1
|
Staśkiewicz-Bartecka W, Kalpana K, Aktaş S, Khanna GL, Zydek G, Kardas M, Michalczyk MM. The Impact of Social Media and Socio-Cultural Attitudes toward Body Image on the Risk of Orthorexia among Female Football Players of Different Nationalities. Nutrients 2024; 16:3199. [PMID: 39339799 PMCID: PMC11435300 DOI: 10.3390/nu16183199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2024] [Revised: 09/16/2024] [Accepted: 09/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Orthorexia Nervosa (ON) is an emerging behavioral pattern characterized by an obsessive focus on healthy eating. Despite its prevalence, ON lacks formal diagnostic criteria in major classification systems like the DSM-5 and the ICD-10. This study aims to investigate the impact of socio-cultural attitudes towards body image and the role of social media on the risk of ON among female football players from Poland, Turkey, and India. This study hypothesizes that socio-cultural pressures and media usage significantly influence the risk of developing ON, particularly in cultures more exposed to Western beauty ideals. METHODS The study was conducted from May to August 2024, employing the Computer-Assisted Web Interview method. A total of 142 female football players aged 16-36 from Poland, Turkey, and India participated. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire that included demographic information and health metrics, the Socio-Cultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire, and the Duesseldorf Orthorexia Scale. Statistical analyses included an ANOVA, the Kruskal-Wallis test, the chi-square test, and Pearson's correlation coefficient. RESULTS The study found that nearly half of the participants were at risk of or presented with ON, with the highest prevalence being among Indian athletes. Statistically significant relationships were observed between the risk of ON and factors such as age, dietary exclusions, social media usage, and sources of nutritional information. However, no significant correlation was found between socio-cultural attitudes and the risk of ON, suggesting that other factors may play a more critical role. CONCLUSIONS While socio-cultural pressures and media use are contributing factors to the risk of ON, psychological factors and individual behaviors appear to be equally, if not more, significant. This study highlights the importance of targeted educational programs and psychological support for young athletes, with a focus on promoting healthy dietary practices and positive body image perceptions across varying cultural contexts. Additionally, the results suggest the need for further research into the specific psychological and behavioral mechanisms underlying ON.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wiktoria Staśkiewicz-Bartecka
- Department of Food Technology and Quality Assessment, School of Public Health in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Kommi Kalpana
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Allied Health Sciences, Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Studies, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Samet Aktaş
- Department of Training Education, Faculty of Sports Science, Batman University, Batman 72000, Turkey
| | - Gulshan Lal Khanna
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Allied Health Sciences, Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Studies, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Grzegorz Zydek
- Department of Sport Nutrition, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, ul. Mikołowska 72A, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
| | - Marek Kardas
- Department of Food Technology and Quality Assessment, School of Public Health in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Magdalena Michalczyk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, ul. Mikołowska 72A, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Barnhart WR, Cui T, Cui S, Sun H, Xu Y, Chen G, Ji F, He J. Exploring the reciprocal relationships between body image flexibility and body fat and muscularity dissatisfaction: An 18-month longitudinal study in Chinese adolescents. Body Image 2024; 51:101789. [PMID: 39270474 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Body image flexibility has shown robust negative associations with body dissatisfaction. However, research in this area is confined to cross-sectional studies on adults in Western cultural contexts. Responding to these gaps and the unique cultural nuances and increasing prevalence estimates of body dissatisfaction in China, we examined the bi-directional nature of body image flexibility and body fat and muscularity dissatisfaction in Chinese adolescent boys and girls (N = 1381, 57.3 % girls) at two points over 18 months (Wave [W] 1=baseline, W2=18 months later). We also explored sex differences in longitudinal models. In boys, higher W1 body image flexibility was associated with lower W2 body fat dissatisfaction, and higher W1 body fat dissatisfaction was associated with lower W2 body image flexibility. Null prospective associations between body image flexibility and muscularity dissatisfaction were identified in boys. In girls, higher W1 body fat and muscularity body dissatisfaction were associated with lower W2 body image flexibility. Higher W1 body image flexibility was associated with lower W2 body fat and muscularity dissatisfaction in girls. We found no significant sex differences in the models. Findings advance a multicultural understanding of the temporal and bi-directional links between body image flexibility and body fat and muscularity dissatisfaction in Chinese adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wesley R Barnhart
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA; Department of Psychiatry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Tianxiang Cui
- Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Shuqi Cui
- Division of Applied Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongyi Sun
- School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Yinuo Xu
- Division of Applied Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Gui Chen
- College of Educational Science, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Feng Ji
- Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jinbo He
- Division of Applied Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rodgers RF, Nowicki GP. #Thisis40: Body image among adult women who post selfies. J Women Aging 2024; 36:372-381. [PMID: 38824660 DOI: 10.1080/08952841.2024.2347712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Prior research suggests that using photo-based social media may increase body image concerns among young women. Consumption of versus contribution to social media may moderate this relationship, and the type of content contributed (e.g., self-images or "selfies") may further account for variations. A critical limitation of the extant scholarship is a lack of attention to understudied groups, such as older women. Using a cross-sectional sample of 238 midlife women (Mage = 50.92), this study investigated the relationship between social media behavior, perceived effects of social media use, and body image indices. Results indicated that our sample of midlife women contributed mainly photos of their current setting and family, contrasting with prior work among younger women. Results suggested that the type of content contributed may be more pertinent to body image than social media behavior generally, and highlighted complex relationships. Posting photos broadly was associated only with lower drive for youthfulness. However, selfie posting specifically was associated with greater facial satisfaction as well as greater positive (e.g., connectedness) and negative (e.g., appearance concerns) perceived effects of social media, but not drive for youthfulness. Results suggest that the type of content contributed to social media may be a particularly important factor for body image, and highlight complex relationships potentially influenced by unmeasured factors such as social media use motivations. Together, these findings contribute to a fuller understanding of social media and body image and call for further theoretically-driven work in this area to guide effective prevention resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel F Rodgers
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Genevieve P Nowicki
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ganson KT, Nagata JM. Prevalence and correlates of appearance- and performance-enhancing drugs and substances use among a national sample of college students aged 18-30. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2024; 72:1336-1340. [PMID: 35623043 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2022.2076104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To identify the lifetime prevalence and correlates of appearance- and performance-enhancing drugs and substances (APEDS) use among a national sample of US college and university students. Participants: Student participants from the 2020-2021 Healthy Minds Study (N = 7,401; ages 18-30 years). Methods: Lifetime prevalence of five forms of APEDS was estimated. Modified Poisson regression analyses were conducted to determine the sociodemographic correlates of protein and creatine supplement use. Results: Lifetime protein (23.8%) and creatine (7.7%) supplement use were most common among the sample. Older age within young adulthood, male sex, perceiving oneself to be normal weight or somewhat overweight, any athletics participation, and 2-3 or ≥ 5 h/week of exercise were associated with greater likelihood of lifetime protein and creatine supplement use. Conclusions: Awareness and prevention efforts on the potential harms of APEDS use are needed on campuses, particularly among males and those who participate in athletics and high-frequency exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle T Ganson
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason M Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
He J, Cui S, Cui T, Barnhart WR, Han J, Xu Y, Nagata JM. Exploring the associations between muscularity teasing and eating and body image disturbances in Chinese men and women. Body Image 2024; 49:101697. [PMID: 38460293 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
This study described muscularity teasing in both men and women and explored its associations with eating and body image disturbances in adults from China. A total of 900 Chinese adults (50% women) were recruited online. Correlation and regression analyses were conducted to examine the relationships between muscularity teasing and a battery of measures on eating and body image disturbances. Gender differences in the associations were examined. Men reported more muscularity teasing than women (31.6% men vs. 15.6% women; χ2(1,N = 900) = 31.99, p < .001). Muscularity teasing was significantly and positively correlated with all measures in both men and women. Muscularity teasing explained significant, unique variance in all measures for men and women, except for body fat dissatisfaction in women, beyond covariates (i.e., age, body mass index, and weight teasing). The relationships between muscularity teasing and eating and body image disturbances were generally stronger in men than women. Findings further suggest that muscularity teasing is an important factor related to eating and body image disturbances in men and women, but muscularity teasing might be more detrimental to men's eating behaviors and body image. Future research is needed to further explore the directionality and mechanisms of the links between muscularity teasing and eating and body image disturbances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo He
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Shuqi Cui
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Tianxiang Cui
- Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Wesley R Barnhart
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
| | - Jiayi Han
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yinuo Xu
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jason M Nagata
- Division of Adolescent & Young Adult Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rodgers RF, Hewett RC, Nowicki GP. A sociocultural model of the relationships between social media use and body image in midlife women. Eat Behav 2024; 53:101867. [PMID: 38484477 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2024.101867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
The use of photo-based social media has been associated with body image concerns among young women. Women in midlife are increasingly experiencing appearance pressures, and these pressures might be particularly strong on social media. However, to date, most of the research on social media use has focused on younger women, and this constitutes an important gap. The purpose of this study was therefore to examine a model of the relationships among social media use and body image among women aged 40 and over. A convenience sample of 192 women aged 40-73 years completed an online survey assessing selfie investment, social media appearance pressures, thin-ideal internalization, appearance comparison, weight and shape concerns, facial satisfaction, drive for youthfulness and drive for muscularity. The final sociocultural model was a good fit to the data, and thin-ideal internalization and appearance comparisons mediated the pathways between the social media variables and the body image ones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel F Rodgers
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, USA; Department of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | - Ruthann C Hewett
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, USA
| | - Genevieve P Nowicki
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mueller VM, Forrer F, Meyer AH, Munsch S. Psychological correlates of body dissatisfaction in Swiss youth over a one-year study-period. Front Psychol 2024; 14:1269364. [PMID: 38259526 PMCID: PMC10802120 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1269364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction It is well known that young individuals often report pronounced negative perceptions and attitudes towards their own body or intense fear of being not muscular enough. There is much less data available, however, on the role of psychological mechanisms on these perceptions and attitudes, such as emotion regulation difficulties, correlates of alexithymia, and appearance-related rejection sensitivity. Methods We therefore set out to assess associations between these psychological mechanisms, and body image as well as muscle dysmorphic symptoms. Our sample was recruited as part of a larger-scale study aiming at assessing correlates of mental health (with a focus on eating disorder symptoms) in German speaking Switzerland. The first wave (T1), starting in April 2021, included 605 participants (80% female, 19.6 ± 2.5 years) who completed the online-questionnaire and were reassessed in a second wave (T2), one year later. Results Results indicated that at both waves, emotion regulation difficulties [DERS-SF] and appearance-based rejection sensitivity [ARS-D] were both positively cross-sectionally associated with body dissatisfaction [BSQ-8C] and muscle dysmorphic symptoms [MDDI] at the first assessment time-point and one year later at follow-up assessment. Moreover, alexithymia [TAS-20] was positively cross-sectionally associated with muscle dysmorphic symptoms at both waves. We further observed high absolute and relative level stabilities for all variables involved across the one-year study period. Discussion/Conclusion Even though the effects for some associations were rather small, our findings underline the relevance of such mechanisms in the development of body dissatisfaction and to a lesser extent of muscle dysmorphia symptoms over the period of one year. Additional research is necessary to replicate these findings in other youth samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verena M. Mueller
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Felicitas Forrer
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Andrea H. Meyer
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simone Munsch
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
He J, Cui S, Barnhart WR, Xu Y, Shen S, Lin J, Nagata JM. Validation of the Muscularity Bias Internalization Scale in Chinese women. Body Image 2023; 47:101627. [PMID: 37742536 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.101627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The Muscularity Bias Internalization Scale (MBIS) captures an individual's endorsement of stereotypical beliefs about muscularity and engagement in self-stigmatizing evaluations about their muscularity. The MBIS has been validated in Chinese men and Lebanese men and women, showing strong internal consistency reliability and construct validity. Because muscularity-related body image concerns are present in Chinese women, there is a need for research to validate the MBIS in Chinese women. The present study examined the factor structure and psychometric properties of the MBIS in a sample of Chinese women. Exploratory factor analysis (n = 300) identified a two-factor structure which showed adequate model fit in confirmatory factor analysis (n = 300), with χ2(76) = 294.63 (p < .001), CFI = 0.98, TLI = 0.98, and SRMR = 0.05. Results also showed that the MBIS in women had adequate internal consistency, two-week test-retest reliability, and good construct validity. Findings suggest that the MBIS is a useful tool for assessing muscularity bias internalization, a potentially important risk factor for muscularity-oriented eating and body image disturbances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo He
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Shuqi Cui
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wesley R Barnhart
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
| | - Yinuo Xu
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sihe Shen
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiaming Lin
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jason M Nagata
- Division of Adolescent & Young Adult Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ganson KT, Nguyen L, Ali ARH, Nagata JM, Rodgers RF, Murray SB, Alaggia R. "Eat more protein, build more muscle": A grounded theory study of muscle-building behaviors among Canadian adolescents and young adults. Body Image 2023; 47:101635. [PMID: 37806066 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.101635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Unique risk factors for the development of muscle dissatisfaction and engagement in muscle-building behaviors have been described by theoretical frameworks and supported by empirical research. What remains unknown are the unique processes, including catalysts and facilitators, which underpin engagement in muscle-building behaviors. Therefore, this study used a grounded theory methodology to elucidate the process of engagement in muscle-building behaviors. Thirty-three individual semi-structured interviews with Canadian adolescents and young adults ages 16-30 years were conducted. Transcripts were analyzed using initial and focused coding to identify themes that explained the grounded theory. The core theme underpinning the grounded theory was balancing aesthetic, health, and functional goals in relation to participants' engagement in muscle-building behaviors. Participants described experiences that encompassed several unique phases of muscle-building engagement, including the initiation phase, beginner phase, preservation phase, and intensification phase. Participants also described unique methods of gathering information on muscle-building behaviors, and their own analysis and decision-making processes driving their behaviors. Findings from this study extend prior theory and research by conceptualizing a novel process theory of engagement in muscle-building behaviors among adolescent and young adults, resulting in important implications for research and practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle T Ganson
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Lynn Nguyen
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ali Raza Hasan Ali
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jason M Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rachel F Rodgers
- Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Stuart B Murray
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ramona Alaggia
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Szymczak P, Talbot D, Gritti ES, Jonason PK. Narcissus' belief about his body: Aspects of narcissism, body image, and eating disorder symptoms. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293578. [PMID: 37943826 PMCID: PMC10635534 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Narcissism may play a role in shaping body image concerns. Here we examined the relationships between narcissism (i.e., agentic extraversion, antagonism, narcissistic neuroticism, leadership/authority, exhibitionism/entitlement) and body image concerns and disturbances (i.e., drive for thinness, drive for muscularity, eating disorder symptoms, body mass index, current/desired fat, and current/desired muscularity). METHODS Mechanical Turk workers from the USA (N = 430; 64% male) completed the Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry Questionnaire, the Hypersensitive Narcissism Scale, the Narcissistic Personality Inventory, the Drive for Muscularity Scale, the Drive for Thinness Scale, the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire-Short, and the Sex-Specific Somatomorphic Matrixes. RESULTS All narcissistic factors were associated with a greater drive for thinness (except for leadership/authority) and for muscularity, more eating disorder symptoms, a greater desired body fat (except for leadership/authority), and a greater current muscularity. Greater agentic extraversion and exhibitionism/entitlement were associated with lower levels of current body fat, and greater antagonism was associated with a greater desired muscularity. DISCUSSION Notably, individual differences in narcissism appeared to be important in understanding body image concerns, broadly speaking. We found that narcissism may be associated with body image concerns among both sexes differently, and especially that drive for thinness was more related to narcissism in men. Our results emphasize the importance of narcissism in formulating and treating body image-related disorders for both men and women. Ultimately, narcissistic features of personality may be risk factors for developing and perpetuating body image concerns, and therefore should be considered in assessment, formulation, diagnosis, and treatment of eating disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Szymczak
- Institute of Psychology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniel Talbot
- Department of Psychiatry, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia
- University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- University of Notre Dame, Fremantle, Australia
| | | | - Peter K. Jonason
- Institute of Psychology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Berengüí R, Castejón MA. Personality Traits and Risk of Eating Disorders in Men: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2910. [PMID: 37958054 PMCID: PMC10649439 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11212910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Eating disorders (EDs) have been understudied and misunderstood in men. Among the relevant factors in the risk, onset, and maintenance of EDs, personality stands out. Therefore, the aim of the study was to analyze the relationships between personality traits and risk variables for the development of EDs in men. A total of 443 male university students (mean = 22.16 years) who completed the Spanish versions of the Eating Disorder Inventory-3 (EDI-3) and the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) participated. Correlation analyses were performed, and in order to determine the predictive role of personality traits on risk scales, a hierarchical multiple regression was performed. The results showed that neuroticism was positively associated with drive for thinness, being its main predictor variable. In bulimia, the main relationships were positively associated with neuroticism and negatively with conscientiousness. As for body dissatisfaction, the main predictor variables were neuroticism and, in a negative sense, extraversion and openness to experience. In conclusion, personality traits are related to the risk of developing EDs in male university students, with neuroticism being the main associated trait.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosendo Berengüí
- Faculty of Education, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - María A. Castejón
- Faculty of Education, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), 30107 Murcia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
He J, Lu Y, Barnhart WR, Tang C, Zhang H, Zhao Y, Lin L. Translation and validation of a Chinese version of the body talk scale for women and men. J Eat Disord 2023; 11:153. [PMID: 37697411 PMCID: PMC10494420 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-023-00884-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Body talk has received increasing research attention in recent years, with accumulating evidence supporting the link between body talk and eating and body image disturbances. However, research on body talk in China is still relatively scarce and generally focused on fat talk, especially in women, and much remains unknown about muscle talk and positive body talk for both Chinese women and men. To promote a better understanding of body talk in the Chinese context, the present study adapted the Body Talk Scale (BTS) into Chinese Mandarin (i.e., C-BTS) and evaluated the factor structure and psychometric properties of the C-BTS in Chinese adult women and men. The English version of the BTS was translated into Chinese Mandarin with standard procedures. With 300 Chinese women (Mage = 29.48 years, SD = 7.26) and 300 men (Mage = 29.36 years, SD = 6.81), we examined the factor structure and gender invariance of the C-BTS, as well as internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, and construct validity, including convergent, concurrent, and incremental validity of the C-BTS. The results indicated that, consistent with the development study of the BTS, the C-BTS had three subscales (i.e., Negative Fat Talk, Negative Muscle Talk, and Positive Body Talk) and good reliability and validity. The findings demonstrate that the C-BTS can be a useful measure of body talk in both Chinese women and men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo He
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yining Lu
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, Guangdong, China
| | - Wesley R Barnhart
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
| | - Chanyuan Tang
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, Guangdong, China
| | - Hengyue Zhang
- Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Yiqing Zhao
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, Guangdong, China
| | - Linda Lin
- Emmanuel College, 400 The Fenway, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rojo M, Beltrán-Garrayo L, Del Blanco-Barredo MDC, Sepúlveda AR. Spanish validation of two social media appearance-related constructs associated with disordered eating in adolescents: The Appearance-related Social Media Consciousness scale (ASMC) and the Critical Thinking about Media Messages scale (CTMM). Body Image 2023; 45:401-413. [PMID: 37137258 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Appearance-related constructs underlying social media are negatively associated with mental health. However, their impact on the Spanish population is still unexplored. The present study aimed to validate the Spanish versions of two appearance-related scales: (1) the appearance-related social media consciousness (ASMC) scale; and (2) the critical thinking about media messages (CTMM) scale. Translation and cultural adaptation of the scales were carried out. The scales' psychometric properties were assessed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, measurement invariance across gender (boys vs. girls) and age groups (early adolescents vs. middle adolescents), internal consistency, and convergent validity. The sample included 803 Spanish secondary school adolescents aged between 12 and 18 (Mage = 15.1, 47.9% girls, 47.2% boys, 4.9% non-binary gender/others). The exploratory factor analyses replicated original one-factor structures of both scales, which was verified using confirmatory factor analysis. Regarding the ASMC Scale, a re-specified model (allowing for error correlations between Items 1-2) presented an adequate fit. Both models were invariant across gender and age groups. Excellent internal consistency was found. Bivariate correlations between the ASMC and eating disorders related variables (body esteem, disordered eating, self-esteem, sociocultural attitudes towards appearance, and general mental health) supported its convergent validity and proved ASMC to be a potential target for future preventive eating disorder interventions. However, the CTMM scale correlated only with sociocultural pressures, thus, further research is needed to assess the validity of the CTMM in Spanish samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Rojo
- Faculty of Psychology, Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Piatkowski T, Robertson J, Lamon S, Dunn M. Gendered perspectives on women's anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) usage practices. Harm Reduct J 2023; 20:56. [PMID: 37098574 PMCID: PMC10127974 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-023-00786-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The masculinizing effects from anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) appear to be different between men and women, leading to calls for more gender-specific information regarding women and AAS use. This study sought to gather perspectives from both men and women on the unique challenges surrounding women's use of AAS, irrespective of their personal use. Secondly, the study interrogated how women's AAS practices differ from those of men specifically. METHODS The data presented in this paper come from a subsample of participants who participated in a larger study investigating women and performance and image enhancing drug (PIED) use in Australia. Participants were included in the current analysis if they were: (i) males or females who competed with or coached female strength athletes using AAS and (ii) female and male strength athletes who used AAS. The final sample comprised 21 participants of which there was a proportion of males (n = 7) and females (n = 7) using AAS. RESULTS Women's choices in AAS selection were predominantly around oral compounds (e.g. Oxandrolone) as well as other PIEDs (e.g. Clenbuterol). Some women report the use of injectable AAS represents a change in the profile of the typical female user as it reportedly comes alongside drastic physical and psychological changes. CONCLUSIONS The unique challenges facing women who use AAS are largely isolation and stigma, with little evidence-based practice or education being available to them online or through peer-groups. Future work may consider piloting harm reduction strategies that may be co-designed with this group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Piatkowski
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Jonathan Robertson
- Deakin Business School, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Severine Lamon
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew Dunn
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia.
- School of Health and Social Development/Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Geelong Waterfront Campus, Locked Bag 20000, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lin Y, Lu C, Huang Z, Barnhart WR, Cui T, He J. Exploring the links between celebrity worship, body dissatisfaction, and disordered eating among young adult celebrity worshippers in China. Body Image 2023; 45:210-218. [PMID: 36963336 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Considerable evidence exists on the associations of celebrity worship with body dissatisfaction and disordered eating. However, relevant findings are confined to Western contexts and thinness-oriented body dissatisfaction and disordered eating. Consequently, the relationships of celebrity worship with muscularity-oriented body dissatisfaction and disordered eating are largely underexplored, especially in non-Western countries. Thus, the present study aimed to examine the relationships of celebrity worship with body dissatisfaction and disordered eating in China. A total of 593 young adult celebrity worshippers in China were recruited online. Correlation and mediation analyses were conducted. In contrast to previous findings, celebrity worship was not associated with thinness-oriented body dissatisfaction. However, significant associations were identified between celebrity worship and muscularity-oriented body dissatisfaction for men (r = 0.32, p < .001) and women (r = 0.26, p < .001), thinness-oriented disordered eating for men (r = 0.31, p < .001) and women (r = 0.37, p < .001), and muscularity-oriented disordered eating for men (r = 0.58, p < .001). Body image inflexibility mediated the associations between celebrity worship and disordered eating in men and women. Findings indicate that celebrity worship correlates positively with body dissatisfaction and disordered eating in Chinese young adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yitong Lin
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Chen Lu
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zizhen Huang
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wesley R Barnhart
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
| | - Tianxiang Cui
- Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Jinbo He
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Barnhart WR, Cui S, Cui T, Hong D, He J. Transgender congruence, body appreciation, body dissatisfaction, and disordered eating in Chinese transgender adults. Int J Eat Disord 2023. [PMID: 36918351 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ample evidence shows that transgender congruence is negatively associated with body dissatisfaction and disordered eating in the Western context; however, limited research has explored these relationships in non-Western populations (e.g., Chinese transgender adults). Moreover, to our knowledge, there has been no research describing disordered eating in Chinese transgender adults. Thus, this study aimed to explore group differences in and relationships between transgender congruence, body appreciation, body dissatisfaction, and disordered eating in Chinese transgender adults. METHODS This study examined transgender congruence, body appreciation, body dissatisfaction, and disordered eating in a sample of Chinese transgender adults (N = 200). Chi-square, F tests, and correlation analyses were conducted to examine group differences and relationships between study variables. RESULTS Of the transgender adults, 31.0% screened positive as probable eating disorder (ED) cases. There were no gender identity differences in the study variables. Transgender congruence was positively associated body appreciation (r = .40, p < .001) and negatively associated with body dissatisfaction (r = -.26, p < .001) and disordered eating (r = -.15, p = .031). DISCUSSION Chinese transgender adults may be at high risk of EDs. Transgender congruence and body appreciation may serve a protective role in the context of eating pathology in Chinese transgender adults. Future research is needed to validate the observed relationships between transgender congruence, body appreciation, body dissatisfaction, and disordered eating in Chinese transgender adults. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE Research on disordered eating and body image in Chinese transgender adults is limited. This study describes disordered eating and its relations with transgender congruence, body appreciation, and body dissatisfaction in Chinese transgender adults. Findings highlight the need for and implications of ED intervention in Chinese transgender adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wesley R Barnhart
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, USA
| | - Shuqi Cui
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tianxiang Cui
- Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Dinan Hong
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jinbo He
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
He J, Cui T, Barnhart WR, Cui S, Xu Y, Compte EJ, Murray SB, Nagata JM. Validation of the muscularity-oriented eating test in adult women in China. Int J Eat Disord 2023. [PMID: 36869628 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research on muscularity-oriented disordered eating has grown in recent years. However, the bulk of this research has focused on men and Western populations. Limited research is available in non-Western populations of women (e.g., China) which is likely due to the lack of valid instruments in these populations. Thus, the current study aimed to describe the validity and reliability of the Muscularity-Oriented Eating Test (MOET) in Chinese women. METHOD Two online surveys (survey one: n = 599, Mage = 29.49, SD = 7.36; survey two: n = 201, Mage = 28.42, SD = 7.76) were conducted to explore the psychometric properties of the MOET in Chinese women. In survey one, the factor structure of the MOET was examined via exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (EFA and CFA). Internal consistency reliability and convergent and incremental validity of the MOET were also assessed. In survey two, test-retest reliability across a 2-week interval was examined. RESULTS EFA and CFA provided support for the unidimensional factor structure of the MOET in Chinese adult women. The MOET presented good internal consistency and test-retest reliability and convergent validity via large, positive associations with theoretically related constructs (e.g., thinness-oriented disordered eating, drive for muscularity, and psychosocial impairment). Finally, muscularity-oriented disordered eating described unique variance in psychosocial impairment, providing support for the incremental validity of the MOET. DISCUSSION The sound psychometric structure of the MOET was supported in Chinese women. Continued research is needed to describe muscularity-oriented disordered eating in Chinese women to contribute to this significant gap in the literature. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE The Muscularity-Oriented Eating Test (MOET) is a measure specifically developed for assessing muscularity-oriented disordered eating. This study examined the validity and reliability of the MOET in Chinese women. The results showed that the MOET had sound validity and reliability in Chinese women. Thus, the MOET is a valuable tool for advancing the understanding of the muscularity-oriented disordered eating of women from the Chinese context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo He
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tianxiang Cui
- Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Wesley R Barnhart
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, USA
| | - Shuqi Cui
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yinuo Xu
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Emilio J Compte
- Eating Behavior Research Center, School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile.,Research Department, Comenzar de Nuevo Treatment Center, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Stuart B Murray
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jason M Nagata
- Division of Adolescent & Young Adult Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Muscle dysmorphia symptomatology among a national sample of Canadian adolescents and young adults. Body Image 2023; 44:178-186. [PMID: 36642014 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to describe muscle dysmorphia (MD) symptomatology among a large, diverse, and national sample of adolescents and young adults in Canada. Data from the Canadian Study of Adolescent Health Behaviors (N = 2256) were analyzed. MD symptomatology was assessed using the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI). Men (mean [M] = 33.9, standard deviation [SD] = 8.6) reported significantly greater overall MD symptomatology compared to women (M = 30.1, SD = 7.3) and transgender/gender non-conforming (TGNC; M = 31.5, SD = 7.6) participants. Similarly, the prevalence of clinical MD risk was also highest among men (25.7 %). In regression analyses, participants who identified as South Asian (B 1.97, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 0.41, 3.52) or Middle Eastern (B 2.92, 95 % CI 0.50,5.35), compared to White participants, or identified as gay or lesbian (B 2.65, 95 % CI 1.19, 4.10), compared to heterosexual participants, had greater MD symptomatology. Findings are the first to describe the MD symptomatology among Canadian adolescents and young adults. Health care and public health professionals should be aware of the overall high occurrence of MD symptomatology in this sample, and future research is needed to continue to describe MD among Canadian young people.
Collapse
|
19
|
Ganson KT, Hallward L, Cunningham ML, Murray SB, Nagata JM. Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Use: Patterns of Use among a National Sample of Canadian Adolescents and Young Adults. PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT & HEALTH 2023; 11:100241. [PMID: 37841070 PMCID: PMC10571510 DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2022.100241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Androgenic-anabolic steroid (AAS) use is relatively common among international recreational and community samples and is associated with several deleterious side effects and health consequences that have not been studied recently among a large Canadian sample. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess and describe characteristics of AAS users compared to non-AAS users among a national sample of Canadian adolescents and young adults. Methods Data from 2,774 adolescents and young adults from the Canadian Study of Adolescent Health Behaviors were analyzed. Participants were recruited via social media advertisements and completed the survey online. Survey items measured sociodemographics, AAS use, AAS side effects, motives for AAS use, AAS administration, body satisfaction, other illicit substance use, mental health, and violence involvement. Results Among the overall sample, 1.6% of participants reported lifetime AAS use, with the majority of users being White, heterosexual males. Most users strived to gain weight, with main motives for AAS use including increased muscularity and strength, and improved appearance. Most AAS users were satisfied with their body compared to non-users. Approximately one in five users had AAS dependence and experienced multiple adverse side effects. Few differences between users and non-users in self-reported mental health were found. Conclusion Findings indicate that AAS use among a community sample of Canadian adolescents and young adults is an important health issue, particularly given the relatively high occurrence of AAS dependence and adverse side effects reported by users. Findings support the need for education and intervention efforts from healthcare professionals. Further investigations among Canadian AAS users may provide more insight regarding the unique supports these individuals require.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle T. Ganson
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura Hallward
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Stuart B. Murray
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jason M. Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Talbot D, Mahlberg J, Cunningham ML, Pinkus RT, Szabo M. The Somatomorphic Matrix-Female: More evidence for the validity of bidimensional figural rating scales for women. J Clin Psychol 2023; 79:477-496. [PMID: 36000930 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Our study aimed to develop and provide a preliminary psychometric validation of the Somatomorphic Matrix-Female (SM-F), a new bidimensional female figural rating scale which can be used to gauge actual and desired levels of both body fat and muscularity in a consolidated measure, as well as providing an index of actual-desired body discrepancy based on these measures. Across two studies undergraduate women (n Study 1 = 481; n Study 2 = 391) completed the Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire, the Body Shape Questionnaire-34, and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (Study 1) and the Drive for Thinness Scale and the Drive for Muscularity Scale (Study 2), as well as the SM-F. Overall, the SM-F demonstrated sound content, concurrent, and convergent validity for actual and desired body fat, actual and desired muscularity, and their respective discrepancy scores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Talbot
- Department of Psychiatry, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Notre Dame, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Justin Mahlberg
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,The MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Rebecca T Pinkus
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Marianna Szabo
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ganson KT, Rodgers RF, Murray SB, Nagata JM. Associations between muscle-building exercise and concurrent e-cigarette, cigarette, and cannabis use among U.S. adolescents. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278903. [PMID: 36576893 PMCID: PMC9797070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity and team sports may be protective of substance use among adolescents, although there is mixed evidence on whether muscle-building exercise is associated with patterns of e-cigarette use (i.e., vaping), cigarette use, and cannabis use. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the association between muscle-building exercise and patterns of concurrent substance use among U.S. adolescents. Cross-sectional data from the 2019 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (N = 8,474) were analyzed in 2022. Muscle-building exercise was assessed by number of days of the behavior in the past week and categorized based on level of engagement (none, low, medium, and high). Concurrent vaping, cigarette use, and cannabis use within the past 30 days were assessed using a combined, four-category variable (no use, any single use, any dual use, and triple use). Multinomial logistic regressions, with coefficients transformed to relative risk ratios (RRR), were conducted to estimate the associations between muscle-building exercise and concurrent substance use among the overall sample, and by sex, while adjusting for relevant sociodemographic variables. Among the overall sample, high engagement (6-7 days) in muscle-building exercise was associated with greater relative risk of any single use (RRR 1.36, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06-1.72), any dual use (RRR 1.46, 95% CI 1.10-2.94), and triple use (RRR 1.81, 95% CI 1.05-3.12). While muscle-building exercise was associated with greater relative risk of concurrent patterns of vaping, cigarette use, and cannabis use among adolescent males, there were no significant relationships found among adolescent females. Healthcare professionals should consider this association when treating adolescent males, particularly given the high prevalence of muscle-building exercise and substance use among this group. More research is needed to understand the experiences of adolescent males who report high engagement in muscle-building exercise and substance use to uncover mechanisms of association.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle T. Ganson
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Rachel F. Rodgers
- Department of Applied Psychology, APPEAR, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, CHRU Montpellier, France
| | - Stuart B. Murray
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jason M. Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Tang C, Barnhart WR, Zhang B, He J. Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Female Muscularity Scale among Chinese young women. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:3187-3196. [PMID: 35896856 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-022-01448-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The Female Muscularity Scale (FMS) was specifically developed for assessing drive for muscularity in women. The current study aimed to translate the FMS into Chinese (FMS-C) and examine its psychometric properties among Chinese young women. METHODS Based on standard procedures, the FMS was translated into Chinese. By using the psych and lavaan packages on R version 4.0.3, the current study examined the factor structure, reliability, and convergent and incremental validity of the FMS-C with a sample of 517 Chinese women college students ([Formula: see text]= 18.86 years). RESULTS Results showed a 2-factor structure including attitudes and behaviors of the FMS-C. The internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's α) was .91 for the total FMS-C scale and .89 and .88 for the Attitudes and Behaviors subscales, respectively. Results also revealed evidence for good convergent and incremental validity of the FMS-C. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that the FMS-C can be a useful tool to measure both attitudes and behaviors underlying drive for muscularity and muscle tone concerns among Chinese young women. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, cross-sectional descriptive study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chanyuan Tang
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, Guangdong, China
| | - Wesley R Barnhart
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- The Department of Applied Psychology, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, Hunan, China.
| | - Jinbo He
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Barnhart WR, Cui T, Cui S, Han X, Lu C, He J. Examining appearance pressures, thinness and muscularity internalizations, and social comparisons as correlates of drive for muscularity and thinness-oriented disordered eating in Chinese heterosexual men and women: Testing an integrated model. Body Image 2022; 43:429-439. [PMID: 36345081 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Given existing empirical support for the tripartite influence and social comparison models to explain variance in body dissatisfaction and disordered eating across diverse populations in the Western context, research is needed to describe these models in non-Western populations. The present study tested an integrated model inclusive of appearance pressures, thinness and muscularity internalizations, and social comparisons in relation to drive for muscularity and thinness-oriented disordered eating in heterosexual Chinese adult men (n = 510) and women (n = 473). Separated by gender, two integrated models had good fit statistics per structural equation modeling. In men and women, higher appearance pressures were uniquely related to higher drive for muscularity and thinness-oriented disordered eating. In men and women, higher thinness and muscularity internalizations were uniquely related to higher thinness-oriented disordered eating and drive for muscularity, respectively. In men and women, higher upward body image comparisons were uniquely related to higher drive for muscularity, and in men only, higher downward body image comparisons were uniquely related to higher thinness-oriented disordered eating. The present findings, which extend theories of eating pathology, may aid in improving treatment efforts for body dissatisfaction and disordered eating in heterosexual Chinese adult men and women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wesley R Barnhart
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
| | - Tianxiang Cui
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Shuqi Cui
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinni Han
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Chen Lu
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinbo He
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
McLean SA, Rodgers RF, Slater A, Jarman HK, Gordon CS, Paxton SJ. Clinically significant body dissatisfaction: prevalence and association with depressive symptoms in adolescent boys and girls. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2022; 31:1921-1932. [PMID: 34129105 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-021-01824-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Body dissatisfaction is distressing and a risk factor for adverse consequences including eating disorders. However, data pertaining to the prevalence of body dissatisfaction in adolescence, a key period for its emergence, are lacking. This is a substantial barrier to tailored assessment and early intervention. This study addresses this gap and provides the prevalence of body dissatisfaction and associations with depressive symptoms and body change strategies. Adolescent boys (n = 367; Mage = 12.8, SD = 0.7) and girls (n = 368; Mage = 12.7, SD = 0.7) completed measures of body dissatisfaction and depressive symptoms with established cut-off levels. They also completed measures of dietary restraint and strategies to increase muscle size. Of boys and girls, 37.9% and 20.7%, respectively experienced moderate, and 6.8% and 19.6% experienced clinically significant body dissatisfaction, with higher rates among girls than boys and among adolescents aged 13 and 14 than aged 12. More than one-quarter of boys (26.70%) and one-third of girls (33.15%) reported subthreshold depressive symptoms or possible, probable or major depressive episodes. Girls revealed a higher prevalence of possible-, probable-, or major depressive episode than boys. Relative to those with no or low body dissatisfaction, adolescents with clinically significant body dissatisfaction were 24 times more likely to also report possible-, probable-, or major depressive episodes. Among boys and girls, clinically significant body dissatisfaction was associated with higher levels of dietary restraint and engagement in strategies to increase muscle size. Greater attention to identification and early intervention for body dissatisfaction is needed, especially for girls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siân A McLean
- The Bouverie Centre, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, 3056, Australia.
| | - Rachel F Rodgers
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, USA
- Department of Psychiatric Emergency and Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, CHRU, Montpellier, France
| | - Amy Slater
- Centre for Appearance Research, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - Hannah K Jarman
- The Bouverie Centre, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, 3056, Australia
| | - Chloe S Gordon
- The Bouverie Centre, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, 3056, Australia
- ACU Engagement, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Susan J Paxton
- The Bouverie Centre, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, 3056, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
He J, Tang C, Song J, Cui T, Barnhart WR, Cui S, Ren Y, Nagata JM. The Muscularity Bias Internalization Scale: Development and initial validation in Chinese adult men. Body Image 2022; 43:326-336. [PMID: 36244184 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The present study developed the Muscularity Bias Internalization Scale (MBIS), a measure of muscularity bias internalization, which assesses the extent to which an individual endorses muscularity-based stereotypes and engages in negative self-evaluations due to muscularity. In Study 1, a pool of candidate items was developed. By using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) on a sample of 300 Chinese adult men (Mage = 29.98 years, SD = 7.81), 14 items from the item pool were retained. The 14-item MBIS contained three factors. In Study 2, a second sample of 300 Chinese adult men (Mage = 29.50 years, SD = 7.50) was used to confirm the factor structure of the MBIS, as well as to examine its reliability and validity. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) further confirmed the three-factor structure of the MBIS with a good model fit. The MBIS showed high internal consistency reliability and high two-week test-retest reliability. The MBIS also showed good construct validity with measures of drive for muscularity, muscularity-oriented disordered eating, and muscle dysmorphia symptoms. The newly developed MBIS may help understand the role of muscularity bias internalization in the development and maintenance of muscularity-oriented body image and muscularity-oriented disordered eating.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo He
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Chanyuan Tang
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianwen Song
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China; Department of Educational Psychology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, United States
| | - Tianxiang Cui
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China; Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Wesley R Barnhart
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
| | - Shuqi Cui
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yaoxiang Ren
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jason M Nagata
- Division of Adolescent & Young Adult Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Barnhart WR, Sun H, Lin Z, Lu C, Han X, He J. Integrating the tripartite influence, minority stress, and social comparison theories to explain body image and disordered eating in Chinese sexual minority men and women. Body Image 2022; 43:95-106. [PMID: 36095853 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Theories of eating pathology explain body image and disordered eating in diverse populations, including sexual minority (SM) individuals. Yet, previous efforts to extend theories of eating pathology to SM individuals have mostly focused on Western populations. The present study integrated the tripartite influence, minority stress, and social comparison models to explain variance in body image and disordered eating in Chinese SM men and women. Chinese self-identified SM adults (N = 1051; n = 519 men, n = 532 women) completed an online, cross-sectional study that assessed sociocultural influences (e.g., tripartite influence), minority stress, social comparisons, drive for muscularity, and disordered eating. Two integrated models were tested for men and women using structural equation modeling. Across both populations, sociocultural influences exerted the largest direct positive effects on body image and disordered eating. In men, only downward body image comparisons were uniquely related to outcomes. In women, higher upward body image comparisons were uniquely associated with higher drive for muscularity and higher downward body image comparisons were uniquely associated with higher thinness-oriented disordered eating. Minority stressors (e.g., sexual orientation concealment, internalized homophobia) were uniquely related to outcomes in men, not women. Findings extend existing theories of body image and disordered eating to Chinese SM populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wesley R Barnhart
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
| | - Hongyi Sun
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China; Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, UK
| | - Zhicheng Lin
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chen Lu
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinni Han
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jinbo He
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Edlund K, Johansson F, Lindroth R, Bergman L, Sundberg T, Skillgate E. Body image and compulsive exercise: are there associations with depression among university students? Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:2397-2405. [PMID: 35179726 PMCID: PMC9556381 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-022-01374-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Mental health problems among university students have been reported to be significantly increasing and suggested to be associated with college drop-out. Body dissatisfaction and compulsive exercise are both constructs relevant for mental health problems in general and eating disorders in particular. This study examined associations between body dissatisfaction, compulsive exercise and self-reported symptoms of depression among Swedish university students. METHODS Participants (n = 4262) are students in an ongoing cohort study, and data from the baseline assessment were used. Four linear regression models were built to explore the associations between body dissatisfaction, compulsive weight control exercise and depressive symptoms. RESULTS Our findings showed that females reported higher levels of body dissatisfaction than males. Body dissatisfaction and compulsive exercise were associated with self-reported symptoms of depression in this non-clinical population. Results showed that compulsive exercise was negatively associated with reported symptoms of depression, while body dissatisfaction was positively associated with symptoms of depression. CONCLUSION In line with previous research, there was a gender difference in body dissatisfaction where females displayed higher levels of dissatisfaction than males. Body dissatisfaction was positively associated with reported symptoms of depression, suggesting support of previous research indicating body dissatisfaction to increase mental health problems. Compulsive exercise was negatively associated with symptoms of depression suggesting a behavior negatively reinforced, supporting both constructs to be of interest for reported symptoms of depression in a non-clinical population of Swedish university students. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III, cohort study. TRIAL REGISTRATION http://clinicaltrials.gov/ID : NCT04465435.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klara Edlund
- Musculoskeletal and Sports Injury Epidemiology Center, Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Sophiahemmet University, Sophiahemmet Högskola, Box 5605, 114 86, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Unit of Intervention and Implementation Research on Worker Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Fred Johansson
- Musculoskeletal and Sports Injury Epidemiology Center, Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Sophiahemmet University, Sophiahemmet Högskola, Box 5605, 114 86, Stockholm, Sweden.,Unit of Intervention and Implementation Research on Worker Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Louise Bergman
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tobias Sundberg
- Musculoskeletal and Sports Injury Epidemiology Center, Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Sophiahemmet University, Sophiahemmet Högskola, Box 5605, 114 86, Stockholm, Sweden.,Unit of Intervention and Implementation Research on Worker Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Skillgate
- Musculoskeletal and Sports Injury Epidemiology Center, Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Sophiahemmet University, Sophiahemmet Högskola, Box 5605, 114 86, Stockholm, Sweden.,Unit of Intervention and Implementation Research on Worker Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Body dissatisfaction frequency and duration: Dissociable dimensions of trait body dissatisfaction. Body Image 2022; 42:327-337. [PMID: 35930871 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This work proposes that trait body dissatisfaction rests on two dissociable components: 1) frequency of body dissatisfaction episodes, and 2) duration of such episodes, with higher trait body dissatisfaction resulting from more frequent and/or prolonged episodes. The current research aimed to develop a measure of these two dimensions (i.e., the Body Dissatisfaction Frequency Duration Questionnaire; BDFDQ) and test this theoretical model by investigating whether body dissatisfaction frequency and duration 1) were structurally dissociable, 2) meaningfully dissociable, and 3) each associated with different aspects of disordered eating behavior. Study 1 (N = 300, 42% women) developed the BDFDQ and showed that frequency and duration are structurally dissociable. Study 2 (N = 400, 50% women) showed that the two-factor model was invariant across gender and both subscales showed good psychometric properties of reliability and validity. Results further supported that frequency and duration are meaningfully dissociable by revealing that each component accounted for unique variance in trait body dissatisfaction. Study 3 (N = 279, 77% women) replicated Study 2 findings and established that frequency and duration subscales each associated with different aspects of disordered eating behavior. Together, findings imply that body dissatisfaction frequency and duration represent two separable dimensions underlying trait body dissatisfaction.
Collapse
|
29
|
The 'not-so-healthy' appearance pursuit? Disentangling unique associations of female drive for toned muscularity with disordered eating and compulsive exercise. Body Image 2022; 42:276-286. [PMID: 35841701 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Today, many women are driven to subscribe to a more athletically oriented appearance ideal hallmarked by muscle tone (referred to as athletic- or fit-looking). However, the constellation of unhealthy eating and exercise behaviors that may accompany the pursuit of toned muscularity among women is not yet well characterized. To address this knowledge gap, our study evaluated the associations among the female drive for toned muscularity and both thinness-oriented disordered eating behaviors (e.g., dietary restriction) and muscularity-oriented disordered eating behaviors (e.g., excessive scrutiny of macro-nutrient values of food), as well as dimensions of compulsive exercise. Participants were 388 Australian undergraduate women who completed an online questionnaire including self-report measures of said constructs. Hierarchical regression models were used to determine whether the drive for toned muscularity accounted for unique variance in eating and exercise behaviors after adjusting for theoretically relevant covariates. Results indicated independent relationships between the drive for toned muscularity and several facets of thinness- and muscularity-oriented disordered eating, as well as compulsive exercise (e.g., exercise rigidity). Our findings further contribute to an emerging literature illustrating that women driven to attain a toned appearance may be vulnerable to engaging in a wide range of maladaptive eating and exercise practices.
Collapse
|
30
|
"Eat clean, train mean, get lean": Body image and health behaviours of women who engage with fitspiration and clean eating imagery on Instagram. Body Image 2022; 42:25-31. [PMID: 35644096 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the relationship between posting or viewing fitspiration and clean eating imagery in relation to body image, disordered eating, and compulsive exercise among women. Participants (269 women aged 18-30 years) who posted and/or viewed fitspiration, clean eating or travel imagery on Instagram completed an online cross-sectional questionnaire. Results showed engaging with fitspiration and clean eating material (either posting or viewing) was significantly positively associated with increased levels of compulsive exercise and athletic-ideal internalization. However, only viewing (not posting) fitspiration and clean eating content was significantly related to thin-ideal internalization and disordered eating symptomatology. Athletic-ideal internalization mediated the relationships between posting fitspiration/clean eating and disordered eating symptomatology and compulsive exercise. Both thin-ideal internalization and athletic-ideal internalization mediated the relationship between viewing fitspiration/clean eating material and disordered eating and compulsive exercise. Overall, the findings suggest that viewing fitspiration and clean eating content on Instagram is negatively associated with thin-ideal internalization and disordered eating symptomatology, however the same relationships do not exist for people who frequently post these types of material. The mediational pathways provide a nuanced understanding of how engaging with fitspiration and clean eating material on social media influences female users' body image and health behaviour.
Collapse
|
31
|
Cerea S, Giraldo M, Caudek C, Bottesi G, Paoli A, Ghisi M. Validation of the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI) among Italian Women Practicing Bodybuilding and Powerlifting and in Women Practicing Physical Exercise. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159487. [PMID: 35954842 PMCID: PMC9368146 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Studies pertaining to muscle dysmorphia (MD) have concentrated the most on males. However, a new body ideal for women is emerging: a very toned, athletic body with flat, smooth muscles. The emphasis on the level of muscularity represents a contribution to the growth of MD symptoms in women. The aim of this study was to evaluate the factorial structure and psychometric properties of the muscle dysmorphic disorder inventory (MDDI) in two samples of physically active Italian women. One-hundred and sixty-five women practicing non-competing bodybuilding/powerlifting and 353 women practicing physical exercise completed the MDDI and measures of features associated with MD. Findings of the confirmatory factor analysis showed a three-factor structure with acceptable fit and invariant across groups. Omega coefficients revealed adequate internal consistency for all the scales and for the total score of the MDDI. Furthermore, convergent and divergent validity as well as retest reliability emerged to be good. MDDI represents a reliable measure of MD symptoms in physically active Italian women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Cerea
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (M.G.); (G.B.); (M.G.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-049-827-6918
| | - Matteo Giraldo
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (M.G.); (G.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Corrado Caudek
- Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy;
| | - Gioia Bottesi
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (M.G.); (G.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Marta Ghisi
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (M.G.); (G.B.); (M.G.)
- Hospital Psychology Unit, University-Hospital of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Messer M, Duxson S, Diluvio P, McClure Z, Linardon J. The independent contribution of muscularity-oriented disordered eating to functional impairment and emotional distress in adult men and women. Eat Disord 2022; 31:161-172. [PMID: 35671325 DOI: 10.1080/10640266.2022.2086728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Muscularity-oriented disordered eating (MODE) refers to a broad cluster of pathological eating patterns driven by the pursuit of muscularity and leanness. Although increasing attention has been devoted towards understanding these symptoms in men, little work has been conducted to understand MODE in women. It is also unclear whether MODE contributes unique variance to functional impairment and emotional distress beyond thinness-oriented disordered eating symptoms. We addressed these gaps in a sample of 1,321 community-based adult women (n = 1136) and men (n = 185). Hierarchical multiple regressions revealed that MODE explained a significant proportion of unique variance in functional impairment in both men and women, even after controlling for traditional thinness-oriented disordered eating symptoms. MODE also contributed unique variance in symptoms of depression and anxiety in women, but not for men. Findings highlight the possible significance of these unique symptoms patterns geared towards the pursuit of muscularity and leanness. MODE symptoms may be a viable target in eating disorder intervention or prevention programs, although further longitudinal research is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariel Messer
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Vic, Australia
| | - Siahn Duxson
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Vic, Australia
| | - Paige Diluvio
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Vic, Australia
| | - Zoe McClure
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Vic, Australia
| | - Jake Linardon
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Vic, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Frederick DA, Hazzard VM, Schaefer LM, Rodgers RF, Gordon AR, Tylka TL, Pennesi JL, Convertino L, Parent MC, Brown TA, Compte EJ, Cook-Cottone CP, Crerand CE, Malcarne VL, Nagata JM, Perez M, Pila E, Thompson JK, Murray SB. Sexual orientation differences in pathways from sociocultural and objectification constructs to body satisfaction: The U.S. Body Project I. Body Image 2022; 41:181-194. [PMID: 35272100 PMCID: PMC9812653 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Objectification theory and the tripartite influence model provide useful frameworks for understanding the body image experiences of men and women. However, there is little systematic investigation of how sexual orientation moderates the links between these constructs and body image satisfaction. It has been hypothesized, for example, that the associations of surveillance (i.e., monitoring of one's appearance due to objectification by others) would be strongest for groups targeted by the male gaze (e.g., gay men, lesbian women, and bisexual men and women). Here we proposed an integrated sociocultural model and examined these pathways in multigroup structural equation models in a national sample of heterosexual, bisexual, and lesbian women (ns = 5395; 598; 213, respectively), and heterosexual, bisexual, and gay men (4869; 194; and 194, respectively) aged 18-65 years. Sexual orientation moderated some of these pathways. The most consistent pattern was that appearance pressures were internalized to a greater extent among bisexual participants. The pathways to poorer body image were generally similar among heterosexual and gay/lesbian men and women. These findings highlight the importance of examining sexual orientation-specific influences on body image across diverse groups, as well as the commonalities in the experiences of men and women across sexual orientations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Frederick
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA,Corresponding authors. (D.A. Frederick), (V.M. Hazzard)
| | - Vivienne M. Hazzard
- Sanford Center for Bio-behavioral Research, Fargo, ND, USA,Corresponding authors. (D.A. Frederick), (V.M. Hazzard)
| | | | - Rachel F. Rodgers
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Allegra R. Gordon
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Division of Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tracy L. Tylka
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jamie-Lee Pennesi
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lexie Convertino
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael C. Parent
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Tiffany A. Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Emilio J. Compte
- School of Psychology, Adolfo Ibáñez University, Santiago, Chile,Research Department, Comenzar de Nuevo Treatment Center, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Catherine P. Cook-Cottone
- Department of Counseling, School, and Educational Psychology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Canice E. Crerand
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Jason M. Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marisol Perez
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe AZ, USA
| | - Eva Pila
- School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | | | - Stuart B. Murray
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ganson KT, Nagata JM, Rodgers RF, Cunningham ML, Lavender JM, Murray SB, Hammond D. Weight gain attempts and substance use behaviors among adults across five countries. Body Image 2022; 41:375-383. [PMID: 35525156 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Weight gain attempts are common among adolescents, yet a paucity of research has explored these behaviors among adults, particularly in relation to substance use behaviors. To address this gap in the literature, pooled data from the 2018 and 2019 International Food Policy Study (N = 42,108) were analyzed. The association of weight gain attempts in the past 12 months with four important and relatively common substance use behaviors (alcohol use, binge-drinking, cigarette smoking, marijuana use) was examined using multiple modified Poisson regression analyses that adjusted for theoretically relevant covariates. Among men and women, weight gain attempts were associated with a higher likelihood of cigarette smoking in the past 30 days, marijuana use in the past 12 months, and binge-drinking one or more times per month in the past 12 months among men only. Among women, weight gain attempts were associated with a lower likelihood of alcohol use one or more times per month in the past 12 months. Our findings contribute to the literature demonstrating that substance use behaviors are more prevalent among adults who report weight gain attempts in a large international sample.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle T Ganson
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Jason M Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rachel F Rodgers
- Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, CHRU Montpellier, France
| | | | - Jason M Lavender
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA; Military Cardiovascular Outcomes Research (MiCOR) Program, Bethesda, MD, USA; Metis Foundation, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Stuart B Murray
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David Hammond
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Roberts SR, Maheux AJ, Hunt RA, Ladd BA, Choukas-Bradley S. Incorporating social media and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model of body image: Towards a modern understanding of adolescent girls' body dissatisfaction. Body Image 2022; 41:239-247. [PMID: 35306356 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The tripartite influence model stipulates that appearance pressures from three sources (family, peers, traditional media) lead adolescent girls to internalize a thin appearance ideal and engage in social appearance comparisons, resulting in body dissatisfaction (Thompson et al., 1999). Social media is a modern source of appearance pressure and, increasingly, adolescent girls desire an appearance that is both thin and muscular. The current study of U.S. adolescent girls (n = 543, Mage = 15.58, 49.17% Latina, 28.18% White, 8.66% Black, 7.55% Asian, 6.45% multiracial/another race/ethnicity) incorporates social media appearance pressures and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model using structural equation modeling. Findings provided support for this adapted model: family, peers, traditional media, and social media contributed to body dissatisfaction. All appearance pressure sources were associated with appearance esteem via thin ideal internalization. Peer and social media pressures were both related to greater muscular ideal internalization, which was not significantly associated with appearance esteem. Social media was the only source of pressure associated with appearance esteem through both thin ideal internalization and body comparison. Findings highlight adolescent girls' pressure to look both thin and muscular, as well as the role of social media as a prominent source of appearance socialization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Savannah R Roberts
- University of Delaware, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, USA.
| | - Anne J Maheux
- University of Delaware, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, USA
| | - Rowan A Hunt
- University of Louisville, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, USA
| | - Brianna A Ladd
- University of Delaware, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ganson KT, Nagata JM, Vanderlee L, Rodgers RF, Lavender JM, Hazzard VM, Murray SB, Cunningham M, Hammond D. Weight gain attempts and diet modification efforts among adults in five countries: a cross-sectional study. Nutr J 2022; 21:30. [PMID: 35562831 PMCID: PMC9102257 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-022-00784-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent research has emphasized a growing trend of weight gain attempts, particularly among adolescents and boys and young men. Little research has investigated these efforts among adults, as well as the specific diet modifications individuals who are trying to gain weight engage in. Therefore, the aims of this study were to characterize the diet modification efforts used by adults across five countries who reported engaging in weight gain attempts and to determine the associations between weight gain attempts and concerted diet modification efforts. METHODS Cross-sectional data from the 2018 and 2019 International Food Policy Study, including participants from Australia, Canada, Mexico, the United Kingdom, and the United States (N = 42,108), were analyzed. In reference to the past 12 months, participants reported on weight gain attempts and diet modification efforts related to increased consumption of calories, protein, fiber, fruits and vegetables, whole grains, dairy products, all meats, red meat only, fats, sugar/added sugar, salt/sodium, and processed foods. Unadjusted (chi-square tests) and adjusted (modified Poisson regressions) analyses were conducted to examine associations between weight gain attempts and diet modification efforts. RESULTS Weight gain attempts were significantly associated with higher likelihood of each of the 12 forms of diet modification efforts among male participants, and 10 of the diet modification efforts among female participants. Notably, this included higher likelihood of efforts to consume more calories (males: adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] 3.25, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.94-3.59; females: aPR 4.05, 95% CI 3.50-4.70) and fats (males: aPR 2.71, 95% CI 2.42-3.03; females: aPR 3.03, 95% CI 2.58-3.55). CONCLUSIONS Overall, the patterns of association between weight gain attempts and diet modification efforts may be indicative of the phenomenon of muscularity-oriented eating behaviors. Findings further highlight the types of foods and nutrients adults from five countries may try to consume in attempts to gain weight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle T Ganson
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jason M Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street., Box 0110, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
| | - Lana Vanderlee
- École de Nutrition, Centre de Nutrition, Santé Et Société (NUTRISS), Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Rachel F Rodgers
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Jason M Lavender
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Military Cardiovascular Outcomes Research (MiCOR) Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
- The Metis Foundation, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Vivienne M Hazzard
- Sanford Center for Bio-Behavioral Research, Sanford Health, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Stuart B Murray
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - David Hammond
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Nagata JM, McGuire FH, Lavender JM, Brown TA, Murray SB, Greene RE, Compte EJ, Flentje A, Lubensky ME, Obedin‐Maliver J, Lunn MR. Appearance and performance-enhancing drugs and supplements, eating disorders, and muscle dysmorphia among gender minority people. Int J Eat Disord 2022; 55:678-687. [PMID: 35352378 PMCID: PMC9106876 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Appearance and performance-enhancing drugs and supplements (APEDS) can be used to enhance muscle growth, athletic performance, and physical appearance. The aim of this study was to examine the lifetime use of APEDS and associations with eating disorder and muscle dysmorphia symptoms among gender minority people. METHOD Participants were 1653 gender minority individuals (1120 gender-expansive [defined as a broad range of gender identities that are generally situated outside of the woman-man gender binary, e.g., genderqueer, nonbinary] people, 352 transgender men, and 181 transgender women) recruited from The Population Research in Identity and Disparities for Equality Study in 2018. Regression analyses stratified by gender identity examined associations of any APEDS use with eating disorder and muscle dysmorphia symptom scores. RESULTS Lifetime APEDS use was common across groups (30.7% of gender-expansive people, 45.2% of transgender men, and 14.9% of transgender women). Protein supplements and creatine supplements were the most commonly used APEDS. Among gender-expansive people and transgender men, lifetime use of any APEDS was significantly associated with higher eating disorder scores, dietary restraint, binge eating, compelled/driven exercise, and muscle dysmorphia symptoms. Any APEDS use was additionally associated with laxative use among gender-expansive people. Among transgender women, use of any APEDS was not significantly associated with eating disorder or muscle dysmorphia symptoms. DISCUSSION APEDS use is common and associated with eating disorder and muscle dysmorphia symptoms in gender-expansive people and transgender men, thus highlighting the importance of assessing for these behaviors and symptoms among these populations, particularly in clinical settings. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE This study aimed to examine APEDS use among gender minority people. We found that 30.7% of gender-expansive (e.g., nonbinary) people, 45.2% of transgender men, and 14.9% of transgender women reported lifetime APEDS use, which was associated with eating disorder and muscle dysmorphia symptoms in transgender men and gender-expansive people. Clinicians should assess for these behaviors in gender minority populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason M. Nagata
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - F. Hunter McGuire
- The Brown SchoolWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Jason M. Lavender
- Military Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Program (MiCOR), Department of MedicineUniformed Services University of the Health SciencesBethesdaMarylandUSA
- The Metis FoundationSan AntonioTexasUSA
| | - Tiffany A. Brown
- Department of Psychological SciencesAuburn UniversityAuburnAlabamaUSA
| | - Stuart B. Murray
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Emilio J. Compte
- Eating Behavior Research Center, School of PsychologyUniversidad Adolfo IbáñezSantiagoChile
- Research DepartmentComenzar de Nuevo Treatment CenterMonterreyMexico
| | - Annesa Flentje
- Department of Community Health SystemsUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Alliance Health Project, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnetStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | - Micah E. Lubensky
- Department of Community Health SystemsUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnetStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | - Juno Obedin‐Maliver
- The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnetStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Epidemiology and Population HealthStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | - Mitchell R. Lunn
- The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnetStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Epidemiology and Population HealthStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCaliforniaUSA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of MedicineStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
de Carvalho PHB, Bagolin V, Junqueira ACP, Nagata JM, Cattle CJ, Murray SB, Compte EJ, Costa TMB, Almeida SS, Laus MF. Validation and measurement invariance of the muscularity-oriented eating test among Brazilian men and women. Int J Eat Disord 2022; 56:708-720. [PMID: 35277978 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Muscularity-Oriented Eating Test (MOET) is a 15-item unidimensional scale, designed to assess eating practices that occur in the pursuit of a muscular body. The aim of the present study was to describe the translation and cultural adaptation of the MOET to Brazilian Portuguese, to explore its factor structure and measurement invariance, and to evaluate its internal consistency, three-week test-retest reliability, and convergent validity in a community sample of Brazilian men and women. METHOD After the back-translation procedure, the Brazilian MOET was administered online to a sample of 1246 adults (634 men and 612 women), along with measures of drive for muscularity, muscle dysmorphia symptoms, muscular/athletic-ideal internalization, disordered eating behaviors, and exercise dependence. RESULTS Findings from an exploratory factor analysis and a confirmatory factor analysis revealed a one-factor structure and adequate internal consistency for men (ω = 0.86; α = 0.86) and women (ω = .84; α = .83). Measurement invariance across gender was supported. In addition, the scale demonstrated good three week test-retest reliability for both men (ICC = .96; p < .001) and women (ICC = .92; p < .001), and the subscales revealed moderate to large associations with drive for muscularity, muscle dysmorphia symptoms, muscular/athletic-ideal internalization, disordered eating, and exercise dependence. CONCLUSION This study supports the validity and reliability of the MOET in a community sample of Brazilian men and women and represents an advance in measures of muscularity-oriented disordered eating in Brazilian adults, allowing for future cross-cultural studies in this field. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE The Muscularity-Oriented Eating Test (MOET) is a measure of muscularity-oriented disordered eating, which assess strict adherence to diet rules, including the food's macronutrient content, regulation of protein intake, and eating less or more to influence muscle gain. This study evaluated the validity and reliability of the MOET in a community sample of Brazilian men and women. Our findings represent an advance in measures of muscularity-oriented disordered eating in Brazilian adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Henrique Berbert de Carvalho
- NICTA, Body Image and Eating Disorders Research Group, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, Brazil.,AMBULIM, Eating Disorders Program, Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vitoria Bagolin
- Department of Nutrition, University of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Jason M Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Chloe J Cattle
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Stuart B Murray
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Emilio J Compte
- Eating Behavior Research Center, School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile.,Research Department, Comenzar de Nuevo Treatment Center, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Telma Maria Braga Costa
- Department of Nutrition, University of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Psychology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Fernanda Laus
- Department of Nutrition, University of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Psychology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Talbot D, Mahlberg J. Beyond desirable: preferences for thinness and muscularity are greater than what is rated as desirable by heterosexual Australian undergraduate students. AUSTRALIAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00050067.2022.2033951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Talbot
- School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Notre Dame, Sydney, Australia
| | - Justin Mahlberg
- The Marcs Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Compte EJ, Nagata JM, Sepúlveda AR, Silva BC, Cortes C, Bidacovich G, Brown TA, Blashill AJ, Lavender JM, Mitchison D, Mond JM, Castillo I, López PL, Muiños R, Rutsztein G, Torrente F, Murray SB. Development and validation of a multicultural Spanish-language version of the Muscularity-Oriented Eating Test (MOET) in Argentina. Eat Behav 2021; 43:101542. [PMID: 34492593 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2021.101542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The utility of traditional eating disorder measures in the assessment of muscularity-oriented disordered eating has been questioned. To address this limitation, the Muscularity-Oriented Eating Test (MOET) was recently developed and validated in a sample of U.S. college men. We aimed to develop a multicultural Spanish-language version of the MOET for use in Latin American samples and validate its use in a sample of Argentinian college men. Combined translation procedures were used to develop a version suitable for different Spanish-speaking populations. A total of 235 students (Mage = 23.47, SD = 5.61) participated in this study by completing a survey including the MOET. A sub-sample (n = 121) completed the MOET again after 1 week. A confirmatory factor analysis of a re-specified model of the original single-factor MOET, allowing for residual correlation between items associated to dietary rules (items 4-12), resulted in an adequate fit (χ2/df = 2.10, CFI = 0.94, TLI = 0.93, RMSEA 0.05 [90% CI = 0.04, 0.06] SRMR = 0.08). Further, the multicultural Spanish-language version of the MOET yielded evidence of internal consistency (omega = 0.83, 95% CI [0.79, 0.88], Cronbach's α = 0.83), a 1-week Intraclass Correlation Coefficient was considered for test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.82), item analysis, convergent validity with measures of eating disorder psychopathology, body dissatisfaction and weight-related behaviors, as well as for divergent validity with an unrelated construct. The availability of a multicultural Spanish-language version of the MOET may have utility in both clinical and research efforts related to muscularity-oriented disordered eating among Latino men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilio J Compte
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; School of Human and Behavioral Science, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Eating Behavior Research Center (CECA), School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile; Research Department, Comenzar de Nuevo Treatment Center, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Jason M Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ana R Sepúlveda
- Department of Biological and Health Psychology, School of Psychology, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - B Camila Silva
- School of Human and Behavioral Science, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Camila Cortes
- School of Human and Behavioral Science, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - German Bidacovich
- School of Psychology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tiffany A Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Aaron J Blashill
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA; San Diego State/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jason M Lavender
- Military Cardiovascular Outcomes Research (MiCOR) Program, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA; Metis Foundation, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Deborah Mitchison
- Translational Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jonathan M Mond
- Center for Rural Health, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Irais Castillo
- Nutrition Program, Nursing School, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Mexico
| | - Pablo L López
- Laboratory of Psychopathology Research, Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCyT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Roberto Muiños
- School of Psychology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; School of Statistics - National University of Tres de Febrero, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Fernando Torrente
- Center for Rural Health, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Stuart B Murray
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Lowy AS, Rodgers RF, Franko DL, Pluhar E, Webb JB. Body image and internalization of appearance ideals in Black women: An update and call for culturally-sensitive research. Body Image 2021; 39:313-327. [PMID: 34749264 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Extant research on body image supports sociocultural theories emphasizing the internalization of societal pressures to attain the thin-ideal, as well as other White or Eurocentric ideals that are predominant in mainstream media. While earlier research suggests that Black women are less likely to report body dissatisfaction and thin-ideal internalization compared to women of other racial backgrounds, recent studies argue that most measures of body image and appearance ideals may not be accurate assessments of body dissatisfaction for this population. In this paper, we summarize the literature over the past two decades on body image and appearance ideals among cisgender Black girls and women and discuss the applications of well-established sociocultural theories of body dissatisfaction. We additionally highlight existing gaps in culturally-sensitive theory and assessment tools and consider the benefits of applying intersectionality-informed research. We lastly propose future directions in research, assessment, and intervention to develop more culturally-sensitive approaches to identifying, assessing, and addressing body dissatisfaction among Black girls and women. This paper encourages researchers to apply culturally-sensitive and intersectionality-informed theory to improve efforts in assessing early warning signs of body dissatisfaction and developing effective interventions for this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice S Lowy
- Division of Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Rachel F Rodgers
- Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Debra L Franko
- Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emily Pluhar
- Division of Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer B Webb
- Department of Psychological Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Cunningham ML, Rodgers RF, Pinkus RT, Nagata JM, Trompeter N, Mitchison D, Murray SB, Szabo M, Lavender JM. Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Muscularity-Oriented Eating Test in university women in Australia. Int J Eat Disord 2021; 54:1956-1966. [PMID: 34661291 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Toned muscularity continues to emerge as a salient aspect of women's body image. However, there is a dearth of research investigating the potentially maladaptive eating practices and related cognitions that accompany the drive for muscularity in women. This may be attributable to the limited empirical and clinical attention previously given to muscularity-oriented disordered eating and, accordingly, the lack of validated measures assessing these concerns. To address this knowledge gap, our study aimed to provide a preliminary evaluation of the factor structure and core psychometric properties of a recently developed measure of muscularity-oriented disordered eating, the Muscularity-Oriented Eating Test (MOET), in university women in Australia. METHOD Participants included 419 university women who completed the 15-item MOET and other self-report measures for validity evaluation as part of an online survey. Data from split-half samples were used to undertake an exploratory factor analysis and subsequent confirmatory factor analysis. RESULTS Factor analytic results supported a briefer (12-item), one-factor scale in this sample of university women. The internal consistency reliability and validity (convergent and discriminant) of this 12-item unidimensional MOET was supported. DISCUSSION Our study provides preliminary support for this modified MOET as a psychometrically sound self-report measure of muscularity-oriented disordered eating in university women in Australia, providing a useful tool for understanding maladaptive eating behaviors and cognitions concomitant to the pursuit of muscularity in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel F Rodgers
- Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Psychiatric Emergency and Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Rebecca T Pinkus
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jason M Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Nora Trompeter
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Emotional Health, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Deborah Mitchison
- Translational Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stuart B Murray
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Marianna Szabo
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jason M Lavender
- Military Cardiovascular Outcomes Research (MiCOR) Program, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,The Metis Foundation, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Ganson KT, Nagata JM, Lavender JM, Rodgers RF, L Cunningham M, Murray SB, Hammond D. Prevalence and correlates of weight gain attempts across five countries. Int J Eat Disord 2021; 54:1829-1842. [PMID: 34415082 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence and correlates of weight gain attempts in a pooled sample of adults aged 18 and older from Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Mexico. METHOD Data collected during 2 years (2018 and 2019) of the International Food Policy Study (N = 42,108) were analyzed. Unadjusted 12-month prevalence of weight gain attempts was estimated based on body mass index (BMI; kg/m2 ), weight perception, country, survey year, and sex. Logistic regression analyses were estimated to determine the sociodemographic correlates (age, race/ethnicity, education, BMI, weight perception, weight perception accuracy, and self-rated mental health) of weight gain attempts among the pooled sample stratified by sex. RESULTS Men (10.4%) were significantly more likely than women (5.4%) to report weight gain attempts (p < .001). Nearly one in five (17.1%) men with a BMI in the "normal" range (≥18.5 to <25.0) reported weight gain attempts. Among both men and women, minority group identity was associated with higher odds, while older age and higher BMI category were associated with lower odds, of reporting weight gain attempts. Country differences over the two survey years showed the prevalence of weight gain attempts in 2019 (vs. 2018) was higher among women in Australia (p < .05) and men in the United States (p < .01). DISCUSSION Weight gain attempts are more common among men, compared to women, across five countries, potentially reflecting the global salience of the pursuit of a muscular body.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle T Ganson
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason M Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jason M Lavender
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Military Cardiovascular Outcomes Research (MiCOR) Program, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Metis Foundation, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Rachel F Rodgers
- Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Stuart B Murray
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - David Hammond
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Beauty ideals, social media, and body positivity: A qualitative investigation of influences on body image among young women in Japan. Body Image 2021; 38:358-369. [PMID: 34120098 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Body image and eating concerns are prevalent among Japanese young women and result in part from exposure to unrealistic media imagery. In Western contexts, a growing body of research has explored the impact of social media on body image and eating disorder risk, and the potential for body positive media to mitigate these harmful effects. However, similar research in Japan is lacking. The aim of the present study was to qualitatively explore media and social media influences on body image and associated behaviors among young women in Japan, with a specific focus on body positive media content. Female university students in Japan (n = 29) participated in majority group and some individual interviews. Thematic analysis revealed four primary themes: (1) media appearance pressures: additive pressures of Japanese and Western ideals through globalization, (2) criticism of, resistance to, and negotiating appearance ideals, and (3) presence of body positivity in Japan, and (4) media as a background for interpersonal appearance pressures. High pressure towards thinness emerged, perceived as contributing to weight control behaviors that were calibrated to avoid being "unhealthy." Desire for greater body diversity in Japanese media emerged; however, findings suggest body positive messaging is scarce and mainly limited to high-profile celebrities.
Collapse
|
45
|
Nagata JM, Compte EJ, McGuire FH, Lavender JM, Brown TA, Murray SB, Flentje A, Capriotti MR, Lubensky ME, Obedin-Maliver J, Lunn MR. Community norms of the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI) among gender minority populations. J Eat Disord 2021; 9:87. [PMID: 34261536 PMCID: PMC8278632 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-021-00442-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Representing the pathological extreme pursuit of muscularity, muscle dysmorphia (MD) is characterized by a pervasive belief or fear around insufficient muscularity and an elevated drive for muscularity. Despite evidence of heightened body image-related concerns among gender minority populations, little is known about the degree of MD symptoms among gender minorities, particularly based on Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI) scores. The objective of this study was to assess community norms of the MDDI in gender-expansive people, transgender men, and transgender women. METHOD Data from participants in The PRIDE Study, an existing study of health outcomes in sexual and gender minority people, were examined. We calculated means, standard deviations, and percentiles for the MDDI total and subscale scores among gender-expansive people (i.e., those who identify outside of the binary system of man or woman; n = 1023), transgender men (n = 326), and transgender women (n = 177). The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to assess group differences and post hoc Dunn's tests were used to examine pairwise differences. RESULTS Transgender men reported the highest mean MDDI total score (30.5 ± 7.5), followed by gender-expansive people (27.2 ± 6.7), then transgender women (24.6 ± 5.7). The differences in total MDDI score were driven largely by the Drive for Size subscale and, to a lesser extent, the Functional Impairment subscale. There were no significant differences in the Appearance Intolerance subscale among the three groups. CONCLUSIONS Transgender men reported higher Drive for Size, Functional Impairment, and Total MDDI scores compared to gender-expansive people and transgender women. These norms provide insights into the experience of MD symptoms among gender minorities and can aid researchers and clinicians in the interpretation of MDDI scores among gender minority populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 550 16th Street, 4th Floor, Box 0110, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
| | - Emilio J Compte
- Eating Behavior Research Center, School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
- Research Department, Comenzar de Nuevo Treatment Center, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - F Hunter McGuire
- The Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jason M Lavender
- Military Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Program (MiCOR), Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- The Metis Foundation, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Tiffany A Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Stuart B Murray
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Annesa Flentje
- Department of Community Health Systems, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Alliance Health Project, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Matthew R Capriotti
- The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology, San José State University, San Jose, CA, USA
| | - Micah E Lubensky
- Department of Community Health Systems, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Juno Obedin-Maliver
- The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mitchell R Lunn
- The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Hater L, Schulte J, Geukes K, Buhlmann U, Back MD. Disentangling the contributions of agentic, antagonistic, and neurotic narcissism to drive for thinness and drive for muscularity. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253187. [PMID: 34129626 PMCID: PMC8205145 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Body image concerns revolving around body ideals (thin ideal, muscular ideal) are widespread among women. Whereas a stronger preoccupation with ideal physical appearance is often assumed for narcissistic women, previous empirical findings have been mixed. Following a tripartite structure of agentic, antagonistic, and neurotic narcissism facets, we reexamined whether trait narcissism predicted drive for thinness and drive for muscularity. We further explored the role of importance of appearance as a mediator and moderator of the relation between narcissism and body image concerns. Latent structural equation modeling was applied to self-report data from two independent nonclinical female samples (NSample1 = 224, NSample2 = 342). Results underlined the importance of distinguishing between narcissism facets: Neurotic (but not agentic or antagonistic) narcissism uniquely predicted drive for thinness and drive for muscularity. Importance of appearance mediated but did not robustly moderate these relations. Hence, neurotic narcissistic women (characterized by hypersensitivity, shame, and a fragile self-esteem) are particularly prone to body image concerns. This vulnerability seems partly driven by how much importance they ascribe to their appearance. Future work might build on these insights to further unravel the processes linking neurotic narcissism to body image concerns and how these can be targeted in practical interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Hater
- Institute of Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Johanna Schulte
- Institute of Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Katharina Geukes
- Institute of Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ulrike Buhlmann
- Institute of Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Mitja D. Back
- Institute of Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Lin L, Flynn M, O'Dell D. Measuring positive and negative body talk in men and women: The development and validation of the Body Talk Scale. Body Image 2021; 37:106-116. [PMID: 33610049 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Research suggests that positive and negative body talk are important factors in people's body image, however, the instruments designed to measure body talk are generally designed for use with a specific gender and primarily measure negative body talk. To address the shortcomings in the existing measures, the Body Talk Scale (BTS) was designed to measure both positive and negative body talk in men and women. The current study examines the development and psychometric properties of this new scale in two samples of adults, both including men and women. Study 1 focused on the development and examined the factor structure of the original scale items. Study 2 confirmed the factor structure and examined the concurrent validity, incremental validity, test-retest reliability of the scale, and also gender differences. The results indicated that the BTS is a 14-item scale that contains three subscales (Negative Fat Talk, Negative Muscle Talk, and Positive Body Talk) and demonstrates good concurrent validity, incremental validity, and test-retest reliability. Gender comparisons on all three subscales indicated that men engage in more positive body talk than women. The findings demonstrate that the BTS is a useful measure of positive and negative body talk in both men and women.
Collapse
|
48
|
Rodgers RF, Simone M, Franko DL, Eisenberg ME, Loth K, Neumark-Sztainer D. The longitudinal relationship between family and peer teasing in young adulthood and later unhealthy weight control behaviors: The mediating role of body image. Int J Eat Disord 2021; 54:831-840. [PMID: 33644886 PMCID: PMC8119351 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sociocultural theories hold that family and peer weight-related teasing increases the risk for unhealthy weight control behaviors (UWCBs) by negatively impacting body image. Although much cross-sectional support exists for these pathways, longitudinal data are lacking. This study tested the longitudinal relationships among peer and family teasing (occurrence and perceived impact) in early adolescence, body satisfaction in late adolescence, and UWCBs in young adulthood among a racially/ethnically and socioeconomically diverse population. METHOD Data were drawn from three waves of Project EAT over a 15-year period (Eating and Activity in Teens and Young Adults), and included responses from 1,902 young adults (57% female). RESULTS Among female participants, a mediated indirect pathway emerged with family weight-related teasing predicting increased engagement in UWCBs in early adulthood via poorer body image in late adolescence. In contrast, peer teasing did not predict body image or UWCBs. Among boys, the mediated indirect pathways were not significant. However, poor body image in late adolescent males predicted higher likelihood of engaging in UCWBs in early adulthood. DISCUSSION These findings support the long-term impact of family weight-related teasing on greater risk for UWCBs among girls and young women, and poor body image as a mechanism accounting for this relationship. Moreover, the results highlight the poor body image among adolescent boys as a factor for increased risk of engaging in UWCBs in early adulthood. Pending replication in current cohorts, health promotion and prevention involving family members of early adolescents that address family weight teasing and body image are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel F. Rodgers
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts,Department of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, CHRU, Montpellier, France
| | - Melissa Simone
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Debra L. Franko
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marla E. Eisenberg
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Katie Loth
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Dianne Neumark-Sztainer
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Ganson KT, Murray SB, Mitchison D, Hawkins MAW, Layman H, Tabler J, Nagata JM. Associations between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Performance-Enhancing Substance Use among Young Adults. Subst Use Misuse 2021; 56:854-860. [PMID: 33726612 PMCID: PMC11385237 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2021.1899230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with negative health outcomes, yet their associations with performance-enhancing substance (PES) use are unclear. This study aimed to determine whether ACEs predict greater use of legal and illegal PES in young adults. METHODS We analyzed data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (n = 14,322), Waves I (1994-1995) and III (2001-2002). ACEs included childhood sexual abuse, physical abuse, two neglect indicators, and cumulative ACEs. Legal (e.g. creatine monohydrate) and illegal (e.g. non-prescription anabolic-androgenic steroids; AAS) PES use was assessed. RESULTS Sexual abuse had the greatest effect and predicted higher odds of legal PES use (men: adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.66, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06-2.59; women: AOR 3.74, 95% CI 1.63-8.59) and AAS use (men: AOR 8.89, 95% CI 5.37-14.72; women: AOR 5.73, 95% CI 2.31-14.18). Among men, a history of physical abuse (AOR 3.04, 95% CI 2.05-4.52), being left alone by a parent/guardian (AOR 2.33, 95% CI 1.50-3.60), and basic needs not being met (AOR 3.47, 95% CI 2.30-5.23) predicted higher odds of AAS use. Among women, basic needs not being met (AOR 2.94, 95% CI 1.43-6.04) predicted higher odds of AAS use. Among both men and women, greater number of cumulative ACEs predicted higher odds of both legal and illegal PES use. CONCLUSIONS ACEs predict greater PES use among young adults. Clinicians should monitor for PES use among those who have experienced ACEs and provide psychoeducation on the adverse effects associated with PES use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle T Ganson
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Stuart B Murray
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Deborah Mitchison
- Translational Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Misty A W Hawkins
- Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Harley Layman
- Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Jennifer Tabler
- Department of Criminal Justice and Sociology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - Jason M Nagata
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Campos PF, Almeida M, Neves CM, Rodgers RF, Ferreira MEC, de Carvalho PHB. Assessing the Rising Emphasis on Muscularity for Women: Psychometric Properties of the Brazilian Version of the Female Muscularity Scale. SEX ROLES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-020-01222-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|