1
|
Zhu R, Luo W, Grieneisen ML, Zuoqiu S, Zhan Y, Yang F. A novel approach to deriving the fine-scale daily NO 2 dataset during 2005-2020 in China: Improving spatial resolution and temporal coverage to advance exposure assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 249:118381. [PMID: 38331142 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Surface NO2 pollution can result in serious health consequences such as cardiovascular disease, asthma, and premature mortality. Due to the extensive spatial variation in surface NO2, the spatial resolution of a NO2 dataset has a significant impact on the exposure and health impact assessment. There is currently no long-term, high-resolution, and publicly available NO2 dataset for China. To fill this gap, this study generated a NO2 dataset named RBE-DS-NO2 for China during 2005-2020 at 1 km and daily resolution. We employed the robust back-extrapolation via a data augmentation approach (RBE-DA) to ensure the predictive accuracy in back-extrapolation before 2013, and utilized an improved spatial downscaling technique (DS) to refine the spatial resolution from 10 km to 1 km. Back-extrapolation validation based on 2005-2012 observations from sites in Taiwan province yielded an R2 of 0.72 and RMSE of 10.7 μg/m3, while cross-validation across China during 2013-2020 showed an R2 of 0.73 and RMSE of 9.6 μg/m3. RBE-DS-NO2 better captured spatiotemporal variation of surface NO2 in China compared to the existing publicly available datasets. Exposure assessment using RBE-DS-NO2 show that the population living in non-attainment areas (NO2 ≥ 30 μg/m3) grew from 376 million in 2005 to 612 million in 2012, then declined to 404 million by 2020. Unlike this national trend, exposure levels in several major cities (e.g., Shanghai and Chengdu) continued to increase during 2012-2020, driven by population growth and urban migration. Furthermore, this study revealed that low-resolution dataset (i.e., the 10 km intermediate dataset before the downscaling) overestimated NO2 levels, due to the limited specificity of the low-resolution model in simulating the relationship between NO2 and the predictor variables. Such limited specificity likely biased previous long-term NO2 exposure and health impact studies employing low-resolution datasets. The RBE-DS-NO2 dataset enables robust long-term assessments of NO2 exposure and health impacts in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongxin Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China; College of Carbon Neutrality Future Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Wenfeng Luo
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Michael L Grieneisen
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, United States
| | - Sophia Zuoqiu
- Pittsburgh Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610207, China
| | - Yu Zhan
- College of Carbon Neutrality Future Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China.
| | - Fumo Yang
- College of Carbon Neutrality Future Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
deSouza PN, Anenberg S, Fann N, McKenzie LM, Chan E, Roy A, Jimenez JL, Raich W, Roman H, Kinney PL. Evaluating the sensitivity of mortality attributable to pollution to modeling Choices: A case study for Colorado. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 185:108416. [PMID: 38394913 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
We evaluated the sensitivity of estimated PM2.5 and NO2 health impacts to varying key input parameters and assumptions including: 1) the spatial scale at which impacts are estimated, 2) using either a single concentration-response function (CRF) or using racial/ethnic group specific CRFs from the same epidemiologic study, 3) assigning exposure to residents based on home, instead of home and work locations for the state of Colorado. We found that the spatial scale of the analysis influences the magnitude of NO2, but not PM2.5, attributable deaths. Using county-level predictions instead of 1 km2 predictions of NO2 resulted in a lower estimate of mortality attributable to NO2 by ∼ 50 % for all of Colorado for each year between 2000 and 2020. Using an all-population CRF instead of racial/ethnic group specific CRFs results in a 130 % higher estimate of annual mortality attributable for the white population and a 40 % and 80 % lower estimate of mortality attributable to PM2.5 for Black and Hispanic residents, respectively. Using racial/ethnic group specific CRFs did not result in a different estimation of NO2 attributable mortality for white residents, but led to ∼ 50 % lower estimates of mortality for Black residents, and 290 % lower estimate for Hispanic residents. Using NO2 based on home instead of home and workplace locations results in a smaller estimate of annual mortality attributable to NO2 for all of Colorado by 2 % each year and 0.3 % for PM2.5. Our results should be interpreted as an exercise to make methodological recommendations for future health impact assessments of pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka N deSouza
- Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA; CU Population Center, University of Colorado Boulder, CO, USA; Senseable City Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA.
| | - Susan Anenberg
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington D.C., USA
| | - Neal Fann
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, USA
| | - Lisa M McKenzie
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | | | - Jose L Jimenez
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang Z, Liu J, Wang B, Zhang B, Deng N. Health benefits from risk information of air pollution in China. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15432. [PMID: 37723248 PMCID: PMC10507042 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42502-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Risk-related information regarding air pollution can help people understand the risk involved and take preventive measures to reduce health loss. However, the health benefits through these protective behaviors and the health threat of information inequality have not been systematically measured. This article reports the health gains and losses caused by the interaction of "air pollution-air pollution information-human", and studies the heterogeneity and impact of this interaction. Based on field investigations and transfer learning algorism, this study compiled the first nationwide city-level risk-related information (ERI) response parameter set in China. Then, we developed a Information-Behavioral Equivalent PM2.5 Exposure Model (I-BEPEM) model to project the health benefits caused by the impact of environmental risk-related information on residents' protective behaviors under different scenarios. The protective behavior led by air pollution risk information reduces 5.7% PM2.5-related premature deaths per year. With a 1% increase in regional ERI reception, PM2.5-related premature mortality decreases by 0.1% on average; If the level of information perception and behavioral protection in all cities is the same as that in Beijing, PM2.5-related premature deaths will decrease by 6.9% annually in China. Further, changing the air quality standard issued by China to the American standard can reduce the overall PM2.5-related premature deaths by 9.9%. Meanwhile, compared with men, other age groups and rural residents, women, older persons, and urban residents are more likely to conceive risk information and adopt protective behaviors to reduce the risk of premature death from air pollution. Air pollution risk information can significantly reduce people's health loss. Changing the real-time air quality monitoring information indicator standard to a more stringent level can quickly and effectively enhance this effect. However, the uneven distribution of this information in regions and populations has resulted in the inequality of health gains and losses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohua Wang
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
- Research Center for Sustainable Development and Intelligent Decision, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Liu
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
- Research Center for Sustainable Development and Intelligent Decision, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Wang
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
- Research Center for Sustainable Development and Intelligent Decision, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China.
| | - Bin Zhang
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
- Research Center for Sustainable Development and Intelligent Decision, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Nana Deng
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
- Research Center for Sustainable Development and Intelligent Decision, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhou L, Zhu Y, Zhang T, Zhang R, Liu Y, Li X, Zhao W, Ye J, Ju Y, Ye L. ANRIL regulating the secretion of Muc5ac induced by atmospheric PM 2.5 via NF-κB pathway in Beas-2B cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2023; 38:2256-2270. [PMID: 37334859 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 can cause airway inflammation and promote the excessive secretion of mucin 5ac (Muc5ac), which can further induce many respiratory diseases. Antisense non-coding RNA in the INK4 locus (ANRIL) might regulate the inflammatory responses mediated by nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Beas-2B cells were used to clarify the role of ANRIL in the secretion of Muc5ac induced by PM2.5 . The siRNA was used to silence ANRIL expression. Normal and gene silenced Beas-2B cells were respectively exposed to different doses of PM2.5 for 6, 12, and 24 h. The survival rate of Beas-2B cells was detected by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and Muc5ac levels were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression levels of NF-κB family genes and ANRIL were detected by real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The levels of NF-κB family proteins and NF-κB family phosphorylated proteins were determined using Western blot. Immunofluorescence experiments were performed to observe the nuclear transposition of RelA. PM2.5 exposure increased the levels of Muc5ac, IL-1β and TNF-α, and ANRIL gene expression (p < .05). With the dose and time of PM2.5 exposure increasing, the protein levels of inhibitory subunit of nuclear factor kappa-B alpha (IκB-α), RelA, and NF-κB1 decreased, the protein levels of phosphorylated RelA (p-RelA) and phosphorylated NF-κB1 (p-NF-κB1) increased, and RelA nuclear translocation increased, which indicated that the NF-κB signaling pathway was activated (p < .05). Silencing ANRIL could decrease the levels of Muc5ac, IL-1β, TNF-α, decrease NF-κB family genes expression, inhibit the degradation of IκB-α and the activation of NF-κB pathway (p < .05). ANRIL played a regulatory role in the secretion of Muc5ac and the inflammation induced by atmospheric PM2.5 via NF-κB pathway in Beas-2B cells. ANRIL could be a target for prevention and treatment of the respiratory diseases caused by PM2.5 .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liting Zhou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tianrong Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Preventive and health care, Xianlin Health Service Center of Yuhang District in Hangzhou City, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruxuan Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Weisen Zhao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiaming Ye
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ye Ju
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lin Ye
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lu Z, Guan Y, Shao C, Niu R. Assessing the health impacts of PM 2.5 and ozone pollution and their comprehensive correlation in Chinese cities based on extended correlation coefficient. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 262:115125. [PMID: 37331289 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
The coordinated control of PM2.5 and ozone pollution is becoming more and more important in the current and next stage of Chinese environmental pollution control. Existing studies are unable to provide sufficient quantitative assessments of the correlation of PM2.5 and ozone pollution to support the coordinated control of the two air pollutants. This study develops a systematic method to comprehensively assess the correlation between PM2.5 and ozone pollution, including the evaluation of the impact of two air pollutants on human health and the extended correlation coefficient (ECC) for assessing the bivariate correlation index of PM2.5-ozone pollution in Chinese cities. According to the latest studies on epidemiology conducted in China, we take cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and respiratory diseases as the ozone pollution's health burden when evaluating the health impact of ozone pollution. The results show that the health impact of PM2.5 in China decreases by 25.9 % from 2015 to 2021, while the health impact of ozone increases by 11.8 %. The ECC of 335 cities in China shows an increasing-decreasing trend but has generally increased from 2015 to 2021. The study provides important support for an in-depth understanding of the correlation and development trend of Chinese PM2.5 and ozone pollution by classifying the comprehensive PM2.5-ozone correlation performances of Chinese cities into four types. China or other countries will get better environmental benefits by implementing different coordinated management approaches for different correlative types of regions based on the assessment method in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhirui Lu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yang Guan
- Institute of Strategic Planning, Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning, Beijing 100041, China; The Center for Beautiful China, Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning, Beijing 100041, China
| | - Chaofeng Shao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Ren Niu
- Institute of Strategic Planning, Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning, Beijing 100041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Valencia A, Serre M, Arunachalam S. A hyperlocal hybrid data fusion near-road PM2.5 and NO2 annual risk and environmental justice assessment across the United States. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286406. [PMID: 37262039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to traffic-related air pollutants (TRAPs) has been associated with numerous adverse health effects. TRAP concentrations are highest meters away from major roads, and disproportionately affect minority (i.e., non-white) populations often considered the most vulnerable to TRAP exposure. To demonstrate an improved assessment of on-road emissions and to quantify exposure inequity in this population, we develop and apply a hybrid data fusion approach that utilizes the combined strength of air quality observations and regional/local scale models to estimate air pollution exposures at census block resolution for the entire U.S. We use the regional photochemical grid model CMAQ (Community Multiscale Air Quality) to predict the spatiotemporal impacts at local/regional scales, and the local scale dispersion model, R-LINE (Research LINE source) to estimate concentrations that capture the sharp TRAP gradients from roads. We further apply the Regionalized Air quality Model Performance (RAMP) Hybrid data fusion technique to consider the model's nonhomogeneous, nonlinear performance to not only improve exposure estimates, but also achieve significant model performance improvement. With a R2 of 0.51 for PM2.5 and 0.81 for NO2, the RAMP hybrid method improved R2 by ~0.2 for both pollutants (an increase of up to ~70% for PM2.5 and ~31% NO2). Using the RAMP Hybrid method, we estimate 264,516 [95% confidence interval [CI], 223,506-307,577] premature deaths attributable to PM2.5 from all sources, a ~1% overall decrease in CMAQ-estimated premature mortality compared to RAMP Hybrid, despite increases and decreases in some locations. For NO2, RAMP Hybrid estimates 138,550 [69,275-207,826] premature deaths, a ~19% increase (22,576 [11,288 - 33,864]) compared to CMAQ. Finally, using our RAMP hybrid method to estimate exposure inequity across the U.S., we estimate that Minorities within 100 m from major roads are exposed to up to 15% more PM2.5 and up to 35% more NO2 than their White counterparts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Valencia
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Institute for the Environment, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Marc Serre
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Saravanan Arunachalam
- Institute for the Environment, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bai H, Wu H, Gao W, Wang S, Cao Y. Influence of spatial resolution of PM 2.5 concentrations and population on health impact assessment from 2010 to 2020 in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 326:121505. [PMID: 36965685 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ambient PM2.5 pollution is a leading environmental health risk factor worldwide. The spatial resolution of PM2.5 concentrations and population strongly impacts PM2.5-related health impact estimates. However, long-term variations and regional differences in this impact have rarely been explored, particularly in China. Here, by aggregating satellite-derived PM2.5 concentration and population datasets at 1-km resolution in China to coarser resolutions (10, 50, and 100 km), we evaluated decadal changes in the impact of resolution on health assessments at national and local scales. For the sensitivity of population-weighted mean (PWM) PM2.5 concentrations to resolution, we found that the national PWM PM2.5 concentration decreased with coarser resolutions; this pattern was widely observed and was more obvious in southern and central China and the Sichuan Basin. The results showed that the sensitivity of national PWM PM2.5 concentrations to resolution continuously weakened from 2010 to 2020, likely due to a reduction in the spatial heterogeneity of PM2.5 concentrations in regions with high sensitivity. This weakness caused a large underestimation of the long-term trend of national PWM PM2.5 using a 100-km resolution, which was 7% lower than the trend at 1 km. Regarding the sensitivity of PM2.5-attributable mortality to resolution, most of China exhibited a pattern in which attributable mortality decreased with coarser resolution. The sensitivity of the estimated PM2.5-attributable mortality to resolution also weakened over time on a national scale and in most parts of China. Nevertheless, the weakness for mortality sensitivity was not as apparent as for PWM PM2.5 sensitivity. This was likely because different drivers played distinct roles in the temporal variation of the mortality sensitivity: population aging enhanced the sensitivity, and variations in PM2.5 concentrations and population distribution both weakened the sensitivity. However, the national attributable mortality trend at a 100-km resolution was still underestimated by 1.75% relative to the 1-km resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heming Bai
- Research Center for Intelligent Information Technology, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, China.
| | - Huiqun Wu
- Department of Medical Informatics, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, China
| | - Wenkang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yang Cao
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang D, Martin RV, Bindle L, Li C, Eastham SD, van Donkelaar A, Gallardo L. Advances in Simulating the Global Spatial Heterogeneity of Air Quality and Source Sector Contributions: Insights into the Global South. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:6955-6964. [PMID: 37079489 PMCID: PMC10158787 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution simulations are essential to resolve fine-scale air pollution patterns due to localized emissions, nonlinear chemical feedbacks, and complex meteorology. However, high-resolution global simulations of air quality remain rare, especially of the Global South. Here, we exploit recent developments to the GEOS-Chem model in its high-performance implementation to conduct 1-year simulations in 2015 at cubed-sphere C360 (∼25 km) and C48 (∼200 km) resolutions. We investigate the resolution dependence of population exposure and sectoral contributions to surface fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), focusing on understudied regions. Our results indicate pronounced spatial heterogeneity at high resolution (C360) with large global population-weighted normalized root-mean-square difference (PW-NRMSD) across resolutions for primary (62-126%) and secondary (26-35%) PM2.5 species. Developing regions are more sensitive to spatial resolution resulting from sparse pollution hotspots, with PW-NRMSD for PM2.5 in the Global South (33%), 1.3 times higher than globally. The PW-NRMSD for PM2.5 for discrete southern cities (49%) is substantially higher than for more clustered northern cities (28%). We find that the relative order of sectoral contributions to population exposure depends on simulation resolution, with implications for location-specific air pollution control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Zhang
- Department
of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Randall V. Martin
- Department
of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Liam Bindle
- Department
of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Chi Li
- Department
of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Sebastian D. Eastham
- Laboratory
for Aviation and the Environment, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Joint
Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Aaron van Donkelaar
- Department
of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Laura Gallardo
- Center
for Climate and Resilience Research, Santiago 8370448, Chile
- Department
of Geophysics, Faculty of Physical Sciences and Mathematics, University of Chile, Santiago 8370448, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gu Y, Henze DK, Nawaz MO, Cao H, Wagner UJ. Sources of PM 2.5-Associated Health Risks in Europe and Corresponding Emission-Induced Changes During 2005-2015. GEOHEALTH 2023; 7:e2022GH000767. [PMID: 36949891 PMCID: PMC10027220 DOI: 10.1029/2022gh000767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We present a newly developed approach to characterize the sources of fine particulate matter (PM2.5)-related premature deaths in Europe using the chemical transport model GEOS-Chem and its adjoint. The contributions of emissions from each individual country, species, and sector are quantified and mapped out at km scale. In 2015, total PM2.5-related premature death is estimated to be 449,813 (257,846-722,138) in Europe, 59.0% of which were contributed by domestic anthropogenic emissions. The anthropogenic emissions of nitrogen oxides, ammonia, and organic carbon contributed most to the PM2.5-related health damages, making up 29.6%, 23.2%, and 16.8%, respectively of all domestic anthropogenic contributions. Residential, agricultural, and ground transport emissions are calculated to be the largest three sectoral sources of PM2.5-related health risks, accounting for 23.5%, 23.0%, and 19.4%, respectively, of total anthropogenic contributions within Europe. After excluding the influence of extra-regional sources, we find eastern European countries suffered from more premature deaths than their emissions caused; in contrast, the emissions from some central and western European regions contributed premature deaths exceeding three times the number of deaths that occurred locally. During 2005-2015, the first decade of PM2.5 regulation in Europe, emission controls reduced PM2.5-related health damages in nearly all European countries, resulting in 63,538 (46,092-91,082) fewer PM2.5-related premature deaths. However, our calculation suggests that efforts to reduce air pollution from key sectors in some countries can be offset by the lag in control of emissions in others. International cooperation is therefore vitally important for tackling air pollution and reducing corresponding detrimental effects on public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Gu
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
- Department of EconomicsUniversity of MannheimMannheimGermany
| | - Daven K. Henze
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
| | - M. Omar Nawaz
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
| | - Hansen Cao
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of YorkYorkUK
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tobollik M, Kienzler S, Schuster C, Wintermeyer D, Plass D. Burden of Disease Due to Ambient Particulate Matter in Germany-Explaining the Differences in the Available Estimates. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13197. [PMID: 36293778 PMCID: PMC9602590 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ambient particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution is an important threat to human health. The aim of this study is to estimate the environmental burden of disease (EBD) for the German population associated with PM2.5 exposure in Germany for the years 2010 until 2018. The EBD method was used to quantify relevant indicators, e.g., disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and the life table approach was used to estimate the reduction in life expectancy caused by long-term PM2.5 exposure. The impact of varying assumptions and input data was assessed. From 2010 to 2018 in Germany, the annual population-weighted PM2.5 concentration declined from 13.7 to 10.8 µg/m3. The estimates of annual PM2.5-attributable DALYs for all disease outcomes showed a downward trend. In 2018, the highest EBD was estimated for ischemic heart disease (101.776; 95% uncertainty interval (UI) 62,713-145,644), followed by lung cancer (60,843; 95% UI 43,380-79,379). The estimates for Germany differ from those provided by other institutions. This is mainly related to considerable differences in the input data, the use of a specific German national life expectancy and the selected relative risks. A transparent description of input data, computational steps, and assumptions is essential to explain differing results of EBD studies to improve methodological credibility and trust in the results. Furthermore, the different calculated indicators should be explained and interpreted with caution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Tobollik
- German Environment Agency, Department Environmental Hygiene, Corrensplatz, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Kienzler
- German Environment Agency, Department Environmental Hygiene, Corrensplatz, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Schuster
- German Environment Agency, Department Environmental Hygiene, Corrensplatz, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Transfer Unit Science Communication, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk Wintermeyer
- German Environment Agency, Department Environmental Hygiene, Corrensplatz, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dietrich Plass
- German Environment Agency, Department Environmental Hygiene, Corrensplatz, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
He Y, Li L, Wang H, Xu X, Li Y, Fan S. A cold front induced co-occurrence of O 3 and PM 2.5 pollution in a Pearl River Delta city: Temporal variation, vertical structure, and mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 306:119464. [PMID: 35569620 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the spatiotemporal variabilities and characteristics of ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) were reconstructed, and the interaction between meteorological conditions and the co-occurrence of O3 and PM2.5 in Zhuhai, a city in the Pearl River Delta (China), was analysed. The vertical distributions of lower tropospheric O3, aerosol extinction coefficient, and wind velocity were measured using a ground-based LiDAR system. The diurnal variations in air pollutant concentrations and meteorological conditions at ground level were examined from 28 November to December 8, 2020 considering the weather conditions in Zhuhai. Heavy pollution episodes with increased concentrations of O3 and PM2.5 were observed from 6 to 7 December after a period of cold air invasion. The maximum hourly average concentrations of O3 and PM2.5 at the ground level reached up to 190 μg/m3, 98 μg/m3, respectively. The horizontal wind speed rapidly decreased to less than 2 m/s during the heavy pollution episodes driven by O3 and PM2.5, whereas the vertical wind velocity was dominated by the downdraught. When the large-scale synoptic winds were weak, a strengthening sea breeze in the afternoon could promote the landward propagation of warm marine air masses, and a lower surface wind speed was driven by the convergence of cold air from the north and warm air from the south. In turn, this increased the residence time of air pollutants and promoted their conversion to secondary pollutants. Regarding the pollution sources, the results indicated that the Pearl River Estuary represented a 'pool' of O3 and PM2.5 pollution. In addition, the contribution of regional pollutant transport could not be ignored when considering the accumulative increase in air pollution. Overall, the relatively weak synoptic winds, low mixing height, and high generation of pollution around Zhuhai collectively resulted in high concentrations of O3 and PM2.5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanping He
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519082, China
| | - Lei Li
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519082, China
| | - Haolin Wang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519082, China
| | - Xinqi Xu
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519082, China
| | - Yuman Li
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519082, China
| | - Shaojia Fan
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519082, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Influence of Spatial Resolution on Satellite-Based PM2.5 Estimation: Implications for Health Assessment. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14122933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Satellite-based PM2.5 estimation has been widely used to assess health impact associated with PM2.5 exposure and might be affected by spatial resolutions of satellite input data, e.g., aerosol optical depth (AOD). Here, based on Multi-Angle Implementation of Atmospheric Correction (MAIAC) AOD in 2020 over the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and three PM2.5 retrieval models, i.e., the mixed effects model (ME), the land-use regression model (LUR) and the Random Forest model (RF), we compare these model performances at different spatial resolutions (1, 3, 5 and 10 km). The PM2.5 estimations are further used to investigate the impact of spatial resolution on health assessment. Our cross-validated results show that the model performance is not sensitive to spatial resolution change for the ME and LUR models. By contrast, the RF model can create a more accurate PM2.5 prediction with a finer AOD spatial resolution. Additionally, we find that annual population-weighted mean (PWM) PM2.5 concentration and attributable mortality strongly depend on spatial resolution, with larger values estimated from coarser resolution. Specifically, compared to PWM PM2.5 at 1 km resolution, the estimation at 10 km resolution increases by 7.8%, 22.9%, and 9.7% for ME, LUR, and RF models, respectively. The corresponding increases in mortality are 7.3%, 18.3%, and 8.4%. Our results also show that PWM PM2.5 at 10 km resolution from the three models fails to meet the national air quality standard, whereas the estimations at 1, 3 and 5 km resolutions generally meet the standard. These findings suggest that satellite-based health assessment should consider the spatial resolution effect.
Collapse
|
13
|
Influence of the Grid Resolutions on the Computer-Simulated Surface Air Pollution Concentrations in Bulgaria. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13050774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims to demonstrate the effects of horizontal grid resolution on the simulated pollution concentration fields over Bulgaria. The computer simulations are performed with a set of models used worldwide—the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF)—the meteorological preprocessor, the Community Multiscale Air Quality Modeling System (CMAQ)—chemical transport model, Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions (SMOKE)—emission model. The large-scale (background) meteorological data used in the study were taken from the ‘NCEP Global Analysis Data’ with a horizontal resolution of 1° × 1°. Using the ‘nesting’ capabilities of the WRF and CMAQ models, a resolution of 9 km was achieved for the territory of Bulgaria by sequentially solving the task in several consecutive nested areas. Three cases are considered in this paper: Case 1: The computer simulations result from the domain with a horizontal resolution (both of the emission source description and the grid) of 27 km.; Case 2: The computer simulations result from the domain with a horizontal resolution (both of the emission source description and the grid) of 9 km.; Case 3: A hybrid case with the computer simulations performed with a grid resolution of 9 km, but with emissions such as in the 27 km × 27 km domain. The simulations were performed, for all the three cases, for the period 2007–2014 year, thus creating an ensemble large and comprehensive enough to reflect the most typical atmospheric conditions with their typical recurrence. The numerical experiments showed the significant impact of the grid resolution not only in the pollution concentration pattern but also in the demonstrated generalized characteristics. Averaged over a large territory (Bulgaria); however, the performances for cases one and two are quite similar. Bulgaria is a country with a complex topography and with several considerably large point sources. Thus, some of the conclusions made, though based on Bulgarian-specific experiments, may be of general interest.
Collapse
|
14
|
Kim KN, Ha B, Seog W, Hwang IU. Long-term exposure to air pollution and the blood lipid levels of healthy young men. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 161:107119. [PMID: 35123376 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is insufficient evidence of an association between long-term exposure to air pollution and changes in blood lipid levels, and assessments may be influenced by residual confounding factors, such as socioeconomic status. OBJECTIVES To investigate the associations between long-term exposure to air pollution and blood lipid profiles while controlling for the risk of residual confounding factors. METHODS We conducted a study involving conscripted Korean soldiers to assess the associations between air pollution and blood lipid levels. The soldiers, who were randomly distributed among military units throughout the country, led homogenous lives and were subjected to health checkups 8-12 months post-enlistment. We analyzed data pertaining to those who enlisted and underwent health checkups in 2019 (n = 12,778) using linear mixed models. Additionally, we evaluated quantile-specific associations using quantile regression models. We also assessed interactions based on body mass index (BMI) at the time of enlistment (≥25.0 vs. < 25.0 kg/m2). RESULTS The linear mixed models revealed that a 10-µg/m3 increase in fine particulate matter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5) decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels by -0.66% (95% confidence interval [CI]: -1.21, -0.10), and a 10-ppb increase in nitrogen dioxide (NO2) increased total cholesterol (TC) levels by 1.04% (95% CI: 0.24, 1.84). In the quantile regression models, associations were also found at specific deciles. PM2.5 exposure contributed to higher TC, NO2 resulted in higher triglycerides and lower HDL-C, and ozone (O3) led to lower HDL-C. The association between O3 and TC differed according to BMI (p-value for interaction = 0.03); among those with a BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m2, a 10-ppb increase in O3 increased TC by 1.09% (95% CI: 0.20, 1.09). DISCUSSION These results shed new light on the importance of controlling air pollution, which can contribute to abnormal blood lipid levels, an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Nam Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Beomman Ha
- The Republic of Korea Army Headquarter, Kyeryong, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong Seog
- The Armed Forces Capital Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Ung Hwang
- Division of Public Health and Medical Care, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Southerland VA, Brauer M, Mohegh A, Hammer MS, van Donkelaar A, Martin RV, Apte JS, Anenberg SC. Global urban temporal trends in fine particulate matter (PM 2·5) and attributable health burdens: estimates from global datasets. Lancet Planet Health 2022; 6:e139-e146. [PMID: 34998505 PMCID: PMC8828497 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(21)00350-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With much of the world's population residing in urban areas, an understanding of air pollution exposures at the city level can inform mitigation approaches. Previous studies of global urban air pollution have not considered trends in air pollutant concentrations nor corresponding attributable mortality burdens. We aimed to estimate trends in fine particulate matter (PM2·5) concentrations and associated mortality for cities globally. METHODS We use high-resolution annual average PM2·5 concentrations, epidemiologically derived concentration response functions, and country-level baseline disease rates to estimate population-weighted PM2·5 concentrations and attributable cause-specific mortality in 13 160 urban centres between the years 2000 and 2019. FINDINGS Although regional averages of urban PM2·5 concentrations decreased between the years 2000 and 2019, we found considerable heterogeneity in trends of PM2·5 concentrations between urban areas. Approximately 86% (2·5 billion inhabitants) of urban inhabitants lived in urban areas that exceeded WHO's 2005 guideline annual average PM2·5 (10 μg/m3), resulting in an excess of 1·8 million (95% CI 1·34 million-2·3 million) deaths in 2019. Regional averages of PM2·5-attributable deaths increased in all regions except for Europe and the Americas, driven by changes in population numbers, age structures, and disease rates. In some cities, PM2·5-attributable mortality increased despite decreases in PM2·5 concentrations, resulting from shifting age distributions and rates of non-communicable disease. INTERPRETATION Our study showed that, between the years 2000 and 2019, most of the world's urban population lived in areas with unhealthy levels of PM2·5, leading to substantial contributions to non-communicable disease burdens. Our results highlight that avoiding the large public health burden from urban PM2·5 will require strategies that reduce exposure through emissions mitigation, as well as strategies that reduce vulnerability to PM2·5 by improving overall public health. FUNDING NASA, Wellcome Trust.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica A Southerland
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Michael Brauer
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Arash Mohegh
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Melanie S Hammer
- McKelvey School of Engineering, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Aaron van Donkelaar
- McKelvey School of Engineering, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA; Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Randall V Martin
- McKelvey School of Engineering, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joshua S Apte
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Susan C Anenberg
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington DC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Waidyatillake NT, Campbell PT, Vicendese D, Dharmage SC, Curto A, Stevenson M. Particulate Matter and Premature Mortality: A Bayesian Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18147655. [PMID: 34300107 PMCID: PMC8303514 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18147655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We present a systematic review of studies assessing the association between ambient particulate matter (PM) and premature mortality and the results of a Bayesian hierarchical meta-analysis while accounting for population differences of the included studies. METHODS The review protocol was registered in the PROSPERO systematic review registry. Medline, CINAHL and Global Health databases were systematically searched. Bayesian hierarchical meta-analysis was conducted using a non-informative prior to assess whether the regression coefficients differed across observations due to the heterogeneity among studies. RESULTS We identified 3248 records for title and abstract review, of which 309 underwent full text screening. Thirty-six studies were included, based on the inclusion criteria. Most of the studies were from China (n = 14), India (n = 6) and the USA (n = 3). PM2.5 was the most frequently reported pollutant. PM was estimated using modelling techniques (22 studies), satellite-based measures (four studies) and direct measurements (ten studies). Mortality data were sourced from country-specific mortality statistics for 17 studies, Global Burden of Disease data for 16 studies, WHO data for two studies and life tables for one study. Sixteen studies were included in the Bayesian hierarchical meta-analysis. The meta-analysis revealed that the annual estimate of premature mortality attributed to PM2.5 was 253 per 1,000,000 population (95% CI: 90, 643) and 587 per 1,000,000 population (95% CI: 1, 39,746) for PM10. CONCLUSION 253 premature deaths per million population are associated with exposure to ambient PM2.5. We observed an unstable estimate for PM10, most likely due to heterogeneity among the studies. Future research efforts should focus on the effects of ambient PM10 and premature mortality, as well as include populations outside Asia. Key messages: Ambient PM2.5 is associated with premature mortality. Given that rapid urbanization may increase this burden in the coming decades, our study highlights the urgency of implementing air pollution mitigation strategies to reduce the risk to population and planetary health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nilakshi T. Waidyatillake
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; (D.V.); (S.C.D.)
- Department of Medical Education, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Correspondence: (N.T.W.); (M.S.)
| | - Patricia T. Campbell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia;
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Don Vicendese
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; (D.V.); (S.C.D.)
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Shyamali C. Dharmage
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; (D.V.); (S.C.D.)
| | - Ariadna Curto
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia;
| | - Mark Stevenson
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Transport Health and Urban Design Research Lab, Melbourne School of Design, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Correspondence: (N.T.W.); (M.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Henneman LRF, Dedoussi IC, Casey JA, Choirat C, Barrett SRH, Zigler CM. Comparisons of simple and complex methods for quantifying exposure to individual point source air pollution emissions. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2021; 31:654-663. [PMID: 32203059 PMCID: PMC7494583 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-020-0219-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Expanded use of reduced complexity approaches in epidemiology and environmental justice investigations motivates detailed evaluation of these modeling approaches. Chemical transport models (CTMs) remain the most complete representation of atmospheric processes but are limited in applications that require large numbers of runs, such as those that evaluate individual impacts from large numbers of sources. This limitation motivates comparisons between modern CTM-derived techniques and intentionally simpler alternatives. We model population-weighted PM2.5 source impacts from each of greater than 1100 coal power plants operating in the United States in 2006 and 2011 using three approaches: (1) adjoint PM2.5 sensitivities calculated by the GEOS-Chem CTM; (2) a wind field-based Lagrangian model called HyADS; and (3) a simple calculation based on emissions and inverse source-receptor distance. Annual individual power plants' nationwide population-weighted PM2.5 source impacts calculated by HyADS and the inverse distance approach have normalized mean errors between 20 and 28% and root mean square error ranges between 0.0003 and 0.0005 µg m-3 compared with adjoint sensitivities. Reduced complexity approaches are most similar to the GEOS-Chem adjoint sensitivities nearby and downwind of sources, with degrading performance farther from and upwind of sources particularly when wind fields are not accounted for.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas R F Henneman
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Irene C Dedoussi
- Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joan A Casey
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christine Choirat
- Swiss Data Science Center, ETH Zürich and EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Steven R H Barrett
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Corwin M Zigler
- Department of Statistics and Data Sciences and Department of Women's Health, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zheng Y, Unger N. Reducing Planetary Health Risks Through Short-Lived Climate Forcer Mitigation. GEOHEALTH 2021; 5:e2021GH000422. [PMID: 34308088 PMCID: PMC8290881 DOI: 10.1029/2021gh000422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Global air pollution and climate change are major threats to planetary health. These threats are strongly linked through the short-lived climate forcers (SLCFs); ozone (O3), aerosols, and methane (CH4). Understanding the impacts of ambitious SLCF mitigation in different source emission sectors on planetary health indicators can help prioritize international air pollution control strategies. A global Earth system model is applied to quantify the impacts of idealized 50% sustained reductions in year 2005 emissions in the eight largest global anthropogenic source sectors on the SLCFs and three indicators of planetary health: global mean surface air temperature change (∆GSAT), avoided PM2.5-related premature mortalities and gross primary productivity (GPP). The model represents fully coupled atmospheric chemistry, aerosols, land ecosystems and climate, and includes dynamic CH4. Avoided global warming is modest, with largest impacts from 50% cuts in domestic (-0.085 K), agriculture (-0.034 K), and waste/landfill (-0.033 K). The 50% cuts in energy, domestic, and agriculture sector emissions offer the largest opportunities to mitigate global PM2.5-related health risk at around 5%-7% each. Such small global impacts underline the challenges ahead in achieving the World Health Organization aspirational goal of a 2/3 reduction in the number of deaths from air pollution by 2030. Uncertainty due to natural climate variability in PM2.5 is an important underplayed dimension in global health risk assessment that can vastly exceed uncertainty due to the concentration-response functions at the large regional scale. Globally, cuts to agriculture and domestic sector emissions are the most attractive targets to achieve climate and health co-benefits through SLCF mitigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiqi Zheng
- Geophysical InstituteUniversity of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksALUSA
| | - Nadine Unger
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution ControlCollaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment TechnologySchool of Environmental Science and EngineeringNanjing University of Information Science TechnologyNanjingChina
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Vodonos A, Schwartz J. Estimation of excess mortality due to long-term exposure to PM 2.5 in continental United States using a high-spatiotemporal resolution model. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 196:110904. [PMID: 33636186 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to fine particulate matter (<2.5 mm in aerodynamic diameter, PM2.5) pollution, even at low concentrations is associated with increased mortality. Estimates of the magnitude of the effect of particulate air pollution on mortality are generally done on a coarse spatial scale, such as 0.5°, and may fail to capture small spatial differences in exposure and baseline rates, which can bias results and impede the ability to consider environmental justice. We estimated the burden of mortality attributable to long-term exposure to ambient PM2.5 among adults in the Continental United States on a 1 km scale, in order to provide information for decision makers setting health priorities. METHODS We conducted a health impact assessment for 2015 using a model predicting U.S. PM2.5 concentrations at a spatial resolution of 1 km cells. We applied a concentration-response curve from a recently published meta-analysis of long-term PM2.5 mortality association which incorporates new findings at high and low PM2.5 concentrations. We computed the change in deaths in each grid cell, based on its grid cell population, Zip code level baseline mortality rates, and exposure under two scenarios; a decrease of PM2.5 exposure levels by 40% and a decrease of PM2.5 exposure levels to the county minimum PM2.5 concentrations. RESULTS We estimated the deaths would fall by 104,786 (95% CI 57,016-135,726) and 112,040 (95% CI 63,261-159,116) attributable to 40% reduction and reduction to the county minimum PM2.5 concentrations, respectively. The greatest mortality impact due to 40% reduction in PM2.5 was observed in California with; 11,621 (95% CI; 7156-15,989) and Texas with; 9616 (95% CI; 5798-13,352) excess deaths attributable to annual mean PM2.5 concentrations of 9.54 and 9.12 μg m-3, respectively. Within city analyses showed substantial heterogeneity in risk. The estimated Attributable fraction (AF %) in locations with high PM2.5 levels was 8.6% (95% CI 5.4-11.7) compared to the overall AF% of 4.9% (95% CI; 2.9-6.8). In comparison, results using county average PM2.5 were smaller than the estimates from the 1 km PM2.5 datasets. Similarly, estimates using county-level mortality rates were smaller than estimates based on Zip-code level mortality rates. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides evidence of major health benefits expected from reducing PM2.5 exposure, even in regions with relatively low PM2.5 concentrations. Spatial characteristics of exposure and baseline mortality (e.g., accuracy, scales, and variations) in disease burden studies can significantly impact the results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alina Vodonos
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Heath, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Joel Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Heath, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Skipper TN, Hu Y, Odman MT, Henderson BH, Hogrefe C, Mathur R, Russell AG. Estimating US Background Ozone Using Data Fusion. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:4504-4512. [PMID: 33724832 PMCID: PMC8127949 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
US background (US-B) ozone (O3) is the O3 that would be present in the absence of US anthropogenic (US-A) emissions. US-B O3 varies by location and season and can make up a large, sometimes dominant, portion of total O3. Typically, US-B O3 is quantified using a chemical transport model (CTM) though results are uncertain due to potential errors in model process descriptions and inputs, and there are significant differences in various model estimates of US-B O3. We develop and apply a method to fuse observed O3 with US-B O3 simulated by a regional CTM (CMAQ). We apportion the model bias as a function of space and time to US-B and US-A O3. Trends in O3 bias are explored across different simulation years and varying model scales. We found that the CTM US-B O3 estimate was typically biased low in spring and high in fall across years (2016-2017) and model scales. US-A O3 was biased high on average, with bias increasing for coarser resolution simulations. With the application of our data fusion bias adjustment method, we estimate a 28% improvement in the agreement of adjusted US-B O3. Across the four estimates, we found annual mean CTM-simulated US-B O3 ranging from 30 to 37 ppb with the spring mean ranging from 32 to 39 ppb. After applying the bias adjustment, we found annual mean US-B O3 ranging from 32 to 33 ppb with the spring mean ranging from 37 to 39 ppb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tommy Nash Skipper
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Yongtao Hu
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Mehmet Talat Odman
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | | | - Christian Hogrefe
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Rohit Mathur
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Armistead G. Russell
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Conibear L, Reddington CL, Silver BJ, Knote C, Arnold SR, Spracklen DV. Regional Policies Targeting Residential Solid Fuel and Agricultural Emissions Can Improve Air Quality and Public Health in the Greater Bay Area and Across China. GEOHEALTH 2021; 5:e2020GH000341. [PMID: 33898905 PMCID: PMC8057822 DOI: 10.1029/2020gh000341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution exposure is a leading public health problem in China. The majority of the total air pollution disease burden is from fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure, with smaller contributions from ozone (O3) exposure. Recent emission reductions have reduced PM2.5 exposure. However, levels of exposure and the associated risk remain high, some pollutant emissions have increased, and some sectors lack effective emission control measures. We quantified the potential impacts of relevant policy scenarios on ambient air quality and public health across China. We show that PM2.5 exposure inside the Greater Bay Area (GBA) is strongly controlled by emissions outside the GBA. We find that reductions in residential solid fuel use and agricultural fertilizer emissions result in the greatest reductions in PM2.5 exposure and the largest health benefits. A 50% transition from residential solid fuel use to liquefied petroleum gas outside the GBA reduced PM2.5 exposure by 15% in China and 3% within the GBA, and avoided 191,400 premature deaths each year across China. Reducing agricultural fertilizer emissions of ammonia by 30% outside the GBA reduced PM2.5 exposure by 4% in China and 3% in the GBA, avoiding 56,500 annual premature deaths across China. Our simulations suggest that reducing residential solid fuel or industrial emissions will reduce both PM2.5 and O3 exposure, whereas other policies may increase O3 exposure. Improving particulate air quality inside the GBA will require consideration of residential solid fuel and agricultural sectors, which currently lack targeted policies, and regional cooperation both inside and outside the GBA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luke Conibear
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric ScienceSchool of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Carly L. Reddington
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric ScienceSchool of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Ben J. Silver
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric ScienceSchool of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | | | - Stephen R. Arnold
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric ScienceSchool of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Dominick V. Spracklen
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric ScienceSchool of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Southerland VA, Anenberg SC, Harris M, Apte J, Hystad P, van Donkelaar A, Martin RV, Beyers M, Roy A. Assessing the Distribution of Air Pollution Health Risks within Cities: A Neighborhood-Scale Analysis Leveraging High-Resolution Data Sets in the Bay Area, California. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2021; 129:37006. [PMID: 33787320 PMCID: PMC8011332 DOI: 10.1289/ehp7679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air pollution-attributable disease burdens reported at global, country, state, or county levels mask potential smaller-scale geographic heterogeneity driven by variation in pollution levels and disease rates. Capturing within-city variation in air pollution health impacts is now possible with high-resolution pollutant concentrations. OBJECTIVES We quantified neighborhood-level variation in air pollution health risks, comparing results from highly spatially resolved pollutant and disease rate data sets available for the Bay Area, California. METHODS We estimated mortality and morbidity attributable to nitrogen dioxide (NO2), black carbon (BC), and fine particulate matter [PM ≤2.5μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5)] using epidemiologically derived health impact functions. We compared geographic distributions of pollution-attributable risk estimates using concentrations from a) mobile monitoring of NO2 and BC; and b) models predicting annual NO2, BC and PM2.5 concentrations from land-use variables and satellite observations. We also compared results using county vs. census block group (CBG) disease rates. RESULTS Estimated pollution-attributable deaths per 100,000 people at the 100-m grid-cell level ranged across the Bay Area by a factor of 38, 4, and 5 for NO2 [mean=30 (95% CI: 9, 50)], BC [mean=2 (95% CI: 1, 2)], and PM2.5, [mean=49 (95% CI: 33, 64)]. Applying concentrations from mobile monitoring and land-use regression (LUR) models in Oakland neighborhoods yielded similar spatial patterns of estimated grid-cell-level NO2-attributable mortality rates. Mobile monitoring concentrations captured more heterogeneity [mobile monitoring mean=64 (95% CI: 19, 107) deaths per 100,000 people; LUR mean=101 (95% CI: 30, 167)]. Using CBG-level disease rates instead of county-level disease rates resulted in 15% larger attributable mortality rates for both NO2 and PM2.5, with more spatial heterogeneity at the grid-cell-level [NO2 CBG mean=41 deaths per 100,000 people (95% CI: 12, 68); NO2 county mean=38 (95% CI: 11, 64); PM2.5 CBG mean=59 (95% CI: 40, 77); and PM2.5 county mean=55 (95% CI: 37, 71)]. DISCUSSION Air pollutant-attributable health burdens varied substantially between neighborhoods, driven by spatial variation in pollutant concentrations and disease rates. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP7679.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica A. Southerland
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Susan C. Anenberg
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Maria Harris
- Environmental Defense Fund, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Joshua Apte
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering and School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Perry Hystad
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Aaron van Donkelaar
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, McKelvey School of Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Randall V. Martin
- Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, McKelvey School of Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Matt Beyers
- Alameda County Public Health Department, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Ananya Roy
- Environmental Defense Fund, San Francisco, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kuylenstierna JCI, Heaps CG, Ahmed T, Vallack HW, Hicks WK, Ashmore MR, Malley CS, Wang G, Lefèvre EN, Anenberg SC, Lacey F, Shindell DT, Bhattacharjee U, Henze DK. Development of the Low Emissions Analysis Platform - Integrated Benefits Calculator (LEAP-IBC) tool to assess air quality and climate co-benefits: Application for Bangladesh. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 145:106155. [PMID: 33027737 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Low- and middle-income countries have the largest health burdens associated with air pollution exposure, and are particularly vulnerable to climate change impacts. Substantial opportunities have been identified to simultaneously improve air quality and mitigate climate change due to overlapping sources of greenhouse gas and air pollutant emissions and because a subset of pollutants, short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs), directly contribute to both impacts. However, planners in low- and middle-income countries often lack practical tools to quantify the air pollution and climate change impacts of different policies and measures. This paper presents a modelling framework implemented in the Low Emissions Analysis Platform - Integrated Benefits Calculator (LEAP-IBC) tool to develop integrated strategies to improve air quality, human health and mitigate climate change. The framework estimates emissions of greenhouse gases, SLCPs and air pollutants for historical years, and future projections for baseline and mitigation scenarios. These emissions are then used to quantify i) population-weighted annual average ambient PM2.5 concentrations across the target country, ii) household PM2.5 exposure of different population groups living in households cooking using different fuels/technologies and iii) radiative forcing from all emissions. Health impacts (premature mortality) attributable to ambient and household PM2.5 exposure and changes in global average temperature change are then estimated. This framework is applied in Bangladesh to evaluate the air quality and climate change benefits from implementation of Bangladesh's Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and National Action Plan to reduce SLCPs. Results show that the measures included to reduce GHGs in Bangladesh's NDC also have substantial benefits for air quality and human health. Full implementation of Bangladesh's NDC, and National SLCP Plan would reduce carbon dioxide, methane, black carbon and primary PM2.5 emissions by 25%, 34%, 46% and 45%, respectively in 2030 compared to a baseline scenario. These emission reductions could reduce population-weighted ambient PM2.5 concentrations in Bangladesh by 18% in 2030, and avoid approximately 12,000 and 100,000 premature deaths attributable to ambient and household PM2.5 exposures, respectively, in 2030. As countries are simultaneously planning to achieve the climate goals in the Paris Agreement, improve air quality to reduce health impacts and achieve the Sustainable Development Goals, the LEAP-IBC tool provides a practical framework by which planners can develop integrated strategies, achieving multiple air quality and climate benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johan C I Kuylenstierna
- Stockholm Environment Institute, Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, United Kingdom
| | - Charles G Heaps
- US Center, Stockholm Environment Institute, Somerville, MA, United States
| | - Tanvir Ahmed
- Department of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Harry W Vallack
- Stockholm Environment Institute, Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, United Kingdom
| | - W Kevin Hicks
- Stockholm Environment Institute, Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, United Kingdom
| | - Mike R Ashmore
- Stockholm Environment Institute, Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher S Malley
- Stockholm Environment Institute, Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, United Kingdom.
| | - Guozhong Wang
- Stockholm Environment Institute, Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, United Kingdom
| | - Elsa N Lefèvre
- Climate and Clean Air Coalition Secretariat, United Nations Environment Programme, Paris, France
| | - Susan C Anenberg
- Milken Institute, School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington D.C., United States
| | - Forrest Lacey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States; National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Drew T Shindell
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | | | - Daven K Henze
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wang Y, Wild O, Chen X, Wu Q, Gao M, Chen H, Qi Y, Wang Z. Health impacts of long-term ozone exposure in China over 2013-2017. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 144:106030. [PMID: 32798800 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Increasing ozone concentrations are becoming a severe problem for air pollution in China and have an adverse impact on human health. Here we evaluate premature deaths attributable to long-term exposure to ambient ozone in China between 2013 and 2017 with an air quality model at 5 km resolution and the latest estimates of the relative risk to health. We use a modified inverse distance weighting method to bias-correct the key model-simulated ozone metrics. We find that on a 5-year average basis there are 186,000 (95% Confidence Interval: 129,000-237,000) respiratory deaths and 125,000 (42,000-204,000) cardiovascular deaths attributable to ozone exposure. Sichuan exhibits the largest per capita respiratory mortality (0.31‰) among all provinces. We find that there are 73,000 (51,000-93,000) premature respiratory deaths in urban areas, accounting for 39% of total deaths. Between 2013 and 2017 the population-weighted annual average maximum daily 8-h average ozone (AMDA8) and premature respiratory deaths increased by 14% and 31%, respectively, at a national level. Changes in precursor emissions explain most of these increases, with differences in meteorology accounting for 21% and 16% respectively. Interannual variations in population-weighted ozone and premature respiratory deaths at a provincial level are much larger than those at a national level, particularly in northern, central and eastern China. These findings emphasize that ozone should be an important focus of future air quality policies in China, and tighter controls of precursor emissions are urgently needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanlin Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Oliver Wild
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Xueshun Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qizhong Wu
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Meng Gao
- Department of Geography, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Huansheng Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yi Qi
- School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zifa Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Centre for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Fuller CH, Jones JW, Roblin DW. Evaluating changes in ambient ozone and respiratory-related healthcare utilization in the Washington, DC metropolitan area. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 186:109603. [PMID: 32668548 PMCID: PMC8079178 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Ozone pollution is a known respiratory irritant, yet we do not fully understand the magnitude or timing of respiratory effects based on short-term exposure. We investigated the associations between ambient ozone concentrations and respiratory symptoms as measured by healthcare utilization events. We used comprehensive electronic health records to identify respiratory responses to changes in ambient ozone levels. We constructed a dataset from Kaiser Permanente Mid-Atlantic States (KPMAS) that included information on 2013 and 2014 daily utilization rates for a broad range of healthcare utilization - nurse calls/emails, provider visits, emergency department and urgent care visits (ED/UC) and hospital admissions - by census block. We used 8-h average ozone concentrations collected from 48 air monitoring stations in the region via the Air Data database of the USEPA. We estimated the association between changes in ambient ozone (exposure windows of current day, 1-day lag and 3-day moving average) and changes in healthcare utilization using linear regression controlling for census tract-level socioeconomic indicators and temperature. Increases in ozone were associated with increases in three of the four utilization event types. A 10 ppb increase in 1-day ozone was associated with a 2.95% (95% CI: 1.93%, 3.96%) increase in calls/emails, a 1.56% (95% CI: 0.38%, 2.74%) increase in ED/UC visits and a 1.10% (95% CI: 0.48%, 1.73%) increase in provider visits. We did not find associations between ozone and hospital admissions. Proportionally, highest effects were found for nurse calls/emails possibly indicating a high number of mild effects that may be underreported in studies that examine only ED visits or hospital admissions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina H Fuller
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Jordan W Jones
- Department of Economics, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Douglas W Roblin
- Kaiser Permanente Mid-Atlantic State, Rockville, MD, USA; Department of Health Policy & Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Quantifying the Health Burden Misclassification from the Use of Different PM 2.5 Exposure Tier Models: A Case Study of London. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17031099. [PMID: 32050474 PMCID: PMC7037921 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17031099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to PM2.5 has been associated with increased mortality in urban areas. Hence, reducing the uncertainty in human exposure assessments is essential for more accurate health burden estimates. Here, we quantified the misclassification that occurred when using different exposure approaches to predict the mortality burden of a population using London as a case study. We developed a framework for quantifying the misclassification of the total mortality burden attributable to exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in four major microenvironments (MEs) (dwellings, aboveground transportation, London Underground (LU) and outdoors) in the Greater London Area (GLA), in 2017. We demonstrated that differences exist between five different exposure Tier-models with incrementally increasing complexity, moving from static to more dynamic approaches. BenMap-CE, the open source software developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, was used as a tool to achieve spatial distribution of the ambient concentration by interpolating the monitoring data to the unmonitored areas and ultimately estimating the change in mortality on a fine resolution. Indoor exposure to PM2.5 is the largest contributor to total population exposure concentration, accounting for 83% of total predicted population exposure, followed by the London Underground, which contributes approximately 15%, despite the average time spent there by Londoners being only 0.4%. After incorporating housing stock and time-activity data, moving from static to most dynamic metric, Inner London showed the highest reduction in exposure concentration (i.e., approximately 37%) and as a result the largest change in mortality (i.e., health burden/mortality misclassification) was observed in central GLA. Overall, our findings showed that using outdoor concentration as a surrogate for total population exposure but ignoring different exposure concentration that occur indoors and time spent in transit, led to a misclassification of 1174–1541 mean predicted mortalities in GLA. We generally confirm that increasing the complexity and incorporating important microenvironments, such as the highly polluted LU, could significantly reduce the misclassification of health burden assessments.
Collapse
|
27
|
Pan S, Roy A, Choi Y, Sun S, Gao HO. The air quality and health impacts of projected long-haul truck and rail freight transportation in the United States in 2050. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 130:104922. [PMID: 31226557 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.104922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Diesel emissions from freight transportation activities are a key threat to public health. This study examined the air quality and public health impacts of projected freight-related emissions in 2050 over the continental United States. Three emission scenarios were considered: (1) a projected business-as-usual socioeconomic growth with freight fleet turnover and stringent emission control (CTR); (2) the application of a carbon pricing climate policy (PO); and (3) further technology improvements to eliminate high-emitting conditions in the truck fleet (NS). The PO and NS cases are superimposed on the CTR case. Using a WRF-SMOKE-CMAQ-BenMAP modeling framework, we quantified the impacts of diesel fine particulate matter (PM2.5) emissions change on air quality, health, and economic benefits. In the CTR case, we simulate a widespread reduction of PM2.5 concentrations, between 0.5 and 1.5 μg m-3, comparing to a base year of 2011. This translates into health benefits of 3600 (95% CI: 2400-4800) prevented premature deaths, corresponding to $38 (95% CI: $3.5-$100) billion. Compared to CTR case, the PO case can obtain ~9% more health benefits nationally, however, climate policy also affects the health outcomes regionally due to transition of demand from truck to rail; regions with fewer trucks could gain in health benefits, while regions with added rail freight may potentially experience a loss in health benefits due to air quality degradation. The NS case provides substantial additional benefits (~20%). These results support that a combination of continuous adoption of stringent emission standards and strong improvements in vehicle technology are necessary, as well as rewarding, to meet the sustainable freight and community health goals. States and metropolitan areas with high population density and usually high freight demand and emissions can take more immediate actions, such as accelerating vehicle technology improvements and removing high-emitting trucks, to improve air quality and health benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Pan
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Center for Transportation, Environment, and Community Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Anirban Roy
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Yunsoo Choi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - ShiQuan Sun
- School of Hydraulic Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, China
| | - H Oliver Gao
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Center for Transportation, Environment, and Community Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Saari RK, Mei Y, Monier E, Garcia-Menendez F. Effect of Health-Related Uncertainty and Natural Variability on Health Impacts and Cobenefits of Climate Policy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:1098-1108. [PMID: 30624913 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Climate policy can mitigate health risks attributed to intensifying air pollution under climate change. However, few studies quantify risks of illness and death, examine their contribution to climate policy benefits, or assess their robustness in light of natural climate variability. We employ an integrated modeling framework of the economy, climate, air quality, and human health to quantify the effect of natural variability on U.S. air pollution impacts under future climate and two global policies (2 and 2.5 °C stabilization scenarios) using 150 year ensemble simulations for each scenario in 2050 and 2100. Climate change yields annual premature deaths related to fine particulate matter and ozone (95CI: 25 000-120 000), heart attacks (900-9400), and lost work days (3.6M-4.9M) in 2100. It raises air pollution health risks by 20%, while policies avert these outcomes by 40-50% in 2050 and 70-88% in 2100. Natural variability introduces "climate noise", yielding some annual estimates with negative cobenefits, and others that reach 100% of annual policy costs. This "noise" is three times the magnitude of uncertainty (95CI) in health and economic responses in 2050. Averaging five annual simulations reduces this factor to two, which is still substantially larger than health-related uncertainty. This study quantifies the potential for inaccuracy in climate impacts projected using too few annual simulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K Saari
- Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West , Waterloo , Ontario , Canada , N2L 3G1
| | - Yufei Mei
- Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West , Waterloo , Ontario , Canada , N2L 3G1
| | - Erwan Monier
- Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Fernando Garcia-Menendez
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Meng X, Hand JL, Schichtel BA, Liu Y. Space-time trends of PM 2.5 constituents in the conterminous United States estimated by a machine learning approach, 2005-2015. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 121:1137-1147. [PMID: 30413295 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) is a complex mixture of chemical constituents emitted from various emission sources or through secondary reactions/processes; however, PM2.5 is regulated mostly based on its total mass concentration. Studies to identify the impacts on climate change, visibility degradation and public health of different PM2.5 constituents are hindered by limited ground measurements of PM2.5 constituents. In this study, national models were developed based on random forest algorithm, one of machine learning methods that is of high predictive capacity and able to provide interpretable results, to predict concentrations of PM2.5 sulfate, nitrate, organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) across the conterminous United States from 2005 to 2015 at the daily level. The random forest models achieved high out-of-bag (OOB) R2 values at the daily level, and the mean OOB R2 values were 0.86, 0.82, 0.71 and 0.75 for sulfate, nitrate, OC and EC, respectively, over 2005-2015. The long-term temporal trends of PM2.5 sulfate, nitrate, OC and EC predictions agreed well with their corresponding ground measurements. The annual mean of predicted PM2.5 sulfate and EC levels across the conterminous United States decreased substantially from 2005 to 2015; while concentrations of predicted PM2.5 nitrate and OC decreased and fluctuated during the study period. The annual prediction maps captured the characterized spatial patterns of the PM2.5 constituents. The distributions of annual mean concentrations of sulfate and nitrate were generally regional in the extent that sulfate decreased from east to west smoothly with enhancement in California and nitrate had higher concentration in Midwest, Metro New York area, and California. OC and EC had regional high concentrations in the Southeast and Northwest as well as localized high levels around urban centers. The spatial patterns of PM2.5 constituents were consistent with the distributions of their emission sources and secondary processes and transportation. Hence, the national models developed in this study could provide supplementary evaluations of spatio-temporal distributions of PM2.5 constituents with full time-space coverages in the conterminous United States, which could be beneficial to assess the impacts of PM2.5 constituents on radiation budgets and visibility degradation, and support exposure assessment for regional to national health studies at county or city levels to understand the acute and chronic toxicity and health impacts of PM2.5 constituents, and consequently provide scientific evidence for making targeted and effective regulations of PM2.5 pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Meng
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jenny L Hand
- Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Bret A Schichtel
- National Park Service, Air Resources Division, Lakewood, CO, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Conibear L, Butt EW, Knote C, Spracklen DV, Arnold SR. Current and Future Disease Burden From Ambient Ozone Exposure in India. GEOHEALTH 2018; 2:334-355. [PMID: 32159006 PMCID: PMC7007144 DOI: 10.1029/2018gh000168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Long-term ambient ozone (O3) exposure is a risk factor for human health. We estimate the source-specific disease burden associated with long-term O3 exposure in India at high spatial resolution using updated risk functions from the American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study II. We estimate 374,000 (95UI: 140,000-554,000) annual premature mortalities using the updated risk function in India in 2015, 200% larger than estimates using the earlier American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study II risk function. We find that land transport emissions dominate the source contribution to this disease burden (35%), followed by emissions from power generation (23%). With no change in emissions by 2050, we estimate 1,126,000 (95UI: 421,000-1,667,000) annual premature mortalities, an increase of 200% relative to 2015 due to population aging and growth increasing the number of people susceptible to air pollution. We find that the International Energy Agency New Policy Scenario provides small changes (+1%) to this increasing disease burden from the demographic transition. Under the International Energy Agency Clean Air Scenario we estimate 791,000 (95UI: 202,000-1,336,000) annual premature mortalities in 2050, avoiding 335,000 annual premature mortalities (45% of the increase) compared to the scenario of no emission change. Our study highlights that critical public health benefits are possible with stringent emission reductions, despite population growth and aging increasing the attributable disease burden from O3 exposure even under such strong emission reductions. The disease burden attributable to ambient fine particulate matter exposure dominates that from ambient O3 exposure in the present day, while in the future, they may be similar in magnitude.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luke Conibear
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) Centre for Doctoral Training (CDT) in BioenergyUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Edward W. Butt
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | | | - Dominick V. Spracklen
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Stephen R. Arnold
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Weagle CL, Snider G, Li C, van Donkelaar A, Philip S, Bissonnette P, Burke J, Jackson J, Latimer R, Stone E, Abboud I, Akoshile C, Anh NX, Brook JR, Cohen A, Dong J, Gibson MD, Griffith D, He KB, Holben BN, Kahn R, Keller CA, Kim JS, Lagrosas N, Lestari P, Khian YL, Liu Y, Marais EA, Martins JV, Misra A, Muliane U, Pratiwi R, Quel EJ, Salam A, Segev L, Tripathi SN, Wang C, Zhang Q, Brauer M, Rudich Y, Martin RV. Global Sources of Fine Particulate Matter: Interpretation of PM 2.5 Chemical Composition Observed by SPARTAN using a Global Chemical Transport Model. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:11670-11681. [PMID: 30215246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is a leading risk factor for the global burden of disease. However, uncertainty remains about PM2.5 sources. We use a global chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) simulation for 2014, constrained by satellite-based estimates of PM2.5 to interpret globally dispersed PM2.5 mass and composition measurements from the ground-based surface particulate matter network (SPARTAN). Measured site mean PM2.5 composition varies substantially for secondary inorganic aerosols (2.4-19.7 μg/m3), mineral dust (1.9-14.7 μg/m3), residual/organic matter (2.1-40.2 μg/m3), and black carbon (1.0-7.3 μg/m3). Interpretation of these measurements with the GEOS-Chem model yields insight into sources affecting each site. Globally, combustion sectors such as residential energy use (7.9 μg/m3), industry (6.5 μg/m3), and power generation (5.6 μg/m3) are leading sources of outdoor global population-weighted PM2.5 concentrations. Global population-weighted organic mass is driven by the residential energy sector (64%) whereas population-weighted secondary inorganic concentrations arise primarily from industry (33%) and power generation (32%). Simulation-measurement biases for ammonium nitrate and dust identify uncertainty in agricultural and crustal sources. Interpretation of initial PM2.5 mass and composition measurements from SPARTAN with the GEOS-Chem model constrained by satellite-based PM2.5 provides insight into sources and processes that influence the global spatial variation in PM2.5 composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Crystal L Weagle
- Department of Chemistry , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | - Graydon Snider
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | - Chi Li
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | - Aaron van Donkelaar
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | - Sajeev Philip
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
- NASA Ames Research Center , Moffett Field , California 94035-0001 , United States
| | - Paul Bissonnette
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | - Jaqueline Burke
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | - John Jackson
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | - Robyn Latimer
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | - Emily Stone
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | - Ihab Abboud
- Centre for Atmospheric Research Experiments , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Egbert , Ontario L0L 1N0 , Canada
| | | | - Nguyen Xuan Anh
- Institute of Geophysics , Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology , Hanoi , Vietnam
| | - Jeffrey Robert Brook
- Department of Public Health Sciences , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 1A8 , Canada
| | - Aaron Cohen
- Health Effects Institute , Boston , Massachusetts 02110-1817 , United States
| | - Jinlu Dong
- Department of Earth System Science , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Mark D Gibson
- Department of Civil and Resource Engineering , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | - Derek Griffith
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) , Pretoria , South Africa 0001
| | - Kebin B He
- Department of Earth System Science , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Brent N Holben
- Earth Science Division , NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt , Maryland 21046 , United States
| | - Ralph Kahn
- Earth Science Division , NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt , Maryland 21046 , United States
| | - Christoph A Keller
- Universities Space Research Association/Goddard Earth Science Technology and Research , Columbia , Maryland 20771 , United States
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office , NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt , Maryland 20771 , United States
| | - Jong Sung Kim
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | - Nofel Lagrosas
- Manila Observatory , Ateneo de Manila University campus , Quezon City , 1108 , Philippines
| | - Puji Lestari
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering , ITB , JL. Ganesha No.10 , Bandung 40132 , Indonesia
| | - Yeo Lik Khian
- Center for Global Change Science , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Yang Liu
- Rollins School of Public Health , Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Eloise A Marais
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences , University of Birmingham , Birmingham B15 2TT , United Kingdom
| | - J Vanderlei Martins
- Department of Physics and Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology , University of Maryland , Baltimore County , Baltimore , Maryland 21201 , United States
| | - Amit Misra
- Center for Environmental Science and Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur , Kanpur , 208016 , India
| | - Ulfi Muliane
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering , ITB , JL. Ganesha No.10 , Bandung 40132 , Indonesia
| | - Rizki Pratiwi
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering , ITB , JL. Ganesha No.10 , Bandung 40132 , Indonesia
| | - Eduardo J Quel
- UNIDEF (CITEDEF-CONICET) Juan B. de la Salle 4397 - Villa Martelli , Buenos Aires B1603ALO , Argentina
| | - Abdus Salam
- Department of Chemistry , University of Dhaka , Dhaka 1000 , Bangladesh
| | - Lior Segev
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences , Weizmann Institute , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
| | - Sachchida N Tripathi
- Center for Environmental Science and Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur , Kanpur , 208016 , India
| | - Chien Wang
- Center for Global Change Science , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Earth System Science , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Michael Brauer
- School of Population and Public Health , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T 1Z2 , Canada
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences , Weizmann Institute , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
| | - Randall V Martin
- Department of Chemistry , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Morelli B, Hawkins TR, Niblick B, Henderson AD, Golden HE, Compton JE, Cooter EJ, Bare JC. Critical Review of Eutrophication Models for Life Cycle Assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:9562-9578. [PMID: 30036050 PMCID: PMC6697055 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper evaluates the current state of life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) methods used to estimate potential eutrophication impacts in freshwater and marine ecosystems and presents a critical review of the underlying surface water quality, watershed, marine, and air fate and transport (F&T) models. Using a criteria rubric, we assess the potential of each method and model to contribute to further refinements of life cycle assessment (LCA) eutrophication mechanisms and nutrient transformation processes as well as model structure, availability, geographic scope, and spatial and temporal resolution. We describe recent advances in LCIA modeling and provide guidance on the best available sources of fate and exposure factors, with a focus on midpoint indicators. The critical review identifies gaps in LCIA characterization modeling regarding the availability and spatial resolution of fate factors in the soil compartment and identifies strategies to characterize emissions from soil. Additional opportunities are identified to leverage detailed F&T models that strengthen existing approaches to LCIA or that have the potential to link LCIA modeling more closely with the spatial and temporal realities of the effects of eutrophication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Morelli
- Franklin Associates, A Division of Eastern Research Group, 110 Hartwell Avenue, Lexington, Massachusetts 02421
| | - Troy R. Hawkins
- Franklin Associates, A Division of Eastern Research Group, 110 Hartwell Avenue, Lexington, Massachusetts 02421
| | - Briana Niblick
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
| | - Andrew D. Henderson
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
- Current affiliation: Noblis, Inc., 16414 San Pedro Avenue, Suite 400, San Antonio, Texas 78232
| | - Heather E. Golden
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
| | - Jana E. Compton
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, 200 S.W. 35 Street, Corvallis, Oregon 97333
| | - Ellen J. Cooter
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Jane C. Bare
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ford B, Val Martin M, Zelasky SE, Fischer EV, Anenberg SC, Heald CL, Pierce JR. Future Fire Impacts on Smoke Concentrations, Visibility, and Health in the Contiguous United States. GEOHEALTH 2018; 2:229-247. [PMID: 32159016 PMCID: PMC7038896 DOI: 10.1029/2018gh000144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) from U.S. anthropogenic sources is decreasing. However, previous studies have predicted that PM2.5 emissions from wildfires will increase in the midcentury to next century, potentially offsetting improvements gained by continued reductions in anthropogenic emissions. Therefore, some regions could experience worse air quality, degraded visibility, and increases in population-level exposure. We use global climate model simulations to estimate the impacts of changing fire emissions on air quality, visibility, and premature deaths in the middle and late 21st century. We find that PM2.5 concentrations will decrease overall in the contiguous United States (CONUS) due to decreasing anthropogenic emissions (total PM2.5 decreases by 3% in Representative Concentration Pathway [RCP] 8.5 and 34% in RCP4.5 by 2100), but increasing fire-related PM2.5 (fire-related PM2.5 increases by 55% in RCP4.5 and 190% in RCP8.5 by 2100) offsets these benefits and causes increases in total PM2.5 in some regions. We predict that the average visibility will improve across the CONUS, but fire-related PM2.5 will reduce visibility on the worst days in western and southeastern U.S. regions. We estimate that the number of deaths attributable to total PM2.5 will decrease in both the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios (from 6% to 4-5%), but the absolute number of premature deaths attributable to fire-related PM2.5 will double compared to early 21st century. We provide the first estimates of future smoke health and visibility impacts using a prognostic land-fire model. Our results suggest the importance of using realistic fire emissions in future air quality projections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B. Ford
- Department of Atmospheric ScienceColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - M. Val Martin
- Leverhulme Centre for Climate Change Mitigation, Department of Animal and Plant SciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - S. E. Zelasky
- Department of Environmental Sciences and EngineeringUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
| | - E. V. Fischer
- Department of Atmospheric ScienceColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - S. C. Anenberg
- Department of Environmental and Occupational HealthThe George Washington UniversityWashingtonDCUSA
| | - C. L. Heald
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary SciencesMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | - J. R. Pierce
- Department of Atmospheric ScienceColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Chen K, Fiore AM, Chen R, Jiang L, Jones B, Schneider A, Peters A, Bi J, Kan H, Kinney PL. Future ozone-related acute excess mortality under climate and population change scenarios in China: A modeling study. PLoS Med 2018; 15:e1002598. [PMID: 29969446 PMCID: PMC6029756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Climate change is likely to further worsen ozone pollution in already heavily polluted areas, leading to increased ozone-related health burdens. However, little evidence exists in China, the world's largest greenhouse gas emitter and most populated country. As China is embracing an aging population with changing population size and falling age-standardized mortality rates, the potential impact of population change on ozone-related health burdens is unclear. Moreover, little is known about the seasonal variation of ozone-related health burdens under climate change. We aimed to assess near-term (mid-21st century) future annual and seasonal excess mortality from short-term exposure to ambient ozone in 104 Chinese cities under 2 climate and emission change scenarios and 6 population change scenarios. METHODS AND FINDINGS We collected historical ambient ozone observations, population change projections, and baseline mortality rates in 104 cities across China during April 27, 2013, to October 31, 2015 (2013-2015), which included approximately 13% of the total population of mainland China. Using historical ozone monitoring data, we performed bias correction and spatially downscaled future ozone projections at a coarse spatial resolution (2.0° × 2.5°) for the period April 27, 2053, to October 31, 2055 (2053-2055), from a global chemistry-climate model to a fine spatial resolution (0.25° × 0.25°) under 2 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs): RCP4.5, a moderate global warming and emission scenario where global warming is between 1.5°C and 2.0°C, and RCP8.5, a high global warming and emission scenario where global warming exceeds 2.0°C. We then estimated the future annual and seasonal ozone-related acute excess mortality attributable to both climate and population changes using cause-specific, age-group-specific, and season-specific concentration-response functions (CRFs). We used Monte Carlo simulations to obtain empirical confidence intervals (eCIs), quantifying the uncertainty in CRFs and the variability across ensemble members (i.e., 3 predictions of future climate and air quality from slightly different starting conditions) of the global model. Estimates of future changes in annual ozone-related mortality are sensitive to the choice of global warming and emission scenario, decreasing under RCP4.5 (-24.0%) due to declining ozone precursor emissions but increasing under RCP8.5 (10.7%) due to warming climate in 2053-2055 relative to 2013-2015. Higher ambient ozone occurs under the high global warming and emission scenario (RCP8.5), leading to an excess 1,476 (95% eCI: 898 to 2,977) non-accidental deaths per year in 2053-2055 relative to 2013-2015. Future ozone-related acute excess mortality from cardiovascular diseases was 5-8 times greater than that from respiratory diseases. Ozone concentrations increase by 15.1 parts per billion (10-9) in colder months (November to April), contributing to a net yearly increase of 22.3% (95% eCI: 7.7% to 35.4%) in ozone-related mortality under RCP8.5. An aging population, with the proportion of the population aged 65 years and above increased from 8% in 2010 to 24%-33% in 2050, will substantially amplify future ozone-related mortality, leading to a net increase of 23,838 to 78,560 deaths (110% to 363%). Our analysis was mainly limited by using a single global chemistry-climate model and the statistical downscaling approach to project ozone changes under climate change. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis shows increased future ozone-related acute excess mortality under the high global warming and emission scenario RCP8.5 for an aging population in China. Comparison with the lower global warming and emission scenario RCP4.5 suggests that climate change mitigation measures are needed to prevent a rising health burden from exposure to ambient ozone pollution in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Arlene M. Fiore
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, New York, United States of America
| | - Renjie Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Shanghai, China
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment of the Ministry of Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Leiwen Jiang
- Asian Demographic Research Institute, School of Sociology and Political Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Bryan Jones
- Marxe School of Public and International Affairs, Baruch College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jun Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haidong Kan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Shanghai, China
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment of the Ministry of Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Patrick L. Kinney
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Jiang X, Yoo EH. The importance of spatial resolutions of Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) models on health impact assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 627:1528-1543. [PMID: 30857114 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We used the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) simulation model to predict daily average of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations. The primary focus of our study was to investigate the sensitivity of CMAQ prediction accuracy associated with the horizontal grid resolutions and assess its impact on human health studies. To illustrate our point we ran CMAQ model at 4 km and 12 km resolutions over New York State for the year 2011, and systematically assessed the differences between two modeled PM2.5 concentrations. Model performance was evaluated against PM2.5 measured values at monitoring stations. The results indicated that simulations at both 4 km and 12 km resolutions reproduced measured PM2.5 values with fractional error (54.41% for 4 km and 52.28% for 12 km) that are within the recommend performance criteria except for summer seasons and rural areas. Additionally, model results at 12 km compared to 4 km resolution generally performed better and had substantially lower computational burden. In our health impact assessment study, we found that estimated adverse health outcomes associated with PM2.5 exposure derived from the two CMAQ models were compatible, especially in rural areas. Based on our findings, we conclude that the CMAQ simulation at 12 km resolution with further calibration and/or downscaling is a viable option than 4 km simulation to estimate small-scale within-city variations of air pollution concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Jiang
- Department of Geography, State University of New York at Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Eun-Hye Yoo
- Department of Geography, State University of New York at Buffalo, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ravi V, Gao AH, Martinkus NB, Wolcott MP, Lamb BK. Air Quality and Health Impacts of an Aviation Biofuel Supply Chain Using Forest Residue in the Northwestern United States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:4154-4162. [PMID: 29505716 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Forest residue is a major potential feedstock for second-generation biofuel; however, little knowledge exists about the environmental impacts of the development and production of biofuel from such a feedstock. Using a high-resolution regional air quality model, we estimate the air quality impacts of a forest residue based aviation biofuel supply chain scenario in the Pacific Northwestern United States. Using two potential supply chain regions, we find that biomass and biofuel hauling activities will add <1% of vehicle miles traveled to existing traffic, but the biorefineries will add significant local sources of NO x and CO. In the biofuel production scenario, the regional average increase in the pollutant concentration is small, but 8-hr maximum summer time O3 can increase by 1-2 ppb and 24-hr average maximum PM2.5 by 2 μg/m3. The alternate scenario of slash pile burning increased the multiday average PM2.5 by 2-5 μg/m3 during a winter simulation. Using BenMAP, a health impact assessment tool, we show that avoiding slash pile burning results in a decrease in premature mortality as well as several other nonfatal and minor health effects. In general, we show that most air quality and health benefits result primarily from avoided slash pile burning emissions.
Collapse
|
37
|
Orru K, Nordin S, Harzia H, Orru H. The role of perceived air pollution and health risk perception in health symptoms and disease: a population-based study combined with modelled levels of PM 10. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2018; 91:581-589. [PMID: 29602966 PMCID: PMC6002462 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-018-1303-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Adverse health impact of air pollution on health may not only be associated with the level of exposure, but rather mediated by perception of the pollution and by top-down processing (e.g. beliefs of the exposure being hazardous), especially in areas with relatively low levels of pollutants. The aim of this study was to test a model that describes interrelations between air pollution (particles < 10 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$${\upmu }$$\end{document}μm, PM10), perceived pollution, health risk perception, health symptoms and diseases. Methods A population-based questionnaire study was conducted among 1000 Estonian residents (sample was stratified by age, sex, and geographical location) about health risk perception and coping. The PM10 levels were modelled in 1 × 1 km grids using a Eulerian air quality dispersion model. Respondents were ascribed their annual mean PM10 exposure according to their home address. Path analysis was performed to test the validity of the model. Results The data refute the model proposing that exposure level significantly influences symptoms and disease. Instead, the perceived exposure influences symptoms and the effect of perceived exposure on disease is mediated by health risk perception. This relationship is more pronounced in large cities compared to smaller towns or rural areas. Conclusions Perceived pollution and health risk perception, in particular in large cities, play important roles in understanding and predicting environmentally induced symptoms and diseases at relatively low levels of air pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kati Orru
- Department of Psychology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
- Institute of Social Studies, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Steven Nordin
- Department of Psychology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Hans Orru
- Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Conibear L, Butt EW, Knote C, Arnold SR, Spracklen DV. Residential energy use emissions dominate health impacts from exposure to ambient particulate matter in India. Nat Commun 2018; 9:617. [PMID: 29434294 PMCID: PMC5809377 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-02986-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is a leading contributor to diseases in India. Previous studies analysing emission source attributions were restricted by coarse model resolution and limited PM2.5 observations. We use a regional model informed by new observations to make the first high-resolution study of the sector-specific disease burden from ambient PM2.5 exposure in India. Observed annual mean PM2.5 concentrations exceed 100 μg m−3 and are well simulated by the model. We calculate that the emissions from residential energy use dominate (52%) population-weighted annual mean PM2.5 concentrations, and are attributed to 511,000 (95UI: 340,000–697,000) premature mortalities annually. However, removing residential energy use emissions would avert only 256,000 (95UI: 162,000–340,000), due to the non-linear exposure–response relationship causing health effects to saturate at high PM2.5 concentrations. Consequently, large reductions in emissions will be required to reduce the health burden from ambient PM2.5 exposure in India. Exposure to ambient particulate matter is a key contributor to disease in India and source attribution is vital for pollution control. Here the authors use a high-resolution regional model to show residential emissions dominate particulate matter concentrations and associated premature mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luke Conibear
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) Centre for Doctoral Training (CDT) in Bioenergy, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK. .,Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Edward W Butt
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Christoph Knote
- Meteorological Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Theresienstr. 37, 80333, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephen R Arnold
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Dominick V Spracklen
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Zhang Y, West JJ, Mathur R, Xing J, Hogrefe C, Roselle SJ, Bash JO, Pleim JE, Gan CM, Wong DC. Long-term trends in the ambient PM 2.5- and O 3-related mortality burdens in the United States under emission reductions from 1990 to 2010. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2018; 18:15003-15016. [PMID: 30930942 PMCID: PMC6436631 DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-15003-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of both fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) in the United States (US) have decreased significantly since 1990, mainly because of air quality regulations. Exposure to these air pollutants is associated with premature death. Here we quantify the annual mortality burdens from PM2.5 and O3 in the US from 1990 to 2010, estimate trends and inter-annual variability, and evaluate the contributions to those trends from changes in pollutant concentrations, population, and baseline mortality rates. We use a fine-resolution (36 km) self-consistent 21-year simulation of air pollutant concentrations in the US from 1990 to 2010, a health impact function, and annual county-level population and baseline mortality rate estimates. From 1990 to 2010, the modeled population-weighted annual PM2.5 decreased by 39 %, and summertime (April to September) 1 h average daily maximum O3 decreased by 9 % from 1990 to 2010. The PM2.5-related mortality burden from ischemic heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, and stroke steadily decreased by 54% from 123 700 deaths year-1 (95% confidence interval, 70 800-178 100) in 1990 to 58 600 deaths year-1 (24 900-98 500) in 2010. The PM2.5-related mortality burden would have decreased by only 24% from 1990 to 2010 if the PM2.5 concentrations had stayed at the 1990 level, due to decreases in baseline mortality rates for major diseases affected by PM2.5. The mortality burden associated with O3 from chronic respiratory disease increased by 13% from 10 900 deaths year-1 (3700-17 500) in 1990 to 12 300 deaths year-1 (4100-19 800) in 2010, mainly caused by increases in the baseline mortality rates and population, despite decreases in O3 concentration. The O3-related mortality burden would have increased by 55% from 1990 to 2010 if the O3 concentrations had stayed at the 1990 level. The detrended annual O3 mortality burden has larger inter-annual variability (coefficient of variation of 12%) than the PM2.5-related burden (4%), mainly from the inter-annual variation of O3 concentration. We conclude that air quality improvements have significantly decreased the mortality burden, avoiding roughly 35 800 (38%) PM2.5-related deaths and 4600 (27%) O3-related deaths in 2010, compared to the case if air quality had stayed at 1990 levels (at 2010 baseline mortality rates and population).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiang Zhang
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Fellowship Participant at US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
- now at: Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - J. Jason West
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Rohit Mathur
- Computational Exposure Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Jia Xing
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Christian Hogrefe
- Computational Exposure Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Shawn J. Roselle
- Computational Exposure Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Jesse O. Bash
- Computational Exposure Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Jonathan E. Pleim
- Computational Exposure Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Chuen-Meei Gan
- CSC Government Solutions LLC, A CSRA Company, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - David C. Wong
- Computational Exposure Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Liang CK, West JJ, Silva RA, Bian H, Chin M, Davila Y, Dentener FJ, Emmons L, Flemming J, Folberth G, Henze D, Im U, Jonson JE, Keating TJ, Kucsera T, Lenzen A, Lin M, Lund MT, Pan X, Park RJ, Pierce RB, Sekiya T, Sudo K, Takemura T. HTAP2 multi-model estimates of premature human mortality due to intercontinental transport of air pollution and emission sectors. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2018; 18:10497-10520. [PMID: 33204242 PMCID: PMC7668558 DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-10497-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Ambient air pollution from ozone and fine particulate matter is associated with premature mortality. As emissions from one continent influence air quality over others, changes in emissions can also influence human health on other continents. We estimate global air pollution-related premature mortality from exposure to PM2.5 and ozone, and the avoided deaths from 20% anthropogenic emission reductions from six source regions, North America (NAM), Europe (EUR), South Asia (SAS), East Asia (EAS), Russia/Belarus/Ukraine (RBU) and the Middle East (MDE), three global emission sectors, Power and Industry (PIN), Ground Transportation (TRN) and Residential (RES) and one global domain (GLO), using an ensemble of global chemical transport model simulations coordinated by the second phase of the Task Force on Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution (TF-HTAP2), and epidemiologically-derived concentration-response functions. We build on results from previous studies of the TF-HTAP by using improved atmospheric models driven by new estimates of 2010 anthropogenic emissions (excluding methane), with more source and receptor regions, new consideration of source sector impacts, and new epidemiological mortality functions. We estimate 290,000 (95% CI: 30,000, 600,000) premature O3-related deaths and 2.8 million (0.5 million, 4.6 million) PM2.5-related premature deaths globally for the baseline year 2010. While 20% emission reductions from one region generally lead to more avoided deaths within the source region than outside, reducing emissions from MDE and RBU can avoid more O3-related deaths outside of these regions than within, and reducing MDE emissions also avoids more PM2.5-related deaths outside of MDE than within. Our findings that most avoided O3-related deaths from emission reductions in NAM and EUR occur outside of those regions contrast with those of previous studies, while estimates of PM2.5-related deaths from NAM, EUR, SAS and EAS emission reductions agree well. In addition, EUR, MDE and RBU have more avoided O3-related deaths from reducing foreign emissions than from domestic reductions. For six regional emission reductions, the total avoided extra-regional mortality is estimated as 6,000 (-3,400, 15,500) deaths/year and 25,100 (8,200, 35,800) deaths/year through changes in O3 and PM2.5, respectively. Interregional transport of air pollutants leads to more deaths through changes in PM2.5 than in O3, even though O3 is transported more on interregional scales, since PM2.5 has a stronger influence on mortality. For NAM and EUR, our estimates of avoided mortality from regional and extra-regional emission reductions are comparable to those estimated by regional models for these same experiments. In sectoral emission reductions, TRN emissions account for the greatest fraction (26-53% of global emission reduction) of O3-related premature deaths in most regions, in agreement with previous studies, except for EAS (58%) and RBU (38%) where PIN emissions dominate. In contrast, PIN emission reductions have the greatest fraction (38-78% of global emission reduction) of PM2.5-related deaths in most regions, except for SAS (45%) where RES emission dominates, which differs with previous studies in which RES emissions dominate global health impacts. The spread of air pollutant concentration changes across models contributes most to the overall uncertainty in estimated avoided deaths, highlighting the uncertainty in results based on a single model. Despite uncertainties, the health benefits of reduced intercontinental air pollution transport suggest that international cooperation may be desirable to mitigate pollution transported over long distances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ciao-Kai Liang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - J. Jason West
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Raquel A. Silva
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education at US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Huisheng Bian
- Goddard Earth Sciences and Technology Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mian Chin
- Earth Sciences Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Yanko Davila
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Louisa Emmons
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | | | - Daven Henze
- European Commission, Joint Research Center, Ispra, Italy
| | - Ulas Im
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Frederiksborgvej, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Terry J. Keating
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Tom Kucsera
- Universities Space Research Association, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Allen Lenzen
- Space Science & Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin -Madison, WI, USA
| | - Meiyun Lin
- Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | - Xiaohua Pan
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | | | - R. Bradley Pierce
- NOAA National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Kengo Sudo
- Nagoya University, Furocho, Chigusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Takemura
- Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Zhang Y, Smith SJ, Bowden JH, Adelman Z, West JJ. Co-benefits of global, domestic, and sectoral greenhouse gas mitigation for US air quality and human health in 2050. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS : ERL [WEB SITE] 2017; 12:114033. [PMID: 33204303 PMCID: PMC7668559 DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/aa8f76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can bring ancillary benefits of improved air quality and reduced premature mortality, in addition to slowing climate change. Here we study the co-benefits of global and domestic GHG mitigation on US air quality and human health in 2050 at fine resolution using dynamical downscaling of meteorology and air quality from global simulations to the continental US, and quantify for the first time the co-benefits from foreign GHG mitigation. Relative to the reference scenario from which RCP4.5 was created, global GHG reductions in RCP4.5 avoid 16000 PM2.5-related all-cause deaths yr-1 (90% confidence interval, 11700-20300), and 8000 (3600-12400) O3-related respiratory deaths yr-1 in the US in 2050. Foreign GHG mitigation avoids 15% and 62% of PM2.5- and O3-related total avoided deaths, highlighting the importance of foreign mitigation for US health. GHG mitigation in the US residential sector brings the largest co-benefits for PM2.5-related deaths (21% of total domestic co-benefits), and industry for O3 (17%). Monetized benefits for avoided deaths from ozone and PM2.5 are $137 ($87-187) per ton CO2 at high valuation and $45 ($29-62) at low valuation, of which 31% are from foreign GHG reductions. These benefits likely exceed the marginal cost of GHG reductions in 2050. The US gains significantly greater air quality and health co-benefits when its GHG emission reductions are concurrent with reductions in other nations. Similarly, previous studies estimating co-benefits locally or regionally may greatly underestimate the full co-benefits of coordinated global actions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiang Zhang
- Environmental Sciences and Engineering Department, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Now at Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Steven J. Smith
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Jared H. Bowden
- Institute for the Environment, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Zachariah Adelman
- Environmental Sciences and Engineering Department, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Institute for the Environment, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - J. Jason West
- Environmental Sciences and Engineering Department, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Li C, Martin RV, van Donkelaar A, Boys BL, Hammer MS, Xu JW, Marais EA, Reff A, Strum M, Ridley DA, Crippa M, Brauer M, Zhang Q. Trends in Chemical Composition of Global and Regional Population-Weighted Fine Particulate Matter Estimated for 25 Years. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:11185-11195. [PMID: 28891283 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We interpret in situ and satellite observations with a chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem, downscaled to 0.1° × 0.1°) to understand global trends in population-weighted mean chemical composition of fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Trends in observed and simulated population-weighted mean PM2.5 composition over 1989-2013 are highly consistent for PM2.5 (-2.4 vs -2.4%/yr), secondary inorganic aerosols (-4.3 vs -4.1%/yr), organic aerosols (OA, -3.6 vs -3.0%/yr) and black carbon (-4.3 vs -3.9%/yr) over North America, as well as for sulfate (-4.7 vs -5.8%/yr) over Europe. Simulated trends over 1998-2013 also have overlapping 95% confidence intervals with satellite-derived trends in population-weighted mean PM2.5 for 20 of 21 global regions. Over 1989-2013, most (79%) of the simulated increase in global population-weighted mean PM2.5 of 0.28 μg m-3yr-1 is explained by significantly (p < 0.05) increasing OA (0.10 μg m-3yr-1), nitrate (0.05 μg m-3yr-1), sulfate (0.04 μg m-3yr-1), and ammonium (0.03 μg m-3yr-1). These four components predominantly drive trends in population-weighted mean PM2.5 over populous regions of South Asia (0.94 μg m-3yr-1), East Asia (0.66 μg m-3yr-1), Western Europe (-0.47 μg m-3yr-1), and North America (-0.32 μg m-3yr-1). Trends in area-weighted mean and population-weighted mean PM2.5 composition differ significantly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi Li
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University , Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Randall V Martin
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University , Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Aaron van Donkelaar
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University , Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Brian L Boys
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University , Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Melanie S Hammer
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University , Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Jun-Wei Xu
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University , Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Eloise A Marais
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Reff
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Madeleine Strum
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - David A Ridley
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, United States
| | - Monica Crippa
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC) , Directorate for Energy, Transport, and Climate, Air and Climate Unit, Via E. Fermi 2749, I-21027 Ispra, Varese, Italy
| | - Michael Brauer
- School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z2, Canada
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Huang L, Zhang C, Bi J. Development of land use regression models for PM 2.5, SO 2, NO 2 and O 3 in Nanjing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 158:542-552. [PMID: 28715783 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ambient air pollution has been a global problem, especially in China. Comparing with other methods, Land Use Regression (LUR) models can obtain air pollutant concentration distribution at finer scale without the air pollution source data based on a few monitoring sites and predictors. However, limited LUR studies have been conducted on the basis of regular monitoring networks. Thus, we explored the applicability of conducting LUR models for four key air pollutants: PM2.5, SO2, NO2 and O3, on the basis of national monitoring networks which have good representation of areas with different characteristics in Nanjing, China. Fifty-nine potential predictor variables were considered, including land use type, population density, traffic emission, industrial emission, geographical coordinates, meteorology and topography. LUR models of these four air pollutants were with good explained variance for four key air pollutants. Adjusted explained variance of the LUR models was highest for NO2 (87%), followed by SO2 (83%), and was lower for PM2.5 (72%) and O3 (65%). Annual average distributions of pollutants in 2013 were obtained based on predicted values, which revealed that O3 in Nanjing was more heavily impacted by regional influences. This study would not only contribute to the wider use of LUR studies in China but also offer important reference for the application of regular monitoring network with high representativeness in LUR studies. These results would also support for air epidemiological studies in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Campus, Box 624, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China; Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, P.O. Box 1000, 61 Rt. 9W, Palisades, NY 10964, USA.
| | - Can Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Campus, Box 624, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jun Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Campus, Box 624, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Heo J, Adams PJ, Gao HO. Public health costs accounting of inorganic PM 2.5 pollution in metropolitan areas of the United States using a risk-based source-receptor model. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 106:119-126. [PMID: 28633084 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In order to design effective strategies to reduce the public health burden of ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) imposed in an area, it is necessary to identify the emissions sources affecting that location and quantify their contributions. However, it is challenging because PM2.5 travels long distances and most constituents are the result of complex chemical processes. We developed a reduced-form source-receptor model for estimating locations and magnitudes of downwind health costs from a source or, conversely, the upwind sources that contribute to health costs at a receptor location. Built upon outputs from a state-of-the-art air quality model, our model produces comprehensive risk-based source apportionment results with trivial computational costs. Using the model, we analyzed all the sources contributing to the inorganic PM2.5 health burden in 14 metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) in the United States. Our analysis for 12 source categories shows that 80-90% of the burden borne by these areas originates from emissions sources outside of the area and that emissions sources up to 800 km away need to be included to account for 80% of the burden. Conversely, 60-80% of the impacts of an MSA's emissions occurs outside of that MSA. The results demonstrate the importance of regionally coordinated measures to improve air quality in metropolitan areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhyok Heo
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Peter J Adams
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - H Oliver Gao
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Malley CS, Henze DK, Kuylenstierna JCI, Vallack HW, Davila Y, Anenberg SC, Turner MC, Ashmore MR. Updated Global Estimates of Respiratory Mortality in Adults ≥30Years of Age Attributable to Long-Term Ozone Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:087021. [PMID: 28858826 PMCID: PMC5880233 DOI: 10.1289/ehp1390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Relative risk estimates for long-term ozone (O3) exposure and respiratory mortality from the American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study II (ACS CPS-II) cohort have been used to estimate global O3-attributable mortality in adults. Updated relative risk estimates are now available for the same cohort based on an expanded study population with longer follow-up. OBJECTIVES We estimated the global burden and spatial distribution of respiratory mortality attributable to long-term O3 exposure in adults ≥30y of age using updated effect estimates from the ACS CPS-II cohort. METHODS We used GEOS-Chem simulations (2×2.5º grid resolution) to estimate annual O3 exposures, and estimated total respiratory deaths in 2010 that were attributable to long-term annual O3 exposure based on the updated relative risk estimates and minimum risk thresholds set at the minimum or fifth percentile of O3 exposure in the most recent CPS-II analysis. These estimates were compared with attributable mortality based on the earlier CPS-II analysis, using 6-mo average exposures and risk thresholds corresponding to the minimum or fifth percentile of O3 exposure in the earlier study population. RESULTS We estimated 1.04-1.23 million respiratory deaths in adults attributable to O3 exposures using the updated relative risk estimate and exposure parameters, compared with 0.40-0.55 million respiratory deaths attributable to O3 exposures based on the earlier CPS-II risk estimate and parameters. Increases in estimated attributable mortality were larger in northern India, southeast China, and Pakistan than in Europe, eastern United States, and northeast China. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the potential magnitude of health benefits of air quality policies targeting O3, health co-benefits of climate mitigation policies, and health implications of climate change-driven changes in O3 concentrations, are larger than previously thought. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP1390.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Malley
- Stockholm Environment Institute, Environment Department, University of York , York, UK
| | - Daven K Henze
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Harry W Vallack
- Stockholm Environment Institute, Environment Department, University of York , York, UK
| | - Yanko Davila
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Susan C Anenberg
- Environmental Health Analytics, LLC. , Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Michelle C Turner
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal) , Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) , Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) , Madrid, Spain
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mike R Ashmore
- Stockholm Environment Institute, Environment Department, University of York , York, UK
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Fantke P, Jolliet O, Apte JS, Hodas N, Evans J, Weschler CJ, Stylianou KS, Jantunen M, McKone TE. Characterizing Aggregated Exposure to Primary Particulate Matter: Recommended Intake Fractions for Indoor and Outdoor Sources. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:9089-9100. [PMID: 28682605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) from indoor and outdoor sources is a leading environmental contributor to global disease burden. In response, we established under the auspices of the UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative a coupled indoor-outdoor emission-to-exposure framework to provide a set of consistent primary PM2.5 aggregated exposure factors. We followed a matrix-based mass balance approach for quantifying exposure from indoor and ground-level urban and rural outdoor sources using an effective indoor-outdoor population intake fraction and a system of archetypes to represent different levels of spatial detail. Emission-to-exposure archetypes range from global indoor and outdoor averages, via archetypal urban and indoor settings, to 3646 real-world cities in 16 parametrized subcontinental regions. Population intake fractions from urban and rural outdoor sources are lowest in Northern regions and Oceania and highest in Southeast Asia with population-weighted means across 3646 cities and 16 subcontinental regions of, respectively, 39 ppm (95% confidence interval: 4.3-160 ppm) and 2 ppm (95% confidence interval: 0.2-6.3 ppm). Intake fractions from residential and occupational indoor sources range from 470 ppm to 62 000 ppm, mainly as a function of air exchange rate and occupancy. Indoor exposure typically contributes 80-90% to overall exposure from outdoor sources. Our framework facilitates improvements in air pollution reduction strategies and life cycle impact assessments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Fantke
- Quantitative Sustainability Assessment Division, Department of Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark , Bygningstorvet 116B, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Olivier Jolliet
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Joshua S Apte
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Natasha Hodas
- Division of Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - John Evans
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Cyprus International Institute for Environment and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology , 3041 Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Charles J Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University , Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark , 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Katerina S Stylianou
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Matti Jantunen
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare , 70701 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Thomas E McKone
- School of Public Health, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Impacts and mitigation of excess diesel-related NOx emissions in 11 major vehicle markets. Nature 2017; 545:467-471. [DOI: 10.1038/nature22086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
48
|
Protection against fine particle-induced pulmonary and systemic inflammation by omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:577-584. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
49
|
Saari RK, Thompson TM, Selin NE. Human Health and Economic Impacts of Ozone Reductions by Income Group. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:1953-1961. [PMID: 28075579 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Low-income households may be disproportionately affected by ozone pollution and ozone policy. We quantify how three factors affect the relative benefits of ozone policies with household income: (1) unequal ozone reductions; (2) policy delay; and (3) economic valuation methods. We model ozone concentrations under baseline and policy conditions across the full continental United States to estimate the distribution of ozone-related health impacts across nine income groups. We enhance an economic model to include these impacts across household income categories, and present its first application to evaluate the benefits of ozone reductions for low-income households. We find that mortality incidence rates decrease with increasing income. Modeled ozone levels yield a median of 11 deaths per 100 000 people in 2005. Proposed policy reduces these rates by 13%. Ozone reductions are highest among low-income households, which increases their relative welfare gains by up to 4% and decreases them for the rich by up to 8%. The median value of reductions in 2015 is either $30 billion (in 2006 U.S. dollars) or $1 billion if reduced mortality risks are valued with willingness-to-pay or as income from increased life expectancy. Ozone reductions were relatively twice as beneficial for the lowest- compared to the highest-income households. The valuation approach affected benefits more than a policy delay or differential ozone reductions with income.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tammy M Thompson
- CSU Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere , 1375 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Transient climate and ambient health impacts due to national solid fuel cookstove emissions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:1269-1274. [PMID: 28115698 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1612430114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Residential solid fuel use contributes to degraded indoor and ambient air quality and may affect global surface temperature. However, the potential for national-scale cookstove intervention programs to mitigate the latter issues is not yet well known, owing to the spatial heterogeneity of aerosol emissions and impacts, along with coemitted species. Here we use a combination of atmospheric modeling, remote sensing, and adjoint sensitivity analysis to individually evaluate consequences of a 20-y linear phase-out of cookstove emissions in each country with greater than 5% of the population using solid fuel for cooking. Emissions reductions in China, India, and Ethiopia contribute to the largest global surface temperature change in 2050 [combined impact of -37 mK (11 mK to -85 mK)], whereas interventions in countries less commonly targeted for cookstove mitigation such as Azerbaijan, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan have the largest per cookstove climate benefits. Abatement in China, India, and Bangladesh contributes to the largest reduction of premature deaths from ambient air pollution, preventing 198,000 (102,000-204,000) of the 260,000 (137,000-268,000) global annual avoided deaths in 2050, whereas again emissions in Ukraine and Azerbaijan have the largest per cookstove impacts, along with Romania. Global cookstove emissions abatement results in an average surface temperature cooling of -77 mK (20 mK to -278 mK) in 2050, which increases to -118 mK (-11 mK to -335 mK) by 2100 due to delayed CO2 response. Health impacts owing to changes in ambient particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 μm or less (PM2.5) amount to ∼22.5 million premature deaths prevented between 2000 and 2100.
Collapse
|