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Chandler L, Harford AJ, Hose GC, Humphrey CL, Chariton A, Greenfield P, Davis J. Saline mine water influences eukaryote life in shallow groundwater of a tropical sandy stream. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174101. [PMID: 38906296 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Eukaryotic communities in groundwater may be particularly sensitive to disturbance because they are adapted to stable environmental conditions and often have narrow spatial distributions. Traditional methods for characterising these communities, focussing on groundwater-inhabiting macro- and meiofauna (stygofauna), are challenging because of limited taxonomic knowledge and expertise (particularly in less-explored regions), and the time and expense of morphological identification. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the vulnerability of eukaryote communities in shallow groundwater to mine water discharge containing elevated concentrations of magnesium (Mg) and sulfate (SO4). The study was undertaken in a shallow sand bed aquifer within a wet-dry tropical setting. The aquifer, featuring a saline mine water gradient primarily composed of elevated Mg and SO4, was sampled from piezometers in the creek channel upstream and downstream of the mine water influence during the dry season when only subsurface water flow was present. Groundwater communities were characterised using both morphological assessments of stygofauna from net samples and environmental DNA (eDNA) targeting the 18S rDNA and COI mtDNA genes. eDNA data revealed significant shifts in community composition in response to mine waters, contrasting with findings from traditional morphological composition data. Changes in communities determined using eDNA data were notably associated with concentrations of SO42-, Mg2+ and Na+, and water levels in the piezometers. This underscores the importance of incorporating molecular approaches in impact assessments, as relying solely on traditional stygofauna sampling methods in similar environments may lead to inaccurate conclusions about the responses of the assemblage to studied impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Chandler
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Faculty of Science and Technology, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia; Office of the Supervising Scientist, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Andrew J Harford
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Faculty of Science and Technology, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia; Office of the Supervising Scientist, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Grant C Hose
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Chris L Humphrey
- Office of the Supervising Scientist, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Anthony Chariton
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul Greenfield
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Energy Business Unit, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Lindfield, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jenny Davis
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Faculty of Science and Technology, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
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Duarte C, Di Lorenzo T, Reboleira ASPS. Environmental risk of diclofenac in European groundwaters and implications for environmental quality standards. Sci Rep 2024; 14:20689. [PMID: 39237757 PMCID: PMC11377587 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-71747-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Groundwater harbours unique species adapted to perpetual darkness. Groundwater fauna plays a crucial role in global ecosystem services, but contamination poses a threat to this keystone ecosystem. Diclofenac is a common non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug of particular concern, due to its presence in both surface and groundwater. We assess the environmental risk of diclofenac in European groundwaters using different scenarios, analyzing Measured Environmental Concentrations (MECs) of diclofenac and estimating the Predicted No Effect Concentration (PNECs) through two approaches: considering the sensitivity of the groundwater crustacean Proasellus lusitanicus (Isopoda: Asellidae), and using surface water species as proxies. Our results show that scenarios based on surrogate species predict that groundwater ecosystems are at risk due to diclofenac contamination. On the other hand, the MECs of diclofenac were consistently lower than the PNEC of P. lusitanicus, suggesting that the current MECs do not pose a significant threat to this groundwater-adapted species. However, risk scenarios differ considering the sensitivity of other groundwater species, emphasizing the importance of considering multiple species' sensitivities in risk assessment. Therefore, we recommend establishing an environmental quality standard for diclofenac in groundwater at 5 ng/L, a value that accounts the need for precautionary measures to safeguard groundwater ecosystems, essential for preserving their unique biota and services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Duarte
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, and Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Campo Grande, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tiziana Di Lorenzo
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, and Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Campo Grande, Lisbon, Portugal
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems of the National Research Council of Italy (IRET-CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Florence, Italy
- NBFC (National Biodiversity Future Center), 90133, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Cluj-Napoca, "Emil Racoviţă" Institute of Speleology, Str. Clinicilor 5, 400006, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ana Sofia P S Reboleira
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, and Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Campo Grande, Lisbon, Portugal.
- National Museum of Natural History and Science, University of Lisbon, Rua da Escola Politécnica 56, 1250-102, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Hernandez‐Jerez A, Adriaanse P, Aldrich A, Berny P, Coja T, Duquesne S, Focks A, Marinovich M, Millet M, Pelkonen O, Pieper S, Topping C, Widenfalk A, Wilks M, Wolterink G, Kasteel R, Kuppe K, Tiktak A. Statement of the Scientific Panel on Plant Protection Products and their Residues (PPR Panel) on the design and conduct of groundwater monitoring studies supporting groundwater exposure assessments of pesticides. EFSA J 2023; 21:e07990. [PMID: 37197560 PMCID: PMC10184015 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Groundwater monitoring is the highest tier in the leaching assessment of plant protection products in the EU. The European Commission requested EFSA for a review by the PPR Panel of the scientific paper of Gimsing et al. (2019) on the design and conduct of groundwater monitoring studies. The Panel concludes that this paper provides many recommendations; however, specific guidance on how to design, conduct and evaluate groundwater monitoring studies for regulatory purposes is missing. The Panel notes that there is no agreed specific protection goal (SPG) at EU level. Also, the SPG has not yet been operationalised in an agreed exposure assessment goal (ExAG). The ExAG describes which groundwater needs to be protected, where and when. Because the design and interpretation of monitoring studies depends on the ExAG, development of harmonised guidance is not yet possible. The development of an agreed ExAG must therefore be given priority. A central question in the design and interpretation of groundwater monitoring studies is that of groundwater vulnerability. Applicants must demonstrate that the selected monitoring sites represent realistic worst-case conditions as specified in the ExAG. Guidance and models are needed to support this step. A prerequisite for the regulatory use of monitoring data is the availability of complete data on the use history of the products containing the respective active substances. Applicants must further demonstrate that monitoring wells are hydrologically connected to the fields where the active substance has been applied. Modelling in combination with (pseudo)tracer experiments would be the preferred option. The Panel concludes that well-conducted monitoring studies provide more realistic exposure assessments and can therefore overrule results from lower tier studies. Groundwater monitoring studies involve a high workload for both regulators and applicants. Standardised procedures and monitoring networks could help to reduce this workload.
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Svetlichny L, Rudi Strickler J, Obertegger U. Swimming and respiration in cyclopoid copepods Thermocyclops oithonoides and Oithona davisae and calanoid copepod Paracalanus parvus. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 337:835-851. [PMID: 35859518 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cyclopoid and calanoid copepods differ in how they move. Cyclopoid copepods use the thoracic legs for cruise and escape swimming while most calanoid copepods use the cephalic appendages for cruise swimming and the thoracic legs for escape reactions. Apart from this gross difference, little is known on the comparative aspects of the locomotor function of copepod appendages. This study investigated the main kinematic patterns of cruise and escape swimming of two small cyclopoid copepods, Thermocyclops oithonoides and Oithona davisae, and a small calanoid copepod, Paracalanus parvus, by video filming at a frame rate of up to 1200 frames/s. During escape swimming, O. davisae and the twice as large P. parvus showed similar movement, jumping at a frequency of 150 Hz and moving at 12 cm s-1 ; however, at a lower jump frequency (∼100 Hz), the cyclopoid T. oithonoides showed an almost two times faster escape swimming than that of P. parvus which has the same body size. This higher speed can be linked to the greater role of the longer abdomen for the flopping strokes in T. oithonoides. In accordance with the Arrhenius law, the kinematic parameters of cruise and escape swimming of T. oithonoides showed temperature dependence in the range of 6.5-27°С. At a temperature of about 20°C, the respiration rate of O. davisae and P. parvus was 1.6 times higher (i.e., ∼1.5 µg O2 mg-1 h-1 ) than in T. oithonoides during normal swimming; however, in the swarming state, the respiration rate of T. oithonoides increased 3.4 times to 3.0 µg O2 mg-1 h-1 , which was nine times higher than the respiratory rate of anesthetized individuals of this species. Based on the speed and duration of locomotor acts, the cyclopoid T. oithonoides consumed about the same amount of respiratory energy as the calanoid P. parvus, but the mechanical energy required for movement in jumps mode was 1.5 times higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid Svetlichny
- Department of invertebrate Fauna and systematics, I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Johann Rudi Strickler
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Marine science, Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, Texas, USA
| | - Ulrike Obertegger
- Research Group Hydrobiology, FEM-Research and Innovation Centre, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
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Mammola S, Meierhofer MB, Borges PA, Colado R, Culver DC, Deharveng L, Delić T, Di Lorenzo T, Dražina T, Ferreira RL, Fiasca B, Fišer C, Galassi DMP, Garzoli L, Gerovasileiou V, Griebler C, Halse S, Howarth FG, Isaia M, Johnson JS, Komerički A, Martínez A, Milano F, Moldovan OT, Nanni V, Nicolosi G, Niemiller ML, Pallarés S, Pavlek M, Piano E, Pipan T, Sanchez‐Fernandez D, Santangeli A, Schmidt SI, Wynne JJ, Zagmajster M, Zakšek V, Cardoso P. Towards evidence-based conservation of subterranean ecosystems. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 97:1476-1510. [PMID: 35315207 PMCID: PMC9545027 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Subterranean ecosystems are among the most widespread environments on Earth, yet we still have poor knowledge of their biodiversity. To raise awareness of subterranean ecosystems, the essential services they provide, and their unique conservation challenges, 2021 and 2022 were designated International Years of Caves and Karst. As these ecosystems have traditionally been overlooked in global conservation agendas and multilateral agreements, a quantitative assessment of solution-based approaches to safeguard subterranean biota and associated habitats is timely. This assessment allows researchers and practitioners to understand the progress made and research needs in subterranean ecology and management. We conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed and grey literature focused on subterranean ecosystems globally (terrestrial, freshwater, and saltwater systems), to quantify the available evidence-base for the effectiveness of conservation interventions. We selected 708 publications from the years 1964 to 2021 that discussed, recommended, or implemented 1,954 conservation interventions in subterranean ecosystems. We noted a steep increase in the number of studies from the 2000s while, surprisingly, the proportion of studies quantifying the impact of conservation interventions has steadily and significantly decreased in recent years. The effectiveness of 31% of conservation interventions has been tested statistically. We further highlight that 64% of the reported research occurred in the Palearctic and Nearctic biogeographic regions. Assessments of the effectiveness of conservation interventions were heavily biased towards indirect measures (monitoring and risk assessment), a limited sample of organisms (mostly arthropods and bats), and more accessible systems (terrestrial caves). Our results indicate that most conservation science in the field of subterranean biology does not apply a rigorous quantitative approach, resulting in sparse evidence for the effectiveness of interventions. This raises the important question of how to make conservation efforts more feasible to implement, cost-effective, and long-lasting. Although there is no single remedy, we propose a suite of potential solutions to focus our efforts better towards increasing statistical testing and stress the importance of standardising study reporting to facilitate meta-analytical exercises. We also provide a database summarising the available literature, which will help to build quantitative knowledge about interventions likely to yield the greatest impacts depending upon the subterranean species and habitats of interest. We view this as a starting point to shift away from the widespread tendency of recommending conservation interventions based on anecdotal and expert-based information rather than scientific evidence, without quantitatively testing their effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Mammola
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe)Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS), University of HelsinkiPohjoinen Rautatiekatu 13Helsinki00100Finland
- Molecular Ecology Group (dark‐MEG)Water Research Institute (IRSA), National Research Council (CNR)Largo Tonolli, 50Verbania‐Pallanza28922Italy
| | - Melissa B. Meierhofer
- BatLab Finland, Finnish Museum of Natural History Luomus (LUOMUS)University of HelsinkiPohjoinen Rautatiekatu 13Helsinki00100Finland
| | - Paulo A.V. Borges
- cE3c—Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group / CHANGE – Global Change and Sustainability InstituteUniversity of Azores, Faculty of Agrarian Sciences and Environment (FCAA), Rua Capitão João d'ÀvilaPico da Urze, 9700‐042 Angra do HeroísmoAzoresPortugal
| | - Raquel Colado
- Departament of Ecology and HidrologyUniversity of MurciaMurcia30100Spain
| | - David C. Culver
- Department of Environmental ScienceAmerican University4400 Massachusetts Avenue, N.WWashingtonDC20016U.S.A.
| | - Louis Deharveng
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), CNRS UMR 7205, MNHN, UPMC, EPHEMuseum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
| | - Teo Delić
- SubBio Lab, Department of Biology, Biotechnical FacultyUniversity of LjubljanaJamnikarjeva 101Ljubljana1000Slovenia
| | - Tiziana Di Lorenzo
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET‐CNR), National Research CouncilVia Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto FiorentinoFlorenceItaly
| | - Tvrtko Dražina
- Division of Zoology, Department of BiologyFaculty of Science, University of ZagrebRooseveltov Trg 6Zagreb10000Croatia
- Croatian Biospeleological SocietyRooseveltov Trg 6Zagreb10000Croatia
| | - Rodrigo L. Ferreira
- Center of Studies in Subterranean Biology, Biology Department, Federal University of LavrasCampus universitário s/n, Aquenta SolLavrasMG37200‐900Brazil
| | - Barbara Fiasca
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental SciencesUniversity of L'AquilaVia Vetoio 1, CoppitoL'Aquila67100Italy
| | - Cene Fišer
- SubBio Lab, Department of Biology, Biotechnical FacultyUniversity of LjubljanaJamnikarjeva 101Ljubljana1000Slovenia
| | - Diana M. P. Galassi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental SciencesUniversity of L'AquilaVia Vetoio 1, CoppitoL'Aquila67100Italy
| | - Laura Garzoli
- Molecular Ecology Group (dark‐MEG)Water Research Institute (IRSA), National Research Council (CNR)Largo Tonolli, 50Verbania‐Pallanza28922Italy
| | - Vasilis Gerovasileiou
- Department of Environment, Faculty of EnvironmentIonian University, M. Minotou‐Giannopoulou strPanagoulaZakynthos29100Greece
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Marine BiologyBiotechnology and Aquaculture (IMBBC)Thalassocosmos, GournesCrete71500Greece
| | - Christian Griebler
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Division of LimnologyUniversity of ViennaDjerassiplatz 1Vienna1030Austria
| | - Stuart Halse
- Bennelongia Environmental Consultants5 Bishop StreetJolimontWA6014Australia
| | | | - Marco Isaia
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems BiologyUniversity of TurinVia Accademia Albertina, 13TorinoI‐10123Italy
| | - Joseph S. Johnson
- Department of Biological SciencesOhio University57 Oxbow TrailAthensOH45701U.S.A.
| | - Ana Komerički
- Croatian Biospeleological SocietyRooseveltov Trg 6Zagreb10000Croatia
| | - Alejandro Martínez
- Molecular Ecology Group (dark‐MEG)Water Research Institute (IRSA), National Research Council (CNR)Largo Tonolli, 50Verbania‐Pallanza28922Italy
| | - Filippo Milano
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems BiologyUniversity of TurinVia Accademia Albertina, 13TorinoI‐10123Italy
| | - Oana T. Moldovan
- Emil Racovita Institute of SpeleologyClinicilor 5Cluj‐Napoca400006Romania
- Romanian Institute of Science and TechnologySaturn 24‐26Cluj‐Napoca400504Romania
| | - Veronica Nanni
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems BiologyUniversity of TurinVia Accademia Albertina, 13TorinoI‐10123Italy
| | - Giuseppe Nicolosi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems BiologyUniversity of TurinVia Accademia Albertina, 13TorinoI‐10123Italy
| | - Matthew L. Niemiller
- Department of Biological SciencesThe University of Alabama in Huntsville301 Sparkman Drive NWHuntsvilleAL35899U.S.A.
| | - Susana Pallarés
- Departamento de Biogeografía y Cambio GlobalMuseo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSICCalle de José Gutiérrez Abascal 2Madrid28006Spain
| | - Martina Pavlek
- Croatian Biospeleological SocietyRooseveltov Trg 6Zagreb10000Croatia
- Ruđer Bošković InstituteBijenička cesta 54Zagreb10000Croatia
| | - Elena Piano
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems BiologyUniversity of TurinVia Accademia Albertina, 13TorinoI‐10123Italy
| | - Tanja Pipan
- ZRC SAZUKarst Research InstituteNovi trg 2Ljubljana1000Slovenia
- UNESCO Chair on Karst EducationUniversity of Nova GoricaGlavni trg 8Vipava5271Slovenia
| | | | - Andrea Santangeli
- Research Centre for Ecological Change, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research ProgrammeUniversity of HelsinkiViikinkaari 1Helsinki00014Finland
| | - Susanne I. Schmidt
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Biology Centre CASNa Sádkách 702/7České Budějovice370 05Czech Republic
- Department of Lake ResearchHelmholtz Centre for Environmental ResearchBrückstraße 3aMagdeburg39114Germany
| | - J. Judson Wynne
- Department of Biological SciencesCenter for Adaptable Western Landscapes, Box 5640, Northern Arizona UniversityFlagstaffAZ86011U.S.A.
| | - Maja Zagmajster
- SubBio Lab, Department of Biology, Biotechnical FacultyUniversity of LjubljanaJamnikarjeva 101Ljubljana1000Slovenia
| | - Valerija Zakšek
- SubBio Lab, Department of Biology, Biotechnical FacultyUniversity of LjubljanaJamnikarjeva 101Ljubljana1000Slovenia
| | - Pedro Cardoso
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe)Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS), University of HelsinkiPohjoinen Rautatiekatu 13Helsinki00100Finland
- cE3c—Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group / CHANGE – Global Change and Sustainability InstituteUniversity of Azores, Faculty of Agrarian Sciences and Environment (FCAA), Rua Capitão João d'ÀvilaPico da Urze, 9700‐042 Angra do HeroísmoAzoresPortugal
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Becher J, Englisch C, Griebler C, Bayer P. Groundwater fauna downtown - Drivers, impacts and implications for subsurface ecosystems in urban areas. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2022; 248:104021. [PMID: 35605354 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2022.104021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater fauna (stygofauna) comprises organisms that have adapted to the dark subterranean environment over a course of thousands and millions of years, typically having slow metabolisms and long life cycles. They are crucial players in the groundwater of oxygenic aquifers, and contribute to various ecosystem services. Today's knowledge of their sensitivity to anthropogenic impacts is incomplete and a critical analysis of the general relevance of local findings is lacking. In this review, we focus on those areas with the highest interference between humans and stygofauna: cities. Here is where local pollution by various contaminants and heat strongly stresses the unique groundwater ecosystems. It is demonstrated that it is difficult to discern the influence of individual factors from the findings reported in field studies, and to extrapolate laboratory results to field conditions. The effects of temperature increase and chemical pollution vary strongly between tested species and test conditions. In general, previous findings indicate that heating, especially in the long-term, will increase mortality, and less adapted species are at risk of vanishing from their habitats. The same may be true for salinity caused by road de-icing in cold urban areas. Furthermore, high sensitivities were shown for ammonium, which will probably be even more pronounced with rising temperatures resulting in altered biodiversity patterns. Toxicity of heavy metals, for a variety of invertebrates, increases with time and chronic exposure. Our current knowledge reveals diverse potential impacts on groundwater fauna by urban pollution, but our insights gained so far can only be validated by standardized and long-term test concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Becher
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Geosciences and Geography, Department of Applied Geology, Von-Seckendorff-Platz 3, 06120 Halle, Germany.
| | - Constanze Englisch
- University of Vienna, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Division of Limnology, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Griebler
- University of Vienna, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Division of Limnology, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Bayer
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Geosciences and Geography, Department of Applied Geology, Von-Seckendorff-Platz 3, 06120 Halle, Germany
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Jemec Kokalj A, Fišer Ž, Dolar A, Novak S, Drobne D, Bračko G, Fišer C. Screening of NaCl salinity sensitivity across eight species of subterranean amphipod genus Niphargus. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 236:113456. [PMID: 35395599 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Secondary salinization of freshwater is becoming a growing environmental problem. Currently, there is few data available on the effects of salinisation on subterranean crustaceans that are vital for the maintenance of groundwater ecosystem functioning. In this study, the sensitivity of subterranean Niphargus amphipods to NaCl was investigated. We expected that cave-dwelling species would be more sensitive as surface-subterranean boundary species. Eight ecologically different Niphargus species were tested: four live at the boundary between the surface and subterranean ecosystems (N. timavi, N. krameri, N. sphagnicolus, N. spinulifemur), three live in cave streams (N. stygius, N. scopicauda, N. podpecanus), and one species (N. hebereri) lives in anchialine caves and wells. The organisms were exposed to five concentrations of NaCl for 96 h and afterwards the immobility, mortality, and electron transfer system (ETS) activity (a measure for metabolic rate of animals) were evaluated. As expected, the most tolerant species was N. hebereri dwelling in naturally high-salinity habitat. However, contrary to our expectations, the species collected at the surface-subterranean boundary were more sensitive as cave stream species when their immobility and mortality were assessed. Interestingly, the majority of Niphargus tested were more NaCl tolerant as can be deduced from currently available data for subterranean and surface crustaceans. We could not observe a clear trend in ETS activity changes between groups of surface-subterranean boundary and cave streams species after exposure to NaCl stress, but it appears that osmotic stress-induced metabolic rate changes are species-specific. This study shows that amphipods Niphargus can be a valuable subterranean environmental research model and further ecotoxicity research is of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Jemec Kokalj
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Žiga Fišer
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andraž Dolar
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sara Novak
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damjana Drobne
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Bračko
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Cene Fišer
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Vinogradov DD, Sinev AY, Tiunov AV. Predators as Control Agents of Mosquito Larvae in Micro-Reservoirs (Review). INLAND WATER BIOLOGY 2022; 15:39-53. [PMID: 35311016 PMCID: PMC8917826 DOI: 10.1134/s1995082922010138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The article reviews predators that are able to control populations of mosquito larvae (Culicidae) in phytotelmata and their anthropogenic analogs. The spectrum of mosquito larva consumers in micro-reservoirs is listed. It includes flatworms, crustaceans, arachnids, insects, vertebrates, and carnivorous plants. The biology and practical use of the two most effective biological control agents, predatory mosquitoes Toxorhynchites and copepods, are considered in more detail. Prospects of invertebrate predators as controlling agents for the mosquito larvae in micro-reservoirs in temperate climate zones are briefly discussed. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1134/S1995082922010138.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. D. Vinogradov
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - A. V. Tiunov
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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9
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Iannella M, Fiasca B, Di Lorenzo T, Di Cicco M, Biondi M, Mammola S, Galassi DM. Getting the ‘most out of the hotspot’ for practical conservation of groundwater biodiversity. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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10
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Di Lorenzo T, Cifoni M, Baratti M, Pieraccini G, Di Marzio WD, Galassi DMP. Four scenarios of environmental risk of diclofenac in European groundwater ecosystems. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 287:117315. [PMID: 34000671 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater is the largest source of liquid freshwater on Earth. Groundwater ecosystems harbor a rich biodiversity, mainly consisting of microbes and invertebrates that provide substantial ecological services. Despite its importance, groundwater is affected by several anthropic pressures, including pollution from pharmaceutical compounds. Diclofenac is the non-steroidal drug most widely detected in freshwaters, both in surface waters (e.g., rivers, streams, lakes etc.) and groundwaters. Unlike surface waters, the environmental risk of diclofenac in European groundwaters has not yet been assessed by the competent Authorities. The environmental risk assessment refers to the analysis of the potential risk that a chemical compound poses to a given environment by comparing its measured environmental concentrations to its predicted no-effect concentration. In this study, we explored four environmental risk scenarios in European groundwaters using different methodologies. We obtained diverse risk expectations, some indicative of a moderately diffuse environmental risk for concentrations of diclofenac ≥42 ng/L and others indicative of a widespread environmental risk for concentrations ≥5 ng/L. The difference among the four scenarios mainly related to the methods of calculating the predicted no-effect concentration of diclofenac. We discussed the four scenarios in order to identify the most realistic risk expectations posed by diclofenac to European groundwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Di Lorenzo
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems of the National Research Council of Italy (IRET-CNR), Via Madonna Del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy; "Emil Racovita" Institute of Speleology, Romanian Academy, Clinicilor 5, Cluj Napoca, 400006, Romania.
| | - M Cifoni
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems of the National Research Council of Italy (IRET-CNR), Via Madonna Del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - M Baratti
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources of the National Research Council of Italy (IBBR-CNR), Via Madonna Del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - G Pieraccini
- Mass Spectrometry Center, University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - W D Di Marzio
- Programa de Investigación en Ecotoxicología, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Luján - Comisión Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas CONICET, Ruta 5 y Avenida Constitución, 6700, Luján, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - D M P Galassi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio 1, Coppito, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
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11
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Castaño-Sánchez A, Pereira JL, Gonçalves FJM, Reboleira ASPS. Sensitivity of a widespread groundwater copepod to different contaminants. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 274:129911. [PMID: 33979935 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater is an indispensable resource for humankind and sustainable biomes functioning. Anthropogenic disturbance threatens groundwater ecosystems globally, but to which extent groundwater organisms respond to stressors remains poorly understood. Groundwater animals are rare, with small populations, difficult to find and to breed in the lab, which poses a main challenge to the assessment of their responses to pollutants. Despite the difficulties, assessing the toxicity of a large spectrum of stressors to groundwater organisms is a priority to inform towards appropriate environmental protection of these ecosystems. We tested the sensitivity to CuSO4, diclofenac, and NaCl of a groundwater population of the copepod Diacyclops crassicaudis crassicaudis and compared its sensitivity with the model organism Daphnia magna. We ranked its sensitivity using a species sensitivity distribution (SSD) approach using the feasible data available for groundwater and surface crustaceans. Our results show that the most toxic compound was CuSO4 for which higher amount of data was recorded and wider variability in response was observed. It was followed by diclofenac, largely lacking data for groundwater-adapted organisms, and the least toxic compound was NaCl. The differential sensitivity between D. crassicaudis and D. magna was contaminant-dependent. As a general trend D. crassicaudis was always distributed in the upper part of the SSD curves together with other groundwater-adapted organisms. Our results highlight that the widespread groundwater populations of the D. crassicaudis species complex, which can be successfully breed in the lab, may provide a reasonable approach to assess the ecological effects of anthropogenic stressors in groundwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ana Sofia P S Reboleira
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), and Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
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12
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Mammola S, Lunghi E, Bilandžija H, Cardoso P, Grimm V, Schmidt SI, Hesselberg T, Martínez A. Collecting eco-evolutionary data in the dark: Impediments to subterranean research and how to overcome them. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:5911-5926. [PMID: 34141192 PMCID: PMC8207145 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Caves and other subterranean habitats fulfill the requirements of experimental model systems to address general questions in ecology and evolution. Yet, the harsh working conditions of these environments and the uniqueness of the subterranean organisms have challenged most attempts to pursuit standardized research.Two main obstacles have synergistically hampered previous attempts. First, there is a habitat impediment related to the objective difficulties of exploring subterranean habitats and our inability to access the network of fissures that represents the elective habitat for the so-called "cave species." Second, there is a biological impediment illustrated by the rarity of most subterranean species and their low physiological tolerance, often limiting sample size and complicating laboratory experiments.We explore the advantages and disadvantages of four general experimental setups (in situ, quasi in situ, ex situ, and in silico) in the light of habitat and biological impediments. We also discuss the potential of indirect approaches to research. Furthermore, using bibliometric data, we provide a quantitative overview of the model organisms that scientists have exploited in the study of subterranean life.Our over-arching goal is to promote caves as model systems where one can perform standardized scientific research. This is important not only to achieve an in-depth understanding of the functioning of subterranean ecosystems but also to fully exploit their long-discussed potential in addressing general scientific questions with implications beyond the boundaries of this discipline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Mammola
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe)Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS)University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Dark‐MEG: Molecular Ecology GroupWater Research Institute (IRSA)National Research Council (CNR)VerbaniaItaly
| | - Enrico Lunghi
- Key Laboratory of the Zoological Systematics and EvolutionInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Museo di Storia Naturale dell'Università degli Studi di Firenze“La Specola”FirenzeItaly
| | - Helena Bilandžija
- Department of Molecular BiologyRudjer Boskovic InstituteZagrebCroatia
| | - Pedro Cardoso
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe)Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS)University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Volker Grimm
- Department of Ecological ModellingHelmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZLeipzigGermany
- Plant Ecology and Nature ConservationUniversity of PotsdamPotsdamGermany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | - Susanne I. Schmidt
- Institute of HydrobiologyBiology Centre CASČeské BudějoviceCzech Republic
| | | | - Alejandro Martínez
- Dark‐MEG: Molecular Ecology GroupWater Research Institute (IRSA)National Research Council (CNR)VerbaniaItaly
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13
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Novel Protocol for Acute In Situ Ecotoxicity Test Using Native Crustaceans Applied to Groundwater Ecosystems. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13081132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Current standardized laboratory test protocols use model species that have limitations to accurately assess native species responses to stressors. We developed and tested a novel acute in situ protocol for testing field-collected organisms. We used Asellus aquaticus and NaCl as a reference toxicant to test for the effects of location (laboratory vs. in situ), medium (synthetic vs. field water), substrate (presence vs. absence), and protocol replicability. We further tested the protocol using groundwater-adapted isopods: Proasellus assaforensis for the effect of location, P. cavaticus of medium and P.lusitanicus of substrate. Our results showed that A.aquaticus’ lethality obtained with the novel acute in situ protocol did not significantly differ from those from laboratory testing. However, laboratory tested P.assaforensis showed a higher sensitivity, suggesting that its acclimation to laboratory conditions might have pernicious effects. A. aquaticus and P. cavaticus showed a higher mortality using synthetic medium in situ and under laboratory conditions, which overestimated the stressor’s effect. Besides, substrate use had no significant effect. The novel acute in situ protocol allows the use of native species under realistic scenarios. It is particularly well adapted for assessing the risk of groundwater ecosystems but it can be applied to a wide range of ecosystems.
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14
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Saccò M, Blyth AJ, Humphreys WF, Cooper SJB, White NE, Campbell M, Mousavi-Derazmahalleh M, Hua Q, Mazumder D, Smith C, Griebler C, Grice K. Rainfall as a trigger of ecological cascade effects in an Australian groundwater ecosystem. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3694. [PMID: 33580159 PMCID: PMC7881013 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83286-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Groundwaters host vital resources playing a key role in the near future. Subterranean fauna and microbes are crucial in regulating organic cycles in environments characterized by low energy and scarce carbon availability. However, our knowledge about the functioning of groundwater ecosystems is limited, despite being increasingly exposed to anthropic impacts and climate change-related processes. In this work we apply novel biochemical and genetic techniques to investigate the ecological dynamics of an Australian calcrete under two contrasting rainfall periods (LR—low rainfall and HR—high rainfall). Our results indicate that the microbial gut community of copepods and amphipods experienced a shift in taxonomic diversity and predicted organic functional metabolic pathways during HR. The HR regime triggered a cascade effect driven by microbes (OM processors) and exploited by copepods and amphipods (primary and secondary consumers), which was finally transferred to the aquatic beetles (top predators). Our findings highlight that rainfall triggers ecological shifts towards more deterministic dynamics, revealing a complex web of interactions in seemingly simple environmental settings. Here we show how a combined isotopic-molecular approach can untangle the mechanisms shaping a calcrete community. This design will help manage and preserve one of the most vital but underrated ecosystems worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Saccò
- WA-Organic Isotope Geochemistry Centre, The Institute for Geoscience Research, School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia. .,Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Laboratory, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia.
| | - Alison J Blyth
- WA-Organic Isotope Geochemistry Centre, The Institute for Geoscience Research, School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia.,School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - William F Humphreys
- Collections and Research Centre, Western Australian Museum, Welshpool, WA, 6986, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Steven J B Cooper
- Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.,Evolutionary Biology Unit, South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Nicole E White
- Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Laboratory, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Matthew Campbell
- WA-Organic Isotope Geochemistry Centre, The Institute for Geoscience Research, School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Mahsa Mousavi-Derazmahalleh
- Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Laboratory, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Quan Hua
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | - Debashish Mazumder
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | - Colin Smith
- Department of Archaeology and History, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia.,Laboratorio de Evolución Humana, Departamento de Historia, Geografía y Comunicación, Universidad de Burgos, 09001, Burgos, Spain
| | - Christian Griebler
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kliti Grice
- WA-Organic Isotope Geochemistry Centre, The Institute for Geoscience Research, School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia
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15
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Stillway ME, Teh SJ. The Effect of Herbicide Formulations and Herbicide-Adjuvant Mixtures on Aquatic Food Web Species of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California, USA. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:1375-1381. [PMID: 32289178 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Herbicides have recently been designated as one of the most frequently detected chemical types in aquatic systems. We evaluated the effect of the herbicide formulations Clearcast® (active ingredient imazamox) and Galleon® SC (active ingredient penoxsulam), in conjunction with the adjuvant Agri-dex®, on the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana and the copepod Eurytemora affinis and whether their application in invasive aquatic weed control has acutely negative effects on important delta food web species. Herbicide-adjuvant mixtures were more toxic than herbicide formulations alone. For the diatom, 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) were 84.4 mg/L for Clearcast, >100 mg/L for Galleon SC, and 38.5 mg/L for Agri-dex. In the herbicide mixture diatom tests, IC50s decreased to 2.8 mg/L for Clearcast + 64 mg/L Agri-dex and to 6.6 mg/L for Galleon SC + 41 mg/L Agri-dex. In the copepod tests, 50% effect concentrations (EC50s) were 45.4 mg/L for Agri-dex, 31.2 mg/L for Galleon SC, and >100 mg/L for Clearcast. When tested together, EC50s were reduced to 24.1 for Galleon SC and 67.6 mg/L for Clearcast in the presence of 50 mg/L Agri-dex. Environmentally relevant herbicide-adjuvant mixture ratios were at the no-observed-effect level. Mixture interactions between herbicides and adjuvants indicate the potential for increased toxicity in herbicide formulations and tank mixes, especially in consideration of the unlisted, proprietary ingredients which are included in herbicide formulations, making predicting nontarget effects challenging. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1375-1381. © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie E Stillway
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, Aquatic Health Program Laboratory, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Swee J Teh
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, Aquatic Health Program Laboratory, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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16
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Castaño-Sánchez A, Hose GC, Reboleira ASPS. Ecotoxicological effects of anthropogenic stressors in subterranean organisms: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 244:125422. [PMID: 31805461 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
How anthropogenic stressors affect biodiversity is a central question in a changing world. Subterranean ecosystems and their biodiversity are particularly vulnerable to change, yet, these species are frequently neglected in analyses of global biodiversity and assessments of ecological status and risk. Are these hidden species affected by anthropogenic stressors? Do they survive outside of the current thermal limits of their ecosystems? These and other important questions can be addressed with ecotoxicological testing, relating contaminants and temperature resistance of species with measured environmental concentrations and climatic data. Ecotoxicological knowledge specific to subterranean ecosystems is crucial for establishing thresholds for their protection, but such data are both scarce and scattered. Here, we review the existing ecotoxicological studies of these impacts to subterranean-adapted species. An effort that includes 167 measured endpoints and presents a database containing experimentally derived species' tolerance data for 28 contaminants and temperature, for 46 terrestrial and groundwater species, including fungi and animals. The lack of standard data among the studies is currently the major impediment to evaluate how stressors affect subterranean-adapted species and how differently they respond from their relatives at surface. Improving understanding of ecotoxicological effects on subterranean-adapted species will require extensive analysis of physiological responses to a wide range of untested stressors, standardization of testing protocols and evaluation of exposures under realistic scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Castaño-Sánchez
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Grant C Hose
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ana Sofia P S Reboleira
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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17
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Characteristics, Main Impacts, and Stewardship of Natural and Artificial Freshwater Environments: Consequences for Biodiversity Conservation. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12010260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In this overview (introductory article to a special issue including 14 papers), we consider all main types of natural and artificial inland freshwater habitas (fwh). For each type, we identify the main biodiversity patterns and ecological features, human impacts on the system and environmental issues, and discuss ways to use this information to improve stewardship. Examples of selected key biodiversity/ecological features (habitat type): narrow endemics, sensitive (groundwater and GDEs); crenobionts, LIHRes (springs); unidirectional flow, nutrient spiraling (streams); naturally turbid, floodplains, large-bodied species (large rivers); depth-variation in benthic communities (lakes); endemism and diversity (ancient lakes); threatened, sensitive species (oxbow lakes, SWE); diverse, reduced littoral (reservoirs); cold-adapted species (Boreal and Arctic fwh); endemism, depauperate (Antarctic fwh); flood pulse, intermittent wetlands, biggest river basins (tropical fwh); variable hydrologic regime—periods of drying, flash floods (arid-climate fwh). Selected impacts: eutrophication and other pollution, hydrologic modifications, overexploitation, habitat destruction, invasive species, salinization. Climate change is a threat multiplier, and it is important to quantify resistance, resilience, and recovery to assess the strategic role of the different types of freshwater ecosystems and their value for biodiversity conservation. Effective conservation solutions are dependent on an understanding of connectivity between different freshwater ecosystems (including related terrestrial, coastal and marine systems).
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18
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Potential of A Trait-Based Approach in the Characterization of An N-Contaminated Alluvial Aquifer. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11122553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater communities residing in contaminated aquifers have been investigated mainly through taxonomy-based approaches (i.e., analyzing taxonomic richness and abundances) while ecological traits have been rarely considered. The aim of this study was to assess whether a trait analysis adds value to the traditional taxonomy-based biomonitoring in N-contaminated aquifers. To this end, we monitored 40 bores in the Vomano alluvial aquifer (VO_GWB, Italy) for two years. The aquifer is a nitrate vulnerable zone according to the Water Framework Directive. The traditional taxonomy-based approach revealed an unexpectedly high biodiversity (38 taxa and 5725 individuals), dominated by crustaceans, comparable to that of other unpolluted alluvial aquifers worldwide. This result is in contrast with previous studies and calls into question the sensitivity of stygobiotic species to N-compounds. The trait analysis provided an added value to the study, unveiling signs of impairments of the groundwater community such as low juveniles-to-adults and males-to-females ratios and a crossover of biomasses and abundances curves suggestive of an intermediate alteration of the copepod assemblages.
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19
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Di Lorenzo T, Di Cicco M, Di Censo D, Galante A, Boscaro F, Messana G, Paola Galassi DM. Environmental risk assessment of propranolol in the groundwater bodies of Europe. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 255:113189. [PMID: 31542673 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A growing concern for contamination due to pharmaceutical compounds in groundwater is expanding globally. The β-blocker propranolol is a β-adrenoceptors antagonist commonly detected in European groundwater bodies. The effect of propranolol on stygobiotic species (obligate groundwater dweller species) is compelling in the framework of environmental risk assessment (ERA) of groundwater ecosystems. In fact, in Europe, ERA procedures for pharmaceuticals in groundwater are based on data obtained with surrogate surface water species. The use of surrogates has aroused some concern in the scientific arena since the first ERA guideline for groundwater was issued. We performed an ecotoxicological and a behavioural experiment with the stygobiotic crustacean species Diacyclops belgicus (Copepopda) to estimate a realistic value of the Predicted No Effect Concentration (PNEC) of propranolol for groundwater ecosystems and we compared this value with the PNEC estimated based on EU ERA procedures. The results of this study showed that i) presently, propranolol does not pose a risk to groundwater bodies in Europe at the concentrations shown in this study and ii) the PNEC of propranolol estimated through the EU ERA procedures is very conservative and allows to adequately protect these delicate ecosystems and their dwelling fauna. The methodological approach and the results of this study represent a first contribution to the improvement of ERA of groundwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Di Lorenzo
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET-CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
| | - Mattia Di Cicco
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio 1, Coppito, 67100, 10 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Davide Di Censo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio 1, Coppito, 67100, 10 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Angelo Galante
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio 1, Coppito, 67100, 10 L'Aquila, Italy; Institute for superconductors, oxides and other innovative materials and devices, National Research Council (CNR-SPIN), Via Vetoio 1, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesca Boscaro
- Mass Spectrometry Center, University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Messana
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET-CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Diana Maria Paola Galassi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio 1, Coppito, 67100, 10 L'Aquila, Italy
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20
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Di Lorenzo T, Di Marzio WD, Fiasca B, Galassi DMP, Korbel K, Iepure S, Pereira JL, Reboleira ASPS, Schmidt SI, Hose GC. Recommendations for ecotoxicity testing with stygobiotic species in the framework of groundwater environmental risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 681:292-304. [PMID: 31103666 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As a consequence of the growing global dependence on groundwater resources, environmental risk assessments (ERA) for groundwater are increasingly required and, with that, ecotoxicological studies with groundwater fauna (stygofauna). However, the literature on the ecotoxicological studies with stygobiotic species (i.e. species that complete their life cycle exclusively in groundwater) has not expanded significantly since the first paper published in this field. The limitations regarding the use of stygobiotic species for ecotoxicological testing are clear and consistent across the globe; stygobiotic species are often 1) naturally present in low numbers, 2) difficult to collect, and 3) difficult to culture under laboratory conditions. This paper reviews the methods used in ecotoxicological studies performed with stygobiotic species, and provides ten recommendations for Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) for such tests. The recommendations focused on the following 10 points: 1) the taxonomic identification, the life stage/size and gender of the test organisms; 2) collection methodology of the organisms, including collection location, conditions and methods; 3) holding and acclimation conditions in the laboratory; 4) exposure conditions such as test set up and exposure time, number of replicates and densities of organisms in tests and in test vessels; 5) range-finding test set up and schedule; 6) final test design, including details of controls and treatments, and replication options; 7) incubation conditions, specifying temperature, pH and oxygenation levels throughout the test; 8) test duration; 9) observations and endpoints; 10) test validity criteria and compliance. The recommendations were developed for the purpose of supporting future short-term ecotoxicological testing with stygofauna through providing consistency in the protocols. A discussion of the potential implications for groundwater managers and decision-makers committed to ERA for groundwater is included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Di Lorenzo
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET-CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
| | - Walter Dario Di Marzio
- Programa de Investigación en Ecotoxicología, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Luján - Comisión Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas CONICET, Argentina
| | - Barbara Fiasca
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio 1, Coppito 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Diana Maria Paola Galassi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio 1, Coppito 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Kathryn Korbel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2019, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sanda Iepure
- Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, José Beltrán 15 Martínez, 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; University of Gdańsk, Faculty of Biology, Department of Genetics and Biosystematics, Wita Stwosza 59, 17 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Joana Luísa Pereira
- Department of Biology & CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marines Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Sofia P S Reboleira
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susanne I Schmidt
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Na Sádkách 7, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Grant C Hose
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2019, Sydney, Australia
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Kennedy AJ, Biber TW, May LR, Lotufo GR, Farrar JD, Bednar AJ. Sensitivity of the Marine Calanoid Copepod Pseudodiaptomus pelagicus to Copper, Phenanthrene, and Ammonia. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:1221-1230. [PMID: 30790342 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
There are limited acute toxicity test methods for native North American marine species that are considered zooplankton for their entire life cycle. Examples of standardized marine zooplankton methods include mussel, bivalve, and echinoderm development tests that use a relatively short-lived planktonic larval stage, chronic life-cycle toxicity tests using epibenthic copepods, and a 24-h Acartia tonsa copepod test method. The objectives of the present study were to: 1) develop and evaluate a novel, 48-h acute toxicity test method using the marine North American copepod Pseudodiaptomus pelagicus that is planktonic for its entire life cycle, and 2) determine the sensitivity of P. pelagicus relative to commonly tested marine toxicity test species. The average (±1 standard deviation) median lethal concentrations (LC50s) for copper (Cu), phenanthrene, and un-ionized ammonia were 32 ± 15 µg/L, 161 ± 51 µg/L, and 1.08 ± 0.30 mg NH3 /L, respectively. These results placed P. pelagicus on the more sensitive end of Cu and phenanthrene species sensitivity distributions. The copepod was less sensitive to un-ionized ammonia than commonly tested marine species. This finding suggests that the acute P. pelagicus test method will allow a focus on assessing the impacts of persistent contaminants of concern with less confounding impact from naturally occurring ammonia released to the water from sources such as suspended sediments. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:1221-1230. Published 2019 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J Kennedy
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi
| | - Thomas W Biber
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi
| | - Lauren R May
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi
| | - Guilherme R Lotufo
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi
| | - J Daniel Farrar
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi
| | - Anthony J Bednar
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi
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Saccò M, Blyth A, Bateman PW, Hua Q, Mazumder D, White N, Humphreys WF, Laini A, Griebler C, Grice K. New light in the dark - a proposed multidisciplinary framework for studying functional ecology of groundwater fauna. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 662:963-977. [PMID: 30795483 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Groundwaters provide the vast majority of unfrozen freshwater resources on the planet, but our knowledge of subsurface ecosystems is surprisingly limited. Stygofauna, or stygobionts -subterranean obligate aquatic animals - provide ecosystem services such as grazing biofilms and maintaining water quality, but we know little about how their ecosystems function. The cryptic nature of groundwaters, together with the high degree of local endemism and stygofaunal site-specific adaptations, represent major obstacles for the field. To overcome these challenges, and integrate biodiversity and ecosystem function, requires a holistic design drawing on classical ecology, taxonomy, molecular ecology and geochemistry. This study presents an approach based on the integration of existing concepts in groundwater ecology with three more novel scientific techniques: compound specific stable isotope analysis (CSIA) of amino acids, radiocarbon analysis (14C) and DNA analyses of environmental samples, stygofauna and gut contents. The combination of these techniques allows elucidation of aspects of ecosystem function that are often obscured in small invertebrates and cryptic systems. Carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) CSIA provides a linkage between biogeochemical patterns and ecological dynamics. It allows the identification of stygofaunal food web structures and energy flows based on the metabolic pathway of specific amino groups. Concurrently, 14C provides complementary data on the carbon recycling and incorporation within the stygobiotic trophic webs. Changes in groundwater environmental conditions (e.g. aquifer recharge), and subsequent community adaptations, can be pinpointed via the measurementof the radiocarbon fingerprint of water, sediment and specimens. DNA analyses are a rapidly expanding approach in ecology. eDNA is mainly employed as a biomonitoring tool, while metabarcoding of individuals and/or gut contents provides insight into diet regimes. In all cases, the application of the approaches in combination provides more powerful data than any one alone. By combining quantitative (CSIA and 14C) and qualitative (eDNA and DNA metabarcoding) approaches via Bayesian Mixing Models (BMM), linkages can be made between community composition, energy and nutrient sources in the system, and trophic function. This suggested multidisciplinary design will contribute to a more thorough comprehension of the biogeochemical and ecological patterns within these undervalued but essential ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Saccò
- WA-Organic Isotope Geochemistry Centre, The Institute for Geoscience Research, School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, 6102, WA, Australia.
| | - Alison Blyth
- WA-Organic Isotope Geochemistry Centre, The Institute for Geoscience Research, School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, 6102, WA, Australia
| | - Philip W Bateman
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, 6102, WA, Australia
| | - Quan Hua
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW 2232, Australia
| | - Debashish Mazumder
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW 2232, Australia
| | - Nicole White
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, 6102, WA, Australia
| | - William F Humphreys
- Collections and Research Centre, Western Australian Museum, Welshpool, WA 6986, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Alex Laini
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Viale G.P. Usberti 33/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Christian Griebler
- Helmholtz Center Munich, Institute of Groundwater Ecology, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Vienna, Dept of Limnology and Bio-Oceanography, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kliti Grice
- WA-Organic Isotope Geochemistry Centre, The Institute for Geoscience Research, School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, 6102, WA, Australia
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23
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Di Lorenzo T, Castaño-Sánchez A, Di Marzio WD, García-Doncel P, Nozal Martínez L, Galassi DMP, Iepure S. The role of freshwater copepods in the environmental risk assessment of caffeine and propranolol mixtures in the surface water bodies of Spain. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 220:227-236. [PMID: 30583214 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In this study we aimed at assessing: (i) the environmental risk posed by mixtures of caffeine and propranolol to the freshwater ecosystems of Spain; (ii) the sensitivity of freshwater copepod species to the two compounds; (iii) if the toxicity of caffeine and propranolol to freshwater copepods contributes to the environmental risk posed by the two compounds in the freshwater bodies of Spain. The environmental risk was computed as the ratio of MECs (i.e. the measured environmental concentrations) to PNECs (i.e. the respective predicted no-effect concentrations). The effects of caffeine and propranolol on the freshwater cyclopoid Diacyclops crassicaudis crassicaudis were tested both individually and in binary mixtures. Propranolol posed an environmental risk in some but not in all the surface water ecosystems of Spain investigated in this study, while caffeine posed an environmental risk to all the investigated freshwater bodies, both as single compound and in the mixture with propranolol. Propranolol was the most toxic compound to D. crassicaudis crassicaudis, while caffeine was non-toxic to this species. The CA model predicted the toxicity of the propranolol and caffeine mixture for this species. D. crassicaudis crassicaudis was much less sensitive than several other aquatic species to both compounds. The sensitivity of D. crassicaudis crassicaudis does not increase the environmental risk posed by the two compounds in the freshwater bodies of Spain, however, further testing is recommended since the effect of toxicants on freshwater copepods can be more pronounced under multiple stressors and temperature increasing due to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Di Lorenzo
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET-CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
| | - Andrea Castaño-Sánchez
- IMDEA Water Institute, Calle Punto Com 2, Edificio ZYE 2, Parque Científico Tecnológico de la Universidad de Alcalá, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Walter Darío Di Marzio
- Programa de Investigación en Ecotoxicología, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Luján - Comisión Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas CONICET, Argentina
| | - Patricia García-Doncel
- IMDEA Water Institute, Calle Punto Com 2, Edificio ZYE 2, Parque Científico Tecnológico de la Universidad de Alcalá, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Leonor Nozal Martínez
- IMDEA Water Institute, Calle Punto Com 2, Edificio ZYE 2, Parque Científico Tecnológico de la Universidad de Alcalá, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Diana Maria Paola Galassi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio 1, Coppito, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Sanda Iepure
- Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, José Beltrán Martínez, 2, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain; University of Gdańsk, Faculty of Biology, Department of Genetics and Biosystematics, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
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24
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Di Lorenzo T, Cifoni M, Fiasca B, Di Cioccio A, Galassi DMP. Ecological risk assessment of pesticide mixtures in the alluvial aquifers of central Italy: Toward more realistic scenarios for risk mitigation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 644:161-172. [PMID: 29981516 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study we used the data of an extensive pesticide monitoring survey that took place in 11 alluvial aquifers of central Italy from 2010 to 2015 to explore 4 different scenarios of risk. The Scenarios 1 and 2 were used to depict the risk of failing to meet the good groundwater chemical status as defined by the Water Framework Directive. The Scenarios 3 and 4 were used to assess for the first time the ecological risk in groundwater bodies, defined as the likelihood of hazard to the groundwater communities stably residing in the 11 alluvial aquifers that may be affected by pesticide contamination. The ecological risk was assessed through a new procedure called GERAp (Groundwater Ecological Risk Assessment due to pesticides). The main results of this study highlighted that: 1) the Scenario 1 provided information of little use for risk managers; 2) more realistic information was provided by using the highest concentrations measured in the six-year monitoring period and considering the ecological risk in a combined scenario (Scenarios 2 and 4); 3) the achievement of the good chemical status by 2027 in 3 aquifers will be likely much more difficult than in the others because the ecosystem services, such as pesticide biodegradation, are likely less efficient in the 3 groundwater bodies; 4) some pesticides that were banned in Europe in 2009 should be kept monitored in the next surveys because they showed a persistent occurrence in the 11 aquifers; 5) DDT forms, Dieldrin and Heptachlor are expected to damage groundwater communities at concentrations that are lower than the present legal limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Di Lorenzo
- Institute of Ecosystem Study of the CNR, National Research Council of Italy, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
| | - Marco Cifoni
- Gran Sasso-Laga National Park, Via Del Convento 1, 67010 Assergi, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Barbara Fiasca
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, Coppito, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Alessia Di Cioccio
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, Coppito, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Diana Maria Paola Galassi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, Coppito, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
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25
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Fantke P, Aurisano N, Bare J, Backhaus T, Bulle C, Chapman PM, De Zwart D, Dwyer R, Ernstoff A, Golsteijn L, Holmquist H, Jolliet O, McKone TE, Owsianiak M, Peijnenburg W, Posthuma L, Roos S, Saouter E, Schowanek D, van Straalen NM, Vijver MG, Hauschild M. Toward harmonizing ecotoxicity characterization in life cycle impact assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:2955-2971. [PMID: 30178491 PMCID: PMC7372721 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ecosystem quality is an important area of protection in life cycle impact assessment (LCIA). Chemical pollution has adverse impacts on ecosystems on a global scale. To improve methods for assessing ecosystem impacts, the Life Cycle Initiative hosted by the United Nations Environment Programme established a task force to evaluate the state-of-the-science in modeling chemical exposure of organisms and the resulting ecotoxicological effects for use in LCIA. The outcome of the task force work will be global guidance and harmonization by recommending changes to the existing practice of exposure and effect modeling in ecotoxicity characterization. These changes will reflect the current science and ensure the stability of recommended practice. Recommendations must work within the needs of LCIA in terms of 1) operating on information from any inventory reporting chemical emissions with limited spatiotemporal information, 2) applying best estimates rather than conservative assumptions to ensure unbiased comparison with results for other impact categories, and 3) yielding results that are additive across substances and life cycle stages and that will allow a quantitative expression of damage to the exposed ecosystem. We describe the current framework and discuss research questions identified in a roadmap. Primary research questions relate to the approach toward ecotoxicological effect assessment, the need to clarify the method's scope and interpretation of its results, the need to consider additional environmental compartments and impact pathways, and the relevance of effect metrics other than the currently applied geometric mean of toxicity effect data across species. Because they often dominate ecotoxicity results in LCIA, we give metals a special focus, including consideration of their possible essentiality and changes in environmental bioavailability. We conclude with a summary of key questions along with preliminary recommendations to address them as well as open questions that require additional research efforts. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:2955-2971. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Fantke
- Quantitative Sustainability Assessment Division, Department of Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet 116, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Corresponding author: Tel.: +45 45254452, fax: +45 45933435.
| | - Nicolo Aurisano
- Quantitative Sustainability Assessment Division, Department of Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet 116, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jane Bare
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States
| | - Thomas Backhaus
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cécile Bulle
- Department of Strategy and Corporate Social Responsibility, CIRAIG, ESG UQAM, C.P. 8888, Succ. Centre Ville, Montréal (QC), H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Peter M. Chapman
- Chapema Environmental Strategies Ltd, 1324 West 22nd Avenue, North Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Robert Dwyer
- International Copper Association, 10016 New York, United States
| | - Alexi Ernstoff
- Quantis, EPFL Innovation Park, Bât. D, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laura Golsteijn
- PRé Sustainability, Stationsplein 121, 3818 Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Hanna Holmquist
- Department of Technology Management and Economics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE- 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Olivier Jolliet
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Thomas E. McKone
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Mikołaj Owsianiak
- Quantitative Sustainability Assessment Division, Department of Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet 116, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Willie Peijnenburg
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Leo Posthuma
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Environmental Science, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Roos
- Swerea IVF AB, P. O. Box 104, 431 22 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Erwan Saouter
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Directorate D - Sustainable Resources, 21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - Diederik Schowanek
- Procter & Gamble, Brussels Innovation Center, 1853 Strombeek-Bever, Belgium
| | - Nico M. van Straalen
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherland
| | - Martina G. Vijver
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9518, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Hauschild
- Quantitative Sustainability Assessment Division, Department of Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet 116, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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26
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Di Marzio WD, Cifoni M, Sáenz ME, Galassi DMP, Di Lorenzo T. The ecotoxicity of binary mixtures of Imazamox and ionized ammonia on freshwater copepods: Implications for environmental risk assessment in groundwater bodies. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 149:72-79. [PMID: 29154137 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater bodies are impacted by substances such as pesticides and N-fertilizers, which usually occur in the environment as complex mixtures rather than isolated pollutants. The threat that these mixtures pose to groundwater-dwelling organisms is still poorly understood. The aims of the present study were to test the acute effect of a binary mixture of a herbicide (Imazamox) and NH4+ on epigean (Eucyclops serrulatus) and hypogean (Diacyclops belgicus) freshwater copepod species. In addition, to evaluate if the effect of the mixture can be explained by referencing non-interaction models or by more complex interaction models; and the implications for groundwater risk assessment. Compared with the action of the compounds evaluated separately, the effects of Imazamox and NH4+ in the binary mixture were more than additive or synergistic for both species. MixTox models evidenced a dose ratio and dose level deviations from concentration addition and independent action traditional models. The hypogean species was three times more sensitive to NH4+ that the epigean species when assayed as a single chemical. However, D. belgicus was only 1.13 times more sensitive than E. serrulatus when NH4+ was assayed in the mixture. The use of an integrated approach for substances that are known to interact in groundwater, should include copepods species as test organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter D Di Marzio
- Programa de Investigación en Ecotoxicología, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Luján - Comisión Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas CONICET, Argentina.
| | - Marco Cifoni
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio 1, Coppito 67100, L'Aquila, Italy; Institute of Ecosystem Study - CNR - National Research Council of Italy, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - María E Sáenz
- Programa de Investigación en Ecotoxicología, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Luján - Comisión Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas CONICET, Argentina
| | - Diana M P Galassi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio 1, Coppito 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Tiziana Di Lorenzo
- Institute of Ecosystem Study - CNR - National Research Council of Italy, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
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27
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Marmonier P, Maazouzi C, Baran N, Blanchet S, Ritter A, Saplairoles M, Dole-Olivier MJ, Galassi DMP, Eme D, Dolédec S, Piscart C. Ecology-based evaluation of groundwater ecosystems under intensive agriculture: A combination of community analysis and sentinel exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 613-614:1353-1366. [PMID: 28973847 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ecological criteria are needed for a comprehensive evaluation of groundwater ecosystem health by including biological components with the physical and chemical properties that are already required by European directives. Two methodological approaches to assess the ecological status of groundwater ecosystems were combined in two alluvial plains (the Ariège and Hers Rivers, southwestern France) varying in agriculture intensity (from grassland to crop rotation including maize and sunflower, and to maize monoculture). In the first approach, the composition of invertebrate assemblages (only obligate-groundwater crustaceans, i.e. stygobionts) sampled in 28 wells differing in their land use contexts was analysed. Abundance, species richness, and assemblage composition significantly changed with agricultural land use or urbanization around the wells. In the second approach, we tested an in situ exposure of sentinel organisms to quantify their response to the environmental pressures. The epigean and native amphipod species Gammarus cf. orinos was used as the sentinel species. Amphipods (30 individuals in each of 10 wells) were exposed for one week to the in situ conditions at two seasons with contrasted concentrations of pollutants. The Ecophysiological Index (EPI) synthetizing the survival rates and energetic storage decreased in wells with low oxygen and high nitrate concentrations, but only during the highest contamination period. Atrazine-related compounds negatively impacted sentinel health whatever the season. The combination of these two approaches may have major applications for orientating groundwater ecosystem management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Marmonier
- UMR-CNRS 5023 LEHNA, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Chafik Maazouzi
- UMR-CNRS 5023 LEHNA, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nicole Baran
- BRGM (French Geological Survey), 3 Avenue Claude Guillemin, BP 6009, 45060 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Simon Blanchet
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Station d'Ecologie Expérimentale UMR 5321, F-09200 Moulis, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier, École Nationale de Formation Agronomique (ENFA), UMR5174 EDB (Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique), 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Amy Ritter
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Station d'Ecologie Expérimentale UMR 5321, F-09200 Moulis, France
| | - Maritxu Saplairoles
- BRGM (French Geological Survey), 3 rue Marie Curie, B.P. 49, 31527 Ramonville-Saint-Agne, France
| | - Marie-José Dole-Olivier
- UMR-CNRS 5023 LEHNA, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Diana M P Galassi
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - David Eme
- UMR-CNRS 5023 LEHNA, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sylvain Dolédec
- UMR-CNRS 5023 LEHNA, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christophe Piscart
- UMR-CNRS 5023 LEHNA, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
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29
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Jiménez-Valverde A, Sendra A, Garay P, Reboleira ASPS. Energy and speleogenesis: Key determinants of terrestrial species richness in caves. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:10207-10215. [PMID: 29238548 PMCID: PMC5723612 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to unravel the relative role played by speleogenesis (i.e., the process in which a cave is formed), landscape‐scale variables, and geophysical factors in the determination of species richness in caves. Biological inventories from 21 caves located in the southeastern Iberian Peninsula along with partial least square (PLS) regression analysis were used to assess the relative importance of the different explanatory variables. The caves were grouped according to the similarity in their species composition; the effect that spatial distance could have on similarity was also studied using correlation between matrices. The energy and speleogenesis of caves accounted for 44.3% of the variation in species richness. The trophic level of each cave was the most significant factor in PLS regression analysis, and epigenic caves (i.e., those formed by the action of percolating water) had significantly more species than hypogenic ones (i.e., those formed by the action of upward flows in confined aquifers). Dissimilarity among the caves was very high (multiple‐site βsim = 0.92). Two main groups of caves were revealed through the cluster analysis, one formed by the western caves and the other by the eastern ones. The significant—but low—correlation found between faunistic dissimilarity and geographical distance (r = .16) disappeared once the caves were split into the two groups. The extreme beta‐diversity suggests a very low connection among the caves and/or a very low dispersal capacity of the species. In the region under study, two main factors are intimately related to the richness of terrestrial subterranean species in caves: the amount of organic material (trophic level) and the formation process (genesis). This is the first time that the history of a cave genesis has been quantitatively considered to assess its importance in explaining richness patterns in comparison with other factors more widely recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Jiménez-Valverde
- Grupo de Investigación de Biología del Suelo y de los Ecosistemas Subterráneos Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida Facultad de Biología Ciencias Ambientales y Química Universidad de Alcalá Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain
| | - Alberto Sendra
- Grupo de Investigación de Biología del Suelo y de los Ecosistemas Subterráneos Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida Facultad de Biología Ciencias Ambientales y Química Universidad de Alcalá Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain.,Servei de Patrimoni Historic Ajuntament de València Spain
| | - Policarp Garay
- Departament de Geologia Universitat de València Burjassot Spain
| | - Ana Sofia P S Reboleira
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM Universidade de Aveiro Aveiro Portugal.,Natural History Museum of Denmark (Zoological Museum) University of Copenhagen København Ø Denmark
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30
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Effect of Temperature Rising on the Stygobitic Crustacean Species Diacyclops belgicus: Does Global Warming Affect Groundwater Populations? WATER 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/w9120951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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31
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Di Lorenzo T, Melita M, Cifoni M, Galassi DMP, Iannucci A, Biricolti S, Gori M, Baratti M. Effect of ammonia on the gene expression levels of the freshwater cyclopoid Eucyclops serrulatus. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 51:138-141. [PMID: 28238699 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia pollution is a critical issue in Europe, since more than half of the European freshwater bodies actually fail to meet EU quality standards for this chemical. In this study, the response of stress-related genes to a sublethal ammonia concentration has been investigated in the adults of the freshwater cyclopoid Eucyclops serrulatus. Two short-term exposures (12h and 24h) at 12mg/L NH4+ have been tested. Results indicate that 12mg/L NH4+ causes a significant increase in the expression of some proteins, namely CAT, HSP90 and HSP40, suggesting an activation of the protecting antioxidant system after both 12h and 24h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Di Lorenzo
- Institute of Ecosystem Study (ISE), CNR, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Marco Melita
- Institute of Ecosystem Study (ISE), CNR, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Marco Cifoni
- Institute of Ecosystem Study (ISE), CNR, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy; Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Diana M P Galassi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Alessio Iannucci
- Institute of Ecosystem Study (ISE), CNR, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Stefano Biricolti
- Department Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences (DISPAA), Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Massimo Gori
- Department Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences (DISPAA), Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Mariella Baratti
- Institute of Ecosystem Study (ISE), CNR, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
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32
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Di Lorenzo T, Borgoni R, Ambrosini R, Cifoni M, Galassi DMP, Petitta M. Occurrence of volatile organic compounds in shallow alluvial aquifers of a Mediterranean region: Baseline scenario and ecological implications. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 538:712-723. [PMID: 26327639 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A regional survey of eight volatile organic compounds (VOCs), namely BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and p-xylene) and four chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs: chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane, trichloroethene and tetrachloroethene), was carried out at 174 sites, in 17 alluvial aquifers of Abruzzo, a Mediterranean region of southern Italy, from 2004 to 2009. Frequency of detection, concentration range, spatial distribution pattern, and temporal trend of contaminant concentration in each aquifer were analyzed as well as the relationships between VOC concentrations and the total amount of precipitation during the 90days preceding each sampling date. A review of published ecotoxicological data, providing an indication of the biological risk associated with the observed levels of VOC contamination, was presented and discussed. BTEX concentrations were under detection limits in all the investigated aquifers, indicating absence of contamination. In contrast, CAH contamination occurred in 14 out of 17 aquifers. The two most frequently detected compounds were chloroform and tetrachloroethene. No significant temporal trend was observed for chloroform and tetrachloroethene concentrations during the six years of observation, indicating the persistence of stable contaminations, except for some slightly decreasing trends observed in three out of 17 aquifers. In four aquifers chloroform and tetrachloroethene concentrations increased with precipitations in the preceding months. Spatial patterns of contamination differed among aquifers, indicating highly complex contaminant distributions at aquifer scale not related to single-plume geometries. Patterns of contamination by chloroform and tetrachloroethene in the most urbanized aquifers were likely associated with multiple sources of VOCs not clearly detectable at the scale used in this study. In five out of 17 aquifers, chloroform and tetrachloroethene co-occurred at concentrations that are lethal to groundwater-dwelling organisms under a short exposure period (four days). Future studies should therefore consider the possibility that in the other aquifers groundwater-dwelling organisms might be physiologically damaged by sublethal VOC concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Di Lorenzo
- Institute of Ecosystem Study - CNR - National Research Council of Italy, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
| | - R Borgoni
- Department of Economics, Management and Statistics, University of Milano Bicocca, Building U7, Piazza dell'Ateneo Nuovo 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - R Ambrosini
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences (DISAT), University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - M Cifoni
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio 1, Coppito 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - D M P Galassi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio 1, Coppito 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - M Petitta
- Department of the Earth Sciences, University of Rome 'La Sapienza', P.le Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
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