐induced ONFH included 278 men (56.16%) and 217 women (43.84 %), had a complete history of hormone use. Among the primary diseases, there were 195 cases (39.39%) of immune system diseases, followed by dermatological diseases, respiratory diseases, nephropathy, and other diseases. There were a total of 685 patients with alcoholic ONFH, 589 of these patients (85.99%) were men. A total of 188 (27.45%) patients had drunk alcohol for 6–10 years (comprising the highest proportion), and 280 patients (40.88%) consumed 3001–3500 mL of alcohol each week (the highest proportion). Conclusion Osteonecrosis of the femoral head most commonly occurs after the age of 40. Male patients have an earlier onset than female patients, and the number of male patients is approximately twice that of female patients. The BMI of patients was mainly in the overweight and obese range, and half of these patients engaged in level IV manual work. From the imaging findings, the numbers of hips at ARCO stages II and III were greatest, and the number at stage I was relatively small. Among all the causes of disease, alcohol, steroid use and trauma were the three most common reasons for ONFH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Tan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenlong Li
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Zeng
- Second Department of Orthopaedics, Xianhu Branch of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Haoshan Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Liaocheng Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Shandong Province, Liaocheng, China
| | - Zeqing Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fanyu Fu
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Huanhuan Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rongtian Wang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Weiheng Chen
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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21
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West RK, Livny A, Ravona-Springer R, Bendlin BB, Heymann A, Leroith D, Liu X, Lin HM, Hochner H, Friedlander Y, Ganmore I, Tirosh A, Schnaider Beeri M. Higher BMI is associated with smaller regional brain volume in older adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2020; 63:2446-2451. [PMID: 32862254 PMCID: PMC7530092 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-020-05264-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS There are established relationships between adiposity (obesity) and higher dementia risk, faster cognitive decline and associated neural injury. Type 2 diabetes is strongly linked to greater adiposity and has been consistently associated with neural injury and poor cognitive outcomes. However, although obesity is a major cause of type 2 diabetes, there is limited evidence on the association of adiposity with brain atrophy among individuals with type 2 diabetes. METHODS We examined the association of BMI (a measure of adiposity), and of long-term trajectories of BMI (three empirically identified groups of trajectories-'normal', 'overweight' and 'obese'-using SAS macro PROC TRAJ), with regional brain volume, in a sample of older individuals (aged 64-84) with type 2 diabetes participating in the Israel Diabetes and Cognitive Decline Study (n = 198). RESULTS Using linear regression, we found that greater BMI was associated with smaller volumes of the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) (r = -0.25, p = 0.001) and the middle temporal gyrus (r = -0.19; p = 0.010) after adjusting for sociodemographic covariates and total intracranial volume. In addition, there were significant differences between BMI trajectory groups in IFG volume (F = 4.34, p = 0.014), such that a long-term trajectory of obesity was associated with a smaller volume. Additional adjustment for cardiovascular and diabetes-related potential confounders did not substantively alter the results. There were no associations of adiposity with superior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus or total grey matter volumes. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION In older adults with type 2 diabetes, long-term adiposity may have a detrimental impact on volume of brain regions relevant to cognitive functioning. Further studies to identify the underlying mechanisms are warranted. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K West
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Abigail Livny
- Diagnostic Imaging Division, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ramit Ravona-Springer
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Psychiatric Division, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | | | - Anthony Heymann
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Maccabi Healthcare Services, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Derek Leroith
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hung-Mo Lin
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hagit Hochner
- Braun School of Public Health, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yechiel Friedlander
- Braun School of Public Health, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ithamar Ganmore
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Neurology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Amir Tirosh
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Michal Schnaider Beeri
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
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22
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Caunca MR, Simonetto M, Alperin N, Elkind MSV, Sacco RL, Wright CB, Rundek T. Measures of Adiposity and Alzheimer's Disease-Related MRI Markers: The Northern Manhattan Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 70:995-1004. [PMID: 31306120 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adiposity may increase risk for dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD), but mechanisms are unclear. OBJECTIVE To examine associations between measures of adiposity with AD-signature region cortical thickness and hippocampal volume. METHODS We used data from the Northern Manhattan Study, a clinically stroke-free cohort of mostly Hispanic participants. Exposures of interest included body mass index (BMI), waist-hip-ratio (WHR), waist circumference (WC), and adiponectin concentration, measured at study entry. AD-signature region cortical thickness and hippocampal volume were obtained using Freesurfer. We estimated associations using multivariable linear regression, adjusting for sociodemographics and health behaviors. We re-examined estimates after adjustment for APOEɛ4 allele status or carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), among those cognitively unimpaired, and after weighting for the inverse probability of selection into the MRI sub-study. We also repeated analyses for cortical thickness in non-AD signature regions. RESULTS The sample (N = 947, 63% women, 66% Hispanic/Latino, 26% obese) had a mean (SD) age = 63 (8) years. Greater BMI and WC (both z-scored) were associated with thinner AD-signature region cortex (also z-scored) (BMI: β [95% CI] = -0.09 [-0.18, -0.01], WC: β [95% CI] = -0.11 [-0.20, -0.02]). We did not find evidence that adiposity was related to hippocampal volume. Results were consistent after adjustment for APOEɛ4 allele status or cIMT, after weighting for selection, among those cognitively unimpaired, and for non-AD signature region cortical thickness. CONCLUSION Greater BMI and WC were related to cortical thinning within and outside the AD-signature region, suggesting a global effect not specific to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle R Caunca
- Division of Epidemiology and Population Health Sciences, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.,Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Marialaura Simonetto
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Noam Alperin
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Radiology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Mitchell S V Elkind
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, and Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ralph L Sacco
- Division of Epidemiology and Population Health Sciences, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.,Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Clinton B Wright
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tatjana Rundek
- Division of Epidemiology and Population Health Sciences, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.,Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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23
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Feinkohl I, Janke J, Slooter AJC, Winterer G, Spies C, Pischon T. Plasma leptin, but not adiponectin, is associated with cognitive impairment in older adults. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2020; 120:104783. [PMID: 32623019 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptin and adiponectin are adipose-tissue derived hormones primarily involved in glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. Both adipokines may cross the blood-brain barrier but evidence on their roles in cognitive impairment is limited and conflicting. Here, we determined associations of plasma adipokine concentration with cognitive impairment in older adults. METHODS Cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from 669 participants aged ≥65 years of the Biomarker Development for Postoperative Cognitive Impairment in the Elderly (BioCog) study were recruited 2014-2017 at study sites in Berlin, Germany and Utrecht, the Netherlands. Cognitive impairment was defined as the lowest tertile of a cognitive summary score derived from six neuropsychological tests. RESULTS After adjustment for age, sex, fasting, BMI, diabetes, hypertension, cerebrovascular disease, and coronary heart disease, higher leptin concentrations and a higher leptin/adiponectin ratio (LAR) were associated with a higher odds of cognitive impairment (OR per 1 SD higher leptin concentration, 1.33; 95 % CI 1.05, 1.69; p = 0.02; OR per 1 SD higher LAR, 1.26; 95 % CI 1.01, 1.57; p = 0.04). Sensitivity analyses determined that these findings were driven by the non-obese group (BMI < 30 kg/m2), whereas leptin and LAR were not associated with cognitive impairment in the obese group (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2). Soluble leptin receptor, leptin/soluble leptin receptor ratio, total adiponectin and high-molecular weight adiponectin concentrations were each not associated with impairment. CONCLUSIONS With leptin as a known promoter of atherosclerosis and inflammation, our findings point to a pathogenic role of leptin in age-related cognitive impairment that may be limited to non-obese individuals and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insa Feinkohl
- Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Robert-Rössle Str. 10, D-13092 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Janke
- Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Robert-Rössle Str. 10, D-13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Arjen J C Slooter
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 98, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Georg Winterer
- Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitaet Berlin, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Spies
- Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitaet Berlin, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Pischon
- Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Robert-Rössle Str. 10, D-13092 Berlin, Germany; Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitaet Berlin, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany; MDC/BIH Biobank, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Robert-Rössle Str. 10, D-13092 Berlin, Germany
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24
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Kato Y, Aoki Y, Fukui K. Tocotrienols Influence Body Weight Gain and Brain Protein Expression in Long-Term High-Fat Diet-Treated Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124533. [PMID: 32630592 PMCID: PMC7352730 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity induces serious diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. It has been reported that obesity increases the risk of cognitive dysfunction. Cognitive dysfunction is a characteristic symptom of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. However, the detailed mechanisms of obesity-induced cognitive dysfunction have not yet been elucidated. The onset and progression of obesity-induced severe secondary diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular events, and hypertension are deeply connected to oxidative stress. We hypothesized that obesity induces cognitive dysfunction via acceleration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Vitamin E, which is a lipophilic vitamin, has strong antioxidative effects and consists of two groups: tocopherols and tocotrienols. Recently, it has been demonstrated that tocotrienols have strong neuroprotective and anti-obesity effects. In this study, we fed mice a high-fat diet (HFD) from 9 to 14 months of age and assessed the effect of tocotrienols treatment on body weight, brain oxidation levels, and cognitive function. The results revealed that treatment with tocotrienols inhibited body weight gain; further, tocotrienols reached the brain and attenuated oxidation in HFD-treated mice. These results indicate that tocotrienols have anti-obesity effects and inhibit obesity-induced brain oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugo Kato
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Functional Control Systems, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Fukasaku 307, Minuma-ku, Saitama 337–8570, Japan;
| | - Yoshinori Aoki
- Mitsubishi-Chemical Foods Corporation, Marunouchi 1–1–1, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100–8251, Japan;
| | - Koji Fukui
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Functional Control Systems, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Fukasaku 307, Minuma-ku, Saitama 337–8570, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-48-720-6033
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25
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Letra L, Matafome P, Rodrigues T, Duro D, Lemos R, Baldeiras I, Patrício M, Castelo-Branco M, Caetano G, Seiça R, Santana I. Association between Adipokines and Biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 67:725-735. [PMID: 30689587 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipose tissue dysfunction has been implicated in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease. However, the involvement of adipokines, particularly adiponectin, remains unclear. OBJECTIVE To compare serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of adiponectin, leptin and leptin-to-adiponectin ratio in patients within the spectrum of Alzheimer's disease and evaluate their relationship with classical biomarkers and their value as markers of progression. METHODS Amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI, n = 71) and Alzheimer's dementia (AD, n = 53) subjects were consecutively recruited for serum and CSF adiponectin and leptin determination using an analytically validated commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Correlations were explored using adjusted Spearman's correlation coefficients. A logistic regression model and ROC analysis were performed to evaluate the staging predictive value of adipokines. RESULTS Serum adiponectin was 33% higher in AD when compared to MCI patients. Adiponectin CSF levels, similar in both groups, were positively correlated with Aβ42 and cognitive function, though only in women. The area under the ROC curve was 0.673 (95% CI:0.57-0.78) for serum adiponectin as predictor of dementia stage and the cut-off 10.85μg/ml maximized the sum of specificity (87%) and sensitivity (44%). CONCLUSION Although longitudinal studies are required, we hypothesize that higher serum adiponectin in AD patients constitutes a strategy to compensate possible central signaling defects. In addition, adiponectin might be specifically assigned to neuroprotective functions in women and eventually involved in the female-biased incidence of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Letra
- Institute of Physiology and Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Researh (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paulo Matafome
- Institute of Physiology and Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Researh (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Tiago Rodrigues
- Institute of Physiology and Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Researh (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Diana Duro
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Raquel Lemos
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Inês Baldeiras
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Miguel Castelo-Branco
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gina Caetano
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Raquel Seiça
- Institute of Physiology and Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Researh (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Isabel Santana
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Portugal
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26
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Pichiah PBT, Sankarganesh D, Arunachalam S, Achiraman S. Adipose-Derived Molecules-Untouched Horizons in Alzheimer's Disease Biology. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:17. [PMID: 32116650 PMCID: PMC7032035 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The global incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is on the rise with the increase in obesity and metabolic disease epidemic. Obesity is co-morbid with the increase in mass of adipose tissue, which secretes numerous molecules that are biologically important. Obesity and its associated conditions are perhaps involved in the causative pathway of AD. Immunologically important cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-10, and IL-18, which are released by adipose tissue, are also found to be associated with AD. Besides, the expression of IL-6, IFNγ, and TNF alpha are also associated with AD. Ang-I and Ang-II are found to mediate the progression of AD. Complement factors B, C4b, and H are differentially expressed in AD. Overall, several adipocyte-derived cytokines are found to be dysregulated in AD, and their role in AD remains to be studied. The induction of autophagy is a very promising strategy in the treatment of AD. A variety of adipose-derived molecules have been shown to modulate autophagy. However, very little literature is available on the role of adipose-derived molecules in inducing autophagy in microglial cells of AD. Understanding the role of adipose-derived molecules in the development of AD, especially in the induction of autophagy, would open up new avenues in devising strategies for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Devaraj Sankarganesh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, India
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Sankarganesh Arunachalam
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, India
| | - Shanmugam Achiraman
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
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27
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Elsworthy RJ, Aldred S. The effect of age and obesity on platelet amyloid precursor protein processing and plasma markers of oxidative stress and inflammation. Exp Gerontol 2020; 132:110838. [PMID: 31981682 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.110838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Advancing age is a major risk factor for a range of diseases such as, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, over a third of the population are overweight and obesity is becoming more prevalent in younger people. Ageing and obesity are both linked to a chronic proinflammatory state and elevated oxidative stress, which have both been implicated in cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Platelets contain all the necessary machinery to process the Amyloid precursor protein AβPP, a pathway thought to be perturbed in Alzheimer's Disease (AD). The ratio of AβPP isoforms present in platelets, and the amount of alpha secretase ADAM10, that works to process AβPP, appear to be associated with cognitive decline and a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. The aim of this study was to assess changes in AβPP ratio, ADAM10 and markers of inflammation and oxidative stress with ageing and obesity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ninety participants were recruited to this study to provide one blood sample. Platelet-rich plasma and platelet lysates were collected and the expression of AβPPr, proADAM10 and mADAM10 was assessed by Western blotting. In addition, markers of inflammation (IL-6) and oxidative stress (8-Isoprostane) were assessed in plasma. RESULTS Participants were placed into one of four groups based on their age and body mass index (Young/Lean, Young/obese, Old/Lean and Old/Obese). IL-6 was able to significantly distinguish obese from lean participants (AUC of 0.80, SE = 0.05, P < 0.001). Plasma isoprostanes were able to distinguish between both young/old (AUC of 0.73, SE = 0.05, P < 0.01), and obese/non-obese participants (AUC of 0.66, SE = 0.01, P < 0.01). Plasma protein carbonyls could distinguish young and old participants (AUC of 0.69, SE = 0.07 P < 0.02). Old Lean participants had significantly lower mADAM10 expression than both Young Lean and Young Obese participants (p < 0.05). Old obese participants had significantly lower proADAM10 expression compared to both Young Lean and Young Obese (p < 0.05). Both mADAM10 and proADAM10 were significantly decreased with advancing age (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The findings presented in this study provide evidence that blood-based biomarkers related to the pathology of AD are altered with age and obesity in otherwise healthy adults. Ageing was more strongly associated with elevated markers of oxidative stress whereas obesity was associated with elevated inflammatory IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Elsworthy
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Sarah Aldred
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK.
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28
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Chiba I, Lee S, Bae S, Makino K, Shinkai Y, Shimada H. Visceral Fat Accumulation Is Associated with Mild Cognitive Impairment in Community-Dwelling Older Japanese Women. J Nutr Health Aging 2020; 24:352-357. [PMID: 32115619 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-020-1330-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Visceral fat accumulation is detrimental for brain health and is associated with cognitive impairment in older adults. The objectives of the present study were to examine the association between visceral fat accumulation and prevalence of mild cognitive impairment and its subtypes. DESIGN a cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS This study enrolled 6,109 community-dwelling older adults, including 3,434 women (mean age: 74.4 years) and 2,675 men (mean age: 74.3 years). Individuals with dementia, Parkinson's disease, stroke, Mini-Mental State Examination scores ≤23, and who could not perform basic activities of daily living independently were excluded. MEASUREMENTS Participants underwent neurocognitive assessments to assess mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and its subtypes. Visceral fat area (VFA) was measured using abdominal bioelectrical impedance analysis. Participants were divided into quartile groups by VFA. RESULTS There were 731 (21.3%) women and 562 (21.0%) men with MCI, and the median VFA values were 63.3 cm2 and 96.3 cm2, respectively. Women participants in the second (adjusted odds ratios [aOR], 0.71; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.54-0.94), third (aOR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.47-0.92), and fourth quartiles of VFA (aOR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.41-0.93) had a significantly lower risk of MCI than those in the first quartile. Higher VFA quartiles in women were associated with lower risk of non-amnestic MCI. There were no significant differences in men between quartiles. CONCLUSIONS Visceral fat accumulation was associated with MCI, especially non-amnestic MCI, in community-dwelling older Japanese women. These results suggest that visceral fat accumulation is partially protective against cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Chiba
- Ippei Chiba, 7-430, Morioka-cho, Obu, City, Aichi 474-8511, Japan; E-mail: ; Tel/FAX: +81-562-44-5651; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1966-3595
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Smith PJ. Pathways of Prevention: A Scoping Review of Dietary and Exercise Interventions for Neurocognition. Brain Plast 2019; 5:3-38. [PMID: 31970058 PMCID: PMC6971820 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-190083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) represent an increasingly urgent public health concern, with an increasing number of baby boomers now at risk. Due to a lack of efficacious therapies among symptomatic older adults, an increasing emphasis has been placed on preventive measures that can curb or even prevent ADRD development among middle-aged adults. Lifestyle modification using aerobic exercise and dietary modification represents one of the primary treatment modalities used to mitigate ADRD risk, with an increasing number of trials demonstrating that exercise and dietary change, individually and together, improve neurocognitive performance among middle-aged and older adults. Despite several optimistic findings, examination of treatment changes across lifestyle interventions reveals a variable pattern of improvements, with large individual differences across trials. The present review attempts to synthesize available literature linking lifestyle modification to neurocognitive changes, outline putative mechanisms of treatment improvement, and discuss discrepant trial findings. In addition, previous mechanistic assumptions linking lifestyle to neurocognition are discussed, with a focus on potential solutions to improve our understanding of individual neurocognitive differences in response to lifestyle modification. Specific recommendations include integration of contemporary causal inference approaches for analyzing parallel mechanistic pathways and treatment-exposure interactions. Methodological recommendations include trial multiphase optimization strategy (MOST) design approaches that leverage individual differences for improved treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J. Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Primary), Duke University Medical Center, NC, USA
- Department of Medicine (Secondary), Duke University Medical Center, NC, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences (Secondary), Duke University, NC, USA
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30
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Gilbert T, Roche S, Blond E, Bar JY, Drai J, Cuerq C, Haution-Bitker M, Ecochard R, Bonnefoy M. Association between Peripheral Leptin and Adiponectin Levels and Cognitive Decline in Patients with Neurocognitive Disorders ≥65 Years. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 66:1255-1264. [PMID: 30400097 PMCID: PMC6294588 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence that adipokines have roles in brain functioning and cognitive decline. OBJECTIVE Assess the role of leptin and adiponectin levels in predicting changes in neuro-cognitive disorders (NCD). METHODS The study included 205 patients over 65 years of age presenting for a one-day hospitalization for current assessment of cognitive function. Peripheral blood leptin and adiponectin levels were measured at admission. Demographic variables, body mass index (BMI), and history of hypertension were also recorded. Cognitive function was assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) at admission and at later scheduled visits over a median follow-up period of 14.5 months. Conventional univariate comparisons were made between diagnosis groups (Alzheimer's disease (AD), mild NCD, vascular/mixed dementia). Changes in MMSE scores over time were examined with regard to the above variables using a linear mixed model. RESULTS The mean BMI was significantly lower (by 2 kg/m2, p = 0.01) in patients with AD than in patients with either mild-NCD or vascular/mixed dementia. Leptin levels were significantly higher (p = 0.043) and adiponectin levels significantly lower (p = 0.045) in patients with mild-NCD than in patients with major-NCD (AD or vascular/mixed dementia). However, the mixed model suggested no influence of the baseline levels of these two biomarkers on the course of cognitive decline. CONCLUSION The present study confirms the associations between leptin and adiponectin and AD or AD-related disorders but did not confirm that these peptides may be used as predictive biomarkers of cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gilbert
- Service de Médecine Gériatrique, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre-Bénite, France.,Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Health Services and Performance Research HESPER EA7425, Lyon, France
| | - Sylvain Roche
- Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France.,Service de Biostatistique, Pôle Santé Publique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, Équipe Biostatistique Santé, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Emilie Blond
- Service de Biochimie et de Biologie Moléculaire, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Jean-Yves Bar
- Service de Médecine Gériatrique, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Jocelyne Drai
- Service de Biochimie et de Biologie Moléculaire, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre-Bénite, France.,INSERM U1060. Laboratoire CarMeN cardiovasculaire, métabolisme, diabétologie et nutrition, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Charlotte Cuerq
- Service de Biochimie et de Biologie Moléculaire, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre-Bénite, France.,INSERM U1060. Laboratoire CarMeN cardiovasculaire, métabolisme, diabétologie et nutrition, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Marine Haution-Bitker
- Service de Médecine Gériatrique, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - René Ecochard
- Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France.,Service de Biostatistique, Pôle Santé Publique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, Équipe Biostatistique Santé, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Marc Bonnefoy
- Service de Médecine Gériatrique, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre-Bénite, France.,Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,INSERM U1060. Laboratoire CarMeN cardiovasculaire, métabolisme, diabétologie et nutrition, Pierre-Bénite, France
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Liu PP, Xie Y, Meng XY, Kang JS. History and progress of hypotheses and clinical trials for Alzheimer's disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2019; 4:29. [PMID: 31637009 PMCID: PMC6799833 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-019-0063-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive memory loss along with neuropsychiatric symptoms and a decline in activities of daily life. Its main pathological features are cerebral atrophy, amyloid plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles in the brains of patients. There are various descriptive hypotheses regarding the causes of AD, including the cholinergic hypothesis, amyloid hypothesis, tau propagation hypothesis, mitochondrial cascade hypothesis, calcium homeostasis hypothesis, neurovascular hypothesis, inflammatory hypothesis, metal ion hypothesis, and lymphatic system hypothesis. However, the ultimate etiology of AD remains obscure. In this review, we discuss the main hypotheses of AD and related clinical trials. Wealthy puzzles and lessons have made it possible to develop explanatory theories and identify potential strategies for therapeutic interventions for AD. The combination of hypometabolism and autophagy deficiency is likely to be a causative factor for AD. We further propose that fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, has the potential to treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Pei Liu
- Clinical Systems Biology Laboratories, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Yi Xie
- Clinical Systems Biology Laboratories, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Xiao-Yan Meng
- Clinical Systems Biology Laboratories, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Jian-Sheng Kang
- Clinical Systems Biology Laboratories, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
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Abstract
Obesity is one of the leading causes of preventable mortalities in many parts of the globe. The rise in geriatric population due to better treatment opportunities has also emerged as a major public health challenge. Both of these health challenges have impacted developed as well as developing countries. Obesity is attributed as a powerful risk factor of a variety of health problems such as cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, dementia, neuropsychiatric diseases and many more. On the other hand, ageing is a natural process involving a gradual decline in physiological functions and is associated with similar co-morbidities as obesity. This review discusses about the commonalities (termed as ‘Obesageing') between the pathological phenomenon of obesity and normal physiological process of ageing. A unique rodent model of obesageing has been developed (WNIN/Ob) that has characteristics of morbid obesity as well as premature ageing. Such a novel animal model would facilitate the understanding of the complex interplay of different mechanisms that are common to obesity and ageing and help to devise strategies in future to tackle the growing burden of obesity and ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shampa Ghosh
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Division, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar Sinha
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Division, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad; Amity Institute of Neuropsychology & Neurosciences, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Manchala Raghunath
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Division, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
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33
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Caunca MR, Gardener H, Simonetto M, Cheung YK, Alperin N, Yoshita M, DeCarli C, Elkind MSV, Sacco RL, Wright CB, Rundek T. Measures of obesity are associated with MRI markers of brain aging: The Northern Manhattan Study. Neurology 2019; 93:e791-e803. [PMID: 31341005 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000007966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine associations between measures of obesity in middle to early-old age with later-life MRI markers of brain aging. METHODS We analyzed data from the Northern Manhattan MRI Sub-Study (n = 1,289). Our exposures of interest were body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio, and plasma adiponectin levels. Our outcomes of interest were total cerebral volume (TCV), cortical thickness, white matter hyperintensity volume (WMHV), and subclinical brain infarcts (SBI). Using multivariable linear and logistic regression models adjusted for sociodemographics, health behaviors, and vascular risk factors, we estimated β coefficients (or odds ratios) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and tested interactions with age, sex, and race/ethnicity. RESULTS On average at baseline, participants were aged 64 years and had 10 years of education; 60% were women and 66% were Caribbean Hispanic. The mean (SD) time lag between baseline and MRI was 6 (3) years. Greater BMI and WC were significantly associated with thinner cortices (BMI β [95% CI] -0.089 [-0.153, -0.025], WC β [95% CI] -0.103 [-0.169, -0.037]) in fully adjusted models. Similarly, compared to those with BMI <25, obese participants (BMI ≥30) exhibited smaller cortical thickness (β [95% CI] -0.207 [-0.374, -0.041]). These associations were particularly evident for those aged <65 years. Similar but weaker associations were observed for TCV. Most associations with WMHV and SBI did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS Adiposity in early-old age is related to reduced global gray matter later in life in this diverse sample. Future studies are warranted to elucidate causal relationships and explore region-specific associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle R Caunca
- From the Division of Epidemiology and Population Health Sciences, Department of Public Health Sciences (M.R.C.), Department of Neurology (M.R.C., H.G., M.S., R.L.S., T.R.), and Department of Radiology (N.A.), Miller School of Medicine, and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute (M.R.C., N.A., R.L.S., T.R.), University of Miami, FL; Departments of Biostatistics (Y.K.C.) and Epidemiology (M.S.V.E.), Mailman School of Public Health, and Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (M.Y.), Hokuriku National Hospital, Nanto, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.D.), University of California, Davis; and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (C.B.W.), Bethesda, MD
| | - Hannah Gardener
- From the Division of Epidemiology and Population Health Sciences, Department of Public Health Sciences (M.R.C.), Department of Neurology (M.R.C., H.G., M.S., R.L.S., T.R.), and Department of Radiology (N.A.), Miller School of Medicine, and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute (M.R.C., N.A., R.L.S., T.R.), University of Miami, FL; Departments of Biostatistics (Y.K.C.) and Epidemiology (M.S.V.E.), Mailman School of Public Health, and Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (M.Y.), Hokuriku National Hospital, Nanto, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.D.), University of California, Davis; and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (C.B.W.), Bethesda, MD
| | - Marialaura Simonetto
- From the Division of Epidemiology and Population Health Sciences, Department of Public Health Sciences (M.R.C.), Department of Neurology (M.R.C., H.G., M.S., R.L.S., T.R.), and Department of Radiology (N.A.), Miller School of Medicine, and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute (M.R.C., N.A., R.L.S., T.R.), University of Miami, FL; Departments of Biostatistics (Y.K.C.) and Epidemiology (M.S.V.E.), Mailman School of Public Health, and Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (M.Y.), Hokuriku National Hospital, Nanto, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.D.), University of California, Davis; and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (C.B.W.), Bethesda, MD
| | - Ying Kuen Cheung
- From the Division of Epidemiology and Population Health Sciences, Department of Public Health Sciences (M.R.C.), Department of Neurology (M.R.C., H.G., M.S., R.L.S., T.R.), and Department of Radiology (N.A.), Miller School of Medicine, and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute (M.R.C., N.A., R.L.S., T.R.), University of Miami, FL; Departments of Biostatistics (Y.K.C.) and Epidemiology (M.S.V.E.), Mailman School of Public Health, and Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (M.Y.), Hokuriku National Hospital, Nanto, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.D.), University of California, Davis; and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (C.B.W.), Bethesda, MD
| | - Noam Alperin
- From the Division of Epidemiology and Population Health Sciences, Department of Public Health Sciences (M.R.C.), Department of Neurology (M.R.C., H.G., M.S., R.L.S., T.R.), and Department of Radiology (N.A.), Miller School of Medicine, and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute (M.R.C., N.A., R.L.S., T.R.), University of Miami, FL; Departments of Biostatistics (Y.K.C.) and Epidemiology (M.S.V.E.), Mailman School of Public Health, and Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (M.Y.), Hokuriku National Hospital, Nanto, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.D.), University of California, Davis; and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (C.B.W.), Bethesda, MD
| | - Mitsuhiro Yoshita
- From the Division of Epidemiology and Population Health Sciences, Department of Public Health Sciences (M.R.C.), Department of Neurology (M.R.C., H.G., M.S., R.L.S., T.R.), and Department of Radiology (N.A.), Miller School of Medicine, and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute (M.R.C., N.A., R.L.S., T.R.), University of Miami, FL; Departments of Biostatistics (Y.K.C.) and Epidemiology (M.S.V.E.), Mailman School of Public Health, and Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (M.Y.), Hokuriku National Hospital, Nanto, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.D.), University of California, Davis; and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (C.B.W.), Bethesda, MD
| | - Charles DeCarli
- From the Division of Epidemiology and Population Health Sciences, Department of Public Health Sciences (M.R.C.), Department of Neurology (M.R.C., H.G., M.S., R.L.S., T.R.), and Department of Radiology (N.A.), Miller School of Medicine, and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute (M.R.C., N.A., R.L.S., T.R.), University of Miami, FL; Departments of Biostatistics (Y.K.C.) and Epidemiology (M.S.V.E.), Mailman School of Public Health, and Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (M.Y.), Hokuriku National Hospital, Nanto, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.D.), University of California, Davis; and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (C.B.W.), Bethesda, MD
| | - Mitchell S V Elkind
- From the Division of Epidemiology and Population Health Sciences, Department of Public Health Sciences (M.R.C.), Department of Neurology (M.R.C., H.G., M.S., R.L.S., T.R.), and Department of Radiology (N.A.), Miller School of Medicine, and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute (M.R.C., N.A., R.L.S., T.R.), University of Miami, FL; Departments of Biostatistics (Y.K.C.) and Epidemiology (M.S.V.E.), Mailman School of Public Health, and Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (M.Y.), Hokuriku National Hospital, Nanto, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.D.), University of California, Davis; and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (C.B.W.), Bethesda, MD
| | - Ralph L Sacco
- From the Division of Epidemiology and Population Health Sciences, Department of Public Health Sciences (M.R.C.), Department of Neurology (M.R.C., H.G., M.S., R.L.S., T.R.), and Department of Radiology (N.A.), Miller School of Medicine, and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute (M.R.C., N.A., R.L.S., T.R.), University of Miami, FL; Departments of Biostatistics (Y.K.C.) and Epidemiology (M.S.V.E.), Mailman School of Public Health, and Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (M.Y.), Hokuriku National Hospital, Nanto, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.D.), University of California, Davis; and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (C.B.W.), Bethesda, MD
| | - Clinton B Wright
- From the Division of Epidemiology and Population Health Sciences, Department of Public Health Sciences (M.R.C.), Department of Neurology (M.R.C., H.G., M.S., R.L.S., T.R.), and Department of Radiology (N.A.), Miller School of Medicine, and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute (M.R.C., N.A., R.L.S., T.R.), University of Miami, FL; Departments of Biostatistics (Y.K.C.) and Epidemiology (M.S.V.E.), Mailman School of Public Health, and Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (M.Y.), Hokuriku National Hospital, Nanto, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.D.), University of California, Davis; and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (C.B.W.), Bethesda, MD
| | - Tatjana Rundek
- From the Division of Epidemiology and Population Health Sciences, Department of Public Health Sciences (M.R.C.), Department of Neurology (M.R.C., H.G., M.S., R.L.S., T.R.), and Department of Radiology (N.A.), Miller School of Medicine, and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute (M.R.C., N.A., R.L.S., T.R.), University of Miami, FL; Departments of Biostatistics (Y.K.C.) and Epidemiology (M.S.V.E.), Mailman School of Public Health, and Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (M.Y.), Hokuriku National Hospital, Nanto, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.D.), University of California, Davis; and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (C.B.W.), Bethesda, MD.
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Jojo GM, Kuppusamy G, Selvaraj K, Baruah UK. Prospective of managing impaired brain insulin signalling in late onset Alzheimers disease with excisting diabetic drugs. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2019; 18:229-242. [PMID: 31275894 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-019-00405-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Late onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia among elderly. The exact cause of the disease is until now unknown and there is no complete cure for the disease. Growing evidence suggest that AD is a metabolic disorder associated with impairment in brain insulin signalling. These findings enriched the scope for the repurposing of diabetic drugs in AD management. Even though many of these drugs are moving in a positive direction in the ongoing clinical studies, the extent of the success has seen to influence by several properties of these drugs since they were originally designed to manage the peripheral insulin resistance. In depth understandings of these properties is hence highly significant to optimise the use of diabetic drugs in the clinical management of AD; which is the primary aim of the present review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gifty M Jojo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of pharmacy, Ootacamund, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore, India
| | - Gowthamarajan Kuppusamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of pharmacy, Ootacamund, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore, India
| | - Kousalya Selvaraj
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of pharmacy, Ootacamund, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore, India
| | - Uday Krishna Baruah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of pharmacy, Ootacamund, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore, India
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Dainty GJ, Reith DM, Taylor BJ. Introduction and uptake of electronic growth charts in southern New Zealand. J Paediatr Child Health 2019; 55:421-427. [PMID: 30209852 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.14217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM The introduction of an electronic system for recording and displaying growth measurements replaces multiple paper growth charts and theoretically improves the availability and consistency of information to support clinical decision-making. Introducing this in a single New Zealand District Health Board provided the opportunity to evaluate usage in hospital settings and determine the uptake of growth recording in a defined population. METHODS All records between 2010 and 2015 in the Southern District Health Board (SDHB) anthropometry database were downloaded and examined in a retrospective cohort analysis. Records were extracted after matching to demographic and clinical setting data from the hospital patient management system. RESULTS Analysis included 30 670 data entry points, representing 8551 children. Data entry increased over time to a maximum of 8407 observations in 2015. By the fifth year of use, up to 67% of available clinical encounters had anthropometry recorded in the outpatient department. Rates were lower in the inpatient setting, where only up to 18.4% had anthropometry recorded. The errors identified were low (0.2% of all data). Weight was the most commonly recorded measurement (98.2% of anthropometry entries, 35.1% of available clinical presentations). Height was available for 82.6% of entries and 29.5% of presentations. A body mass index z-score was available for 81.5% of entries and 29.1% of presentations. A head circumference was available for 50.2% of children <2 years age who had anthropometry recorded. CONCLUSIONS The introduction of an electronic anthropometry database has been successful with increasing rates of use over time, especially in outpatient clinics. Further focus to improve inpatient recording of height and weight is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria J Dainty
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - David M Reith
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Barry J Taylor
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Annweiler C, Duval GT, Cheng CY, Wong TY, Lamoureux EL, Milea D, Sabanayagam C. U-Shaped Relationship between Serum Leptin Concentration and Cognitive Performance in Older Asian Adults. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11030660. [PMID: 30893833 PMCID: PMC6470536 DOI: 10.3390/nu11030660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of leptin (a hormone related to fat mass) in cognition remains equivocal. Our objective was to investigate the relationship between circulating leptin concentration and cognition in older adults, accounting for potential confounders. We categorized 1061 community-dwelling older participants ≥60 years (mean ± SD, 70.6 ± 6.4 years; 41.6% female) from the Singapore Kidney Eye Study according to quintiles of leptin concentration (≤2.64; 2.64–5.1; 5.2–8.6; 8.7–17.96; ≥18 ng/mL). Cognition was assessed using the total and domain scores of the Abbreviated Mental Test (AMT). Age, gender, body mass index, mean arterial pressure, smoking, alcohol, education, memory complaint, anxiodepressive disorders, circulating concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, glycosylated hemoglobin, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and estimated glomerular filtration rate were used as potential confounders. Participants within the lowest (Q1) and highest (Q5) leptin quintiles exhibited lower (i.e., worse) mean total AMT scores compared to those within the intermediate quintiles (Q2, Q3, and Q4). Compared to Q3 as the reference, Q1 and Q5 were associated with decreased total AMT score (respectively, β = −0.53 p = 0.018; β = −0.60 p = 0.036). Compared to Q3, Q5 was also associated with decreased subscores on anterograde (β = −0.19 p = 0.020) and retrograde episodic memories (β = −0.18 p = 0.039). We found a non-linear U-shaped relationship between circulating leptin and cognition, with both lower and higher concentrations of leptin being associated with more severe cognitive impairment in community-dwelling older Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Annweiler
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Angers University Hospital, University Memory Clinic of Angers, UPRES EA 4638, University of Angers, 49100 Angers, France.
- Robarts Research Institute, Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
| | - Guillaume T Duval
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Angers University Hospital, University Memory Clinic of Angers, UPRES EA 4638, University of Angers, 49100 Angers, France.
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, 11 Third Hospital Avenue, #06-13, SNEC Bldg, Singapore 168751, Singapore.
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore.
| | - Tien-Yin Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, 11 Third Hospital Avenue, #06-13, SNEC Bldg, Singapore 168751, Singapore.
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore.
| | - Ecosse L Lamoureux
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, 11 Third Hospital Avenue, #06-13, SNEC Bldg, Singapore 168751, Singapore.
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore.
| | - Dan Milea
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, 11 Third Hospital Avenue, #06-13, SNEC Bldg, Singapore 168751, Singapore.
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Angers University Hospital, 49100 Angers, France.
| | - Charumathi Sabanayagam
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, 11 Third Hospital Avenue, #06-13, SNEC Bldg, Singapore 168751, Singapore.
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore.
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Van Dyken P, Lacoste B. Impact of Metabolic Syndrome on Neuroinflammation and the Blood-Brain Barrier. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:930. [PMID: 30618559 PMCID: PMC6297847 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome, which includes diabetes and obesity, is one of the most widespread medical conditions. It induces systemic inflammation, causing far reaching effects on the body that are still being uncovered. Neuropathologies triggered by metabolic syndrome often result from increased permeability of the blood-brain-barrier (BBB). The BBB, a system designed to restrict entry of toxins, immune cells, and pathogens to the brain, is vital for proper neuronal function. Local and systemic inflammation induced by obesity or type 2 diabetes mellitus can cause BBB breakdown, decreased removal of waste, and increased infiltration of immune cells. This leads to disruption of glial and neuronal cells, causing hormonal dysregulation, increased immune sensitivity, or cognitive impairment depending on the affected brain region. Inflammatory effects of metabolic syndrome have been linked to neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we discuss the effects of obesity and diabetes-induced inflammation on the BBB, the roles played by leptin and insulin resistance, as well as BBB changes occurring at the molecular level. We explore signaling pathways including VEGF, HIFs, PKC, Rho/ROCK, eNOS, and miRNAs. Finally, we discuss the broader implications of neural inflammation, including its connection to Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and the gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Van Dyken
- Neuroscience Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Baptiste Lacoste
- Neuroscience Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Garg N, Joshi R, Medhi B. Cracking novel shared targets between epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease: need of the hour. Rev Neurosci 2018; 29:425-442. [PMID: 29329108 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are interconnected. It is well known that seizures are linked with cognitive impairment, and there are various shared etiologies between epilepsy and AD. The connection between hyperexcitability of neurons and cognitive dysfunction in the progression of AD or epileptogenesis plays a vital role for improving selection of treatment for both diseases. Traditionally, seizures occur less frequently and in later stages of age in patients with AD which in turn implies that neurodegeneration causes seizures. The role of seizures in early stages of pathogenesis of AD is still an issue to be resolved. So, it is well timed to analyze the common pathways involved in pathophysiology of AD and epilepsy. The present review focuses on similar potential underlying mechanisms which may be related to the causes of seizures in epilepsy and cognitive impairment in AD. The proposed review will focus on many possible newer targets like abnormal expression of various enzymes like GSK-3β, PP2A, PKC, tau hyperphosphorylation, MMPs, caspases, neuroinflammation and oxidative stress associated with number of neurodegenerative diseases linked with epilepsy. The brief about the prospective line of treatment of both diseases will also be discussed in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitika Garg
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 1600142, Punjab, India
| | - Rupa Joshi
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 1600142, Punjab, India
| | - Bikash Medhi
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 1600142, Punjab, India, e-mail:
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Chia Seed Does Not Improve Cognitive Impairment in SAMP8 Mice Fed with High Fat Diet. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10081084. [PMID: 30110883 PMCID: PMC6115970 DOI: 10.3390/nu10081084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Chia seed is an ancient seed with the richest plant source of α-linolenic acid, which has been demonstrated to improve metabolic syndrome associated risk factors. Under high fat diet (HFD) condition, the senescence-accelerated mouse-prone 8 (SAMP8) mice demonstrated worsen Alzheimer’s disease (AD) related pathology compared to low fat diet fed SAMP8 mice. Objective: To explore whether chia seed supplementation might improve cognitive impairment under aging and metabolic stress via high fat diet (HFD) fed SAMP8 mice as a model. Design: SAMP8 mice and senescence-accelerated mouse-resistant 1 (SAMR1) were randomized into 4 groups, i.e., SAMR1 low fat diet group (SAMR1-LFD), SAMP8-HFD and SAMP8-HFD group supplemented with 10% chia seed (SAMP8-HFD+Chia). At the end of the intervention, cognitive function was measured via Morris water maze (MWM) test. Hippocampus and parietal cortex were dissected for further analysis to measure key markers involved AD pathology including Aβ, tau and neuro-inflammation. Results: During navigation trials of MWM test, mice in SAMP8-LFD group demonstrated impaired learning ability compared to SAMR1-LFD group, and chia seed had no effect on learning and memory ability for HFD fed SAMP8 mice. As for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) related pathology, chia seed not only increased α-secretase such as ADAM10 and insulin degrading enzyme (IDE), but also increased β-secretase including beta-secretase 1 (BACE1) and cathepsin B, with an overall effects of elevation in the hippocampal Aβ42 level; chia seed slightly reduced p-Tauser404 in the hippocampus; while an elevation in neuro-inflammation with the activation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and Ibα-1 were observed post chia seed supplementation. Conclusions: Chia seed supplementation did not improve cognitive impairment via MWM in HFD fed SAMP8 mice. This might be associated with that chia seed increased key enzymes involved both in non-amyloidogenic and amyloidogenic pathways, and neuro-inflammation. Future studies are necessary to confirm our present study.
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Zhou MM, Ding L, Wen M, Che HX, Huang JQ, Zhang TT, Xue CH, Mao XZ, Wang YM. Mechanisms of DHA-enriched phospholipids in improving cognitive deficits in aged SAMP8 mice with high-fat diet. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 59:64-75. [PMID: 29986309 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that a high-fat diet (HFD) is involved in both metabolic dysfunction and cognitive deficiency and that docosahexaenoic-acid-enriched phospholipids (DHA-PLs) have beneficial effects on obesity and cognitive impairment. However, there are only a few studies comparing differences between DHA-PC and DHA-PS in HFD-induced Alzheimer's disease (AD) models. After 8 weeks feeding with HFD, 10-month-old SAMP8 mice were fed with 1% (w/w) DHA-PC or 1% DHA-PS (biosynthesized from DHA-PC) for 8 weeks; we then tested the behavioral performances in the Barnes maze test and Morris maze test. The changes of the generation and accumulation of Aβ, oxidative stress, apoptosis, neuroinflammation and neurotrophic factors were also measured. The results indicated that both DHA-PC and DHA-PS significantly improved the metabolic disorders and cognitive deficits. Both DHA-PC and DHA-PS could ameliorate oxidative stress, and DHA-PS presented more notable benefits than DHA-PC on Aβ pathology, mitochondrial damage, neuroinflammation and neurotrophic factors; DHA-PS was for the first time found to increase the production of insoluble Aβ (less pathogenic) in this AD model. These data suggest that DHA-PLs can significantly improve cognitive deficiency, and the molecular mechanisms for this closely relate to the phospholipid polar groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Miao Zhou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, PR China
| | - Lin Ding
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, PR China
| | - Min Wen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, PR China
| | - Hong-Xia Che
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, PR China
| | - Jia-Qi Huang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, PR China
| | - Tian-Tian Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, PR China
| | - Chang-Hu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, PR China; Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Laboratory of Marine Drugs & Biological products, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Xiang-Zhao Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, PR China; Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Laboratory of Marine Drugs & Biological products, Qingdao 266237, PR China.
| | - Yu-Ming Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, PR China; Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Laboratory of Marine Drugs & Biological products, Qingdao 266237, PR China.
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Sun H. Associations of Spatial Disparities of Alzheimer's Disease Mortality Rates with Soil Selenium and Sulfur Concentrations and Four Common Risk Factors in the United States. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 58:897-907. [PMID: 28527214 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Associations between environmental factors and spatial disparity of mortality rates of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the US are not well understood. OBJECTIVE To find associations between 41 trace elements, four common risk factors, and AD mortality rates in the48 contiguous states. METHODS Isopleth maps of AD mortality rates of the 48 states and associated factors were examined. Correlations between state average AD mortality rates and concentrations of 41 soil elements, wine consumption, percentage of current smokers, obesity, and diagnosed diabetes of the 48 states between 1999 and 2014 were analyzed. RESULTS Among 41 elements, soil selenium concentrations have the most significant inverse correlations with AD mortality rates. Rate ratio (RR) of the 6 states with the lowest product of soil selenium and sulfur concentrations is 53% higher than the 6 states with the highest soil selenium sulfur product in the 48 states (RR = 1.53, CI95% 1.51-1.54). Soil tin concentrations have the most significant inverse correlation with AD mortality growth rates between 1999 and 2014, followed by soil sulfur concentrations. Percentages of obesity, diagnosed diabetes, smoking, and wine consumption per capita also correlate significantly with AD mortality growth rates. CONCLUSIONS High soil selenium and sulfur concentrations and wine consumption are associated with low AD mortality rates. Given that average soil selenium and sulfur concentrations are indicators of their intakes from food, water, and air by people in a region, long-term exposure to high soil selenium and sulfur concentrations might be beneficial to AD mortality rate reduction in a region.
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Ribeiro M, Castelhano J, Petrella LI, Sereno J, Rodrigues T, Neves C, Letra L, Baptista FI, Seiça R, Matafome P, Castelo-Branco M. High-fat diet induces a neurometabolic state characterized by changes in glutamate and N-acetylaspartate pools associated with early glucose intolerance: An in vivo multimodal MRI study. J Magn Reson Imaging 2018; 48:757-766. [PMID: 29377412 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.25942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder with a broad range of complications in the brain that depend on the conditions that precede its onset, such as obesity and metabolic syndromes. It has been suggested that neurotransmitter and metabolic perturbations may emerge even before the early stages of T2DM and that high-caloric intake could adversely influence the brain in such states. Notwithstanding, evidence for neurochemical and structural alterations in these conditions are still sparse and controversial. PURPOSE To evaluate the influence of high-fat diet in the neurochemical profile and structural integrity of the rodent brain. STUDY TYPE Prospective. SUBJECTS Wistar rats (n = 12/group). FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE A PRESS, ISIS, RARE, and EPI sequences were performed at 9.4T. ASSESSMENT Neurochemical and structural parameters were assessed by magnetic resonance spectroscopy, voxel-based morphometry, volumetry, and diffusion tensor imaging. STATISTICAL TESTS Measurements were compared through Student and Mann-Whitney tests. Pearson correlation was used to assess relationships between parameters. RESULTS Animals submitted to high-caloric intake gained weight (P = 0.003) and developed glucose intolerance (P < 0.001) but not hyperglycemia. In the hippocampus, the diet induced perturbations in glutamatergic metabolites reflected by increased levels of glutamine (P = 0.016) and glutamatergic pool (Glx) (P = 0.036), which were negatively correlated with glucose intolerance (glutamine, r = -0.804, P = 0.029), suggesting a link with neurometabolic dysregulation. At caudate-putamen, high-fat diet led to a surprising increase in the pool of N-acetylaspartate (P = 0.028). A relation with metabolic changes was again suggested by the negative correlation between glucose intolerance and levels of glutamatergic metabolites in this region (glutamate, r = -0.845, P = 0.014; Glx, r = -0.834, P = 0.020). Neither changes in phosphate compounds nor major structural alterations were observed for both regions. DATA CONCLUSION We found evidence that high-fat diet-induced obesity leads to distinct early and region-specific metabolic/neurochemical imbalances in the presence of early glucose intolerance even when structural alterations or T2DM are absent. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 1 Technical Efficacy: Stage 3 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário Ribeiro
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology - Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Life Science (CNC.IBILI), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CiBIT, Institute of Nuclear Science Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Castelhano
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology - Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Life Science (CNC.IBILI), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CiBIT, Institute of Nuclear Science Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lorena I Petrella
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology - Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Life Science (CNC.IBILI), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CiBIT, Institute of Nuclear Science Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José Sereno
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology - Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Life Science (CNC.IBILI), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CiBIT, Institute of Nuclear Science Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Tiago Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Christian Neves
- Laboratory of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Liliana Letra
- Laboratory of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Filipa I Baptista
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology - Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Life Science (CNC.IBILI), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Raquel Seiça
- Laboratory of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paulo Matafome
- Laboratory of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Health School (ESTeSC), Department of Complementary Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miguel Castelo-Branco
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology - Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Life Science (CNC.IBILI), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CiBIT, Institute of Nuclear Science Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Barreto-Vianna ARC, Aguila MB, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA. Beneficial effects of liraglutide (GLP1 analog) in the hippocampal inflammation. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:1735-1745. [PMID: 28681199 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0059-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The brain is very sensitive to metabolic dysfunctions induced by diets high in saturated fatty acids, leading to neuroinflammation. The liraglutide has been found to have neuroprotective effects. However, its neuroprotective action in a model of palmitate-induced neuroinflammation had not yet been evaluated. Mice were intracerebroventricular (ICV) infused with palmitate and received subcutaneous liraglutide. The hippocampal dentate gyrus and CA1 regions were analyzed (morphology and inflammation-related proteins in microglia and astrocyte by confocal microscopy). Also, a real-time PCR was performed to measure the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha and interleukin (IL) 6. Palmitate ICV infusion resulted in pronounced inflammation response in the hippocampus, reactive microgliosis, and astrogliosis, with hypertrophied IBA1 immunoreactive microglia, increased microglial density with ameboid shape, decreased in the number of branches and junctions and increased the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II expression. Also, we observed in the hippocampus of ICV palmitate infused mice an elevation in the pro-inflammatory cytokine levels TNFalpha and IL6. Liraglutide induced the neuroprotective microglial phenotype, characterized by an increased microglia complexity (enlarged Feret's diameter), an improved number of both cell junctions and processes, and lower circularity, accompanied by a significant reduction in TNFalpha and IL6 expressions. The study provides evidence that liraglutide may be a suitable treatment against the palmitate-induced neuroinflammation, which it is characterized by the reactive microgliosis and astrogliosis, as well as increased pro-inflammatory cytokines, which has been described as one of the primary causes of several pathologies of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre R C Barreto-Vianna
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia B Aguila
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Mandarim-de-Lacerda
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Centro Biomedico, Instituto de Biologia, Laboratorio de Morfometria, Metabolismo e doenca Cardiovascular (www.lmmc.uerj.br), Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av 28 de Setembro 87 fds, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil.
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Lai KSP, Liu CS, Rau A, Lanctôt KL, Köhler CA, Pakosh M, Carvalho AF, Herrmann N. Peripheral inflammatory markers in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 175 studies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2017; 88:876-882. [PMID: 28794151 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2017-316201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Increasing evidence suggests that inflammation is involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. This study quantitatively summarised the data on peripheral inflammatory markers in patients with AD compared with healthy controls (HC). METHODS Original reports containing measurements of peripheral inflammatory markers in AD patients and HC were included for meta-analysis. Standardised mean differences were calculated using a random effects model. Meta-regression and exploration of heterogeneity was performed using publication year, age, gender, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores, plasma versus serum measurements and immunoassay type. RESULTS A total of 175 studies were combined to review 51 analytes in 13 344 AD and 12 912 HC patients. Elevated peripheral interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-18, interferon-γ, homocysteine, high-sensitivity C reactive protein, C-X-C motif chemokine-10, epidermal growth factor, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α converting enzyme, soluble TNF receptors 1 and 2, α1-antichymotrypsin and decreased IL-1 receptor antagonist and leptin were found in patients with AD compared with HC. IL-6 levels were inversely correlated with mean MMSE scores. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that AD is accompanied by a peripheral inflammatory response and that IL-6 may be a useful biological marker to correlate with the severity of cognitive impairment. Further studies are needed to determine the clinical utility of these markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Sing P Lai
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Celina S Liu
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Allison Rau
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Krista L Lanctôt
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Departments of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cristiano A Köhler
- Translational Psychiatry Research Group and Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Maureen Pakosh
- Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - André F Carvalho
- Translational Psychiatry Research Group and Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Nathan Herrmann
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Departments of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Detecting the genetic link between Alzheimer's disease and obesity using bioinformatics analysis of GWAS data. Oncotarget 2017; 8:55915-55919. [PMID: 28915562 PMCID: PMC5593533 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents the major form of dementia in the elderly. In recent years, accumulating evidence indicate that obesity may act as a risk factor for AD, while the genetic link between the two conditions remains unclear. This bioinformatics analysis aimed to detect the genetic link between AD and obesity on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), gene, and pathway levels based on genome-wide association studies data. A total of 31 SNPs were found to be shared by AD and obesity, which were linked to 7 genes. These genes included PSMC3, CELF1, MYBPC3, SPI1, APOE, MTCH2 and RAPSN. Further functional enrichment analysis of these genes revealed the following biological pathways, including proteasome, osteoclast differentiation, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, Epstein-Barr virus and TLV-I infection, as well as several cancer associated pathways, to be common among AD and obesity. The findings deepened our understanding on the genetic basis linking obesity and AD and may help shape possible prevention and treatment strategies.
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Palmitic Acid-BSA enhances Amyloid-β production through GPR40-mediated dual pathways in neuronal cells: Involvement of the Akt/mTOR/HIF-1α and Akt/NF-κB pathways. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4335. [PMID: 28659580 PMCID: PMC5489526 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04175-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiological actions of fatty acids (FAs) on Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which are possibly mediated by genomic effects, are widely known; however, their non-genomic actions remain elusive. The aim of this study was to investigate the non-genomic mechanism of extra-cellular palmitic acid (PA) regulating beta-amyloid peptide (Aβ) production, which may provide a link between obesity and the occurrence of AD. In an obese mouse model, a high-fat diet (HFD) significantly increased the expression levels of APP and BACE1 as well as the AD pathology in the mouse brain. We further found that PA conjugated with bovine serum albumin (PA-BSA) increased the expression of APP and BACE1 and the production of Aβ through the G protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40) in SK-N-MC cells. PA-BSA coupling with GPR40 significantly induced Akt activation which is required for mTOR/p70S6K1-mediated HIF-1α expression and NF-κB phosphorylation facilitating the transcriptional activity of the APP and BACE1 genes. In addition, silencing of APP and BACE1 expression significantly decreased the production of Aβ in SK-N-MC cells treated with PA-BSA. In conclusion, these results show that extra-cellular PA coupled with GPR40 induces the expression of APP and BACE1 to facilitate Aβ production via the Akt-mTOR-HIF-1α and Akt-NF-κB pathways in SK-N-MC cells.
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a degenerative brain disease and the most common cause of dementia. AD is characterized by the extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and intraneuronal deposits of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Recently, as aging has become a familiar phenomenon around the world, patients with AD are increasing in number. Thus, many researchers are working toward finding effective therapeutics for AD focused on Aβ hypothesis, although there has been no success yet. In this review paper, we suggest that AD is a metabolic disease and that we should focus on metabolites that are affected by metabolic alterations to find effective therapeutics for AD. Aging is associated with not only AD but also obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). AD, obesity, and T2DM share demographic profiles, risk factors, and clinical and biochemical features in common. Considering AD as a kind of metabolic disease, we suggest insulin, adiponectin, and antioxidants as mechanistic links among these diseases and targets for AD therapeutics. Patients with AD show reduced insulin signal transductions in the brain, and intranasal injection of insulin has been found to have an effect on AD treatment. In addition, adiponectin is decreased in the patients with obesity and T2DM. This reduction induces metabolic dysfunction both in the body and the brain, leading to AD pathogenesis. Oxidative stress is known to be induced by Aβ and NFTs, and we suggest that oxidative stress caused by metabolic alterations in the body induce brain metabolic alterations, resulting in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somang Kang
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- BK21 Plus Project for Medical Sciences and Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Ho Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Eun Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- BK21 Plus Project for Medical Sciences and Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. jelee@yuhs
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Hu YS, Xin J, Hu Y, Zhang L, Wang J. Analyzing the genes related to Alzheimer's disease via a network and pathway-based approach. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2017; 9:29. [PMID: 28446202 PMCID: PMC5406904 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-017-0252-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remains incomplete. Previous studies have revealed that genetic factors provide a significant contribution to the pathogenesis and development of AD. In the past years, numerous genes implicated in this disease have been identified via genetic association studies on candidate genes or at the genome-wide level. However, in many cases, the roles of these genes and their interactions in AD are still unclear. A comprehensive and systematic analysis focusing on the biological function and interactions of these genes in the context of AD will therefore provide valuable insights to understand the molecular features of the disease. Method In this study, we collected genes potentially associated with AD by screening publications on genetic association studies deposited in PubMed. The major biological themes linked with these genes were then revealed by function and biochemical pathway enrichment analysis, and the relation between the pathways was explored by pathway crosstalk analysis. Furthermore, the network features of these AD-related genes were analyzed in the context of human interactome and an AD-specific network was inferred using the Steiner minimal tree algorithm. Results We compiled 430 human genes reported to be associated with AD from 823 publications. Biological theme analysis indicated that the biological processes and biochemical pathways related to neurodevelopment, metabolism, cell growth and/or survival, and immunology were enriched in these genes. Pathway crosstalk analysis then revealed that the significantly enriched pathways could be grouped into three interlinked modules—neuronal and metabolic module, cell growth/survival and neuroendocrine pathway module, and immune response-related module—indicating an AD-specific immune-endocrine-neuronal regulatory network. Furthermore, an AD-specific protein network was inferred and novel genes potentially associated with AD were identified. Conclusion By means of network and pathway-based methodology, we explored the pathogenetic mechanism underlying AD at a systems biology level. Results from our work could provide valuable clues for understanding the molecular mechanism underlying AD. In addition, the framework proposed in this study could be used to investigate the pathological molecular network and genes relevant to other complex diseases or phenotypes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13195-017-0252-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Shi Hu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Juncai Xin
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Ying Hu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Ju Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
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Schousboe JT, Langsetmo L, Schwartz AV, Taylor BC, Vo TN, Kats AM, Barrett-Connor E, Orwoll ES, Marshall LM, Miljkovic I, Lane NE, Ensrud KE. Comparison of Associations of DXA and CT Visceral Adipose Tissue Measures With Insulin Resistance, Lipid Levels, and Inflammatory Markers. J Clin Densitom 2017; 20:256-264. [PMID: 28238606 PMCID: PMC5560438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) measured by computed tomography (CT) is related to insulin resistance, lipids, and serum inflammatory markers. Our objective was to compare the strength of the associations of VAT measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA-VAT) and CT (CT-VAT) with insulin resistance, serum lipids, and serum markers of inflammation. For 1117 men aged 65 and older enrolled in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study, the cross-sectional associations of DXA-VAT and CT-VAT with homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (homa2ir), C-reactive protein, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were estimated with regression models and compared using a Hausman test. Adjusted for age and body mass index, DXA-VAT was moderately associated with homa2ir (effect size 0.38, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.28-0.47) and modestly associated with HDL cholesterol (DXA effect size -0.29, 95% CI: -0.38 to -0.21). These associations were significantly greater than those for CT-VAT with homa2ir (0.30, 95% CI: 0.24-0.37; p value for effect size difference 0.03) and CT-VAT with HDL cholesterol (-0.22, 95% CI: -0.29 to -0.15; p value for difference 0.005). Neither DXA-VAT nor CT-VAT was associated with C-reactive protein after adjustment for age and body mass index (DXA-VAT effect size 0.14, 95% CI: -0.04 to 0.32; CT-VAT effect size 0.08, 95% CI: -0.08 to 0.25; p value for difference 0.35). DXA-VAT has similar or greater associations with insulin resistance and HDL cholesterol as does CT-VAT in older men, confirming the concurrent validity of DXA-VAT. Investigations of how well DXA measurements of VAT predict incident cardiovascular disease events are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Schousboe
- Park Nicollet Clinic and Health Partners Institute, HealthPartners, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Lisa Langsetmo
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ann V Schwartz
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Brent C Taylor
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Center for Chronic Disease Outcomes Research, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Tien N Vo
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Allyson M Kats
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Elizabeth Barrett-Connor
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eric S Orwoll
- Bone and Mineral Unit, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Lynn M Marshall
- Bone and Mineral Unit, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Iva Miljkovic
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nancy E Lane
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Rheumatology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kristine E Ensrud
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Center for Chronic Disease Outcomes Research, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Circulating leptin and adiponectin concentrations in healthy exceptional longevity. Mech Ageing Dev 2017; 162:129-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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