1
|
Zhang D, Wu H, Wang Y, Xu Z, Sun X, Liswaniso S, Qin N, Xu R. The inhibition roles of RAB23 gene in granulosa cell proliferation and progesterone synthesis of hen ovarian prehierarchical follicles. Br Poult Sci 2024:1-9. [PMID: 39036858 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2024.2377748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
1. The proliferation of granulosa cells is vital for the development and recruitment of hen ovarian prehierarchical follicles (PF). The RAB23 protein is a member of the Rab family, belonging to the GTPase family. This study studied the regulatory roles of the RAB23 gene in PF.2. The expression of RAB23 was significantly increased in granulosa cells (GC) during PF growth and was highest in GC at 6-8 mm diameter (p < 0.05). The RAB23 protein was mainly expressed in the GC, oocytes (OC) as well as somatic cells (SC) of the PF.3. The mRNA expression of FSHR, CCND1,CYP11A1, StAR and HSD3B1 was significantly increased in the siRNA RAB23 group (p < 0.05). Additionally, protein expression of FSHR, CCND1, CYP11A1, HSD3B1 was significantly increased (p < 0.05) after GC were transfected with RAB23-specific siRNA. Protein expression of StAR in the siRNA RAB23 group was numerically higher than that in the positive control (PC) and negative control (NC) groups. The GC proliferation rate and progesterone synthesis of the prehierarchical follicles in hen ovaries were markedly increased in vitro (p < 0.05).4.This study revealed that RAB23 might play an inhibitory role in GC proliferation and progesterone synthesis during the prehierarchical follicles development in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Zhang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Technology, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - H Wu
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Technology, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Y Wang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Technology, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Z Xu
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Technology, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - X Sun
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Technology, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - S Liswaniso
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Technology, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - N Qin
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Technology, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - R Xu
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Technology, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mathis D, du Toit T, Altinkilic EM, Stojkov D, Urzì C, Voegel CD, Wu V, Zamboni N, Simon HU, Nuoffer JM, Flück CE, Felser A. Mitochondrial dysfunction results in enhanced adrenal androgen production in H295R cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 243:106561. [PMID: 38866189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2024.106561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
The role of mitochondria in steroidogenesis is well established. However, the specific effects of mitochondrial dysfunction on androgen synthesis are not fully understood. In this study, we investigate the effects of various mitochondrial and metabolic inhibitors in H295R adrenal cells and perform a comprehensive analysis of steroid and metabolite profiling. We report that mitochondrial complex I inhibition by rotenone shifts cells toward anaerobic metabolism with a concomitant hyperandrogenic phenotype characterized by rapid stimulation of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA, 2 h) and slower accumulation of androstenedione and testosterone (24 h). Screening of metabolic inhibitors confirmed DHEA stimulation, which included mitochondrial complex III and mitochondrial pyruvate carrier inhibition. Metabolomic studies revealed truncated tricarboxylic acid cycle with an inverse correlation between citric acid and DHEA production as a common metabolic marker of hyperandrogenic inhibitors. The current study sheds light on a direct interplay between energy metabolism and androgen biosynthesis that could be further explored to identify novel molecular targets for efficient treatment of androgen excess disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Déborah Mathis
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Therina du Toit
- Department for BioMedical Research, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Emre Murat Altinkilic
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department for BioMedical Research, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Darko Stojkov
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christian Urzì
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Magnetic Resonance Methodology, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University of Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Clarissa D Voegel
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vincen Wu
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Zamboni
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland; PHRT Swiss Multi Omics Center, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Switzerland; Institute of Biochemistry, Brandenburg Medical School, Neuruppin, Germany
| | - Jean-Marc Nuoffer
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department for BioMedical Research, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christa E Flück
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department for BioMedical Research, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Felser
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department for BioMedical Research, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Augsburger P, Liimatta J, Flück CE. Update on Adrenarche-Still a Mystery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024; 109:1403-1422. [PMID: 38181424 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgae008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Adrenarche marks the timepoint of human adrenal development when the cortex starts secreting androgens in increasing amounts, in healthy children at age 8-9 years, with premature adrenarche (PA) earlier. Because the molecular regulation and significance of adrenarche are unknown, this prepubertal event is characterized descriptively, and PA is a diagnosis by exclusion with unclear long-term consequences. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION We searched the literature of the past 5 years, including original articles, reviews, and meta-analyses from PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus, using search terms adrenarche, pubarche, DHEAS, steroidogenesis, adrenal, and zona reticularis. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Numerous studies addressed different topics of adrenarche and PA. Although basic studies on human adrenal development, zonation, and zona reticularis function enhanced our knowledge, the exact mechanism leading to adrenarche remains unsolved. Many regulators seem involved. A promising marker of adrenarche (11-ketotestosterone) was found in the 11-oxy androgen pathway. By current definition, the prevalence of PA can be as high as 9% to 23% in girls and 2% to 10% in boys, but only a subset of these children might face related adverse health outcomes. CONCLUSION New criteria for defining adrenarche and PA are needed to identify children at risk for later disease and to spare children with a normal variation. Further research is therefore required to understand adrenarche. Prospective, long-term studies should characterize prenatal or early postnatal developmental pathways that modulate trajectories of birth size, early postnatal growth, childhood overweight/obesity, adrenarche and puberty onset, and lead to abnormal sexual maturation, fertility, and other adverse outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Augsburger
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jani Liimatta
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
- Kuopio Pediatric Research Unit (KuPRU), University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, 70029 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Christa E Flück
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shi X, Bu A, Yang Y, Wang Y, Zhao C, Fan J, Yang C, Jia X. Investigating the shared genetic architecture between breast and ovarian cancers. Genet Mol Biol 2024; 47:e20230181. [PMID: 38626574 PMCID: PMC11021043 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2023-0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
High heritability and strong correlation have been observed in breast and ovarian cancers. However, their shared genetic architecture remained unclear. Linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC) and heritability estimation from summary statistics (ρ-HESS) were applied to estimate heritability and genetic correlations. Bivariate causal mixture model (MiXeR) was used to qualify the polygenic overlap. Then, stratified-LDSC (S-LDSC) was used to identify tissue and cell type specificity. Meanwhile, the adaptive association test called MTaSPUsSet was performed to identify potential pleiotropic genes. The Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP) heritability was 13% for breast cancer and 5% for ovarian cancer. There was a significant genetic correlation between breast and ovarian cancers (rg=0.21). Breast and ovarian cancers exhibited polygenic overlap, sharing 0.4 K out 2.8 K of causal variants. Tissue and cell type specificity displayed significant enrichment in female breast mammary, uterus, kidney tissues, and adipose cell. Moreover, the 74 potential pleiotropic genes were identified between breast and ovarian cancers, which were related to the regulation of cell cycle and cell death. We quantified the shared genetic architecture between breast and ovarian cancers and shed light on the biological basis of the co-morbidity. Ultimately, these findings facilitated the understanding of disease etiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhong Shi
- Zhengzhou University, College of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Anqi Bu
- Zhengzhou University, College of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yongli Yang
- Zhengzhou University, College of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yuping Wang
- Zhengzhou University, College of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chenyu Zhao
- Zhengzhou University, College of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jingwen Fan
- Zhengzhou University, College of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chaojun Yang
- Zhengzhou University, College of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiaocan Jia
- Zhengzhou University, College of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang J, Ge P, Liu J, Luo Y, Guo H, Zhang G, Xu C, Chen H. Glucocorticoid Treatment in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: An Overview on Mechanistic Insights and Clinical Benefit. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12138. [PMID: 37569514 PMCID: PMC10418884 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS), triggered by various pathogenic factors inside and outside the lungs, leads to diffuse lung injury and can result in respiratory failure and death, which are typical clinical critical emergencies. Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP), which has a poor clinical prognosis, is one of the most common diseases that induces ARDS. When SAP causes the body to produce a storm of inflammatory factors and even causes sepsis, clinicians will face a two-way choice between anti-inflammatory and anti-infection objectives while considering the damaged intestinal barrier and respiratory failure, which undoubtedly increases the difficulty of the diagnosis and treatment of SAP-ALI/ARDS. For a long time, many studies have been devoted to applying glucocorticoids (GCs) to control the inflammatory response and prevent and treat sepsis and ALI/ARDS. However, the specific mechanism is not precise, the clinical efficacy is uneven, and the corresponding side effects are endless. This review discusses the mechanism of action, current clinical application status, effectiveness assessment, and side effects of GCs in the treatment of ALI/ARDS (especially the subtype caused by SAP).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinquan Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Peng Ge
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
| | - Yalan Luo
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
| | - Haoya Guo
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
| | - Guixin Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
| | - Caiming Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Biomedical Research Center, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA
| | - Hailong Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vanhorebeek I, Coppens G, Güiza F, Derese I, Wouters PJ, Joosten KF, Verbruggen SC, Van den Berghe G. Abnormal DNA methylation within genes of the steroidogenesis pathway two years after paediatric critical illness and association with stunted growth in height further in time. Clin Epigenetics 2023; 15:116. [PMID: 37468957 PMCID: PMC10354984 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-023-01530-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Former critically ill children show an epigenetic age deceleration 2 years after paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission as compared with normally developing healthy children, with stunted growth in height 2 years further in time as physical correlate. This was particularly pronounced in children who were 6 years or older at the time of critical illness. As this age roughly corresponds to the onset of adrenarche and further pubertal development, a relation with altered activation of endocrine pathways is plausible. We hypothesised that children who have been admitted to the PICU, sex- and age-dependently show long-term abnormal DNA methylation within genes involved in steroid hormone synthesis or steroid sulphation/desulphation, possibly aggravated by in-PICU glucocorticoid treatment, which may contribute to stunted growth in height further in time after critical illness. RESULTS In this preplanned secondary analysis of the multicentre PEPaNIC-RCT and its follow-up, we compared the methylation status of genes involved in the biosynthesis of steroid hormones (aldosterone, cortisol and sex hormones) and steroid sulphation/desulphation in buccal mucosa DNA (Infinium HumanMethylation EPIC BeadChip) from former PICU patients at 2-year follow-up (n = 818) and healthy children with comparable sex and age (n = 392). Adjusting for technical variation and baseline risk factors and corrected for multiple testing (false discovery rate < 0.05), former PICU patients showed abnormal DNA methylation of 23 CpG sites (within CYP11A1, POR, CYB5A, HSD17B1, HSD17B2, HSD17B3, HSD17B6, HSD17B10, HSD17B12, CYP19A1, CYP21A2, and CYP11B2) and 4 DNA regions (within HSD17B2, HSD17B8, and HSD17B10) that were mostly hypomethylated. These abnormalities were partially sex- (1 CpG site) or age-dependent (7 CpG sites) and affected by glucocorticoid treatment (3 CpG sites). Finally, multivariable linear models identified robust associations of abnormal methylation of steroidogenic genes with shorter height further in time, at 4-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Children who have been critically ill show abnormal methylation within steroidogenic genes 2 years after PICU admission, which explained part of the stunted growth in height at 4-year follow-up. The abnormalities in DNA methylation may point to a long-term disturbance in the balance between active sex steroids and mineralocorticoids/glucocorticoids after paediatric critical illness, which requires further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Vanhorebeek
- Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Louvain, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Grégoire Coppens
- Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Louvain, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fabian Güiza
- Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Louvain, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Inge Derese
- Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Louvain, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter J Wouters
- Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Louvain, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen F Joosten
- Division of Paediatric ICU, Department of Neonatal and Paediatric ICU, Erasmus Medical Centre, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sascha C Verbruggen
- Division of Paediatric ICU, Department of Neonatal and Paediatric ICU, Erasmus Medical Centre, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Greet Van den Berghe
- Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Louvain, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Miller WL, White PC. History of Adrenal Research: From Ancient Anatomy to Contemporary Molecular Biology. Endocr Rev 2023; 44:70-116. [PMID: 35947694 PMCID: PMC9835964 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnac019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The adrenal is a small, anatomically unimposing structure that escaped scientific notice until 1564 and whose existence was doubted by many until the 18th century. Adrenal functions were inferred from the adrenal insufficiency syndrome described by Addison and from the obesity and virilization that accompanied many adrenal malignancies, but early physiologists sometimes confused the roles of the cortex and medulla. Medullary epinephrine was the first hormone to be isolated (in 1901), and numerous cortical steroids were isolated between 1930 and 1949. The treatment of arthritis, Addison's disease, and congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) with cortisone in the 1950s revolutionized clinical endocrinology and steroid research. Cases of CAH had been reported in the 19th century, but a defect in 21-hydroxylation in CAH was not identified until 1957. Other forms of CAH, including deficiencies of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 11β-hydroxylase, and 17α-hydroxylase were defined hormonally in the 1960s. Cytochrome P450 enzymes were described in 1962-1964, and steroid 21-hydroxylation was the first biosynthetic activity associated with a P450. Understanding of the genetic and biochemical bases of these disorders advanced rapidly from 1984 to 2004. The cloning of genes for steroidogenic enzymes and related factors revealed many mutations causing known diseases and facilitated the discovery of new disorders. Genetics and cell biology have replaced steroid chemistry as the key disciplines for understanding and teaching steroidogenesis and its disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walter L Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Reproductive Sciences, and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Perrin C White
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Vanderhaeghen T, Beyaert R, Libert C. Bidirectional Crosstalk Between Hypoxia Inducible Factors and Glucocorticoid Signalling in Health and Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:684085. [PMID: 34149725 PMCID: PMC8211996 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.684085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid-induced (GC) and hypoxia-induced transcriptional responses play an important role in tissue homeostasis and in the regulation of cellular responses to stress and inflammation. Evidence exists that there is an important crosstalk between both GC and hypoxia effects. Hypoxia is a pathophysiological condition to which cells respond quickly in order to prevent metabolic shutdown and death. The hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) are the master regulators of oxygen homeostasis and are responsible for the ability of cells to cope with low oxygen levels. Maladaptive responses of HIFs contribute to a variety of pathological conditions including acute mountain sickness (AMS), inflammation and neonatal hypoxia-induced brain injury. Synthetic GCs which are analogous to the naturally occurring steroid hormones (cortisol in humans, corticosterone in rodents), have been used for decades as anti-inflammatory drugs for treating pathological conditions which are linked to hypoxia (i.e. asthma, ischemic injury). In this review, we investigate the crosstalk between the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and HIFs. We discuss possible mechanisms by which GR and HIF influence one another, in vitro and in vivo, and the therapeutic effects of GCs on HIF-mediated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tineke Vanderhaeghen
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rudi Beyaert
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Claude Libert
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dumontet T, Martinez A. Adrenal androgens, adrenarche, and zona reticularis: A human affair? Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 528:111239. [PMID: 33676986 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In humans, reticularis cells of the adrenal cortex fuel the production of androgen steroids, constituting the driver of numerous morphological changes during childhood. These steps are considered a precocious stage of sexual maturation and are grouped under the term "adrenarche". This review describes the molecular and enzymatic characteristics of the zona reticularis, along with the possible signals and mechanisms that control its emergence and the associated clinical features. We investigate the differences between species and discuss new studies such as genetic lineage tracing and transcriptomic analysis, highlighting the rodent inner cortex's cellular and molecular heterogeneity. The recent development and characterization of mouse models deficient for Prkar1a presenting with adrenocortical reticularis-like features prompt us to review our vision of the mouse adrenal gland maturation. We expect these new insights will help increase our understanding of the adrenarche process and the pathologies associated with its deregulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Typhanie Dumontet
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Training Program in Organogenesis, Center for Cell Plasticity and Organ Design, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Antoine Martinez
- Génétique, Reproduction et Développement (GReD), Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique CNRS, Institut National de La Santé & de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Clermont-Auvergne (UCA), France.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Noureddine LM, Trédan O, Hussein N, Badran B, Le Romancer M, Poulard C. Glucocorticoid Receptor: A Multifaceted Actor in Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094446. [PMID: 33923160 PMCID: PMC8123001 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common cancers in women worldwide. Even though the role of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) is extensively documented in the development of breast tumors, other members of the nuclear receptor family have emerged as important players. Synthetic glucocorticoids (GCs) such as dexamethasone (dex) are commonly used in BC for their antiemetic, anti-inflammatory, as well as energy and appetite stimulating properties, and to manage the side effects of chemotherapy. However, dex triggers different effects depending on the BC subtype. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is also an important marker in BC, as high GR expression is correlated with a poor and good prognosis in ERα-negative and ERα-positive BCs, respectively. Indeed, though it drives the expression of pro-tumorigenic genes in ERα-negative BCs and is involved in resistance to chemotherapy and metastasis formation, dex inhibits estrogen-mediated cell proliferation in ERα-positive BCs. Recently, a new natural ligand for GR called OCDO was identified. OCDO is a cholesterol metabolite with oncogenic properties, triggering mammary cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we summarize recent data on GR signaling and its involvement in tumoral breast tissue, via its different ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lara Malik Noureddine
- Université de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France; (L.M.N.); (O.T.); (M.L.R.)
- Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
- CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Hadat-Beirut 90656, Lebanon; (N.H.); (B.B.)
| | - Olivier Trédan
- Université de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France; (L.M.N.); (O.T.); (M.L.R.)
- Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
- CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
- Centre Leon Bérard, Oncology Department, F-69000 Lyon, France
| | - Nader Hussein
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Hadat-Beirut 90656, Lebanon; (N.H.); (B.B.)
| | - Bassam Badran
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Hadat-Beirut 90656, Lebanon; (N.H.); (B.B.)
| | - Muriel Le Romancer
- Université de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France; (L.M.N.); (O.T.); (M.L.R.)
- Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
- CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
| | - Coralie Poulard
- Université de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France; (L.M.N.); (O.T.); (M.L.R.)
- Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
- CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-478-786-663; Fax: +33-478-782-720
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mäntyselkä A, Haapala EA, Lindi V, Häkkinen MR, Auriola S, Jääskeläinen J, Lakka TA. Associations of IGF-1 and Adrenal Androgens with Cognition in Childhood. Horm Res Paediatr 2020; 91:329-335. [PMID: 31401625 DOI: 10.1159/000501719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the association between adrenarche and cognition in general populations of children. We therefore studied the associations of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), androstenedione (A4), testosterone, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and adrenarche with cognition among prepubertal children. METHODS These cross-sectional analyses are based on baseline data of the Physical Activity and Nutrition in Children Study. A total of 387 children (183 girls, 204 boys) were included in the analyses. Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices (CPM) score was used to assess nonverbal reasoning. Serum adrenal androgens and IGF-1 concentrations were measured and clinical signs of androgen action were evaluated. RESULTS Higher IGF-1 among boys (β = 0.149, p =0.033) was related to a better Raven's CPM score after adjustment for age and parental education. Adrenal androgens in girls or boys or IGF-1 in girls were not associated with the score. There were no differences in Raven's CPM score between children with biochemical adrenarche (DHEAS ≥1.08 µmol/L; ≥40 µg/dL) or with clinical signs of androgen action and children without them. CONCLUSION The results suggest that higher serum IGF-1 among boys is related to better cognition in prepubertal children. We could not provide evidence for the associations of adrenal maturation with cognition in prepubertal children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aino Mäntyselkä
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland,
| | - Eero A Haapala
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Virpi Lindi
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,University of Eastern Finland Library, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Merja R Häkkinen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Auriola
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jarmo Jääskeläinen
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo A Lakka
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang Y, Jin G, Ma M, Xiang X. Sex differences in serum steroid hormone levels during embryonic development in hen eggs. Poult Sci 2020; 98:6053-6062. [PMID: 31065723 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to explore the differences of serum steroid hormones with age and sex in hen eggs during incubation periods for identification of males and females. The concentrations of estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), testosterone (T), androstenedione (A4), and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in serum were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in chicken embryos on 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 D, respectively. During the development of chicken embryo, egg weight loss was closely related to age but no sex. However, it was found that both age and sex significantly affected hormones and had obviously more effect on androgens levels. Besides E2 and T, other steroids such as E1, A4, and DHT were also significantly correlated with sex (P < 0.05). Notably, the level of T and the ratio of T to E2 were significantly higher in males than females (P < 0.05). The ratio of E1 to E2 displayed different trends in different sexes, which increased in males but decreased in females. The distribution proportions of androgens and estrogens kept stable level during the late hatching periods of 12 to 16 D. The sex differences of steroids were more obvious at the late hatching stage through PCA. These suggested that the serum hormones differences in male and female embryos played a vital role in sexual differentiation. These findings not only provided the theoretical basis for sex determination of fertilized eggs in egg-laying hen strains, but also contributed to develop a non-invasive way to sex determination of fertilized eggs to meet the modern commercial application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yalan Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.,National R&D Center for Egg Processing, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Guofeng Jin
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.,National R&D Center for Egg Processing, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Meihu Ma
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.,National R&D Center for Egg Processing, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaole Xiang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.,National R&D Center for Egg Processing, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Timmermans S, Souffriau J, Libert C. A General Introduction to Glucocorticoid Biology. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1545. [PMID: 31333672 PMCID: PMC6621919 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are steroid hormones widely used for the treatment of inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. To exert their broad physiological and therapeutic effects, GCs bind to the GC receptor (GR) which belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily of transcription factors. Despite their success, GCs are hindered by the occurrence of side effects and glucocorticoid resistance (GCR). Increased knowledge on GC and GR biology together with a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the GC side effects and GCR are necessary for improved GC therapy development. We here provide a general overview on the current insights in GC biology with a focus on GC synthesis, regulation and physiology, role in inflammation inhibition, and on GR function and plasticity. Furthermore, novel and selective therapeutic strategies are proposed based on recently recognized distinct molecular mechanisms of the GR. We will explain the SEDIGRAM concept, which was launched based on our research results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Timmermans
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jolien Souffriau
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Claude Libert
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rossi A, D'Arino A, Pigliacelli F, Caro G, Muscianese M, Fortuna MC, Carlesimo M. The diagnosis of androgenetic alopecia in children: Considerations of pathophysiological plausibility. Australas J Dermatol 2019; 60:e279-e283. [PMID: 31168786 DOI: 10.1111/ajd.13079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Androgenetic alopecia (AGA), one of the most common causes of hair loss in men and women, is an infrequent cause of alopecia in children. In AGA, patients generally start noticing hair thinning after the onset of puberty due to progressive miniaturisation of the hair follicle which leads to vellus transformation of terminal hair. However, the occurrence of prepubertal AGA has rarely been reported in the literature. The pathophysiology of AGA is tightly linked to androgen hormones; prepubertal children do not usually produce significant amounts of adrenal or gonadal androgens. When it does occur, an underlying abnormality should be suspected. Secondary causes of AGA must be excluded when evaluating a patient before the appearance of puberty. Premature puberty, polycystic ovarian syndrome and other causes of hyperandrogenism can present with hair loss in an androgenetic pattern. This article reviews the normal physiology of androgen hormones and their role in the pathophysiology of childhood AGA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Rossi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, UOC Dermatology, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea D'Arino
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, UOC Dermatology, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Pigliacelli
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, UOC Dermatology, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Gemma Caro
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, UOC Dermatology, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Muscianese
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, UOC Dermatology, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Caterina Fortuna
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, UOC Dermatology, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Carlesimo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, UOC Dermatology, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Greaves RF, Wudy SA, Badoer E, Zacharin M, Hirst JJ, Quinn T, Walker DW. A tale of two steroids: The importance of the androgens DHEA and DHEAS for early neurodevelopment. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 188:77-85. [PMID: 30557606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
DHEA and DHEAS are neuroactive neurosteroids that interact with several major receptor systems in the brain, including sigma (σ), glutamate, and GABA-A receptors. It has been recognized as early as 1952, that the loss of DHEA/DHEAS in adult life is associated with neuropsychiatric disorders (eg schizophrenia, depression). However, the mechanistic role for DHEA/DHEAS in any of these domains remains speculative, not the least because the presence of these androgens in the adrenal gland and brain is largely confined to humans and only some non-human primates. DHEA and DHEAS are dynamically regulated from before birth and before the onset of puberty, and therefore an understanding of the synthesis, regulation, and functions of this important androgen pathway warrants attention. Here, we draw attention to the possible modulating influence of DHEA/DHEAS in early brain development from fetal life to the remarkable increase of these steroids in early childhood - the adrenarche. We propose that the pre-pubertal DHEA/DHEAS surge plays a key role in modulating early brain development, perhaps by prolonging brain plasticity during childhood to allow the pre-adolescent brain to adapt and re-wire in response to new, and ever-changing social challenges. Nonetheless, the aetiology of neurodevelopmental phenomena in relation to DHEA/DHEAS synthesis and action cannot be easily studied in humans due to the obvious ethical restrictions on mechanistic studies, the uncertainty of predicting the future mental characteristics of individuals, and the difficulty of conducting retrospective investigations based on pre-birth and/or neonatal complications. We discuss new opportunities for animal studies to resolve these important questions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronda F Greaves
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University - Bundoora Campus, Melbourne, 3083, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stefan A Wudy
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Emilio Badoer
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University - Bundoora Campus, Melbourne, 3083, Australia
| | - Margaret Zacharin
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Jonathan J Hirst
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Mothers and Babies Research Centre, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Tracey Quinn
- Merck Serono Australia Pty Ltd, Frenchs Forest, NSW, 2086, Australia
| | - David W Walker
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University - Bundoora Campus, Melbourne, 3083, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhu W, Han B, Fan M, Wang N, Wang H, Zhu H, Cheng T, Zhao S, Song H, Qiao J. Oxidative stress increases the 17,20-lyase-catalyzing activity of adrenal P450c17 through p38α in the development of hyperandrogenism. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 484:25-33. [PMID: 30682387 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Unexplained hyperandrogenic oligoanovulation is a main feature of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). P450c17 phosphorylation selectively increases 17,20-lyase activity and androgen biosynthesis but minimally affects 17α-hydroxylase. Studies have recently identified mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 (MAPK14, p38α) as the kinase responsible for enhancing 17,20-lyase activity through P450c17 phosphorylation. We investigated whether oxidant-induced oxidative stress increases 17,20-lyase activity through oxidant-sensitive p38α signaling pathways. NCI-H295R adrenal cells were treated with three oxidants, palmitate, H2O2 and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), to simulate the excessive oxidative stress of PCOS. Oxidant exposure significantly induced dehydroepiandrosterone production and increased p38α phosphorylation and activation, but the effect on 17α-hydroxyprogesterone production was far less clear. None of the treatments altered the expression of P450c17 or its necessary factors POR and b5. LC-MS/MS revealed increased DHEA production in NCI-H295R cells. Both p38α inhibition and siRNA-mediated silencing attenuated H2O2- or 0.45-0.75 mM PA-mediated augmentation of DHEA production with relatively stable 17OHP levels, indicating that activated p38α mediates oxidative stress-induced 17,20-lyase activation and androgen synthesis stimulation, which may underlie hyperandrogenism in PCOS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjiao Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Mengxia Fan
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Tong Cheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Shuangxia Zhao
- The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Huaidong Song
- The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Jie Qiao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Azadian E, Arjmand B, Khodaii Z, Ardeshirylajimi A. A comprehensive overview on utilizing electromagnetic fields in bone regenerative medicine. Electromagn Biol Med 2019; 38:1-20. [PMID: 30661411 DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2019.1567527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are one of the most important sources to develope a new strategy for repairing bone lesions through tissue engineering. Osteogenic differentiation of stem cells can be affected by various factors such as biological, chemical, physiological, and physical ones. The application of ELF-EMFs has been the subject of many research in bone tissue engineering and evidence suggests that this exogenous physical stimulus can promote osteogenic differentiation in several types of cells. The purpose of this paper is to review the current knowledge on the effects of EMFs on stem cells in bone tissue engineering studies. We recapitulated and analyzed 39 articles that were focused on the application of EMFs for bone tissue engineering purposes. We tabulated scattered information from these articles for easy use and tried to provide an overview of conducted research and identify the knowledge gaps in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esmaeel Azadian
- a Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,b Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Bahar Arjmand
- a Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,b Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Zohreh Khodaii
- c Dietary supplements and Probiotics research center , Alborz University of Medical Sciences , Karaj , Iran.,d Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine , Alborz University of Medical Sciences , Karaj , Iran
| | - Abdolreza Ardeshirylajimi
- a Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,b Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sun W, Gan X, Hu J, Li L, Wang J. CYP17 gene plays a key role in goose genital growth by influencing the testosterone level at puberty. Poult Sci 2018; 97:1748-1756. [PMID: 29462369 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
All birds reproduce by internal fertilization, but only 3% of birds have external genitalia. Hormone secretions and body size influence genital growth, but the actual regulatory mechanism is rarely reported. Thus, using 35 geese as experimental material, the regulatory mechanism of goose external genitalia growth was explored by measuring body size parameters, serum hormone concentrations, and related gene expression. In this study, genital growth was different among tested geese, but histological and morphological results showed that all geese external genitalia contained complete tissues. Measurements of hormone levels showed that at puberty, as the genital length increased, irregular decreases were observed in the levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), whereas an irregular increase was observed in the levels of testosterone (T); furthermore, the levels of testosterone (T) gradually increased to a peak at 34 weeks. Based on RT-PCR results, as the genital length increased, only the expression of 17α-hydroxylase/17, 20-lyase (CYP17) mRNA slightly decreased at first, and then significantly increased to a peak, whereas the expression patterns of other genes were irregular. Furthermore, the CYP17 immunohistochemistry results also showed a pattern that was highly consistent with the patterns of mRNA expression and T secretion. In addition, based on body measurements, as body weight increased, the genital length increased. Thus, these results suggested that the CYP17 gene plays a key role in goose genital growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Sun
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, PR China
| | - X Gan
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, PR China
| | - J Hu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, PR China
| | - L Li
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, PR China
| | - J Wang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Na JH, Kim YH, Hong SJ, Kim JK. Association between Body Mass Index and Serum Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate Level in 8-Year-Old Girls. J Obes Metab Syndr 2018; 27:110-116. [PMID: 31089550 PMCID: PMC6489459 DOI: 10.7570/jomes.2018.27.2.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adiposity may play a role as a potential trigger for adrenarche. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between body mass index (BMI) and serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) level. Methods The medical records of 8-year-old girls who presented to our clinic between 2014 and 2016 with concerns regarding pubertal changes were retrospectively reviewed. The 192 girls were divided into two groups depending on activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Group I included 77 subjects with a breast Tanner stage 1 with unknown HPG axis or thelarche without activated HPG axis. Group II included 115 subjects with activated HPG axis. Serum DHEAS level ≥1.1 μmol/L was regarded as biochemical adrenarche. Results Based on correlation analyses, BMI standard deviation score (SDS) was positively correlated with height SDS, bone age divided by chronological age (BA/CA), and DHEAS level in all subjects (r=0.269, r=0.270, r=0.298; all P<0.001, respectively). BMI SDS was negatively correlated with peak luteinizing hormone level in group II (r=−0.236, P=0.011). Based on multiple linear regression analyses, BMI SDS was associated with serum DHEAS level in all subjects (β=0.280, P<0.001), group I (β=0.415, P=0.001), and group II (β=0.206, P=0.030). DHEAS level was also associated with BA/CA in all subjects (β=0.402, P<0.001), group I (β=0.494, P<0.001), and group II (β=0.347, P<0.001). Conclusion BMI SDS was associated with DHEAS level, which was associated with BA/CA. Childhood obesity may influence the development of adrenarche, which may contribute to advanced skeletal maturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyun Na
- Department of Pediatrics, Daegu Catholic University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Young-Hwan Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Daegu Catholic University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Suk-Jin Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, Daegu Catholic University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jin-Kyung Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Daegu Catholic University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Jia W, Zheng D, Zhang L, Li C, Zhang X, Wang F, Guan Q, Fang L, Zhao J, Xu C. Clinical and molecular characterization of 5α-reductase type 2 deficiency due to mutations (p.Q6X, p.R246Q) in SRD5A2 gene. Endocr J 2018; 65:645-655. [PMID: 29643321 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej17-0542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Early diagnosis and optimal management for steroid 5α-reductase type 2 deficiency (5α-RD2) patients are major challenges for clinicians and mutation analysis for the 5α-reductase type 2 (SRD5A2) gene is the golden standard for the diagnosis of the disease. In silico analysis of this enzyme has not been reported due to the lack of appropriate model. Moreover, the histological and pathological changes of the gonads are largely unknown. In the present study, a 5α-RD2 patient born with abnormal external genitalia was studied and mutation analysis for SRD5A2 gene was conducted. Moreover, we constructed the homology modeling of 5α-reductase using SWISS-MODEL, followed by the molecular docking study. Furthermore, immunohistochemical staining of Ki67 for the testes tissue was conducted to investigate the potential pathological characteristics. The patient had male (46, XY) chromosomes but presented female characteristics, and the mutation analysis identified a heterozygotes mutation (p.Q6X, p.R246Q) in SRD5A2 gene. In silico analysis elucidated the potential effect of the mutation on enzyme activity. Immunohistochemical staining for the excised testes showed that 30%-50% of the germ cells were Ki67 positive, which indicated the early neoplastic potential. In conclusion, we analyzed the genotype-phenotype correlations of 5α-RD2 caused by a heterozygotes mutation (p.Q6X, p.R246Q). Importantly, we conducted the homology modeling and molecular docking for the first time, which provided a homology model for further investigations. Immunohistochemical results suggested gonadectomy or testis descent should be performed early for 5α-RD2 patient, as delayed treatment would have maintained the testes in a tumorigenic condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Jia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Institute of Endocrinology, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Dongmei Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Institute of Endocrinology, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Liya Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Institute of Endocrinology, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Changzhong Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Institute of Endocrinology, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Qingbo Guan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Institute of Endocrinology, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Li Fang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Institute of Endocrinology, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Jiajun Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Institute of Endocrinology, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Chao Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Institute of Endocrinology, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
De Silva MSI, Dayton AW, Rhoten LR, Mallett JW, Reese JC, Squires MD, Dalley AP, Porter JP, Judd AM. Involvement of adenosine monophosphate activated kinase in interleukin-6 regulation of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme in the bovine zona fasciculata and zona reticularis. Steroids 2018; 134:53-66. [PMID: 29501754 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In bovine adrenal zona fasciculata (ZF) and NCI-H295R cells, interleukin-6 (IL-6) increases cortisol release, increases expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc), and steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1) (increases steroidogenic proteins), and decreases the expression of adrenal hypoplasia congenita-like protein (DAX-1) (inhibits steroidogenic proteins). In contrast, IL-6 decreases bovine adrenal zona reticularis (ZR) androgen release, StAR, P450scc, and SF-1 expression, and increases DAX-1 expression. Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) activated kinase (AMPK) regulates steroidogenesis, but its role in IL-6 regulation of adrenal steroidogenesis is unknown. In the present study, an AMPK activator (AICAR) increased (P < 0.01) NCI-H295R StAR promoter activity, StAR and P450scc expression, and the phosphorylation of AMPK (PAMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (PACC) (indexes of AMPK activity). In ZR (decreased StAR, P450scc, SF-1, increased DAX-1) (P < 0.01) and ZF tissues (increased StAR, P450scc, SF-1, decreased DAX-1) (P < 0.01), AICAR modified StAR, P450scc, SF-1 and DAX-1 mRNAs/proteins similar to the effects of IL-6. The activity (increased PAMPK and PACC) (P < 0.01) of AMPK in the ZF and ZR was increased by AICAR and IL-6. In support of an AMPK role in IL-6 ZF and ZR effects, the AMPK inhibitor compound C blocked (P < 0.01) the effects of IL-6 on the expression of StAR, P450scc, SF-1, and DAX-1. Therefore, IL-6 modification of the expression of StAR and P450scc in the ZF and ZR may involve activation of AMPK and these changes may be related to changes in the expression of SF-1 and DAX-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matharage S I De Silva
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology and Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, 4005 LSB, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Adam W Dayton
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology and Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, 4005 LSB, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Lance R Rhoten
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology and Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, 4005 LSB, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - John W Mallett
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology and Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, 4005 LSB, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Jared C Reese
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology and Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, 4005 LSB, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Mathieu D Squires
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology and Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, 4005 LSB, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Andrew P Dalley
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology and Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, 4005 LSB, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - James P Porter
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology and Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, 4005 LSB, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Allan M Judd
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology and Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, 4005 LSB, Provo, Utah 84602, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Quinn T, Greaves R, Badoer E, Walker D. DHEA in Prenatal and Postnatal Life: Implications for Brain and Behavior. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2018; 108:145-174. [PMID: 30029725 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfated congener (DHEAS) are the principal C19 steroid produced by the adrenal gland in many mammals, including humans. It is secreted in high concentrations during fetal life, but synthesis decreases after birth until, in humans and some other primates, there is a prepubertal surge of DHEA production by the adrenal gland-a phenomenon known as adrenarche. There remains considerable uncertainty about the physiological role of DHEA and DHEAS. Moreover, the origin of the trophic drives that determine the waxing and waning of DHEA synthesis are poorly understood. These gaps in knowledge arise in some measure from the difficulty of understanding mechanistic determinants from observations made opportunistically in humans and primates, and have stimulated a search for other suitable species that exhibit adrenarche- and adrenopause-like changes of adrenal function. DHEA and DHEAS are clearly neuroactive steroids with actions at several neurotransmitter receptors; indeed, DHEA is now known to be also synthesized by many parts of the brain, and this capacity undergoes ontogenic changes, but whether this is dependent or independent of the changes in adrenal synthesis is unknown. In this chapter we review key contributions to this field over the last 50+ years, and speculate on the importance of DHEA for the brain, both during development and for maturation and aging of cerebral function and behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tracey Quinn
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Ronda Greaves
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University-Bundoora Campus, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Emilio Badoer
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University-Bundoora Campus, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David Walker
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University-Bundoora Campus, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Schiffer L, Arlt W, Storbeck KH. Intracrine androgen biosynthesis, metabolism and action revisited. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 465:4-26. [PMID: 28865807 PMCID: PMC6565845 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Androgens play an important role in metabolic homeostasis and reproductive health in both men and women. Androgen signalling is dependent on androgen receptor activation, mostly by testosterone and 5α-dihydrotestosterone. However, the intracellular or intracrine activation of C19 androgen precursors to active androgens in peripheral target tissues of androgen action is of equal importance. Intracrine androgen synthesis is often not reflected by circulating androgens but rather by androgen metabolites and conjugates. In this review we provide an overview of human C19 steroid biosynthesis including the production of 11-oxygenated androgens, their transport in circulation and uptake into peripheral tissues. We conceptualise the mechanisms of intracrinology and review the intracrine pathways of activation and inactivation in selected human tissues. The contribution of liver and kidney as organs driving androgen inactivation and renal excretion are also highlighted. Finally, the importance of quantifying androgen metabolites and conjugates to assess intracrine androgen production is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Schiffer
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Karl-Heinz Storbeck
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Majzoub JA, Topor LS. A New Model for Adrenarche: Inhibition of 3β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2 by Intra-Adrenal Cortisol. Horm Res Paediatr 2018; 89:311-319. [PMID: 29847819 PMCID: PMC6031466 DOI: 10.1159/000488777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose that the normal adrenarche-related rise in dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) secretion is ultimately caused by the rise in cortisol production occurring during childhood and adolescent growth, by the following mechanisms. (1) The onset of childhood growth leads to a slight fall in serum cortisol concentration due to growth-induced dilution and a decrease in the negative feedback of cortisol upon ACTH secretion. (2) In response, ACTH rises and stimulates increased cortisol synthesis and secretion in the growing body to restore the serum cortisol concentration to normal. (3) The cortisol concentration produced within and taken up by adrenocortical steroidogenic cells may rise during this time. (4) Cortisol competitively inhibits 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (3βHSD2)-mediated conversion of 17αOH-pregnenolone to cortisol, causing a further fall in serum cortisol, a further decrease in the negative feedback of cortisol upon ACTH, a further rise in ACTH, and further stimulation of adrenal steroidogenesis. (5) The cortisol-mediated inhibition of 3βHSD2 also blocks the conversion of DHEA to androstenedione, causing a rise in adrenal DHEA and DHEA sulfate relative to androstenedione secretion. Thus, the combination of normal body growth plus inhibition of 3βHSD2 by intra-adrenal cortisol may cause normal adrenarche. Childhood obesity may hasten this process by causing a pathologic increase in body size that triggers these same processes at an earlier age, resulting in the premature onset of adrenarche.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A. Majzoub
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Lisa Swartz Topor
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hasbro Children’s Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Anh LT, Kido T, Honma S, Manh HD, Koike I, Oyama Y, Phuc HD, Okamoto R, Nakagawa H, Nakayama SF, Nhu DD, Minh NH, Toan NV, Son LK. A relationship in adrenal androgen levels between mothers and their children from a dioxin-exposed region in Vietnam. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 607-608:32-41. [PMID: 28686893 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, southern Vietnam has been burdened by dioxins from contaminated herbicides sprayed during the Vietnam War. In a previous study, we found that dioxin exposure decreased levels of salivary dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), an adrenal androgen, in 3-year-old children. In present study, to assess the relationship between adrenal hormones disruption in lactating mothers and in children, we compared mother-child pairs from dioxin- and nondioxin-contaminated regions. In 2010 and 2011, mother-child pairs from a dioxin hotspot region (n=37) and a non-contaminated region (n=47) were recruited and donated breast milk and serum samples for dioxin and steroid hormones determination. Mothers were 20-30years old and had given birth to their first child between 4 and 16weeks previously. One year later, saliva samples were collected from the children. Dioxin levels in breast milk were determined by gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry. Salivary DHEA, cortisol in children and androstenedione (A-dione), estradiol, cortisol, and DHEA in maternal serum were analyzed by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Concentrations of dioxin congeners in the hotspot region were 2- to 5-fold higher than in samples from the non-contaminated region. Salivary DHEA levels in children and serum A-dione levels in mothers were significantly higher in the hotspot region; no difference was found in the levels of other hormones. Moreover, there was a significant positive correlation between the elevated hormone levels in mothers and children (r=0.62, p<0.001). Several dioxin congeners exhibited strong significant dose-response relationships with salivary DHEA and serum A-dione levels. Our findings suggest that dioxin disrupts adrenal androgens in mothers and breastfeeding children through the same mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Le Thai Anh
- Division of Health Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Kido
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Seijiro Honma
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Ho Dung Manh
- Division of Health Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Japan; Faculty of Pharmacy, Lac Hong University, No. 10 Huynh Van Nghe, Buu Long, Bien Hoa, Dong Nai, Viet Nam
| | - Ikue Koike
- Division of Health Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yuko Oyama
- Division of Health Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hoang Duc Phuc
- Division of Health Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Rie Okamoto
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hideaki Nakagawa
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Japan
| | - Shoji F Nakayama
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Dang Duc Nhu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Hung Minh
- Dioxin Laboratory, Centre for Environment Monitoring, Vietnam Environment Administration, No. 556 Nguyen Van Cu, Long Bien, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Ngo Van Toan
- Hanoi Medical University, No. 1 Ton That Tung, Dong Da, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Le Ke Son
- Environment Administration, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, No. 10 Ton That Thuyet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Udhane SS, Legeza B, Marti N, Hertig D, Diserens G, Nuoffer JM, Vermathen P, Flück CE. Combined transcriptome and metabolome analyses of metformin effects reveal novel links between metabolic networks in steroidogenic systems. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8652. [PMID: 28819133 PMCID: PMC5561186 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09189-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin is an antidiabetic drug, which inhibits mitochondrial respiratory-chain-complex I and thereby seems to affect the cellular metabolism in many ways. It is also used for the treatment of the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the most common endocrine disorder in women. In addition, metformin possesses antineoplastic properties. Although metformin promotes insulin-sensitivity and ameliorates reproductive abnormalities in PCOS, its exact mechanisms of action remain elusive. Therefore, we studied the transcriptome and the metabolome of metformin in human adrenal H295R cells. Microarray analysis revealed changes in 693 genes after metformin treatment. Using high resolution magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (HR-MAS-NMR), we determined 38 intracellular metabolites. With bioinformatic tools we created an integrated pathway analysis to understand different intracellular processes targeted by metformin. Combined metabolomics and transcriptomics data analysis showed that metformin affects a broad range of cellular processes centered on the mitochondrium. Data confirmed several known effects of metformin on glucose and androgen metabolism, which had been identified in clinical and basic studies previously. But more importantly, novel links between the energy metabolism, sex steroid biosynthesis, the cell cycle and the immune system were identified. These omics studies shed light on a complex interplay between metabolic pathways in steroidogenic systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sameer S Udhane
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology of the Department of Pediatrics and the Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Balazs Legeza
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology of the Department of Pediatrics and the Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nesa Marti
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology of the Department of Pediatrics and the Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Damian Hertig
- Departments of Clinical Research and Radiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gaëlle Diserens
- Departments of Clinical Research and Radiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Marc Nuoffer
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter Vermathen
- Departments of Clinical Research and Radiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christa E Flück
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology of the Department of Pediatrics and the Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kwon JH, Lee HA, Kim YJ, Lee H, Park EA, Cho SJ, Gwak HS, Ha E, Park H, Kim HS. Effects of Adrenal Androgen Levels on Bone Age Advancement in Prepubertal Children: Using the Ewha Birth and Growth Cohort Study. J Korean Med Sci 2017; 32:968-973. [PMID: 28480655 PMCID: PMC5426240 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2017.32.6.968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone age (BA) advancement in prepubertal children may be associated with earlier onset of puberty and obesity. This study aimed to define the effects of adrenal androgen levels on the advancement of BA in prepubertal children, independent of obesity. During July and August 2011, we examined BA in 200 prepubertal children aged 7-9 years who were part of the Ewha Birth & Growth Cohort Study. BA was assessed by the Greulich-Pyle method. An index of BA advancement was calculated as the ratio of BA to chronological age (CA) (BA/CA), and this ratio was classified into 3 tertiles. We analyzed the relationship between BA advancement and anthropometric characteristics and adrenal hormone levels. The number of overweight children increased from the first group to the third group (P(Trend) = 0.03). The levels of adrenal androgens showed a significant positive correlation with the tertile groups after adjusting for age and sex (testosterone: r = 0.26, P < 0.001; dehydroepiandrosterone: r = 0.21, P < 0.001; androstenedione: r = 0.20, P < 0.001). Further, after controlling for body mass index (BMI), sex, and age, the BA/CA was found to be positively correlated with androstenedione (β = 0.04, R² = 3.7%) and testosterone levels (β = 0.05, R² = 4.7%). Based on our results, it is suggested that adrenal androgen levels are associated with BA advancement independent of BMI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hyun Kwon
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Ah Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Clinical Trial Center, Mokdong Hospital, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Ju Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hwayoung Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Ae Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su Jin Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Sun Gwak
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eunhee Ha
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyesook Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hae Soon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kamin HS, Kertes DA. Cortisol and DHEA in development and psychopathology. Horm Behav 2017; 89:69-85. [PMID: 27979632 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and cortisol are the most abundant hormones of the human fetal and adult adrenals released as end products of a tightly coordinated endocrine response to stress. Together, they mediate short- and long-term stress responses and enable physiological and behavioral adjustments necessary for maintaining homeostasis. Detrimental effects of chronic or repeated elevations in cortisol on behavioral and emotional health are well documented. Evidence for actions of DHEA that offset or oppose those of cortisol has stimulated interest in examining their levels as a ratio, as an alternate index of adrenocortical activity and the net effects of cortisol. Such research necessitates a thorough understanding of the co-actions of these hormones on physiological functioning and in association with developmental outcomes. This review addresses the state of the science in understanding the role of DHEA, cortisol, and their ratio in typical development and developmental psychopathology. A rationale for studying DHEA and cortisol in concert is supported by physiological data on the coordinated synthesis and release of these hormones in the adrenal and by their opposing physiological actions. We then present evidence that researching cortisol and DHEA necessitates a developmental perspective. Age-related changes in DHEA and cortisol are described from the perinatal period through adolescence, along with observed associations of these hormones with developmental psychopathology. Along the way, we identify several major knowledge gaps in the role of DHEA in modulating cortisol in typical development and developmental psychopathology with implications for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hayley S Kamin
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Darlene A Kertes
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; University of Florida Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Yadav R, Petrunak EM, Estrada DF, Scott EE. Structural insights into the function of steroidogenic cytochrome P450 17A1. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 441:68-75. [PMID: 27566228 PMCID: PMC5235955 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 17A1 (CYP17A1) operates at the core of human steroidogenesis, directing precursors into mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, or sex steroids. Although the 17α-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase activities of this dual function enzyme have been investigated extensively, until recently no CYP17A1 structures were available to inform our understanding. Structures of CYP17A1 with a range of steroidal inhibitors and substrates are now available. This review relates functional knowledge of this enzyme to structural features defining the selective differentiation between its various substrates. While both hydroxylase and lyase substrates have similar orientations with respect to the heme, subtle differences in hydrogen bonding between CYP17A1 and the C3 substituent at the opposite end of ligands appear to correlate with differential substrate utilization and product formation. Complementary structural information from solution NMR supports cytochrome b5 allosteric modulation of the lyase reaction, implicating regions involved in ligand access to the otherwise buried active site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Yadav
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, 1251 Wescoe Hall Dr., The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Elyse M Petrunak
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, 1251 Wescoe Hall Dr., The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - D Fernando Estrada
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, 1251 Wescoe Hall Dr., The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Emily E Scott
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, 1251 Wescoe Hall Dr., The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kulle AE, Reinehr T, Simic-Schleicher G, Hornig NC, Holterhus PM. Determination of 17OHPreg and DHEAS by LC-MS/MS: Impact of Age, Sex, Pubertal Stage, and BMI on the Δ5 Steroid Pathway. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:232-241. [PMID: 27809697 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-2849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) and 17-hydroxypregnenolone (17OHPreg) are important for understanding the Δ5 pathway (e.g., in adrenarche and obesity). Although mass spectrometry has become the state-of-the-art method for quantifying steroids, there are few comprehensive age-, sex-, and pubertal stage-specific reference ranges for children. AIMS To develop a sensitive and reliable ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method for simultaneous quantification of DHEAS and 17OHPreg and to establish entire age-, sex- and pubertal stage-specific reference ranges in children. METHODS A total of 684 children, 453 (243 female, 210 male) with normal body mass index (BMI; <90th) and 231 (132 female, 99 male) obese subjects (>97th), were categorized into 11 age groups, and age- and Tanner stage (PH)-specific reference ranges were determined. RESULTS The limit of detection was 0.05 nmol/L for 17OHPreg and 0.5 nmol/L for DHEAS. Levels of both steroids declined after the neonatal period. Comparisons with RIA assays (Siemens, Munich, Germany) (DHEAS) and an in-house kit (17OHPreg) revealed 0.95 and 0.93, respectively, as coefficients of determination. Although DHEAS-generally higher in boys-increased continuously starting at 3 to 6 years, 17OHPreg remained largely constant. In obese patients, both were significantly elevated, also in part after alignment to Tanner stages (PH). CONCLUSIONS UPLC-MS/MS is sensitive and reliable for quantifying DHEAS and 17OHPreg. Our data support differential maturation of CYP17 during adrenarche with successively increasing 17,20-lyase activity but largely constant 17α-hydroxylation activity. Endocrine interpretation of 17OHPreg and DHEAS must consider differential patterns for age, sex, pubertal stage, and BMI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra E Kulle
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Reinehr
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition Medicine, Vestische Hospital for Children and Adolescents Datteln, University of Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany; and
| | | | - Nadine C Hornig
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Paul-Martin Holterhus
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Xu S, Hu S, Yu X, Zhang M, Yang Y. 17α‑hydroxylase/17,20‑lyase deficiency in congenital adrenal hyperplasia: A case report. Mol Med Rep 2016; 15:339-344. [PMID: 27959413 PMCID: PMC5355729 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.6029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the cytochrome P450 family 17 subfamily A member 1 (CYP17A1) gene located on chromosome 10q24.3, which leads to a deficiency in 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase. The disorder is characterized by low blood levels of estrogens, androgens and cortisol, which leads to a compensatory increase in adrenocorticotropic hormone levels that stimulate the production of mineralocorticoid precursors. This subsequently leads to hypertension, hypokalemia, primary amenorrhea and sexual infantilism. Over 90 distinct genetic lesions have been identified in patients with this disorder. The prevalence of common mutation of CYP17A1 gene differs among ethnic groups. Treatment of this disorder involves replacement of glucocorticoids and sex steroids. Estrogen alone is prescribed for patients who are biologically male with 17α-hydroxylase deficiencies that identify as female. However, genetically female patients may receive estrogen and progesterone supplementation. In the present study, a 17-year-old female with 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency that presented with primary amenorrhea and sexual infantilism and no hypertension, was examined. The karyotype of the patient was 46, XX, and genetic analysis revealed the presence of a compound heterozygous mutation in exons 6 and 8, leading to the complete absence of 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase activity. The patient was treated with prednisolone and ethinyl estradiol. In addition, a summary of the recent literature regarding CAH is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simiao Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Shuhong Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Xuefeng Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Muxun Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Rege J, Karashima S, Lerario AM, Smith JM, Auchus RJ, Kasa-Vubu JZ, Sasano H, Nakamura Y, White PC, Rainey WE. Age-dependent Increases in Adrenal Cytochrome b5 and Serum 5-Androstenediol-3-sulfate. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:4585-4593. [PMID: 27623070 PMCID: PMC5155691 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-2864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Adrenal production of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) increases throughout childhood owing to expansion of the zona reticularis (ZR). ZR features cells with a steroidogenic phenotype distinct from that of the adjacent zona fasciculata, with higher expression of cytochrome b5 type A (CYB5A) and steroid sulfotransferase type 2A1 but decreased 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (HSD3B2). In addition to DHEA-S, three adrenal Δ5-steroid sulfates could provide additional tools to define adrenal maturation. OBJECTIVE This study sought to simultaneously measure serum levels of four adrenal Δ5-steroid sulfates, pregnenolone sulfate (Preg-S), 17α-hydroxypregnenolone sulfate (17OHPreg-S), DHEA-S, and 5-androstenediol-3-sulfate (Adiol-S) as a function of age and relate their production to the age-dependent adrenal localization of CYB5A. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS Δ5-steroid sulfates were quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in sera from 247 normal children (129 males,118 females) age 1.5-18 y and 42 adults (20 males, 22 females). Immunofluorescence localized HSD3B2 and CYB5A in normal adrenal glands from subjects age 2-35 y. Finally, HAC15 adrenocortical cells were transduced with lentiviral short hairpin RNA to suppress CYB5A expression. RESULTS Of the Δ5-steroid sulfates quantified, DHEA-S was most abundant. Adiol-S increased in parallel with DHEA-S. Steroid ratios (17OHPreg-S/DHEA-S) suggested increases in 17,20-lyase activity during childhood. Immunofluorescence analysis showed age-related increases in ZR CYB5A immunoreactivity. Furthermore, silencing CYB5A in HAC15 adrenocortical cells significantly reduced DHEA-S and Adiol-S production. CONCLUSION Adiol-S shows a similar age-related increase to that of DHEA-S. This likely results from the childhood expansion of CYB5A-expressing ZR, which enhances 17,20-lyase activity and the production of DHEA-S and Adiol-S.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juilee Rege
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (J.R., S.K., W.E.R.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Internal Medicine (A.M.L., R.J.A.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (J.M.S.), Specially for Children, Austin, Texas 78723; Department of Pediatrics (J.Z.K.-V.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Pathology (H.S., Y.N.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575 Japan; Division of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine (Y.N.), Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8558, Japan; and Department of Pediatrics (P.C.W.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235
| | - Shigehiro Karashima
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (J.R., S.K., W.E.R.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Internal Medicine (A.M.L., R.J.A.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (J.M.S.), Specially for Children, Austin, Texas 78723; Department of Pediatrics (J.Z.K.-V.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Pathology (H.S., Y.N.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575 Japan; Division of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine (Y.N.), Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8558, Japan; and Department of Pediatrics (P.C.W.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235
| | - Antonio M Lerario
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (J.R., S.K., W.E.R.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Internal Medicine (A.M.L., R.J.A.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (J.M.S.), Specially for Children, Austin, Texas 78723; Department of Pediatrics (J.Z.K.-V.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Pathology (H.S., Y.N.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575 Japan; Division of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine (Y.N.), Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8558, Japan; and Department of Pediatrics (P.C.W.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235
| | - Joshua M Smith
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (J.R., S.K., W.E.R.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Internal Medicine (A.M.L., R.J.A.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (J.M.S.), Specially for Children, Austin, Texas 78723; Department of Pediatrics (J.Z.K.-V.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Pathology (H.S., Y.N.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575 Japan; Division of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine (Y.N.), Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8558, Japan; and Department of Pediatrics (P.C.W.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235
| | - Richard J Auchus
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (J.R., S.K., W.E.R.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Internal Medicine (A.M.L., R.J.A.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (J.M.S.), Specially for Children, Austin, Texas 78723; Department of Pediatrics (J.Z.K.-V.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Pathology (H.S., Y.N.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575 Japan; Division of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine (Y.N.), Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8558, Japan; and Department of Pediatrics (P.C.W.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235
| | - Josephine Z Kasa-Vubu
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (J.R., S.K., W.E.R.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Internal Medicine (A.M.L., R.J.A.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (J.M.S.), Specially for Children, Austin, Texas 78723; Department of Pediatrics (J.Z.K.-V.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Pathology (H.S., Y.N.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575 Japan; Division of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine (Y.N.), Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8558, Japan; and Department of Pediatrics (P.C.W.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (J.R., S.K., W.E.R.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Internal Medicine (A.M.L., R.J.A.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (J.M.S.), Specially for Children, Austin, Texas 78723; Department of Pediatrics (J.Z.K.-V.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Pathology (H.S., Y.N.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575 Japan; Division of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine (Y.N.), Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8558, Japan; and Department of Pediatrics (P.C.W.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235
| | - Yasuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (J.R., S.K., W.E.R.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Internal Medicine (A.M.L., R.J.A.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (J.M.S.), Specially for Children, Austin, Texas 78723; Department of Pediatrics (J.Z.K.-V.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Pathology (H.S., Y.N.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575 Japan; Division of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine (Y.N.), Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8558, Japan; and Department of Pediatrics (P.C.W.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235
| | - Perrin C White
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (J.R., S.K., W.E.R.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Internal Medicine (A.M.L., R.J.A.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (J.M.S.), Specially for Children, Austin, Texas 78723; Department of Pediatrics (J.Z.K.-V.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Pathology (H.S., Y.N.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575 Japan; Division of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine (Y.N.), Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8558, Japan; and Department of Pediatrics (P.C.W.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235
| | - William E Rainey
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (J.R., S.K., W.E.R.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Internal Medicine (A.M.L., R.J.A.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (J.M.S.), Specially for Children, Austin, Texas 78723; Department of Pediatrics (J.Z.K.-V.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Pathology (H.S., Y.N.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575 Japan; Division of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine (Y.N.), Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8558, Japan; and Department of Pediatrics (P.C.W.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Bulldan A, Shihan M, Goericke-Pesch S, Scheiner-Bobis G. Signaling events associated with gonadotropin releasing hormone-agonist-induced hormonal castration and its reversal in canines. Mol Reprod Dev 2016; 83:1092-1101. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Bulldan
- Institute for Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry; Giessen Germany
| | - Mazen Shihan
- Institute for Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry; Giessen Germany
| | - Sandra Goericke-Pesch
- Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Andrology of Large and Small Animals, Justus-Liebig-University; Giessen Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Tee MK, Speek M, Legeza B, Modi B, Teves ME, McAllister JM, Strauss JF, Miller WL. Alternative splicing of DENND1A, a PCOS candidate gene, generates variant 2. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 434:25-35. [PMID: 27297658 PMCID: PMC4983473 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrinopathy characterized by hyperandrogenism and metabolic disorders. The excess androgens may be of both ovarian and adrenal origin. PCOS has a strong genetic component, and genome-wide association studies have identified several candidate genes, notably DENND1A, which encodes connecdenn 1, involved in trafficking of endosomes. DENND1A encodes two principal variants, V1 (1009 amino acids) and V2 (559 amino acids). The androgen-producing ovarian theca cells of PCOS women over-express V2. Knockdown of V2 in these cells reduces androgen production, and overexpression of V2 in normal theca cells confers upon them a PCOS phenotype of increased androgen synthesis. We report that human adrenal NCI-H295A cells express V1 and V2 mRNA and that the V2 isoform is produced by exonization of sequences in intron 20, which generates a unique exon 20A, encoding the C-terminus of V2. As in human theca cells from normal women, forced expression of V2 in NCI-H295A cells resulted in increased abundance of CYP17A1 and CYP11A1 mRNAs. We also found genetic variation in the intronic region 330 bp upstream from exon 20A, which could have the potential to drive the selective expression of V2. There was no clear association with these variants with PCOS when we analyzed genomc DNA from normal women and women with PCOS. Using minigene expression vectors in NCI-H295A cells, this variable region did not consistently favor splicing of the V2 transcript. These findings suggest increased V2 expression in PCOS theca cells is not the result of genomic sequence variation in intron 20.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Kian Tee
- Department of Pediatrics and the Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Mart Speek
- Department of Pediatrics and the Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Balázs Legeza
- Department of Pediatrics and the Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Bhavi Modi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States; Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Maria Eugenia Teves
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States; Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Janette M McAllister
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Jerome F Strauss
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States; Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Walter L Miller
- Department of Pediatrics and the Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Fokidis HB. Sources of variation in plasma corticosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone in the male northern cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis): I. Seasonal patterns and effects of stress and adrenocorticotropic hormone. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 235:192-200. [PMID: 27255363 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The secretion of steroids from the adrenal gland is a classic endocrine response to perturbations that can affect homeostasis. During an acute stress response, glucocorticoids (GC), such as corticosterone (CORT), prepare the metabolic physiology and cognitive abilities of an animal in a manner that promotes survival during changing conditions. Although GC functions during stress are well established, much less is understood concerning how adrenal androgens, namely dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) are influenced by stress. I conducted three field studies (one experimental and two descriptive) aimed at identifying how both CORT and DHEA secretion in free-living male northern cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis), vary during acute stress; across different circulations (brachial vs. jugular); in response to ACTH challenge; and during the annual cycle. As predicted, restraint stress increased plasma CORT, but unexpectedly DHEA levels decreased, but the latter effect was only seen for blood sampled from the jugular vein, and not the brachial. The difference in DHEA between circulations may result from increased neural uptake of DHEA during stress. Injection with exogenous adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) increased CORT concentrations, but failed to alter DHEA levels, thus suggesting ACTH is not a direct regulator of DHEA. Monthly field sampling revealed distinct seasonal patterns to both initial and restraint stress CORT and DHEA levels with distinct differences in the steroid milieu between breeding and non-breeding seasons. These data suggest that the CORT response to stress remains relatively consistent, but DHEA secretion is largely independent of the response by CORT. Although CORT functions have been well-studied in wild animals, little research exists for the role of DHEA and their variable relationship sets the stage for future experimental research addressing steroid stress responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Bobby Fokidis
- Department of Biology, Rollins College, Winter Park, FL 37289, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Udhane SS, Dick B, Hu Q, Hartmann RW, Pandey AV. Specificity of anti-prostate cancer CYP17A1 inhibitors on androgen biosynthesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 477:1005-1010. [PMID: 27395338 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The orteronel, abiraterone and galeterone, which were developed to treat castration resistant prostate cancer, inhibit 17,20 lyase activity but little is known about their effects on adrenal androgen biosynthesis. We studied the effect of several inhibitors and found that orteronel was selective towards 17,20 lyase activity than abiraterone and galeterone. Gene expression analysis showed that galeterone altered the expression of HSD3B2 but orteronel did not change the expression of HSD3B2, CYP17A1 and AKR1C3. The CYP19A1 activity was not inhibited except by compound IV which lowered activity by 23%. Surprisingly abiraterone caused complete blockade of CYP21A2 activity. Analysis of steroid metabolome by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry revealed changes in steroid levels caused by different inhibitors. We can conclude that orteronel is a highly specific inhibitor of 17,20 lyase activity. The discovery of these specific drug actions on steroidogenic enzyme activities would be valuable for understanding the regulation of androgens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sameer S Udhane
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Dick
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Qingzhong Hu
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C2.3, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rolf W Hartmann
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C2.3, Saarbrücken, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Campus E 8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Amit V Pandey
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
van der Kolk JH, Fouché N, Gross JJ, Gerber V, Bruckmaier RM. A comparison between the equine and bovine hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2016; 56 Suppl:S101-11. [PMID: 27345307 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we address the function of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis with special emphasis on the comparison between the bovine and equine species. The pars intermedia of the pituitary gland is particularly well developed in horses and cattle. However, its function is not well appreciated in cattle yet. The Wulzen's cone of the adenohypophysis is a special feature of ruminants. Total basal cortisol concentration is much higher in horses than that in cows with similar free cortisol fractions. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) concentrations in equine pituitary venous blood are lower compared with other species, whereas plasma ACTH concentrations in cows are higher than those in horses. A CRF challenge test induced a more pronounced cortisol response in horses compared with cattle, whereas regarding ACTH challenge testing, the opposite seems true. Based on data from literature, the bovine species is characterized by relatively high basal blood CRF and ACTH and low cortisol and glucose concentrations. Obviously, further lowering of blood cortisol in cattle is easily prevented by the high sensitivity to ACTH, and as a consequence, subsequent increased gluconeogenesis prevents imminent hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia is less likely in horses given their high muscle glycogen content and their relatively high cortisol concentration. When assessing HPA axis reactivity, response patterns to exogenous ACTH or CRH might be used as a reliable indicator of animal welfare status in cows and horses, respectively, although it is emphasized that considerable caution should be exercised in using measures of HPA activity solely to assess animal welfare.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J H van der Kolk
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Swiss Institute for Equine Medicine (ISME), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern and Agroscope, Bern 3012, Switzerland.
| | - N Fouché
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Swiss Institute for Equine Medicine (ISME), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern and Agroscope, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - J J Gross
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - V Gerber
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Swiss Institute for Equine Medicine (ISME), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern and Agroscope, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - R M Bruckmaier
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Quinn TA, Ratnayake U, Dickinson H, Castillo-Melendez M, Walker DW. The feto-placental unit, and potential roles of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in prenatal and postnatal brain development: A re-examination using the spiny mouse. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 160:204-13. [PMID: 26485665 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) by the fetal adrenal gland is important for placental oestrogen production, and may also be important for modulating the effects of glucocorticoids on the developing brain. We have preciously shown that the enzymes and accessory proteins needed for DHEA synthesis-cytochrome P450 enzyme 17α-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase (P450c17), cytochrome-b5 (Cytb5), 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3βHSD)-are expressed in the adrenal gland from 30 days gestation, and DHEA, cortisol and aldosterone are present in fetal plasma from this time. Explant culture of fetal adrenal tissue showed that the spiny mouse adrenal gland, can synthesize and secrete DHEA from at least 0.75 of gestation, and suggest that DHEA may have an important role(s) in placental biosynthesis of oestrogens and in modulating the actions of glucocorticoids in the developing brain in this species. Post-natally, increased immuno-expression of P450c17 and Cytb5 expression in the zona reticularis of the adrenal gland and a significant increase in the synthesis and secretion of DHEA in plasma from 8 to 20 days of age in the spiny mouse, are representative of a period of high adrenal androgen production consistent with the human phenomenon of adrenarche. The studies summarised in this review also show that DHEA is produced de novo in the developing brain of the spiny mouse. These results showed that the spiny mouse brain can indeed produce DHEA from pregnenolone in a time-dependant manner, and coupled with the identification of P450c17 and Cytb5 protein in several regions of the brain, support the idea that DHEA is an endogenous neuro-active steroid in this species. Together, the studies outlined in this review indicate that the androgen DHEA is an important hormone of adrenal and Central Nervous System (CNS) origin in the fetal and postnatal spiny mouse. Disturbance of the development of these fetal tissues, and/or of the relationship between the fetal adrenal gland and placenta during pregnancy, may have significant consequences for fetal development, placental function, and maturation of the brain. It is proposed that such disturbances of normal adrenal function could account for some of the neuropathologies that arise in juvenile and adult offspring following illness and stress experienced by the mother during pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tracey A Quinn
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Australia; Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton 3168, Australia
| | - Udani Ratnayake
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Australia; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne University, Australia
| | - Hayley Dickinson
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Australia; Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton 3168, Australia
| | - Margie Castillo-Melendez
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Australia; Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton 3168, Australia; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne University, Australia
| | - David W Walker
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Australia; Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton 3168, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Santos AC, Viana DC, Bertassoli BM, Vasconcelos BG, Oliveira DM, Rici REG, Oliveira MF, Miglino MA, Assis-Neto AC. Adrenal glands of Spix's yellow-toothed cavy (Galea spixii, Wagler, 1831): morphological and morphometric aspects. BRAZ J BIOL 2016; 76:645-55. [DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.23514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Considering the physiological importance and need of greater morphophysiological knowledge of adrenal glands, the aims of present study were compare the morphometric data between left and right adrenal of male and female; perform a histological, scanning and transmission electron microscopy study showing tissue constitution of glands; finally, in order to define the presence and correct site of the cytochrome P450c17 expression in adrenal glands, immunohistochemical study of this enzyme was performed in 18 adrenal glands (right n=9 and left n=9) of nine adult Galea spixii (four males and five females). Right adrenal was more cranially positioned than left adrenal; dimensions (weight, length and width) of right adrenal was larger than left adrenal; no differences between male and female body and adrenal measurements were found; the morphology of cells and different amounts of lipid droplets may be related to the different demands of steroid hormones production, related to each zone of the adrenal cortex; and, the cytochrome P450c17 immunolocalization in fasciculate and reticular zone may be related with synthesis of 17-hydroxy-pregnenolone, 17-hydroxy-progesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone or androstenedione.
Collapse
|
40
|
Kido T, Honma S, Nhu DD, Manh HD, Van Tung D, Liang SX, Anh LT, Okamoto R, Maruzeni S, Nakagawa H, Hung NN, Son LK. Inverse association of highly chlorinated dioxin congeners in maternal breast milk with dehydroepiandrosterone levels in three-year-old Vietnamese children. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 550:248-255. [PMID: 26820928 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the endocrine-disrupting effect of dioxin congeners on adrenal steroid hormones in mother-child pairs. In our previous study, we found that cortisol and cortisone levels were higher in the blood and the saliva of mothers living in a dioxin hotspot area than in mothers from a non-exposed region in Vietnam. In this follow-up study, we determined the salivary steroid hormone levels in 49 and 55 three-year-old children of these mothers in the hotspot and non-exposed region, respectively. Steroid hormones were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and dioxin in the maternal breast milk was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Dioxin levels in the breast milk of mothers from the hotspot (median total toxic equivalents polychlorinated dibenzodioxins/polychlorinated dibenzofurans; (TEQ PCDD/Fs) of 11pg/g lipid) were three to four times higher than those of mothers in the non-exposed region (median TEQ PCDD/Fs of 3.07pg/g lipid). Salivary dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) levels in children were found to be significantly lower in the hotspot than in the non-exposed region, while cortisol and cortisone levels were not different between the two regions. Highly chlorinated dioxin congeners, such as octacholorodibenzodioxin (OCDD), 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptacholorodibenzodioxin (HpCDD) and 1,2,3,4 (or 6), 7,8-hexachlorodibenzodioxin Hx(CDD), showed stronger inverse associations with the children's salivary DHEA than other lowly chlorinated dioxin congeners. Glucocorticoid levels in the mothers exhibited a significantly positive correlation with OCDD and HpCDD/F (polychlorinated dibenzofurans). In conclusion, highly chlorinated dioxin congeners are more strongly correlated with endocrine-disrupting effects on adrenal hormones, resulting in high cortisol levels in the mothers and low DHEA levels in their three-year-old children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teruhiko Kido
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Seijiro Honma
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Dang Duc Nhu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Ho Dung Manh
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Japan; Faculty of Pharmacy, Lac Hong University, No. 10 Huynh Van Nghe, Buu Long, Bien Hoa, Dong Nai, Viet Nam
| | - Dao Van Tung
- Hanoi Medical University, No.1 Ton That Tung, Dong Da, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Viettiep Hospital, No. 1 Nha Thuong, Le Chan, Hai Phong, Viet Nam
| | - Sun Xian Liang
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Japan; Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Jiaxing University, 118 Jiahang Road, Jiaxing, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Le Thai Anh
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Rie Okamoto
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shoko Maruzeni
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hideaki Nakagawa
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Nguyen Ngoc Hung
- Hanoi Medical University, No.1 Ton That Tung, Dong Da, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Le Ke Son
- Environment Administration, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, 67 Nguyen Du Street, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Odermatt A, Strajhar P, Engeli RT. Disruption of steroidogenesis: Cell models for mechanistic investigations and as screening tools. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 158:9-21. [PMID: 26807866 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In the modern world, humans are exposed during their whole life to a large number of synthetic chemicals. Some of these chemicals have the potential to disrupt endocrine functions and contribute to the development and/or progression of major diseases. Every year approximately 1000 novel chemicals, used in industrial production, agriculture, consumer products or as pharmaceuticals, are reaching the market, often with limited safety assessment regarding potential endocrine activities. Steroids are essential endocrine hormones, and the importance of the steroidogenesis pathway as a target for endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) has been recognized by leading scientists and authorities. Cell lines have a prominent role in the initial stages of toxicity assessment, i.e. for mechanistic investigations and for the medium to high throughput analysis of chemicals for potential steroidogenesis disrupting activities. Nevertheless, the users have to be aware of the limitations of the existing cell models in order to apply them properly, and there is a great demand for improved cell-based testing systems and protocols. This review intends to provide an overview of the available cell lines for studying effects of chemicals on gonadal and adrenal steroidogenesis, their use and limitations, as well as the need for future improvements of cell-based testing systems and protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Odermatt
- Swiss Center for Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Petra Strajhar
- Swiss Center for Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roger T Engeli
- Swiss Center for Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Utriainen P, Laakso S, Liimatta J, Jääskeläinen J, Voutilainen R. Premature adrenarche--a common condition with variable presentation. Horm Res Paediatr 2016; 83:221-31. [PMID: 25676474 DOI: 10.1159/000369458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenarche refers to a maturational increase in the secretion of adrenal androgen precursors, mainly dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfate (DHEAS). In premature adrenarche (PA), clinical signs of androgen action appear before the age of 8/9 years in girls/boys, concurrently with the circulating DHEA(S) concentrations above the usually low prepubertal level. The most pronounced sign of PA is the appearance of pubic/axillary hair, but also other signs of androgen effect (adult type body odor, acne/comedones, greasy hair, accelerated statural growth) are important to recognize. PA children are often overweight and taller than their peers, and the higher prevalence of PA in girls than in boys is probably explained by higher female adiposity and peripheral DHEA(S) conversion to active androgens. PA diagnosis requires exclusion of other causes of androgen excess: congenital adrenal hyperplasia, androgen-producing tumors, precocious puberty, and exogenous source of androgens. PA has been linked with unfavorable metabolic features including hyperinsulinism, dyslipidemia, and later-appearing ovarian hyperandrogenism. Although this common condition is usually benign, PA children with additional risk factors including obesity should be followed up, with the focus on weight and lifestyle. Long-term follow-up studies are warranted to clarify if the metabolic changes detected in PA children persist until adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pauliina Utriainen
- Department of Pediatrics, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Udhane SS, Flück CE. Regulation of human (adrenal) androgen biosynthesis-New insights from novel throughput technology studies. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 102:20-33. [PMID: 26498719 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Androgens are precursors for sex steroids and are predominantly produced in the human gonads and the adrenal cortex. They are important for intrauterine and postnatal sexual development and human reproduction. Although human androgen biosynthesis has been extensively studied in the past, exact mechanisms underlying the regulation of androgen production in health and disease remain vague. Here, the knowledge on human androgen biosynthesis and regulation is reviewed with a special focus on human adrenal androgen production and the hyperandrogenic disorder of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Since human androgen regulation is highly specific without a good animal model, most studies are performed on patients harboring inborn errors of androgen biosynthesis, on human biomaterials and human (tumor) cell models. In the past, most studies used a candidate gene approach while newer studies use high throughput technologies to identify novel regulators of androgen biosynthesis. Using genome wide association studies on cohorts of patients, novel PCOS candidate genes have been recently described. Variant 2 of the DENND1A gene was found overexpressed in PCOS theca cells and confirmed to enhance androgen production. Transcriptome profiling of dissected adrenal zones established a role for BMP4 in androgen synthesis. Similarly, transcriptome analysis of human adrenal NCI-H295 cells identified novel regulators of androgen production. Kinase p38α (MAPK14) was found to phosphorylate CYP17 for enhanced 17,20 lyase activity and RARB and ANGPTL1 were detected in novel networks regulating androgens. The discovery of novel players for androgen biosynthesis is of clinical significance as it provides targets for diagnostic and therapeutic use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sameer S Udhane
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology of the Department of Pediatrics and Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christa E Flück
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology of the Department of Pediatrics and Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
McIlmoil S, Call GB, Barney M, Strickland J, Judd AM. Interleukin-6 inhibits adrenal androgen release from bovine adrenal zona reticularis cells by inhibiting the expression of steroidogenic proteins. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2015. [PMID: 26218834 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is secreted by adrenocortical cells and modifies cortisol secretion. In this study, the effects of IL-6 on adrenal androgen release were investigated. The zona reticularis (ZR) was generally isolated from bovine adrenal glands by dissection. In select experiments, the intact adrenal cortex (ie, all 3 adrenocortical zones) was dissected from the adrenal glands. For androgen release experiments, ZR and intact adrenocortical cubes were dispersed into isolated cells, the cells cultured and exposed to IL-6 and/or adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and androgen release determined by radioimmunoassay. Basal and ACTH-stimulated androgen release from the ZR was inhibited by IL-6 in a concentration-dependent (10-1000 pg/mL) and time-dependent (4-24 h) manner (P < 0.01 by 1-way analysis of variance and the Bonferroni test). In contrast, IL-6 increased basal and ACTH-stimulated androgen release from mixed adrenocortical cells (P < 0.01). The mechanism of IL-6 inhibition of androgen release was investigated by exposing ZR strips to IL-6 and measuring the expression of the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein of steroidogenic factors. Basal and ACTH-stimulated expression of the mRNA and protein for steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme, 3-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2, steroid 17-α-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase/17,20 desmolase, and the nuclear factor steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1), that stimulates steroidogenesis, were decreased by IL-6 (P < 0.01). In contrast IL-6 increased the mRNA and protein for dosage-sensitive sex reversal, adrenal hypoplasia critical region, on chromosome X, gene 1 (DAX-1), a nuclear factor that inhibits steroidogenesis (P < 0.01). In summary, IL-6 decreased androgen release and the expression of steroidogenic factors in the ZR, and this decrease may be mediated in part through increasing DAX-1 and decreasing SF-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S McIlmoil
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA; Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - G B Call
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA; Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - M Barney
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA; Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - J Strickland
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA; Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - A M Judd
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA; Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Kempná P, Marti N, Udhane S, Flück CE. Regulation of androgen biosynthesis - A short review and preliminary results from the hyperandrogenic starvation NCI-H295R cell model. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 408:124-32. [PMID: 25543021 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of androgen production is poorly understood. Adrenarche is the physiologic event in mid-childhood when the adrenal zona reticularis starts to produce androgens through specific expression of genes for enzymes and cofactors necessary for androgen synthesis. Similarly, expression and activities of same genes and products are deregulated in hyperandrogenic disorders such as the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Numerous studies revealed involvement of several signaling pathways stimulated through G-protein coupled receptors or growth factors transmitting their effects through cAMP- or non-cAMP-dependent signaling. Overall a complex network regulates androgen synthesis targeting involved genes and proteins at the transcriptional and post-translational levels. Newest players in the field are the DENND1A gene identified in PCOS patients and the MAPK14 which is the kinase phosphorylating CYP17 for enhanced lyase activity. Next generation sequencing studies of PCOS patients and transcriptome analysis of androgen producing tissues or cell models provide newer tools to identify modulators of androgen synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Kempná
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, and Department of Clinical Research, Inselspital, University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nesa Marti
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, and Department of Clinical Research, Inselspital, University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sameer Udhane
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, and Department of Clinical Research, Inselspital, University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christa E Flück
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, and Department of Clinical Research, Inselspital, University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Miller WL, Tee MK. The post-translational regulation of 17,20 lyase activity. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 408:99-106. [PMID: 25224484 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A single enzyme, microsomal P450c17, catalyzes the 17α-hydroxylase activity needed to make cortisol and the subsequent 17,20 lyase activity needed to produce the 19-carbon precursors of sex steroids. The biochemical decision concerning whether P450c17 stops after 17α-hydroxylation or proceeds to 17,20 lyase activity is largely dependent on three post-translational factors. First, 17,20 lyase activity is especially sensitive to the molar abundance of the electron-transfer protein P450 oxidoreductase (POR). Second, cytochrome b5 strongly promotes 17,20 lyase activity, principally by acting as an allosteric factor promoting the interaction of P450c17 with POR, although a minor role as an alternative electron-transfer protein has not been wholly excluded. Third, the serine/threonine phosphorylation of P450c17 itself promotes 17,20 lyase activity, again apparently by promoting the interaction of P450c17 with POR. The principal kinase that phosphorylates P450c17 to confer 17,20 lyase activity appears to be p38α (MAPK14), which increases the maximum velocity of the 17,20 lyase reaction, while having no effect on the Michaelis constant for 17,20 lyase or any detectable effect on the 17α-hydroxylase reaction. Other kinases can also phosphorylate P450c17, but only p38α has been shown to affect its enzymology. Understanding the mechanisms regulating 17,20 lyase activity is essential for the understanding of hyperandrogenic disorders such as premature, exaggerated adrenarche and the polycystic ovary syndrome, and also for the design of selective 17,20 lyase inhibitors for use in hyperandrogenic states and in sex-steroid dependent cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walter L Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0978, USA.
| | - Meng Kian Tee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0978, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Prenatal treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia by administering dexamethasone to a woman presumed to be carrying an at-risk fetus remains a controversial experimental treatment. Review of data from animal experimentation and human trials indicates that dexamethasone cannot be considered safe for the fetus. In animals, prenatal dexamethasone decreases birth weight, affects renal, pancreatic beta cell and brain development, increases anxiety and predisposes to adult hypertension and hyperglycemia. In human studies, prenatal dexamethasone is associated with orofacial clefts, decreased birth weight, poorer verbal working memory, and poorer self-perception of scholastic and social competence. Numerous medical societies have cautioned that prenatal treatment of adrenal hyperplasia with dexamethasone is not appropriate for routine clinical practice and should only be done in Institutional Review Board approved, prospective clinical research settings with written informed consent. The data indicate that this treatment is inconsistent with the classic medical ethical maxim to 'first do no harm'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walter L Miller
- Department of Pediatrics and Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco CA 94143-0556, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Guran T, Firat I, Yildiz F, Kaplan Bulut I, Dogru M, Bereket A. Reference values for serum dehydroepiandrosterone-sulphate in healthy children and adolescents with emphasis on the age of adrenarche and pubarche. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2015; 82:712-8. [PMID: 25208296 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adrenarche is a component of normal pubertal development. Recent decades have witnessed changes in the timing and tempo of puberty in different populations. We aimed to obtain normative data on dehydroepiandrosterone-sulphate (DHEA-S) secretion in healthy children and to evaluate the age of adrenarche, pubarche and the DHEA-S levels at which pubarche starts in both sexes. METHODS Serum DHEA-S concentrations were measured in 531 healthy (291 female) Turkish children aged 1 month-18 years by an automated chemiluminescence method. Pubic hair development was evaluated. DHEA-S concentrations >108·4 nmol/l (40 μg/dl) were regarded as adrenarche. Age-related normative data were constructed. Age at adrenarche and pubarche and the DHEA-S levels at pubarche were estimated using ROC analyses. RESULTS Serum DHEA-S levels were high in the first 6 months of life then declined below 108·4 nmol/l (40 μg/dl) with a cut-off age of 0·46 years for girls and 0·61 years for boys with 98% and 96% statistical sensitivity. Stable minimum levels were observed for the following 5 years. The cut-off age for DHEA-S levels rising above 108·4 nmol/l (40 μg/dl) was 8·0 and 7·0 years for girls for boys, respectively. DHEA-S levels at transition from Tanner stage P1 to P2 was 90·5 nmol/l (33·4 μg/dl) in girls and 118 nmol/l (43·6 μg/dl) in boys. Median (CI) DHEA-S levels were 170·7(94·8-336) and 244(119·2-357·7) nmo/l [63(35-124) and 90(44-132) μg/dl] in girls and boys, respectively, with Tanner stage P2 pubic hair. CONCLUSIONS We established reference data of serum DHEA-S levels in a large group of children. Currently, adrenarche (DHEA-S>108·4 nmol/l) starts 1 year earlier in boys but higher DHEA-S levels are needed for transition from P1 to P2 in boys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tulay Guran
- Zeynep Kamil Maternity and Children's Diseases Research and Training State Hospital, Altunizade, Istanbul, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Marmara University, Pendik, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Voutilainen R, Jääskeläinen J. Premature adrenarche: etiology, clinical findings, and consequences. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 145:226-36. [PMID: 24923732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Adrenarche means the morphological and functional change of the adrenal cortex leading to increasing production of adrenal androgen precursors (AAPs) in mid childhood, typically at around 5-8 years of age in humans. The AAPs dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfate conjugate (DHEAS) are the best serum markers of adrenal androgen (AA) secretion and adrenarche. Normal ACTH secretion and action are needed for adrenarche, but additional inherent and exogenous factors regulate AA secretion. Inter-individual variation in the timing of adrenarche and serum concentrations of DHEA(S) in adolescence and adulthood are remarkable. Premature adrenarche (PA) is defined as the appearance of clinical signs of androgen action (pubic/axillary hair, adult type body odor, oily skin or hair, comedones, acne, accelerated statural growth) before the age of 8 years in girls or 9 years in boys associated with AAP concentrations high for the prepubertal chronological age. To accept the diagnosis of PA, central puberty, adrenocortical and gonadal sex hormone secreting tumors, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and exogenous source of androgens need to be excluded. The individually variable peripheral conversion of circulating AAPs to biologically more active androgens (testosterone, dihydrotestosterone) and the androgen receptor activity in the target tissues are as important as the circulating AAP concentrations as determinants of androgen action. PA has gained much attention during the last decades, as it has been associated with small birth size, the metabolic and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), and thus with an increased risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases in later life. The aim of this review is to describe the known hormonal changes and their possible regulators in on-time and premature adrenarche, and the clinical features and possible later health problems associating with PA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raimo Voutilainen
- Department of Pediatrics, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 100, Kuopio FI-70029, Finland.
| | - Jarmo Jääskeläinen
- Department of Pediatrics, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 100, Kuopio FI-70029, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Fokidis HB, Adomat HH, Kharmate G, Hosseini-Beheshti E, Guns ES, Soma KK. Regulation of local steroidogenesis in the brain and in prostate cancer: lessons learned from interdisciplinary collaboration. Front Neuroendocrinol 2015; 36:108-29. [PMID: 25223867 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sex steroids play critical roles in the regulation of the brain and many other organs. Traditionally, researchers have focused on sex steroid signaling that involves travel from the gonads via the circulation to intracellular receptors in target tissues. This classic concept has been challenged, however, by the growing number of cases in which steroids are synthesized locally and act locally within diverse tissues. For example, the brain and prostate carcinoma were previously considered targets of gonadal sex steroids, but under certain circumstances, these tissues can upregulate their steroidogenic potential, particularly when circulating sex steroid concentrations are low. We review some of the similarities and differences between local sex steroid synthesis in the brain and prostate cancer. We also share five lessons that we have learned during the course of our interdisciplinary collaboration, which brought together neuroendocrinologists and cancer biologists. These lessons have important implications for future research in both fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Bobby Fokidis
- Department of Biology, Rollins College, Winter Park, FL 37289, USA; Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada.
| | - Hans H Adomat
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | | | | | - Emma S Guns
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; Department of Urological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Kiran K Soma
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Brain Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|