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Di Domenico EG, Oliva A, Guembe M. Biofilm-Related Infections in Healthcare: Moving towards New Horizons. Microorganisms 2024; 12:784. [PMID: 38674728 PMCID: PMC11052091 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In this Special Issue, titled "Biofilm-Related Infections in Healthcare", we have reported considerable progress in understanding the physiology and pathology of biofilms [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Enea Gino Di Domenico
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “C. Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Oliva
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - María Guembe
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain
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2
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Koatale P, Welling MM, Ndlovu H, Kgatle M, Mdanda S, Mdlophane A, Okem A, Takyi-Williams J, Sathekge MM, Ebenhan T. Insights into Peptidoglycan-Targeting Radiotracers for Imaging Bacterial Infections: Updates, Challenges, and Future Perspectives. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:270-286. [PMID: 38290525 PMCID: PMC10862554 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The unique structural architecture of the peptidoglycan allows for the stratification of bacteria as either Gram-negative or Gram-positive, which makes bacterial cells distinguishable from mammalian cells. This classification has received attention as a potential target for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Bacteria's ability to metabolically integrate peptidoglycan precursors during cell wall biosynthesis and recycling offers an opportunity to target and image pathogens in their biological state. This Review explores the peptidoglycan biosynthesis for bacteria-specific targeting for infection imaging. Current and potential radiolabeled peptidoglycan precursors for bacterial infection imaging, their development status, and their performance in vitro and/or in vivo are highlighted. We conclude by providing our thoughts on how to shape this area of research for future clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palesa
C. Koatale
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa
- Nuclear
Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI) NPC, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mick M. Welling
- Interventional
Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Honest Ndlovu
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa
- Nuclear
Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI) NPC, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mankgopo Kgatle
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa
- Nuclear
Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI) NPC, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Sipho Mdanda
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa
- Nuclear
Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI) NPC, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Amanda Mdlophane
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa
- Nuclear
Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI) NPC, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ambrose Okem
- Department
of Anaesthesia, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Witwatersrand, 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - John Takyi-Williams
- Pharmacokinetic
and Mass Spectrometry Core, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Mike M. Sathekge
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa
- Nuclear
Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI) NPC, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Thomas Ebenhan
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa
- Nuclear
Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI) NPC, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa
- DSI/NWU Pre-clinical
Drug Development Platform, North West University, 2520 Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Jiang Y, Fang S, Feng J, Ruan Q, Zhang J. Synthesis and Bioevaluation of Novel Technetium-99m-Labeled Complexes with Norfloxacin HYNIC Derivatives for Bacterial Infection Imaging. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:630-640. [PMID: 36398935 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To seek a novel 99mTc-labeled quinolone derivative for bacterial infection SPECT imaging that aims to lower nontarget organ uptake, a novel norfloxacin 6-hydrazinoicotinamide (HYNIC) derivative (HYNICNF) was designed and synthesized. It was radiolabeled with different coligands, such as tricine, trisodium triphenylphosphine-3,3',3″-trisulfonate (TPPTS), sodium triphenylphosphine-3-monosulfonate (TPPMS), and ethylenediamine-N,N'-diacetic acid (EDDA), to obtain three 99mTc-labeled norfloxacin HYNIC complexes, namely, [99mTc]Tc-tricine-TPPTS-HYNICNF, [99mTc]Tc-tricine-TPPMS-HYNICNF, and [99mTc]Tc-EDDA-HYNICNF. These complexes were purified (RCP > 95%) and evaluated in vitro and in vivo for targeting bacteria. All three complexes are hydrophilic, maintain good stability, and specifically bind Staphylococcus aureus in vitro. The biodistribution in mice with bacterial infection demonstrated that [99mTc]Tc-EDDA-HYNICNF showed a higher abscess uptake and lower nontarget organ uptake and was able to distinguish bacterial infection and sterile inflammation. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) image study in bacterial infection mice showed there was a visible accumulation in the infection site, suggesting that [99mTc]Tc-EDDA-HYNICNF is a potential radiotracer for bacterial infection imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals of Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Product Administration), College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Si'an Fang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals of Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Product Administration), College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Junhong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals of Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Product Administration), College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Qing Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals of Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Product Administration), College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Junbo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals of Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Product Administration), College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Xian J, Huang H, Huang G, Zhou R, Yang M, Qiu Y, Bi L, Su Z, Xiao F, Shan H, Jin H. A Positron Emission Tomography Tracer Targeting the S2 Subunit of SARS-CoV-2 in Extrapulmonary Infections. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:4264-4274. [PMID: 36067000 PMCID: PMC9469952 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tracking the pathogen of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in live subjects may help estimate the spatiotemporal distribution of SARS-CoV-2 infection in vivo. This study developed a positron emission tomography (PET) tracer of the S2 subunit of spike (S) protein for imaging SARS-CoV-2. A pan-coronavirus inhibitor, EK1 peptide, was synthesized and radiolabeled with copper-64 after being conjugated with 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triyl-triacetic acid (NOTA). The in vitro stability tests indicated that [64Cu]Cu-NOTA-EK1 was stable up to 24 h both in saline and in human serum. The binding assay showed that [64Cu]Cu-NOTA-EK1 has a nanomolar affinity (Ki = 3.94 ± 0.51 nM) with the S-protein of SARS-CoV-2. The cell uptake evaluation used HEK293T/S+ and HEK293T/S- cell lines that showed that the tracer has a high affinity with the S-protein on the cellular level. For the in vivo study, we tested [64Cu]Cu-NOTA-EK1 in HEK293T/S+ cell xenograft-bearing mice (n = 3) and pseudovirus of SARS-CoV-2-infected HEK293T/ACE2 cell bearing mice (n = 3). The best radioactive xenograft-to-muscle ratio (X/Nxenograft 8.04 ± 0.99, X/Npseudovirus 6.47 ± 0.71) was most evident 4 h postinjection. Finally, PET imaging in the surrogate mouse model of beta-coronavirus, mouse hepatic virus-A59 infection in C57BL/6 J mice showed significantly enhanced accumulation in the liver than in the uninfected mice (1.626 ± 0.136 vs 0.871 ± 0.086 %ID/g, n = 3, P < 0.05) at 4 h postinjection. In conclusion, our experimental results demonstrate that [64Cu]Cu-NOTA-EK1 is a potential molecular imaging probe for tracking SARS-CoV-2 in extrapulmonary infections in living subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Xian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical
Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University,
Zhuhai, Guangdong Province519000, China
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The Fifth
Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong
Province519000, China
| | - Hongbin Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical
Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University,
Zhuhai, Guangdong Province519000, China
| | - Guolong Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical
Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University,
Zhuhai, Guangdong Province519000, China
| | - Renwei Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical
Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University,
Zhuhai, Guangdong Province519000, China
| | - Min Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical
Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University,
Zhuhai, Guangdong Province519000, China
| | - Yifan Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical
Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University,
Zhuhai, Guangdong Province519000, China
| | - Lei Bi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical
Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University,
Zhuhai, Guangdong Province519000, China
| | - Zhongzhen Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical
Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University,
Zhuhai, Guangdong Province519000, China
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The Fifth
Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong
Province519000, China
| | - Fei Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical
Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University,
Zhuhai, Guangdong Province519000, China
| | - Hong Shan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical
Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University,
Zhuhai, Guangdong Province519000, China
- Department of Interventional Medicine, The Fifth
Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong
Province519000, China
| | - Hongjun Jin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical
Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University,
Zhuhai, Guangdong Province519000, China
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Polvoy I, Seo Y, Parker M, Stewart M, Siddiqua K, Manacsa HS, Ravanfar V, Blecha J, Hope TA, Vanbrocklin H, Flavell RR, Barry J, Hansen E, Villanueva-Meyer JE, Engel J, Rosenberg OS, Wilson DM, Ohliger MA. Imaging joint infections using D-methyl- 11C-methionine PET/MRI: initial experience in humans. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022; 49:3761-3771. [PMID: 35732972 PMCID: PMC9399217 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-022-05858-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Non-invasive imaging is a key clinical tool for detection and treatment monitoring of infections. Existing clinical imaging techniques are frequently unable to distinguish infection from tumors or sterile inflammation. This challenge is well-illustrated by prosthetic joint infections that often complicate joint replacements. D-methyl-11C-methionine (D-11C-Met) is a new bacteria-specific PET radiotracer, based on an amino acid D-enantiomer, that is rapidly incorporated into the bacterial cell wall. In this manuscript, we describe the biodistribution, radiation dosimetry, and initial human experience using D-11C-Met in patients with suspected prosthetic joint infections. METHODS 614.5 ± 100.2 MBq of D-11C-Met was synthesized using an automated in-loop radiosynthesis method and administered to six healthy volunteers and five patients with suspected prosthetic joint infection, who were studied by PET/MRI. Time-activity curves were used to calculate residence times for each source organ. Absorbed doses to each organ and body effective doses were calculated using OLINDA/EXM 1.1 with both ICRP 60 and ICRP 103 tissue weighting factors. SUVmax and SUVpeak were calculated for volumes of interest (VOIs) in joints with suspected infection, the unaffected contralateral joint, blood pool, and soft tissue background. A two-tissue compartment model was used for kinetic modeling. RESULTS D-11C-Met was well tolerated in all subjects. The tracer showed clearance from both urinary (rapid) and hepatobiliary (slow) pathways as well as low effective doses. Moreover, minimal background was observed in both organs with resident micro-flora and target organs, such as the spine and musculoskeletal system. Additionally, D-11C-Met showed increased focal uptake in areas of suspected infection, demonstrated by a significantly higher SUVmax and SUVpeak calculated from VOIs of joints with suspected infections compared to the contralateral joints, blood pool, and background (P < 0.01). Furthermore, higher distribution volume and binding potential were observed in suspected infections compared to the unaffected joints. CONCLUSION D-11C-Met has a favorable radiation profile, minimal background uptake, and fast urinary extraction. Furthermore, D-11C-Met showed increased uptake in areas of suspected infection, making this a promising approach. Validation in larger clinical trials with a rigorous gold standard is still required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Polvoy
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 185 Berry Street, San Francisco, CA 94107 USA
| | - Youngho Seo
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 185 Berry Street, San Francisco, CA 94107 USA
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Matthew Parker
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 185 Berry Street, San Francisco, CA 94107 USA
| | - Megan Stewart
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 185 Berry Street, San Francisco, CA 94107 USA
| | - Khadija Siddiqua
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 185 Berry Street, San Francisco, CA 94107 USA
| | - Harrison S. Manacsa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Vahid Ravanfar
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 185 Berry Street, San Francisco, CA 94107 USA
| | - Joseph Blecha
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 185 Berry Street, San Francisco, CA 94107 USA
| | - Thomas A. Hope
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 185 Berry Street, San Francisco, CA 94107 USA
| | - Henry Vanbrocklin
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 185 Berry Street, San Francisco, CA 94107 USA
| | - Robert R. Flavell
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 185 Berry Street, San Francisco, CA 94107 USA
| | - Jeffrey Barry
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Erik Hansen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Javier E. Villanueva-Meyer
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 185 Berry Street, San Francisco, CA 94107 USA
| | - Joanne Engel
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Oren S. Rosenberg
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - David M. Wilson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 185 Berry Street, San Francisco, CA 94107 USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 505 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - Michael A. Ohliger
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 185 Berry Street, San Francisco, CA 94107 USA
- Department of Radiology, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 1001 Potrero Ave. 1x55D, San Francisco, CA 94110 USA
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Victorio CBL, Ong J, Tham JY, Reolo MJ, Novera W, Msallam R, Watanabe S, Kalimuddin S, Low JG, Vasudevan SG, Chacko AM. Preclinical evaluation of [ 18F]FDG-PET as a biomarker of lymphoid tissue disease and inflammation in Zika virus infection. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022; 49:4516-4528. [PMID: 35876869 PMCID: PMC9309455 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-022-05892-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Zika (ZIKV) is a viral inflammatory disease affecting adults, children, and developing fetuses. It is endemic to tropical and sub-tropical countries, resulting in half the global population at risk of infection. Despite this, there are no approved therapies or vaccines against ZIKV disease. Non-invasive imaging biomarkers are potentially valuable tools for studying viral pathogenesis, prognosticating host response to disease, and evaluating in vivo efficacy of experimental therapeutic interventions. In this study, we evaluated [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET) as an imaging biomarker of ZIKV disease in a mouse model and correlated metabolic tracer tissue uptake with real-time biochemical, virological, and inflammatory features of tissue infection. Methods [18F]FDG-PET/CT imaging was performed in an acute, lethal ZIKV mouse infection model, at increasing stages of disease severity. [18F]FDG-PET findings were corroborated with ex vivo wholemount-tissue autoradiography and tracer biodistribution studies. Tracer uptake was also correlated with in situ tissue disease status, including viral burden and inflammatory response. Immune profiling of the spleen by flow cytometry was performed to identify the immune cell subsets driving tissue pathology and enhancing tracer uptake in ZIKV disease. Results Foci of increased [18F]FDG uptake were consistently detected in lymphoid tissues—particularly the spleen—of ZIKV-infected animals. Splenic uptake increased with disease severity, and corroborated findings in tissue pathology. Increased splenic uptake also correlated with increased viral replication and elevated expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines within these tissues. ZIKV-infected spleens were characterized by increased infiltration of myeloid cells, as well as increased proliferation of both myeloid and lymphoid cells. The increased cell proliferation correlated with increased tracer uptake in the spleen. Our findings support the use of [18F]FDG as an imaging biomarker to detect and track ZIKV disease in real time and highlight the dependency of affected tissue on the nature of the viral infection. Conclusion [18F]FDG uptake in the spleen is a useful surrogate for interrogating in situ tissue viral burden and inflammation status in this ZIKV murine model.
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00259-022-05892-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Bianca Luena Victorio
- Laboratory for Translational and Molecular Imaging, Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Joanne Ong
- Laboratory for Translational and Molecular Imaging, Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Jing Yang Tham
- Laboratory for Translational and Molecular Imaging, Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Marie Jennifer Reolo
- Laboratory for Translational and Molecular Imaging, Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Wisna Novera
- Laboratory for Translational and Molecular Imaging, Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Rasha Msallam
- Laboratory for Translational and Molecular Imaging, Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Satoru Watanabe
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Shirin Kalimuddin
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, 20 College Road, Singapore, 169856, Singapore
| | - Jenny G Low
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, 20 College Road, Singapore, 169856, Singapore
| | - Subhash G Vasudevan
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Ann-Marie Chacko
- Laboratory for Translational and Molecular Imaging, Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.
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Bresser PL, Sathekge MM, Vorster M. PET/CT features of a novel gallium-68 labelled hypoxia seeking agent in patients diagnosed with tuberculosis: a proof-of-concept study. Nucl Med Commun 2022; 43:787-793. [PMID: 35506285 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000001580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) in infection and inflammation has yielded promising results across a range of radiopharmaceuticals. In particular, PET/CT imaging of tuberculosis (TB) allows for a better understanding of this complex disease by providing insights into molecular processes within the TB microenvironment. TB lesions are hypoxic with research primarily focussed on cellular processes occurring under hypoxic stress. With the development of hypoxia seeking PET/CT radiopharmaceuticals, that can be labelled in-house using a germanium-68/gallium-68 (68Ge/68Ga) generator, a proof-of-concept for imaging hypoxia in TB is presented. METHODS Ten patients diagnosed with TB underwent whole-body PET/CT imaging, 60-90 min after intravenous administration of 74-185 MBq (2-5 mCi) 68Ga-nitroimidazole. No oral or intravenous contrast was administered. Images were visually and semiquantitatively assessed for abnormal 68Ga-uptake in the lungs. RESULTS A total of 28 lesions demonstrating hypoxic uptake were identified. Low- to moderate-uptake was seen in nodules, areas of consolidation and cavitation as well as effusions. The mean standard uptake value (SUVmean) of the lesions was 0.47 (IQR, 0.32-0.82) and SUVmax was 0.71 (IQR, 0.41-1.11). The lesion to muscle ratio (median, 1.70; IQR, 1.15-2.31) was higher than both the left ventricular and the aorta lesion to blood ratios. CONCLUSION Moving towards the development of unique host-directed therapies (HDT), modulation of oxygen levels may improve therapeutic outcome by reprogramming TB lesions to overcome hypoxia. This proof-of-concept study suggests that hypoxia in TB lesions can be imaged and quantified using 68Ga-nitroimidazole PET/CT. Subsequently, hypoxic load can be estimated to inform personalised treatment plans of patients diagnosed with TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa L Bresser
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mike M Sathekge
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mariza Vorster
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, University of Kwazulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
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8
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Merchant SA, Shaikh MJS, Nadkarni P. Tuberculosis conundrum - current and future scenarios: A proposed comprehensive approach combining laboratory, imaging, and computing advances. World J Radiol 2022; 14:114-136. [PMID: 35978978 PMCID: PMC9258306 DOI: 10.4329/wjr.v14.i6.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global threat, with the rise of multiple and extensively drug resistant TB posing additional challenges. The International health community has set various 5-yearly targets for TB elimination: mathematical modelling suggests that a 2050 target is feasible with a strategy combining better diagnostics, drugs, and vaccines to detect and treat both latent and active infection. The availability of rapid and highly sensitive diagnostic tools (Gene-Xpert, TB-Quick) will vastly facilitate population-level identification of TB (including rifampicin resistance and through it, multi-drug-resistant TB). Basic-research advances have illuminated molecular mechanisms in TB, including the protective role of Vitamin D. Also, Mycobacterium tuberculosis impairs the host immune response through epigenetic mechanisms (histone-binding modulation). Imaging will continue to be key, both for initial diagnosis and follow-up. We discuss advances in multiple imaging modalities to evaluate TB tissue changes, such as molecular imaging techniques (including pathogen-specific positron emission tomography imaging agents), non-invasive temporal monitoring, and computing enhancements to improve data acquisition and reduce scan times. Big data analysis and Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms, notably in the AI sub-field called “Deep Learning”, can potentially increase the speed and accuracy of diagnosis. Additionally, Federated learning makes multi-institutional/multi-city AI-based collaborations possible without sharing identifiable patient data. More powerful hardware designs - e.g., Edge and Quantum Computing- will facilitate the role of computing applications in TB. However, “Artificial Intelligence needs real Intelligence to guide it!” To have maximal impact, AI must use a holistic approach that incorporates time tested human wisdom gained over decades from the full gamut of TB, i.e., key imaging and clinical parameters, including prognostic indicators, plus bacterial and epidemiologic data. We propose a similar holistic approach at the level of national/international policy formulation and implementation, to enable effective culmination of TB’s endgame, summarizing it with the acronym “TB - REVISITED”.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleman Adam Merchant
- Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College and General Hospital, Mumbai 400022, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mohd Javed Saifullah Shaikh
- Department of Radiology, North Bengal Neuro Centre, Jupiter magnetic resonance imaging, Diagnostic Centre, Siliguri 734003, West Bengal, India
| | - Prakash Nadkarni
- College of Nursing, University of Iowa, Iowa 52242, IA, United States
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9
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Lepareur N. Cold Kit Labeling: The Future of 68Ga Radiopharmaceuticals? Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:812050. [PMID: 35223907 PMCID: PMC8869247 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.812050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last couple of decades, gallium-68 (68Ga) has gained a formidable interest for PET molecular imaging of various conditions, from cancer to infection, through cardiac pathologies or neuropathies. It has gained routine use, with successful radiopharmaceuticals such as somatostatin analogs ([68Ga]Ga-DOTATOC and [68Ga]GaDOTATATE) for neuroendocrine tumors, and PSMA ligands for prostate cancer. It represents a major clinical impact, particularly in the context of theranostics, coupled with their 177Lu-labeled counterparts. Beside those, a bunch of new 68Ga-labeled molecules are in the preclinical and clinical pipelines, with some of them showing great promise for patient care. Increasing clinical demand and regulatory issues have led to the development of automated procedures for the production of 68Ga radiopharmaceuticals. However, the widespread use of these radiopharmaceuticals may rely on simple and efficient radiolabeling methods, undemanding in terms of equipment and infrastructure. To make them technically and economically accessible to the medical community and its patients, it appears mandatory to develop a procedure similar to the well-established kit-based 99mTc chemistry. Already available commercial kits for the production of 68Ga radiopharmaceuticals have demonstrated the feasibility of using such an approach, thus paving the way for more kit-based 68Ga radiopharmaceuticals to be developed. This article discusses the development of 68Ga cold kit radiopharmacy, including technical issues, and regulatory aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Lepareur
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
- Univ Rennes, Inrae, Inserm, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition, Métabolismes et Cancer), UMR_A 1341, UMR_S 1241, Rennes, France
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10
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Banahene N, Kavunja HW, Swarts BM. Chemical Reporters for Bacterial Glycans: Development and Applications. Chem Rev 2022; 122:3336-3413. [PMID: 34905344 PMCID: PMC8958928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria possess an extraordinary repertoire of cell envelope glycans that have critical physiological functions. Pathogenic bacteria have glycans that are essential for growth and virulence but are absent from humans, making them high-priority targets for antibiotic, vaccine, and diagnostic development. The advent of metabolic labeling with bioorthogonal chemical reporters and small-molecule fluorescent reporters has enabled the investigation and targeting of specific bacterial glycans in their native environments. These tools have opened the door to imaging glycan dynamics, assaying and inhibiting glycan biosynthesis, profiling glycoproteins and glycan-binding proteins, and targeting pathogens with diagnostic and therapeutic payload. These capabilities have been wielded in diverse commensal and pathogenic Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and mycobacterial species─including within live host organisms. Here, we review the development and applications of chemical reporters for bacterial glycans, including peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharide, glycoproteins, teichoic acids, and capsular polysaccharides, as well as mycobacterial glycans, including trehalose glycolipids and arabinan-containing glycoconjugates. We cover in detail how bacteria-targeting chemical reporters are designed, synthesized, and evaluated, how they operate from a mechanistic standpoint, and how this information informs their judicious and innovative application. We also provide a perspective on the current state and future directions of the field, underscoring the need for interdisciplinary teams to create novel tools and extend existing tools to support fundamental and translational research on bacterial glycans.
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11
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MicroPET imaging of bacterial infection with nitroreductase-specific responsive 18F-labelled nitrogen mustard analogues. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022; 49:2645-2654. [PMID: 35122512 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-022-05710-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Bacterial infection and antibiotic resistance are serious threats to human health. This study aimed to develop two novel radiotracers, 18F-NTRP and 18F-NCRP, that possess a specific nitroreductase (NTR) response to image deep-seated bacterial infections using positron emission tomography (PET). This method can distinguish infection from sterile inflammation. METHODS 18F-NTRP and 18F-NCRP were synthesized via a one-step method; all the steps usually involved in tracer radiosynthesis were successfully adapted in the All-In-One automated module. After the physiochemical properties of 18F-NTRP and 18F-NCRP were characterized, their specificity and selectivity for NTR were verified in E. coli and S. aureus. The ex vivo biodistribution of the tracers was evaluated in normal mice. MicroPET-CT imaging was performed in mouse models of bacterial infection and inflammation after the administration of 18F-NTRP or 18F-NCRP. RESULTS Fully automated radiosynthesis of 18F-NTRP and 18F-NCRP was achieved within 90-110 min with overall decay-uncorrected, isolated radiochemical yields of 21.24 ± 4.25% and 11.3 ± 3.78%, respectively. The molar activities of 18F-NTRP and 18F-NCRP were 320 ± 40 GBq/μmol and 275 ± 33 GBq/µmol, respectively. In addition, 18F-NTRP and 18F-NCRP exhibited high selectivity and specificity for NTR response. PET-CT imaging in bacteria-infected mouse models with 18F-NTRP or 18F-NCRP showed significant radioactivity uptake in either E. coli- or S. aureus-infected muscles. The uptake for E. coli-infected muscles, 2.4 ± 0.2%ID/g with 18F-NTRP and 4.05 ± 0.49%ID/g with 18F-NCRP, was up to three times greater than that for uninfected control muscles. Furthermore, for both 18F-NTRP and 18F-NCRP, the uptake in bacterial infection was 2.6 times higher than that in sterile inflammation, allowing an effective distinction of infection from inflammation. CONCLUSION 18F-NTRP and 18F-NCRP are worth further investigation to verify their potential clinical application for distinguishing bacterial infection from sterile inflammation via their specific NTR responsiveness.
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12
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Wu M, He S, Tang H, Hu H, Shi Y. Molecular Engineering of Polymyxin B for Imaging and Treatment of Bacterial Infections. Front Chem 2022; 9:809584. [PMID: 35071190 PMCID: PMC8776826 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.809584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of multi-drug resistant bacteria and the lack of novel antibiotics to combat them have led to the revival of polymyxin B, a previously abandoned antibiotic due to its potential nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity. To facilitate its widely clinical applications, increasing effort has been devoted to molecularly engineer polymyxin B for the targeted imaging and effective treatment of bacterial infections. Herein, the molecular engineering strategies will be summarized in this mini review, with selected recent advances for illustration. Perspective of the challenges and trends in this exciting and eagerly anticipated research area will also be provided in the end. We hope this mini review will inspire researchers from diverse fields to bring forward the next wave of exploiting molecular engineering approaches to propel the “old” polymyxin B to “new” clinical significance in combating bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghao Wu
- Institute of Translation Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shipeng He
- Institute of Translation Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Tang
- Institute of Translation Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Hua Tang, ; Yejiao Shi,
| | - Honggang Hu
- Institute of Translation Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yejiao Shi
- Institute of Translation Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Hua Tang, ; Yejiao Shi,
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13
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Total-body PET. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822960-6.00118-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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14
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Signore A, Conserva M, Varani M, Galli F. Gamma camera imaging of bacteria. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822960-6.00169-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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15
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Evaluation of 2-[ 18F]-Fluorodeoxysorbitol PET Imaging in Preclinical Models of Aspergillus Infection. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 8:jof8010025. [PMID: 35049965 PMCID: PMC8780649 DOI: 10.3390/jof8010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite increasing associated mortality and morbidity, the diagnosis of fungal infections, especially with Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus), remains challenging. Based on known ability of Aspergillus species to utilize sorbitol, we evaluated 2-[18F]-fluorodeoxysorbitol (FDS), a recently described Enterobacterales imaging ligand, in animal models of A. fumigatus infection, in comparison with 2-[18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). In vitro assays showed slightly higher 3H-sorbitol uptake by live compared with heat-killed A. fumigatus. However, this was 10.6-fold lower than E. coli uptake. FDS positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of A. fumigatus pneumonia showed low uptake in infected lungs compared with FDG (0.290 ± 0.030 vs. 8.416 ± 0.964 %ID/mL). This uptake was higher than controls (0.098 ± 0.008 %ID/mL) and minimally higher than lung inflammation (0.167 ± 0.007 %ID/mL). In the myositis models, FDS uptake was highest in live E. coli infections. Uptake was low in A. fumigatus myositis model and only slightly higher in live compared with the heat-killed side. In conclusion, we found low uptake of 3H-sorbitol and FDS by A. fumigatus cultures and infection models compared with E. coli, likely due to the need for induction of sorbitol dehydrogenase by sorbitol. Our findings do not support FDS as an Aspergillus imaging agent. At this point, FDS remains more selective for imaging Gram-negative Enterobacterales.
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16
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Mular A, Shanzer A, Kozłowski H, Hubmann I, Misslinger M, Krzywik J, Decristoforo C, Gumienna-Kontecka E. Cyclic Analogs of Desferrioxamine E Siderophore for 68Ga Nuclear Imaging: Coordination Chemistry and Biological Activity in Staphylococcus aureus. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:17846-17857. [PMID: 34783539 PMCID: PMC8653149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
As multidrug-resistant
bacteria are an emerging problem and threat
to humanity, novel strategies for treatment and diagnostics are actively
sought. We aim to utilize siderophores, iron-specific strong chelating
agents produced by microbes, as gallium ion carriers for diagnosis,
applying that Fe(III) can be successfully replaced by Ga(III) without
losing biological properties of the investigated complex, which allows
molecular imaging by positron emission tomography (PET). Here, we
report synthesis, full solution chemistry, thermodynamic characterization,
and the preliminary biological evaluation of biomimetic derivatives
(FOX) of desferrioxamine E (FOXE) siderophore, radiolabeled with 68Ga for possible applications in PET imaging of S.
aureus. From a series of six biomimetic analogs, which differ
from FOXE with cycle length and position of hydroxamic and amide groups,
the highest Fe(III) and Ga(III) stability was determined for the most
FOXE alike compounds–FOX 2-4 and FOX 2-5; we have also established
the stability constant of the Ga-FOXE complex. For this purpose, spectroscopic
and potentiometric titrations, together with the Fe(III)–Ga(III)
competition method, were used. [68Ga]Ga-FOXE derivatives
uptake and microbial growth promotion studies conducted on S. aureus were efficient for compounds with a larger cavity,
i.e., FOX 2-5, 2-6, and 3-5. Even though showing low uptake values,
Fe-FOX 2-4 seems to be also a good Fe-source to support the growth
of S. aureus. Overall, proposed derivatives may hold
potential as inert and stable carrier agents for radioactive Ga(III)
ions for diagnostic medical applications or interesting starting compounds
for further modifications. In this work,
the authors have investigated a set of novel
ferrioxamine E analogs as potential Ga-68 chelators and tools for
infection imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Mular
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Abraham Shanzer
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Henryk Kozłowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland.,Department of Health Sciences, University of Opole, 45-060 Opole, Poland
| | - Isabella Hubmann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Matthias Misslinger
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Medical University Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Julia Krzywik
- TriMen Chemicals, Piłsudskiego 141, 92-318 Łódź, Poland
| | - Clemens Decristoforo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Mota F, De Jesus P, Jain SK. Kit-based synthesis of 2-deoxy-2-[ 18F]-fluoro-D-sorbitol for bacterial imaging. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:5274-5286. [PMID: 34686858 PMCID: PMC8611807 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00613-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Clinically available imaging tools for diagnosing infections rely on structural changes in the affected tissues. They therefore lack specificity and cannot differentiate between oncologic, inflammatory and infectious processes. We have developed 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-sorbitol (18F-FDS) as an imaging agent to visualize infections caused by Enterobacterales, which represent the largest group of bacterial pathogens in humans and are responsible for severe infections, often resulting in sepsis or death. A clinical study in 26 prospectively enrolled patients demonstrated that 18F-FDS positron emission tomography (PET) was safe, and could detect and localize infections due to drug-susceptible or multi-drug-resistant Enterobacterales strains as well as differentiate them from other pathologies (sterile inflammation or cancer). 18F-FDS is cleared almost exclusively through renal filtration and has also shown potential as a PET agent for functional renal imaging. Since most PET radionuclides have a short half-life, maximal clinical impact will require fast, on-demand synthesis with limited infrastructure and personnel. To meet this demand, we developed a kit-based solid phase method that uses commercially and widely available 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose as the precursor and allows 18F-FDS to be produced and purified in one step at room temperature. The 18F-FDS kit consists of a solid-phase extraction cartridge packed with solid supported borohydride (MP-borohydride), which can be attached to a second cartridge to reduce pH. We evaluated the effects of different solid supported borohydride reagents, cartridge size, starting radioactivity, volumes and flow rates in the radiochemical yield and purity. The optimized protocol can be completed in <30 min and allows the synthesis of 18F-FDS in >70% radiochemical yield and >90% radiochemical purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Mota
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Patricia De Jesus
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sanjay K. Jain
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to Sanjay K. Jain.
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18
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Jiang Y, Fang S, Zhang X, Feng J, Ruan Q, Zhang J. Radiolabeling and evaluation of a novel [ 99mTcN] 2+ complex with deferoxamine dithiocarbamate as a potential agent for bacterial infection imaging. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 43:128102. [PMID: 33984471 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In order to find a 99mTc-labeled deferoxamine radiotracer for bacterial infection imaging, deferoxamine dithiocarbamate (DFODTC) was successfully synthesized and it was radiolabeled with [99mTcN]2+ core to prepare the 99mTcN(DFODTC)2 complex. 99mTcN(DFODTC)2 was obtained with high radiochemical purity without further purification. The complex was lipophilic and exhibited good in vitro stability. According to the result of bacterial binding study, the binding of 99mTcN(DFODTC)2 to bacteria was specific. Biodistribution in mice study indicated that 99mTcN(DFODTC)2 had a higher uptake in bacterial infection tissues than in turpentine-induced abscesses at 120 min after injection, which showed that the radiotracer could differentiate between bacterial infection and sterile inflammation. SPECT/CT images showed that there was a clear accumulation in infection sites, suggesting that 99mTcN(DFODTC)2 could be a potential bacterial infection imaging radiotracer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Si'an Fang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Xuran Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Junhong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Qing Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Junbo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China.
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19
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Ordonez AA, Wintaco LM, Mota F, Restrepo AF, Ruiz-Bedoya CA, Reyes CF, Uribe LG, Abhishek S, D'Alessio FR, Holt DP, Dannals RF, Rowe SP, Castillo VR, Pomper MG, Granados U, Jain SK. Imaging Enterobacterales infections in patients using pathogen-specific positron emission tomography. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/589/eabe9805. [PMID: 33853931 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abe9805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Enterobacterales represent the largest group of bacterial pathogens in humans and are responsible for severe, deep-seated infections, often resulting in sepsis or death. They are also a prominent cause of multidrug-resistant (MDR) infections, and some species are recognized as biothreat pathogens. Tools for noninvasive, whole-body analysis that can localize a pathogen with specificity are needed, but no such technology currently exists. We previously demonstrated that positron emission tomography (PET) with 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-d-sorbitol (18F-FDS) can selectively detect Enterobacterales infections in murine models. Here, we demonstrate that uptake of 18F-FDS by bacteria occurs via a metabolically conserved sorbitol-specific pathway with rapid in vitro 18F-FDS uptake noted in clinical strains, including MDR isolates. Whole-body 18F-FDS PET/computerized tomography (CT) in 26 prospectively enrolled patients with either microbiologically confirmed Enterobacterales infection or other pathologies demonstrated that 18F-FDS PET/CT was safe, could rapidly detect and localize Enterobacterales infections due to drug-susceptible or MDR strains, and differentiated them from sterile inflammation or cancerous lesions. Repeat imaging in the same patients monitored antibiotic efficacy with decreases in PET signal correlating with clinical improvement. To facilitate the use of 18F-FDS, we developed a self-contained, solid-phase cartridge to rapidly (<10 min) formulate ready-to-use 18F-FDS from commercially available 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-d-glucose (18F-FDG) at room temperature. In a hamster model, 18F-FDS PET/CT also differentiated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pneumonia from secondary Klebsiella pneumoniae pneumonia-a leading cause of complications in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. These data support 18F-FDS as an innovative and readily available, pathogen-specific PET technology with clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro A Ordonez
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Luz M Wintaco
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital Internacional de Colombia, Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia, Piedecuesta 681017, Colombia.,Biomedical and Biological Sciences Graduate Program, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
| | - Filipa Mota
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Andres F Restrepo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Internacional de Colombia, Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia, Piedecuesta 681017, Colombia
| | - Camilo A Ruiz-Bedoya
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Carlos F Reyes
- Department of Critical Care, Hospital Internacional de Colombia, Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia, Piedecuesta 681017, Colombia
| | - Luis G Uribe
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Internacional de Colombia, Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia, Piedecuesta 681017, Colombia
| | - Sudhanshu Abhishek
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Franco R D'Alessio
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Daniel P Holt
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Robert F Dannals
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Steven P Rowe
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Victor R Castillo
- Bioengineering Research Group, Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia, Piedecuesta 681017, Colombia
| | - Martin G Pomper
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Ulises Granados
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital Internacional de Colombia, Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia, Piedecuesta 681017, Colombia. .,Biomedical and Translational Research Group, Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia, Piedecuesta 681017, Colombia
| | - Sanjay K Jain
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. .,Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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20
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Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel Norfloxacin Isonitrile 99mTc Complexes as Potential Bacterial Infection Imaging Agents. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13040518. [PMID: 33918583 PMCID: PMC8069222 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To develop potential technetium-99m single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging agents for bacterial infection imaging, the novel norfloxacin isonitrile derivatives CN4NF and CN5NF were synthesized and radiolabeled with a [99mTc][Tc(I)]+ core to obtain [99mTc]Tc-CN4NF and [99mTc]Tc-CN5NF. These compounds were produced in high radiolabeling yields and showed hydrophilicity and good stability in vitro. The bacterial binding assay indicated that [99mTc]Tc-CN4NF and [99mTc]Tc-CN5NF were specific to bacteria. Compared with [99mTc]Tc-CN4NF, biodistribution studies of [99mTc]Tc-CN5NF showed a higher uptake in bacteria-infected tissues than in turpentine-induced abscesses, indicating that [99mTc]Tc-CN5NF could distinguish bacterial infection from sterile inflammation. In addition, [99mTc]Tc-CN5NF had higher abscess/blood and abscess/muscle ratios. SPECT image of [99mTc]Tc-CN5NF showed that there was a clear accumulation in the infection site, suggesting that it could be a potential bacterial infection imaging radiotracer.
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21
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Ordonez AA, Tucker EW, Anderson CJ, Carter CL, Ganatra S, Kaushal D, Kramnik I, Lin PL, Madigan CA, Mendez S, Rao J, Savic RM, Tobin DM, Walzl G, Wilkinson RJ, Lacourciere KA, Via LE, Jain SK. Visualizing the dynamics of tuberculosis pathology using molecular imaging. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:145107. [PMID: 33645551 PMCID: PMC7919721 DOI: 10.1172/jci145107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly 140 years after Robert Koch discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis, tuberculosis (TB) remains a global threat and a deadly human pathogen. M. tuberculosis is notable for complex host-pathogen interactions that lead to poorly understood disease states ranging from latent infection to active disease. Additionally, multiple pathologies with a distinct local milieu (bacterial burden, antibiotic exposure, and host response) can coexist simultaneously within the same subject and change independently over time. Current tools cannot optimally measure these distinct pathologies or the spatiotemporal changes. Next-generation molecular imaging affords unparalleled opportunities to visualize infection by providing holistic, 3D spatial characterization and noninvasive, temporal monitoring within the same subject. This rapidly evolving technology could powerfully augment TB research by advancing fundamental knowledge and accelerating the development of novel diagnostics, biomarkers, and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro A. Ordonez
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research
- Center for Tuberculosis Research
- Department of Pediatrics, and
| | - Elizabeth W. Tucker
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research
- Center for Tuberculosis Research
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Claire L. Carter
- Hackensack Meridian Health Center for Discovery and Innovation, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
| | - Shashank Ganatra
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Igor Kramnik
- Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusets, USA
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Philana L. Lin
- Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cressida A. Madigan
- Department of Biological Sciences, UCSD, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Susana Mendez
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Jianghong Rao
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology and Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Rada M. Savic
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - David M. Tobin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gerhard Walzl
- SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Robert J. Wilkinson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karen A. Lacourciere
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Laura E. Via
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, and Tuberculosis Imaging Program, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sanjay K. Jain
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research
- Center for Tuberculosis Research
- Department of Pediatrics, and
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22
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Xu T, Chen Y. Research Progress of [ 68Ga]Citrate PET's Utility in Infection and Inflammation Imaging: a Review. Mol Imaging Biol 2021; 22:22-32. [PMID: 31076971 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-019-01366-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Imaging diagnosis of infection and inflammation has been challenging for many years. Infection imaging agents commonly used in nuclear medicine, such as [67Ga]citrate, 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose ([18F]FDG), and radionuclide-labeled leukocytes, have their own shortcomings. Identification of a tracer with considerable economic benefit, high specificity, and low radiation dose has become clinically urgent. In the twenty-first century, with the increasing availability of positron emission tomography (PET) devices and the commercialization of Ge-68/Ga-68 generators, the study of [68Ga]citrate applications for infection and inflammation has increased and shown good potential. In this report, the research progress that supports [68Ga]citrate PET's applications various infectious diseases and inflammation is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Xu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No. 25, Taiping St., Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No. 25, Taiping St., Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, People's Republic of China. .,Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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23
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Bresser PL, Vorster M, Sathekge MM. An overview of the developments and potential applications of 68Ga-labelled PET/CT hypoxia imaging. Ann Nucl Med 2021; 35:148-158. [PMID: 33400147 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-020-01563-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Non-invasive imaging of hypoxia plays a role in monitoring the body's adaptive response or the development of pathology under hypoxic conditions. Various techniques to image hypoxia have been investigated with a shift towards the use of molecular imaging using PET/CT. The role of hypoxia-specific radiopharmaceuticals such as radiolabelled nitroimidazoles is well documented particularly in the oncologic setting. With the increasing utilisation of in-house labelling with a PET benchtop generator, such as the 68Ge/68Ga generator, the use of 68Ga-labelled hypoxic radiopharmaceuticals in the clinical setting is developing. Since hypoxia plays a role in various pathologic states including infectious disease such as TB, there is a need to explore the potential application of 68Ga-labelled hypoxia seeking radiopharmaceuticals beyond oncology. The purpose of this review is to describe the developments of 68Ga-labelled hypoxic radiopharmaceuticals including the various chelators that have been investigated. Further, the role of hypoxia imaging in various pathologies is discussed with particular emphasis on the potential clinical applications of hypoxia PET/CT in TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa L Bresser
- Department of Radiography, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Healthcare Sciences, University of Pretoria, HW Snyman Building North, Room 4-33, Bophelo Road, Gezina, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa. .,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Mariza Vorster
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mike M Sathekge
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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24
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Ordoñez AA, Jain SK. Imaging of Bacterial Infections. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00089-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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25
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Fang S, Jiang Y, Gan Q, Ruan Q, Xiao D, Zhang J. Design, Preparation, and Evaluation of a Novel 99mTcN Complex of Ciprofloxacin Xanthate as a Potential Bacterial Infection Imaging Agent. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25245837. [PMID: 33322004 PMCID: PMC7762968 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to seek novel technetium-99m bacterial infection imaging agents, a ciprofloxacin xanthate (CPF2XT) was synthesized and radiolabeled with [99mTcN]2+ core to obtain the 99mTcN-CPF2XT complex, which exhibited high radiochemical purity, hydrophilicity, and good stability in vitro. The bacteria binding assay indicated that 99mTcN-CPF2XT had specificity to bacteria. A study of biodistribution in mice showed that 99mTcN-CPF2XT had a higher uptake in bacterial infection tissues than in turpentine-induced abscesses, indicating that it could distinguish bacterial infection from sterile inflammation. Compared to 99mTcN-CPFXDTC, the abscess/blood and abscess/muscle ratios of 99mTcN-CPF2XT were higher and the uptakes of 99mTcN-CPF2XT in the liver and lung were obviously decreased. The results suggested that 99mTcN-CPF2XT would be a potential bacterial infection imaging agent.
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26
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Henrich TJ, Jones T, Beckford-Vera D, Price PM, VanBrocklin HF. Total-Body PET Imaging in Infectious Diseases. PET Clin 2020; 16:89-97. [PMID: 33160926 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2020.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Total-body PET enables high-sensitivity imaging with dramatically improved signal-to-noise ratio. These enhanced performance characteristics allow for decreased PET scanning times acquiring data "total-body wide" and can be leveraged to decrease the amount of radiotracer required, thereby permitting more frequent imaging or longer imaging periods during radiotracer decay. Novel approaches to PET imaging of infectious diseases are emerging, including those that directly visualize pathogens in vivo and characterize concomitant immune responses and inflammation. Efforts to develop these imaging approaches are hampered by challenges of traditional imaging platforms, which may be overcome by novel total-body PET strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Henrich
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Building 3, Room 525A, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
| | - Terry Jones
- Department of Radiology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Denis Beckford-Vera
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Henry F VanBrocklin
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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27
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Lecoq P, Morel C, Prior JO, Visvikis D, Gundacker S, Auffray E, Križan P, Turtos RM, Thers D, Charbon E, Varela J, de La Taille C, Rivetti A, Breton D, Pratte JF, Nuyts J, Surti S, Vandenberghe S, Marsden P, Parodi K, Benlloch JM, Benoit M. Roadmap toward the 10 ps time-of-flight PET challenge. Phys Med Biol 2020; 65:21RM01. [PMID: 32434156 PMCID: PMC7721485 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ab9500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Since the seventies, positron emission tomography (PET) has become an invaluable medical molecular imaging modality with an unprecedented sensitivity at the picomolar level, especially for cancer diagnosis and the monitoring of its response to therapy. More recently, its combination with x-ray computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance (MR) has added high precision anatomic information in fused PET/CT and PET/MR images, thus compensating for the modest intrinsic spatial resolution of PET. Nevertheless, a number of medical challenges call for further improvements in PET sensitivity. These concern in particular new treatment opportunities in the context personalized (also called precision) medicine, such as the need to dynamically track a small number of cells in cancer immunotherapy or stem cells for tissue repair procedures. A better signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the image would allow detecting smaller size tumours together with a better staging of the patients, thus increasing the chances of putting cancer in complete remission. Moreover, there is an increasing demand for reducing the radioactive doses injected to the patients without impairing image quality. There are three ways to improve PET scanner sensitivity: improving detector efficiency, increasing geometrical acceptance of the imaging device and pushing the timing performance of the detectors. Currently, some pre-localization of the electron-positron annihilation along a line-of-response (LOR) given by the detection of a pair of annihilation photons is provided by the detection of the time difference between the two photons, also known as the time-of-flight (TOF) difference of the photons, whose accuracy is given by the coincidence time resolution (CTR). A CTR of about 10 picoseconds FWHM will ultimately allow to obtain a direct 3D volume representation of the activity distribution of a positron emitting radiopharmaceutical, at the millimetre level, thus introducing a quantum leap in PET imaging and quantification and fostering more frequent use of 11C radiopharmaceuticals. The present roadmap article toward the advent of 10 ps TOF-PET addresses the status and current/future challenges along the development of TOF-PET with the objective to reach this mythic 10 ps frontier that will open the door to real-time volume imaging virtually without tomographic inversion. The medical impact and prospects to achieve this technological revolution from the detection and image reconstruction point-of-views, together with a few perspectives beyond the TOF-PET application are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lecoq
- CERN, department EP, Geneva, Switzerland
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28
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Kalera K, Stothard AI, Woodruff PJ, Swarts BM. The role of chemoenzymatic synthesis in advancing trehalose analogues as tools for combatting bacterial pathogens. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:11528-11547. [PMID: 32914793 PMCID: PMC7919099 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04955g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Trehalose, a disaccharide of glucose, is increasingly recognized as an important contributor to virulence in major bacterial pathogens, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Clostridioides difficile, and Burkholderia pseudomallei. Accordingly, bacterial trehalose metabolic pathways that are not present in humans have gained traction as targets for antibiotic and diagnostic development. Toward this goal, trehalose can be modified through a combination of rational design and synthesis to produce functionalized trehalose analogues, which can be deployed to probe or inhibit bacterial trehalose metabolism. However, the unique α,α-1,1-glycosidic bond and C2 symmetry of trehalose make analogue synthesis via traditional chemical methods very challenging. We and others have turned to the creation of chemoenzymatic synthesis methods, which in principle allow the use of nature's trehalose-synthesizing enzymes to stereo- and regioselectively couple simple, unprotected substrates to efficiently and conveniently generate trehalose analogues. Here, we provide a contextual account of our team's development of a trehalose analogue synthesis method that employs a highly substrate-tolerant, thermostable trehalose synthase enzyme, TreT from Thermoproteus tenax. Then, in three vignettes, we highlight how chemoenzymatic synthesis has accelerated the development of trehalose-based imaging probes and inhibitors that target trehalose-utilizing bacterial pathogens. We describe the role of TreT catalysis and related methods in the development of (i) tools for in vitro and in vivo imaging of mycobacteria, (ii) anti-biofilm compounds that sensitize drug-tolerant mycobacteria to clinical anti-tubercular compounds, and (iii) degradation-resistant trehalose analogues that block trehalose metabolism in C. difficile and potentially other trehalose-utilizing bacteria. We conclude by recapping progress and discussing priorities for future research in this area, including improving the scope and scale of chemoenzymatic synthesis methods to support translational research and expanding the functionality and applicability of trehalose analogues to study and target diverse bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karishma Kalera
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.
| | - Alicyn I Stothard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.
| | - Peter J Woodruff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern Maine, Portland, ME, USA
| | - Benjamin M Swarts
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.
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29
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Locke LW, Shankaran K, Gong L, Stoodley P, Vozar SL, Cole SL, Tweedle MF, Wozniak DJ. Evaluation of Peptide-Based Probes toward In Vivo Diagnostic Imaging of Bacterial Biofilm-Associated Infections. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:2086-2098. [PMID: 32603591 PMCID: PMC7429274 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The clinical management of bacterial biofilm infections represents an enormous challenge in today's healthcare setting. The NIH estimates that 65% of bacterial infections are biofilm-related, and therapeutic outcomes are positively correlated with early intervention. Currently, there is no reliable imaging technique to detect biofilm infections in vivo, and current clinical protocols for accurate and direct biofilm identification are nonexistent. In orthopedic implant-associated biofilm infections, for example, current detection methods are based on nonspecific X-ray or radiolabeled white blood cell imaging, coupled with peri-prosthetic tissue or fluid samples taken invasively, and must be cultured. This approach is time-consuming and often fails to detect biofilm bacteria due to sampling errors and a lack of sensitivity. The ability to quantify bacterial biofilms by real-time noninvasive imaging is an urgent unmet clinical need that would revolutionize the management and treatment of these devastating types of infections. In the present study, we assembled a collection of fluorescently labeled peptide candidates to specifically explore their biofilm targeting properties. We evaluated these fluorescently labeled peptides using various in vitro assays for their ability to specifically and nondestructively target biofilms produced by model bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The lead candidate that emerged, 4Iphf-HN17, demonstrated rapid biofilm labeling kinetics, a lack of bactericidal activity, and biofilm targeting specificity in human cell infection models. In vivo fluorescently labeled 4Iphf-HN17 showed enhanced accumulation in biofilm-infected wounds, thus warranting further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Landon W. Locke
- Dept. of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University
| | - Kothandaraman Shankaran
- Dept. of Radiology, The Wright Center for Innovation in Biomedical Eng, The Ohio State University
| | - Li Gong
- Dept. of Radiology, The Wright Center for Innovation in Biomedical Eng, The Ohio State University
| | - Paul Stoodley
- Dept. of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University
| | | | - Sara L. Cole
- Campus Microscopy and Imaging Facility, The Ohio State University
| | - Michael F. Tweedle
- Dept. of Radiology, The Wright Center for Innovation in Biomedical Eng, The Ohio State University
| | - Daniel J. Wozniak
- Dept. of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University,Dept. of Microbiology, The Ohio State University
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30
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Petrik M, Umlaufova E, Raclavsky V, Palyzova A, Havlicek V, Pfister J, Mair C, Novy Z, Popper M, Hajduch M, Decristoforo C. 68Ga-labelled desferrioxamine-B for bacterial infection imaging. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2020; 48:372-382. [PMID: 32734456 PMCID: PMC7835195 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-020-04948-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose With the increase of especially hospital-acquired infections, timely and accurate diagnosis of bacterial infections is crucial for effective patient care. Molecular imaging has the potential for specific and sensitive detection of infections. Siderophores are iron-specific chelators recognized by specific bacterial transporters, representing one of few fundamental differences between bacterial and mammalian cells. Replacing iron by gallium-68 without loss of bioactivity is possible allowing molecular imaging by positron emission tomography (PET). Here, we report on the preclinical evaluation of the clinically used siderophore, desferrioxamine-B (Desferal®, DFO-B), radiolabelled with 68Ga for imaging of bacterial infections. Methods In vitro characterization of [68Ga]Ga-DFO-B included partition coefficient, protein binding and stability determination. Specific uptake of [68Ga]Ga-DFO-B was tested in vitro in different microbial cultures. In vivo biodistribution was studied in healthy mice and dosimetric estimation for human setting performed. PET/CT imaging was carried out in animal infection models, representing the most common pathogens. Results DFO-B was labelled with 68Ga with high radiochemical purity and displayed hydrophilic properties, low protein binding and high stability in human serum and PBS. The high in vitro uptake of [68Ga]Ga-DFO-B in selected strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae could be blocked with an excess of iron-DFO-B. [68Ga]Ga-DFO-B showed rapid renal excretion and minimal retention in blood and other organs in healthy mice. Estimated human absorbed dose was 0.02 mSv/MBq. PET/CT images of animal infection models displayed high and specific accumulation of [68Ga]Ga-DFO-B in both P. aeruginosa and S. aureus infections with excellent image contrast. No uptake was found in sterile inflammation, heat-inactivated P. aeruginosa or S. aureus and Escherichia coli lacking DFO-B transporters. Conclusion DFO-B can be easily radiolabelled with 68Ga and displayed suitable in vitro characteristics and excellent pharmacokinetics in mice. The high and specific uptake of [68Ga]Ga-DFO-B by P. aeruginosa and S. aureus was confirmed both in vitro and in vivo, proving the potential of [68Ga]Ga-DFO-B for specific imaging of bacterial infections. As DFO-B is used in clinic for many years and the estimated radiation dose is lower than for other 68Ga-labelled radiopharmaceuticals, we believe that [68Ga]Ga-DFO-B has a great potential for clinical translation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00259-020-04948-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos Petrik
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, CZ-77900, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Eva Umlaufova
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, CZ-77900, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Vladislav Raclavsky
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University and University Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Palyzova
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Havlicek
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Joachim Pfister
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 5, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian Mair
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 5, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Zbynek Novy
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, CZ-77900, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Popper
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, CZ-77900, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Marian Hajduch
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, CZ-77900, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Clemens Decristoforo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 5, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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31
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Signore A, Artiko V, Conserva M, Ferro-Flores G, Welling MM, Jain SK, Hess S, Sathekge M. Imaging Bacteria with Radiolabelled Probes: Is It Feasible? J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9082372. [PMID: 32722355 PMCID: PMC7464306 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections are the main cause of patient morbidity and mortality worldwide. Diagnosis can be difficult and delayed as well as the identification of the etiological pathogen, necessary for a tailored antibiotic therapy. Several non-invasive diagnostic procedures are available, all with pros and cons. Molecular nuclear medicine has highly contributed in this field by proposing several different radiopharmaceuticals (antimicrobial peptides, leukocytes, cytokines, antibiotics, sugars, etc.) but none proved to be highly specific for bacteria, although many agents in development look promising. Indeed, factors including the number and strain of bacteria, the infection site, and the host condition, may affect the specificity of the tested radiopharmaceuticals. At the Third European Congress on Infection/Inflammation Imaging, a round table discussion was dedicated to debate the pros and cons of different radiopharmaceuticals for imaging bacteria with the final goal to find a consensus on the most relevant research steps that should be fulfilled when testing a new probe, based on experience and cumulative published evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Signore
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-33775471; Fax: +39-06-33776614
| | - Vera Artiko
- Center for Nuclear Medicine, Clinical Center of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 101801 Beograd, Serbia;
| | - Martina Conserva
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy;
| | - Guillermina Ferro-Flores
- Department of Radioactive Materials, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Carretera Mexico-Toluca S/N, La Marquesa, Ocoyoacac 52750, Estado de Mexico, Mexico;
| | - Mick M. Welling
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Sanjay K. Jain
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
| | - Søren Hess
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Hospital South West Jutland, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark;
| | - Mike Sathekge
- Nuclear Medicine Department, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
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32
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Coenen HH, Ermert J. Expanding PET-applications in life sciences with positron-emitters beyond fluorine-18. Nucl Med Biol 2020; 92:241-269. [PMID: 32900582 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Positron-emission-tomography (PET) has become an indispensable diagnostic tool in modern nuclear medicine. Its outstanding molecular imaging features allow repetitive studies on one individual and with high sensitivity, though no interference. Rather few positron-emitters with near favourable physical properties, i.e. carbon-11 and fluorine-18, furnished most studies in the beginning, preferably if covalently bound as isotopic label of small molecules. With the advancement of PET-devices the scope of in vivo research in life sciences and especially that of medical applications expanded, and other than "standard" PET-nuclides received increasing significance, like the radiometals copper-64 and gallium-68. Especially during the last decades, positron-emitters of other chemical elements have gotten into the focus of interest, concomitant with the technical advancements in imaging and radionuclide production. With known nuclear imaging properties and main production methods of emerging positron-emitters their usefulness for medical application is promising and even proven for several ones already. Unfortunate decay properties could be corrected for, and β+-emitters, especially with a longer half-life, provided new possibilities for application where slower processes are of importance. Further on, (bio)chemical features of positron-emitters of other elements, among there many metals, not only expanded the field of classical clinical investigations, but also opened up new fields of application. Appropriately labelled peptides, proteins and nanoparticles lend itself as newer probes for PET-imaging, e.g. in theragnostic or PET/MR hybrid imaging. Furthermore, the potential of non-destructive in-vivo imaging with positron-emission-tomography directs the view on further areas of life sciences. Thus, exploiting the excellent methodology for basic research on molecular biochemical functions and processes is increasingly encouraged as well in areas outside of health, such as plant and environmental sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz H Coenen
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5, Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Johannes Ermert
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5, Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany.
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33
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Jain SK, Andronikou S, Goussard P, Antani S, Gomez-Pastrana D, Delacourt C, Starke JR, Ordonez AA, Jean-Philippe P, Browning RS, Perez-Velez CM. Advanced imaging tools for childhood tuberculosis: potential applications and research needs. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 20:e289-e297. [PMID: 32589869 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30177-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is the leading cause of death globally that is due to a single pathogen, and up to a fifth of patients with tuberculosis in high-incidence countries are children younger than 16 years. Unfortunately, the diagnosis of childhood tuberculosis is challenging because the disease is often paucibacillary and it is difficult to obtain suitable specimens, causing poor sensitivity of currently available pathogen-based tests. Chest radiography is important for diagnostic evaluations because it detects abnormalities consistent with childhood tuberculosis, but several limitations exist in the interpretation of such results. Therefore, other imaging methods need to be systematically evaluated in children with tuberculosis, although current data suggest that when available, cross-sectional imaging, such as CT, should be considered in the diagnostic evaluation for tuberculosis in a symptomatic child. Additionally, much of the understanding of childhood tuberculosis stems from clinical specimens that might not accurately represent the lesional biology at infection sites. By providing non-invasive measures of lesional biology, advanced imaging tools could enhance the understanding of basic biology and improve on the poor sensitivity of current pathogen detection systems. Finally, there are key knowledge gaps regarding the use of imaging tools for childhood tuberculosis that we outlined in this Personal View, in conjunction with a proposed roadmap for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay K Jain
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Russell H Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Savvas Andronikou
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Pierre Goussard
- Tygerberg Hospital, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sameer Antani
- National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David Gomez-Pastrana
- Unidad de Neumología Infantil, Hospital Universitario Materno-Infantil de Jerez, Jerez de la Frontera, Spain; Departamento de Pediatría, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Christophe Delacourt
- Service de Pneumologie et Allergologie Pédiatriques, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants-Malades, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jeffrey R Starke
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alvaro A Ordonez
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Patrick Jean-Philippe
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Renee S Browning
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Carlos M Perez-Velez
- Tuberculosis Clinic, Pima County Health Department, Tucson, AZ, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
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34
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Foss CA, Kulik L, Ordonez AA, Jain SK, Michael Holers V, Thurman JM, Pomper MG. SPECT/CT Imaging of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection with [ 125I]anti-C3d mAb. Mol Imaging Biol 2020; 21:473-481. [PMID: 29998399 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-018-1228-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of chronic bacterial infection requires methods to detect and localize sites of infection accurately. Complement C3 activation fragments are generated and covalently bound to selective bacterial pathogens during the immune response and can serve as biomarkers of ongoing bacterial infection. We have developed several probes for detecting tissue-bound C3 deposits, including a monoclonal antibody (mAb 3d29) that recognizes the tissue-bound terminal processing fragments iC3b and C3d but does not recognize native circulating C3 or tissue-bound C3b. PROCEDURES To determine whether mAb 3d29 could be used to detect chronic Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection non-invasively, aerosol-infected female C3HeB/FeJ mice were injected with [125I]3d29 mAb and either imaged using single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging at 24 and 48 h after radiotracer injection or being subjected to biodistribution analysis. RESULTS Discrete lesions were detected by SPECT/CT imaging in the lungs and spleens of infected mice, consistent with the location of granulomas in the infected animals as detected by CT. Low-level signal was seen in the spleens of uninfected mice and no signal was seen in the lungs of healthy mice. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that 3d29 in the lungs of infected mice co-localized with aggregates of macrophages (detected with anti-CD68 antibodies). 3d29 was detected in the cytoplasm of macrophages, consistent with the location of internalized M. tuberculosis. 3d29 was also present within alveolar epithelial cells, indicating that it detected M. tuberculosis phagocytosed by other CD68-positive cells. Healthy controls showed very little retention of fluorescent or radiolabeled antibody across tissues. Radiolabeled 3d29 compared with radiolabeled isotype control showed a 3.5:1 ratio of increased uptake in infected lungs, indicating specific uptake by 3d29. CONCLUSION 3d29 can be used to detect and localize areas of infection with M. tuberculosis non-invasively by 24 h after radiotracer injection and with high contrast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Foss
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, 1550 Orleans St. CRB2 493, Baltimore, MD, 21228, USA. .,Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21228, USA.
| | - Liudmila Kulik
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Alvaro A Ordonez
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21228, USA
| | - Sanjay K Jain
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21228, USA
| | - V Michael Holers
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Joshua M Thurman
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Martin G Pomper
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, 1550 Orleans St. CRB2 493, Baltimore, MD, 21228, USA.,Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21228, USA
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35
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Zlitni A, Gowrishankar G, Steinberg I, Haywood T, Sam Gambhir S. Maltotriose-based probes for fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging of bacterial infections. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1250. [PMID: 32144257 PMCID: PMC7060353 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14985-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there are no non-invasive tools to accurately diagnose wound and surgical site infections before they become systemic or cause significant anatomical damage. Fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging are cost-effective imaging modalities that can be used to noninvasively diagnose bacterial infections when paired with a molecularly targeted infection imaging agent. Here, we develop a fluorescent derivative of maltotriose (Cy7-1-maltotriose), which is shown to be taken up in a variety of gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains in vitro. In vivo fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging studies highlight the ability of this probe to detect infection, assess infection burden, and visualize the effectiveness of antibiotic treatment in E. coli-induced myositis and a clinically relevant S. aureus wound infection murine model. In addition, we show that maltotriose is an ideal scaffold for infection imaging agents encompassing better pharmacokinetic properties and in vivo stability than other maltodextrins (e.g. maltohexose).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimen Zlitni
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Gayatri Gowrishankar
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Idan Steinberg
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Tom Haywood
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Sanjiv Sam Gambhir
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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36
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Mota F, Ordonez AA, Firth G, Ruiz-Bedoya CA, Ma MT, Jain SK. Radiotracer Development for Bacterial Imaging. J Med Chem 2020; 63:1964-1977. [PMID: 32048838 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial infections remain a major threat to humanity and are a leading cause of death and disability. Antimicrobial resistance has been declared as one of the top ten threats to human health by the World Health Organization, and new technologies are urgently needed for the early diagnosis and monitoring of deep-seated and complicated infections in hospitalized patients. This review summarizes the radiotracers as applied to imaging of bacterial infections. We summarize the recent progress in the development of pathogen-specific imaging and the application of radiotracers in understanding drug pharmacokinetics as well as the local biology at the infection sites. We also highlight the opportunities for medicinal chemists in radiotracer development for bacterial infections, with an emphasis on target selection and radiosynthetic approaches. Imaging of infections is an emerging field. Beyond clinical applications, these technologies could provide unique insights into disease pathogenesis and expedite bench-to-bedside translation of new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Mota
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States.,Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Alvaro A Ordonez
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States.,Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - George Firth
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, St. Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Camilo A Ruiz-Bedoya
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States.,Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Michelle T Ma
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, St. Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjay K Jain
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States.,Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
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37
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Cho SY, Rowe SP, Jain SK, Schon LC, Yung RC, Nayfeh TA, Bingham CO, Foss CA, Nimmagadda S, Pomper MG. Evaluation of Musculoskeletal and Pulmonary Bacterial Infections With [ 124I]FIAU PET/CT. Mol Imaging 2020; 19:1536012120936876. [PMID: 32598214 PMCID: PMC7325456 DOI: 10.1177/1536012120936876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Imaging is limited in the evaluation of bacterial infection. Direct imaging of in situ bacteria holds promise for noninvasive diagnosis. We investigated the ability of a bacterial thymidine kinase inhibitor ([124I]FIAU) to image pulmonary and musculoskeletal infections. METHODS Thirty-three patients were prospectively accrued: 16 with suspected musculoskeletal infection, 14 with suspected pulmonary infection, and 3 with known rheumatoid arthritis without infection. Thirty-one patients were imaged with [124I]FIAU PET/CT and 28 with [18F]FDG PET/CT. Patient histories were reviewed by an experienced clinician with subspecialty training in infectious diseases and were determined to be positive, equivocal, or negative for infection. RESULTS Sensitivity, specificity, positive-predictive value, negative-predictive value, and accuracy of [124I]FIAU PET/CT for diagnosing infection were estimated as 7.7% to 25.0%, 0.0%, 50%, 0.0%, and 20.0% to 71.4% for musculoskeletal infections and incalculable-100.0%, 51.7% to 72.7%, 0.0% to 50.0%, 100.0%, and 57.1% to 78.6% for pulmonary infections, respectively. The parameters for [18F]FDG PET/CT were 75.0% to 92.3%, 0.0%, 23.1% to 92.3%, 0.0%, and 21.4% to 85.7%, respectively, for musculoskeletal infections and incalculable to 100.0%, 0.0%, 0.0% to 18.2%, incalculable, and 0.0% to 18.2% for pulmonary infections, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The high number of patients with equivocal clinical findings prevented definitive conclusions from being made regarding the diagnostic efficacy of [124I]FIAU. Future studies using microbiology to rigorously define infection in patients and PET radiotracers optimized for image quality are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Y. Cho
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Steven P. Rowe
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sanjay K. Jain
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lew C. Schon
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, MedStar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rex C. Yung
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Clifton O. Bingham
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Catherine A. Foss
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sridhar Nimmagadda
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Martin G. Pomper
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Northrup JD, Mach RH, Sellmyer MA. Radiochemical Approaches to Imaging Bacterial Infections: Intracellular versus Extracellular Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5808. [PMID: 31752318 PMCID: PMC6888724 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of penicillin began the age of antibiotics, which was a turning point in human healthcare. However, to this day, microbial infections are still a concern throughout the world, and the rise of multidrug-resistant organisms is an increasing challenge. To combat this threat, diagnostic imaging tools could be used to verify the causative organism and curb inappropriate use of antimicrobial drugs. Nuclear imaging offers the sensitivity needed to detect small numbers of bacteria in situ. Among nuclear imaging tools, radiolabeled antibiotics traditionally have lacked the sensitivity or specificity necessary to diagnose bacterial infections accurately. One reason for the lack of success is that the antibiotics were often chelated to a radiometal. This was done without addressing the ramifications of how the radiolabeling would impact probe entry to the bacterial cell, or the mechanism of binding to an intracellular target. In this review, we approach bacterial infection imaging through the lens of bacterial specific molecular targets, their intracellular or extracellular location, and discuss radiochemistry strategies to guide future probe development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D. Northrup
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (J.D.N.); (R.H.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert H. Mach
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (J.D.N.); (R.H.M.)
| | - Mark A. Sellmyer
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (J.D.N.); (R.H.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Abstract
Molecular imaging is an emerging technology that enables the noninvasive visualization, characterization, and quantification of molecular events within living subjects. Positron emission tomography (PET) is a clinically available molecular imaging tool with significant potential to study pathogenesis of infections in humans. Molecular imaging is an emerging technology that enables the noninvasive visualization, characterization, and quantification of molecular events within living subjects. Positron emission tomography (PET) is a clinically available molecular imaging tool with significant potential to study pathogenesis of infections in humans. PET enables dynamic assessment of infectious processes within the same subject with high temporal and spatial resolution and obviates the need for invasive tissue sampling, which is difficult in patients and generally limited to a single time point, even in animal models. This review presents current state-of-the-art concepts on the application of molecular imaging for infectious diseases and details how PET imaging can facilitate novel insights into infectious processes, ongoing development of pathogen-specific imaging, and simultaneous in situ measurements of intralesional antimicrobial pharmacokinetics in multiple compartments, including privileged sites. Finally, the potential clinical applications of this promising technology are also discussed.
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40
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Ordonez AA, Sellmyer MA, Gowrishankar G, Ruiz-Bedoya CA, Tucker EW, Palestro CJ, Hammoud DA, Jain SK. Molecular imaging of bacterial infections: Overcoming the barriers to clinical translation. Sci Transl Med 2019; 11:11/508/eaax8251. [PMID: 31484790 PMCID: PMC6743081 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aax8251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Clinical diagnostic tools requiring direct sample testing cannot be applied to infections deep within the body, and clinically available imaging tools lack specificity. New approaches are needed for early diagnosis and monitoring of bacterial infections and rapid detection of drug-resistant organisms. Molecular imaging allows for longitudinal, noninvasive assessments and can provide key information about infectious processes deep within the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro A Ordonez
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Mark A Sellmyer
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gayatri Gowrishankar
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Camilo A Ruiz-Bedoya
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Elizabeth W Tucker
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - Christopher J Palestro
- Department of Radiology, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| | - Dima A Hammoud
- Center for Infectious Disease Imaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Sanjay K Jain
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Diagnostic Performance of PET or PET/CT Using 18F-FDG Labeled White Blood Cells in Infectious Diseases: A Systematic Review and a Bivariate Meta-Analysis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2019; 9:diagnostics9020060. [PMID: 31208025 PMCID: PMC6627172 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics9020060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnostic performance of positron emission tomography using white blood cells labeled with fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG-WBC PET or PET/CT) in patients with suspicious infectious diseases has been evaluated in several studies; however, there is no consensus about the diagnostic accuracy of this method. Therefore, a systematic review and meta-analysis was carried out on this topic. METHODS A comprehensive computer literature search screening PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane library databases through March 2019 was performed. Pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios (LR+ and LR-), and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) of 18F-FDG-WBC PET or PET/CT in patients with infectious diseases were calculated. RESULTS Eight studies on the use of 18F-FDG-WBC PET or PET/CT in suspicious infectious diseases were discussed in the systematic review. The meta-analysis of seven studies (236 patients) provided these pooled results on a per patient-based analysis: sensitivity was 86.3% [95% confidence interval (95%CI) 75-92.9%], specificity 92% (95%CI 79.8-97.1%), LR+ 6.6 (95%CI: 3.1-14.1), LR- 0.2 (95%CI: 0.12-0.33), DOR 43.5 (95%CI: 12.2-155). A statistically significant heterogeneity was not detected. CONCLUSIONS Despite limited literature data, 18F-FDG-WBC PET or PET/CT demonstrated a good diagnostic accuracy for the diagnosis of infectious diseases; nevertheless, larger studies are needed.
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42
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PET Radiopharmaceuticals for Specific Bacteria Imaging: A Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8020197. [PMID: 30736324 PMCID: PMC6406348 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8020197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Bacterial infections are still one of the main factors associated with mortality worldwide. Many radiopharmaceuticals were developed for bacterial imaging, both with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) isotopes. This review focuses on PET radiopharmaceuticals, performing a systematic literature review of published studies between 2005 and 2018. Methods: A systematic review of published studies between 2005 and 2018 was performed. A team of reviewers independently screened for eligible studies. Because of differences between studies, we pooled the data where possible, otherwise, we described separately. Quality of evidence was assessed by Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS) approach. Results: Eligible papers included 35 published studies. Because of the heterogeneity of animal models and bacterial strains, we classified studies in relation to the type of bacterium: Gram-positive, Gram-negative, Gram-positive and negative, others. Conclusions: Results highlighted the availability of many promising PET radiopharmaceuticals for bacterial imaging, despite some bias related to animal selection and index test, but few have been translated to human subjects. Results showed a lack of standardized infection models and experimental settings.
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43
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Foreman TW, Mehra S, Lackner AA, Kaushal D. Translational Research in the Nonhuman Primate Model of Tuberculosis. ILAR J 2018; 58:151-159. [PMID: 28575319 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilx015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis predominantly establishes subclinical latent infection over the lifetime of an individual, with a fraction of infected individuals rapidly progressing to active disease. The immune control in latent infection can be perturbed by comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus, obesity, smoking, and coinfection with helminthes or HIV. Modeling the varying aspects of natural infection remains incomplete when using zebrafish and mice. However, the nonhuman primate model of tuberculosis offers a unique and accurate model to investigate host responses to infection, test novel therapeutics, and thoroughly assess preclinical vaccine candidates. Rhesus macaques and cynomolgus macaques manifest the full gamut of clinical and pathological findings in human Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, including the ability to co-infect macaques with Simian Immunodeficiency Virus to model HIV co-infection. Here we discuss advanced techniques to assay various clinical outcomes of the natural progression of infection as well as therapeutics in development and novel preclinical vaccines. Finally, we survey the translational aspects of nonhuman primate research and argue the urgent need to thoroughly examine preclinical therapeutics and vaccines using this model prior to clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor W Foreman
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana.,Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Smriti Mehra
- Louisiana State University School, Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.,Tulane National Primate Research Center in Covington, Louisiana
| | - Andrew A Lackner
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana.,Immunology and Pathology at Tulane University School of Medicine in New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana.,Immunology at Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana.,Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine in New Orleans, Louisiana
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Zhang Z, Ordonez AA, Wang H, Li Y, Gogarty KR, Weinstein EA, Daryaee F, Merino J, Yoon GE, Kalinda AS, Mease RC, Iuliano JN, Smith-Jones PM, Jain SK, Tonge PJ. Positron Emission Tomography Imaging with 2-[ 18F]F- p-Aminobenzoic Acid Detects Staphylococcus aureus Infections and Monitors Drug Response. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:1635-1644. [PMID: 30067329 PMCID: PMC6226330 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Staphylococcus aureus is the leading cause of life-threatening
infections, frequently originating from unknown or deep-seated foci.
Source control and institution of appropriate antibiotics remain challenges,
especially with infections due to methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). In this study, we developed a radiofluorinated analog of para-aminobenzoic acid (2-[18F]F-PABA) and demonstrate
that it is an efficient alternative substrate for the S. aureus dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS). 2-[18F]F-PABA rapidly
accumulated in vitro within laboratory and clinical
(including MRSA) strains of S. aureus but not
in mammalian cells. Biodistribution in murine and rat models demonstrated
localization at infection sites and rapid renal elimination. In a
rat model, 2-[18F]F-PABA positron emission tomography (PET)
rapidly differentiated S. aureus infection from
sterile inflammation and could also detect therapeutic failures associated
with MRSA. These data suggest that 2-[18F]F-PABA has the
potential for translation to humans as a rapid, noninvasive diagnostic
tool to identify, localize, and monitor S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Zhang
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Radiology, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, 633 Chemistry, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Alvaro A. Ordonez
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Hui Wang
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Radiology, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, 633 Chemistry, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Yong Li
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Radiology, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, 633 Chemistry, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Kayla R. Gogarty
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Radiology, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, 633 Chemistry, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Edward A. Weinstein
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Fereidoon Daryaee
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Radiology, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, 633 Chemistry, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Jonathan Merino
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Radiology, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, 633 Chemistry, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Grace E. Yoon
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Radiology, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, 633 Chemistry, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- The Facility for Experimental Radiopharmaceutical Manufacturing, Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Alvin S. Kalinda
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Ronnie C. Mease
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - James N. Iuliano
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Radiology, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, 633 Chemistry, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Peter M. Smith-Jones
- The Facility for Experimental Radiopharmaceutical Manufacturing, Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Sanjay K. Jain
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Peter J. Tonge
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Radiology, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, 633 Chemistry, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
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45
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Peña-Zalbidea S, Huang AYT, Kavunja HW, Salinas B, Desco M, Drake C, Woodruff PJ, Vaquero JJ, Swarts BM. Chemoenzymatic radiosynthesis of 2-deoxy-2-[ 18F]fluoro-d-trehalose ([ 18F]-2-FDTre): A PET radioprobe for in vivo tracing of trehalose metabolism. Carbohydr Res 2018; 472:16-22. [PMID: 30428395 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Trehalose analogues bearing fluorescent and click chemistry tags have been developed as probes of bacterial trehalose metabolism, but these tools have limitations with respect to in vivo imaging applications. Here, we report the radiosynthesis of the 18F-modified trehalose analogue 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-d-trehalose ([18F]-2-FDTre), which in principle can be used in conjunction with positron emission tomography (PET) imaging to allow in vivo imaging of trehalose metabolism in various contexts. A chemoenzymatic method employing the thermophilic TreT enzyme from Thermoproteus tenax was used to rapidly (15-20 min), efficiently (70% radiochemical yield; ≥ 95% radiochemical purity), and reproducibly convert the commercially available radiotracer 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-d-glucose ([18F]-2-FDG) into the target radioprobe [18F]-2-FDTre in a single step; both manual and automated syntheses were performed with similar results. Cellular uptake experiments showed that radiosynthetic [18F]-2-FDTre was metabolized by Mycobacterium smegmatis but not by various mammalian cell lines, pointing to the potential future use of this radioprobe for selective PET imaging of infections caused by trehalose-metabolizing bacterial pathogens such as M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Peña-Zalbidea
- Dept. Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ashley Y-T Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, United States
| | - Herbert W Kavunja
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, United States
| | - Beatriz Salinas
- Dept. Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Desco
- Dept. Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain
| | | | - Peter J Woodruff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern Maine, Portland, ME, United States
| | - Juan J Vaquero
- Dept. Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Benjamin M Swarts
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, United States.
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Imaging of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection with Ga-68 labelled pyoverdine for positron emission tomography. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15698. [PMID: 30356077 PMCID: PMC6200719 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33895-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an increasingly prevalent opportunistic pathogen that causes a variety of life-threatening nosocomial infections. Novel strategies for the development of new antibacterial treatments as well as diagnostic tools are needed. One of the novel diagnostic strategies for the detection of infection could be the utilization of siderophores. Siderophores are low-molecular-weight chelators produced by microbes to scavenge essential iron. Replacing iron in siderophores by suitable radiometals, such as Ga-68 for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, opens approaches for targeted imaging of infection. Here we report on pyoverdine PAO1 (PVD-PAO1), a siderophore produced by P. aeruginosa, labelled with Ga-68 for specific imaging of Pseudomonas infections. PVD-PAO1 was labelled with Ga-68 with high radiochemical purity. The resulting complex showed hydrophilic properties, low protein binding and high stability in human serum. In vitro uptake of 68Ga-PVD-PAO1 was highly dependent on the type of microbial culture. In normal mice 68Ga-PVD-PAO1 showed rapid pharmacokinetics with urinary excretion. PET imaging in infected animals displayed specific accumulation of 68Ga-PVD-PAO1 in infected tissues and better distribution than clinically used 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) and 68Ga-citrate. Ga-68 labelled pyoverdine PAO1 seems to be a promising agent for imaging of P. aeruginosa infections by means of PET.
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Thornton CR. Molecular Imaging of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis Using ImmunoPET/MRI: The Future Looks Bright. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:691. [PMID: 29686661 PMCID: PMC5900000 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a life-threatening lung disease of immuno-compromised humans caused by the ubiquitous environmental mold Aspergillus. Biomarker tests for the disease lack sensitivity and specificity, and culture of the fungus from invasive lung biopsy is slow, insensitive, and undesirable in critically ill patients. A computed tomogram (CT) of the chest offers a simple non-intrusive diagnostic procedure for rapid decision making, and so is used in many hematology units to drive antifungal treatment. However, radiological indicators that raise the suspicion of IPA are either transient signs in the early stages of the disease or not specific for Aspergillus infection, with other angio-invasive molds or bacterial pathogens producing comparable radiological manifestations in a chest CT. Improvements to the specificity of radiographic imaging of IPA have been attempted by coupling CT and positron emission tomography (PET) with [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG), a marker of metabolic activity well suited to cancer imaging, but with limited use in invasive fungal disease diagnostics due to its inability to differentiate between infectious etiologies, cancer, and inflammation. Bioluminescence imaging using single genetically modified strains of Aspergillus fumigatus has enabled in vivo monitoring of IPA in animal models of disease. For in vivo detection of Aspergillus lung infections in humans, radiolabeled Aspergillus-specific monoclonal antibodies, and iron siderophores, hold enormous potential for clinical diagnosis. This review examines the different experimental technologies used to image IPA, and recent advances in state-of-the-art molecular imaging of IPA using antibody-guided PET/magnetic resonance imaging (immunoPET/MRI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Thornton
- Department of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.,ISCA Diagnostics Ltd., Exeter, United Kingdom
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48
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Ordonez AA, Jain SK. Pathogen-Specific Bacterial Imaging in Nuclear Medicine. Semin Nucl Med 2018. [DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2017.11.003
expr 890398765 + 809902709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
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Abstract
When serious infections are suspected, patients are often treated empirically with broad-spectrum antibiotics while awaiting results that provide information on the bacterial class and species causing the infection, as well as drug susceptibilities. For deep-seated infections, these traditional diagnostic techniques often rely on tissue biopsies to obtain clinical samples which can be expensive, dangerous, and has the potential of sampling bias. Moreover, these procedures and results can take several days and may not always provide reliable information. This combination of time and effort required for proper antibiotic selection has become a barrier leading to indiscriminate broad-spectrum antibiotic use. Exposure to nosocomial infections and indiscriminate use of broad-spectrum antibiotics are responsible for promoting bacterial drug-resistance leading to substantial morbidity and mortality, especially in hospitalized and immunosuppressed patients. Therefore, early diagnosis of infection and targeted antibiotic treatments are urgently needed to reduce morbidity and mortality caused by bacterial infections worldwide. Reliable pathogen-specific bacterial imaging techniques have the potential to provide early diagnosis and guide antibiotic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro A Ordonez
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Sanjay K Jain
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
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50
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Bailey DL, Pichler BJ, Gückel B, Antoch G, Barthel H, Bhujwalla ZM, Biskup S, Biswal S, Bitzer M, Boellaard R, Braren RF, Brendle C, Brindle K, Chiti A, la Fougère C, Gillies R, Goh V, Goyen M, Hacker M, Heukamp L, Knudsen GM, Krackhardt AM, Law I, Morris JC, Nikolaou K, Nuyts J, Ordonez AA, Pantel K, Quick HH, Riklund K, Sabri O, Sattler B, Troost EGC, Zaiss M, Zender L, Beyer T. Combined PET/MRI: Global Warming-Summary Report of the 6th International Workshop on PET/MRI, March 27-29, 2017, Tübingen, Germany. Mol Imaging Biol 2018; 20:4-20. [PMID: 28971346 PMCID: PMC5775351 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-017-1123-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The 6th annual meeting to address key issues in positron emission tomography (PET)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was held again in Tübingen, Germany, from March 27 to 29, 2017. Over three days of invited plenary lectures, round table discussions and dialogue board deliberations, participants critically assessed the current state of PET/MRI, both clinically and as a research tool, and attempted to chart future directions. The meeting addressed the use of PET/MRI and workflows in oncology, neurosciences, infection, inflammation and chronic pain syndromes, as well as deeper discussions about how best to characterise the tumour microenvironment, optimise the complementary information available from PET and MRI, and how advanced data mining and bioinformatics, as well as information from liquid biomarkers (circulating tumour cells and nucleic acids) and pathology, can be integrated to give a more complete characterisation of disease phenotype. Some issues that have dominated previous meetings, such as the accuracy of MR-based attenuation correction (AC) of the PET scan, were finally put to rest as having been adequately addressed for the majority of clinical situations. Likewise, the ability to standardise PET systems for use in multicentre trials was confirmed, thus removing a perceived barrier to larger clinical imaging trials. The meeting openly questioned whether PET/MRI should, in all cases, be used as a whole-body imaging modality or whether in many circumstances it would best be employed to give an in-depth study of previously identified disease in a single organ or region. The meeting concluded that there is still much work to be done in the integration of data from different fields and in developing a common language for all stakeholders involved. In addition, the participants advocated joint training and education for individuals who engage in routine PET/MRI. It was agreed that PET/MRI can enhance our understanding of normal and disrupted biology, and we are in a position to describe the in vivo nature of disease processes, metabolism, evolution of cancer and the monitoring of response to pharmacological interventions and therapies. As such, PET/MRI is a key to advancing medicine and patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Bailey
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - B J Pichler
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard-Karls-Universität, Tübingen, Germany
| | - B Gückel
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - G Antoch
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Faculty, University Dusseldorf, 40225, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - H Barthel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Z M Bhujwalla
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - S Biskup
- Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 23, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - S Biswal
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) and Bio-X, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - M Bitzer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Eberhard-Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - R Boellaard
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - R F Braren
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - C Brendle
- Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Eberhard Karls University, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - K Brindle
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - A Chiti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - C la Fougère
- Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Clinical Molecular Imaging, Eberhard-Karls-Universität, Tübingen, Germany
| | - R Gillies
- Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33621, USA
| | - V Goh
- Cancer Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Radiology, Guy's & St Thomas' Hospitals London, London, UK
| | - M Goyen
- GE Healthcare GmbH, Beethovenstrasse 239, Solingen, Germany
| | - M Hacker
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - G M Knudsen
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Rigshospitalet and Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A M Krackhardt
- III. Medical Department, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - I Law
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J C Morris
- Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - K Nikolaou
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - J Nuyts
- Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - A A Ordonez
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - K Pantel
- Institute of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - H H Quick
- High Field and Hybrid MR Imaging, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for MR Imaging, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - K Riklund
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Umea University, Umea, Sweden
| | - O Sabri
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - B Sattler
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - E G C Troost
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Dresden, Germany
- Institute of Radiooncology-OncoRay, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Radiotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Medical Faculty of Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - M Zaiss
- High Field Magnetic Resonance, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - L Zender
- Department of Internal Medicine VIII, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Beyer
- QIMP Group, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering General Hospital Vienna, Medical University Vienna, 4L, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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