1
|
Perrotta M, Carnevale D. Neuroimmune modulation for targeting organ damage in hypertension and atherosclerosis. J Physiol 2024. [PMID: 39298270 DOI: 10.1113/jp284078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The brain is essential for processing and integrating sensory signals coming from peripheral tissues. Conversely, the autonomic nervous system regulated by brain centres modulates the immune responses involved in the genesis and progression of cardiovascular diseases. Understanding the pathophysiological bases of this relationship established between the brain and immune system is relevant for advancing therapies. An additional mechanism involved in the regulation of cardiovascular function is provided by the brain-mediated control of the renin-angiotensin system. In both cases, the communication is typically bidirectional and established by afferent and sensory signals collected at the level of peripheral tissues, efferent circuits, as well as of hormones. Understanding how the brain mediates the bidirectional communication and how the immune system participates in this process is object of intense investigation. This review examines key findings that support a role for these interactions in the pathogenesis of major vascular diseases that are characterized by a consistent alteration of the immune response, such as hypertension and atherosclerosis. In addition, we provide a critical appraisal of the translational implications that these discoveries have in the clinical setting where an effective management of neuroimmune and/or neuroinflammatory state might be beneficial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marialuisa Perrotta
- Research Unit of Neuro and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, IRCCS Neuromed, Department of Angiocardioneurology and Translational Medicine, Pozzilli, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Carnevale
- Research Unit of Neuro and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, IRCCS Neuromed, Department of Angiocardioneurology and Translational Medicine, Pozzilli, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
de Miranda AS, Macedo DS, Sanders LLO, Monte AS, Soares MVR, Teixeira AL. Unraveling the role of the renin-angiotensin system in severe mental illnesses: An insight into psychopathology and cognitive deficits. Cell Signal 2024; 124:111429. [PMID: 39306262 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2024] [Revised: 09/16/2024] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
Severe mental illnesses (SMI), especially schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (BD), are associated with significant distress to patients, reduced life expectancy and a higher cost of care. There is growing evidence that SMI may increase the risk of dementia in later life, posing an additional challenge in the management of these patients. SMI present a complex and highly heterogeneous pathophysiology, which has hampered the understanding of its underlying pathological mechanisms and limited the success of the available therapies. Despite the advances in therapeutic approaches in psychiatry over the past decades, treatment resistance is still a common problem in clinical practice, highlighting the urgent need for novel therapeutic targets for SMI. The discovery that renin-angiotensin system (RAS) components are expressed in the central nervous system opened new possibilities for investigating a potential role for this system in the neurobiology of SMI. The safety and efficacy of AT1 receptor blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, common medical comorbidities among SMI patients and well-known risk factors for dementia, suggest the potential scalability of these strategies for the management of SMI outcomes including the risk of subsequent dementia. This review aimed to discuss the available evidence from animal models and human studies of the potential involvement of RAS in the pathophysiology of SMI. We also provided a reflection on drawbacks and perspectives that can foster the development of new related therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aline Silva de Miranda
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Danielle S Macedo
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, CE, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Lia Lira O Sanders
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, CE, Fortaleza, Brazil; Centro Universitário Christus-Unichristus, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Aline S Monte
- Health Science Institute, University of International Integration of Afro-Brazilian Lusophony - UNILAB, Redenção, Brazil
| | - Michelle Verde Ramo Soares
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, CE, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Antonio Lucio Teixeira
- The Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases, Lozano Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fu LY, Yang Y, Li RJ, Issotina Zibrila A, Tian H, Jia XY, Qiao JA, Wu JM, Qi J, Yu XJ, Kang YM. Activation AMPK in Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus Improves Renovascular Hypertension Through ERK1/2-NF-κB Pathway. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2024; 24:904-917. [PMID: 39008239 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-024-09888-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Hypertension is a globally prevalent disease, but the pathogenesis remains largely unclear. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a nutrition-sensitive signal of cellular energy metabolism, which has a certain influence on the development of hypertension. Previously, we found a down-regulation of the phosphorylated (p-) form of AMPK, and the up-regulation of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1-R) and that of p-ERK1/2 in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of hypertensive rats. However, the exact mechanism underlying the relationship between AMPK and AT1-R in the PVN during hypertension remains unclear. Thus, we hypothesized that AMPK modulates AT1-R through the ERK1/2-NF-κB pathway in the PVN, thereby inhibiting sympathetic nerve activity and improving hypertension. To examine this hypothesis, we employed a renovascular hypertensive animal model developed via two-kidney, one-clip (2K1C) and sham-operated (SHAM). Artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF), used as vehicle, or 5-amino-1-β-D-ribofuranosyl-imidazole-4-carboxamide (AICAR, an AMPK activator, 60 μg/day) was microinjected bilaterally in the PVN of these rats for 4 weeks. In 2K1C rats, there an increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and circulating norepinephrine (NE). Also, the hypertensive rats had lowered expression of p-AMPK and p-AMPK/AMPK, elevated expression of p-ERK1/2, p-ERK1/2/ERK1/2 and AT1-R, increased NF-κB p65 activity in the PVN compared with the levels of these biomarkers in SHAM rats. Four weeks of bilateral PVN injection of AMPK activator AICAR, attenuated the NE level and SBP, increased the expression of p-AMPK and p-AMPK/AMPK, lessened the NF-κB p65 activity, decreased the expression of p-ERK1/2, p-ERK1/2/ERK1/2 and AT1-R in the PVN of 2K1C rats. Data from this study imply that the activation of AMPK within the PVN suppressed AT1-R expression through inhibiting the ERK1/2-NF-κB pathway, decreased the activity of the sympathetic nervous system, improved hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yan Fu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
- Basic Medical College, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, 154007, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Rui-Juan Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi, China
| | - Abdoulaye Issotina Zibrila
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hua Tian
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Diagnosis, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 712046, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiu-Yue Jia
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
- Basic Medical College, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, 154007, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jin-An Qiao
- Institute of Pediatric Diseases, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, 710002, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jin-Min Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jie Qi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Issotina Zibrila A, Zhou J, Wang X, Zeng M, Ali MA, Liu X, Alkuhali AA, Zeng Z, Meng Y, Wang Z, Li X, Liu J. Placental ischemia-upregulated angiotensin II type 1 receptor in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus contributes to hypertension in rat. Pflugers Arch 2024:10.1007/s00424-024-03010-2. [PMID: 39215834 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-024-03010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is associated with increased angiotensin II sensitivity and poor neurological outcomes marked by temporal loss of neural control of blood pressure. Yet the role of centrally expressed angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) within the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) in the PE model is not understood. In a PE rat model with reduced placental perfusion pressure (RUPP) induced on gestational day 14 (GD14), the PVN expression and cellular localization of AT1R were assessed using immunofluorescence and western blotting. The sensitivity of RUPP to acute angiotensin II infusion was assessed. AT1R was antagonized by losartan (100 µg/kg/day) for 5 days intracerebroventricularly (ICV). Hemodynamic data and samples were collected on GD19 for further analysis. RUPP upregulated (p < 0.05) mRNA and protein of AT1R within the PVN and lowered (p < 0.05) circulating angiotensin II in rats. RUPP increased neural and microglial activation. Cellular localization assessment revealed that AT1R was primarily expressed in neurons and slightly in microglia and astrocytes. Infusion of 100 ng/kg as bolus increased the mean arterial pressure (MAP in mmHg) in both RUPP and Sham. ICV losartan infusion attenuated RUPP-increased MAP (113.6 ± 6.22 in RUPP vs. 92.16 ± 5.30 in RUPP + Los, p = 0.021) and the expression of nuclear transcription factor NF-κB, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the PVN. Our data suggest that centrally expressed AT1R, within the PVN, contributes to placental ischemia-induced hypertension in RUPP rats highlighting its therapeutic potential in PE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdoulaye Issotina Zibrila
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Ming Zeng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Md Ahasan Ali
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxu Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Asma A Alkuhali
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoshu Zeng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Meng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Xuelan Li
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, P. R. China.
| | - Jinjun Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li Z, Jiang YY, Long C, Peng X, Tao J, Pu Y, Yue R. Bridging metabolic syndrome and cognitive dysfunction: role of astrocytes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1393253. [PMID: 38800473 PMCID: PMC11116704 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1393253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cognitive dysfunction pose significant challenges to global health and the economy. Systemic inflammation, endocrine disruption, and autoregulatory impairment drive neurodegeneration and microcirculatory damage in MetS. Due to their unique anatomy and function, astrocytes sense and integrate multiple metabolic signals, including peripheral endocrine hormones and nutrients. Astrocytes and synapses engage in a complex dialogue of energetic and immunological interactions. Astrocytes act as a bridge between MetS and cognitive dysfunction, undergoing diverse activation in response to metabolic dysfunction. This article summarizes the alterations in astrocyte phenotypic characteristics across multiple pathological factors in MetS. It also discusses the clinical value of astrocytes as a critical pathologic diagnostic marker and potential therapeutic target for MetS-associated cognitive dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Clinical Medical School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya-yi Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Clinical Medical School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Caiyi Long
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Clinical Medical School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xi Peng
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Clinical Medical School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiajing Tao
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Clinical Medical School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yueheng Pu
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Clinical Medical School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Rensong Yue
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Clinical Medical School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Hamash SM, Jabir MS, Al-Gareeb AI, Albuhadily AK, Albukhaty S, Sulaiman GM. The classical and non-classical axes of renin-angiotensin system in Parkinson disease: The bright and dark side of the moon. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 94:102200. [PMID: 38237699 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a common brain neurodegenerative disease due to progressive degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Of note, the cardio-metabolic disorders such as hypertension are adversely affect PD neuropathology through exaggeration of renin-angiotensin system (RAS). The RAS affects the stability of dopaminergic neurons in the SNpc, and exaggeration of angiotensin II (AngII) is implicated in the development and progression of PD. RAS has two axes classical including angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)/AngII/AT1R, and the non-classical axis which include ACE2/Ang1-7/Mas receptor, AngIII, AngIV, AT2R, and AT4R. It has been shown that brain RAS is differs from that of systemic RAS that produce specific neuronal effects. As well, there is an association between brain RAS and PD. Therefore, this review aims to revise from published articles the role of brain RAS in the pathogenesis of PD focusing on the non-classical pathway, and how targeting of this axis can modulate PD neuropathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Sadiq M Al-Hamash
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Majid S Jabir
- Department of Applied science, University of technology, Iraq.
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali K Albuhadily
- Department of Clinical pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Salim Albukhaty
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Misan, Maysan 62001, Iraq
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Carnevale D. Role of Inflammatory Processes in the Brain-Body Relationship Underlying Hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep 2023; 25:455-461. [PMID: 37787865 PMCID: PMC10698121 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-023-01268-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Essential hypertension is a huge health problem that significantly impacts worldwide population in terms of morbidity and mortality. Idiopathic in its nature, elevated blood pressure results from a complex interaction between polygenic components and environmental and lifestyle factors. The constant growth in the burden of hypertension is at odds with expectations, considering the availability of therapeutic strategies. Hence, there is an endless need to further investigate the complexity of factors contributing to blood pressure elevation. RECENT FINDINGS Recent data indicate that bidirectional interactions between the nervous system and the immune system alter inflammation in the brain and periphery, contributing to chronic hypertension. These findings indicate that the nervous system is both a direct driver of hypertension and also a target of feedback that often elevates blood pressure further. Similarly, the immune system is both target and driver of the blood pressure increases. The contributions of the feedback loops among these systems appear to play an important role in hypertension. Together, recent mechanistic studies strongly suggest that the interactions among the brain, immune system, and inflammation affect the participation of each system in the pathogenesis of hypertension, and thus, all of these systems must be considered in concert to gain a full appreciation of the development and potential treatments of hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Carnevale
- Department of Angiocardioneurology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077, Pozzilli, IS, Italy.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Colombari DSA, Sumners C, Elsaafien K. Editorial: The neuroendocrine, autonomic and neuroinflammatory stress axes in cardiometabolic disease. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1293219. [PMID: 37817982 PMCID: PMC10561380 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1293219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Débora S. A. Colombari
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Colin Sumners
- Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Centre for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Evelyn F. and William L. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Khalid Elsaafien
- The Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Centre for Neuroinflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Colin M, Delaitre C, Foulquier S, Dupuis F. The AT 1/AT 2 Receptor Equilibrium Is a Cornerstone of the Regulation of the Renin Angiotensin System beyond the Cardiovascular System. Molecules 2023; 28:5481. [PMID: 37513355 PMCID: PMC10383525 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The AT1 receptor has mainly been associated with the pathological effects of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) (e.g., hypertension, heart and kidney diseases), and constitutes a major therapeutic target. In contrast, the AT2 receptor is presented as the protective arm of this RAS, and its targeting via specific agonists is mainly used to counteract the effects of the AT1 receptor. The discovery of a local RAS has highlighted the importance of the balance between AT1/AT2 receptors at the tissue level. Disruption of this balance is suggested to be detrimental. The fine tuning of this balance is not limited to the regulation of the level of expression of these two receptors. Other mechanisms still largely unexplored, such as S-nitrosation of the AT1 receptor, homo- and heterodimerization, and the use of AT1 receptor-biased agonists, may significantly contribute to and/or interfere with the settings of this AT1/AT2 equilibrium. This review will detail, through several examples (the brain, wound healing, and the cellular cycle), the importance of the functional balance between AT1 and AT2 receptors, and how new molecular pharmacological approaches may act on its regulation to open up new therapeutic perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Colin
- CITHEFOR, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, MHeNS-School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Sébastien Foulquier
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, MHeNS-School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- CARIM-School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Baumer-Harrison C, Breza JM, Sumners C, Krause EG, de Kloet AD. Sodium Intake and Disease: Another Relationship to Consider. Nutrients 2023; 15:535. [PMID: 36771242 PMCID: PMC9921152 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Sodium (Na+) is crucial for numerous homeostatic processes in the body and, consequentially, its levels are tightly regulated by multiple organ systems. Sodium is acquired from the diet, commonly in the form of NaCl (table salt), and substances that contain sodium taste salty and are innately palatable at concentrations that are advantageous to physiological homeostasis. The importance of sodium homeostasis is reflected by sodium appetite, an "all-hands-on-deck" response involving the brain, multiple peripheral organ systems, and endocrine factors, to increase sodium intake and replenish sodium levels in times of depletion. Visceral sensory information and endocrine signals are integrated by the brain to regulate sodium intake. Dysregulation of the systems involved can lead to sodium overconsumption, which numerous studies have considered causal for the development of diseases, such as hypertension. The purpose here is to consider the inverse-how disease impacts sodium intake, with a focus on stress-related and cardiometabolic diseases. Our proposition is that such diseases contribute to an increase in sodium intake, potentially eliciting a vicious cycle toward disease exacerbation. First, we describe the mechanism(s) that regulate each of these processes independently. Then, we highlight the points of overlap and integration of these processes. We propose that the analogous neural circuitry involved in regulating sodium intake and blood pressure, at least in part, underlies the reciprocal relationship between neural control of these functions. Finally, we conclude with a discussion on how stress-related and cardiometabolic diseases influence these circuitries to alter the consumption of sodium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Baumer-Harrison
- Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
- Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Evelyn F. and William L. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Joseph M. Breza
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI 48197, USA
| | - Colin Sumners
- Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
- Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Evelyn F. and William L. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Eric G. Krause
- Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Evelyn F. and William L. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Annette D. de Kloet
- Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
- Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Evelyn F. and William L. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Issotina Zibrila A, Wang Z, Sangaré-Oumar MM, Zeng M, Liu X, Wang X, Zeng Z, Kang YM, Liu J. Role of blood-borne factors in sympathoexcitation-mediated hypertension: Potential neurally mediated hypertension in preeclampsia. Life Sci 2022; 320:121351. [PMID: 36592790 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension remains a threat for society due to its unknown causes, preventing proper management, for the growing number of patients, for its state as a high-risk factor for stroke, cardiac and renal complication and as cause of disability. Data from clinical and animal researches have suggested the important role of many soluble factors in the pathophysiology of hypertension through their neuro-stimulating effects. Central targets of these factors are of molecular, cellular and structural nature. Preeclampsia (PE) is characterized by high level of soluble factors with strong pro-hypertensive activity and includes immune factors such as proinflammatory cytokines (PICs). The potential neural effect of those factors in PE is still poorly understood. Shedding light into the potential central effect of the soluble factors in PE may advance our current comprehension of the pathophysiology of hypertension in PE, which will contribute to better management of the disease. In this paper, we summarized existing data in respect of hypothesis of this review, that is, the existence of the neural component in the pathophysiology of the hypertension in PE. Future studies would address this hypothesis to broaden our understanding of the pathophysiology of hypertension in PE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdoulaye Issotina Zibrila
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, PR China; Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of science and Technology, University of Abomey-Calavi, 06 BP 2584 Cotonou, Benin
| | - Zheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, PR China
| | - Machioud Maxime Sangaré-Oumar
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of science and Technology, University of Abomey-Calavi, 06 BP 2584 Cotonou, Benin
| | - Ming Zeng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Xiaoxu Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Zhaoshu Zeng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Jinjun Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Soluble ANPEP Released From Human Astrocytes as a Positive Regulator of Microglial Activation and Neuroinflammation: Brain Renin-Angiotensin System in Astrocyte-Microglia Crosstalk. Mol Cell Proteomics 2022; 21:100424. [PMID: 36220603 PMCID: PMC9650055 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2022.100424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are major supportive glia and immune modulators in the brain; they are highly secretory in nature and interact with other cell types via their secreted proteomes. To understand how astrocytes communicate during neuroinflammation, we profiled the secretome of human astrocytes following stimulation with proinflammatory factors. A total of 149 proteins were significantly upregulated in stimulated astrocytes, and a bioinformatics analysis of the astrocyte secretome revealed that the brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is an important mechanism of astrocyte communication. We observed that the levels of soluble form of aminopeptidase N (sANPEP), an RAS component that converts angiotensin (Ang) III to Ang IV in a neuroinflammatory milieu, significantly increased in the astrocyte secretome. To elucidate the role of sANPEP and Ang IV in neuroinflammation, we first evaluated the expression of Ang IV receptors in human glial cells because Ang IV mediates biological effects through its receptors. The expression of angiotensin type 1 receptor was considerably upregulated in activated human microglial cells but not in human astrocytes. Moreover, interleukin-1β release from human microglial cells was synergistically increased by cotreatment with sANPEP and its substrate, Ang III, suggesting the proinflammatory action of Ang IV generated by sANPEP. In a mouse neuroinflammation model, brain microglial activation and proinflammatory cytokine expression levels were increased by intracerebroventricular injection of sANPEP and attenuated by an enzymatic inhibitor and neutralizing antibody against sANPEP. Collectively, our results indicate that astrocytic sANPEP-induced increase in Ang IV exacerbates neuroinflammation by interacting with microglial proinflammatory receptor angiotensin type 1 receptor, highlighting an important role of indirect crosstalk between astrocytes and microglia through the brain RAS in neuroinflammation.
Collapse
|
13
|
Steckelings UM, Widdop RE, Sturrock ED, Lubbe L, Hussain T, Kaschina E, Unger T, Hallberg A, Carey RM, Sumners C. The Angiotensin AT 2 Receptor: From a Binding Site to a Novel Therapeutic Target. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:1051-1135. [PMID: 36180112 PMCID: PMC9553111 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovered more than 30 years ago, the angiotensin AT2 receptor (AT2R) has evolved from a binding site with unknown function to a firmly established major effector within the protective arm of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and a target for new drugs in development. The AT2R represents an endogenous protective mechanism that can be manipulated in the majority of preclinical models to alleviate lung, renal, cardiovascular, metabolic, cutaneous, and neural diseases as well as cancer. This article is a comprehensive review summarizing our current knowledge of the AT2R, from its discovery to its position within the RAS and its overall functions. This is followed by an in-depth look at the characteristics of the AT2R, including its structure, intracellular signaling, homo- and heterodimerization, and expression. AT2R-selective ligands, from endogenous peptides to synthetic peptides and nonpeptide molecules that are used as research tools, are discussed. Finally, we summarize the known physiological roles of the AT2R and its abundant protective effects in multiple experimental disease models and expound on AT2R ligands that are undergoing development for clinical use. The present review highlights the controversial aspects and gaps in our knowledge of this receptor and illuminates future perspectives for AT2R research. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The angiotensin AT2 receptor (AT2R) is now regarded as a fully functional and important component of the renin-angiotensin system, with the potential of exerting protective actions in a variety of diseases. This review provides an in-depth view of the AT2R, which has progressed from being an enigma to becoming a therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U Muscha Steckelings
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Robert E Widdop
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Edward D Sturrock
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Lizelle Lubbe
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Tahir Hussain
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Elena Kaschina
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Thomas Unger
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Anders Hallberg
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Robert M Carey
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Colin Sumners
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mińczuk K, Baranowska-Kuczko M, Krzyżewska A, Schlicker E, Malinowska B. Cross-Talk between the (Endo)Cannabinoid and Renin-Angiotensin Systems: Basic Evidence and Potential Therapeutic Significance. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6350. [PMID: 35683028 PMCID: PMC9181166 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This review is dedicated to the cross-talk between the (endo)cannabinoid and renin angiotensin systems (RAS). Activation of AT1 receptors (AT1Rs) by angiotensin II (Ang II) can release endocannabinoids that, by acting at cannabinoid CB1 receptors (CB1Rs), modify the response to AT1R stimulation. CB1R blockade may enhance AT1R-mediated responses (mainly vasoconstrictor effects) or reduce them (mainly central nervous system-mediated effects). The final effects depend on whether stimulation of CB1Rs and AT1Rs induces opposite or the same effects. Second, CB1R blockade may diminish AT1R levels. Third, phytocannabinoids modulate angiotensin-converting enzyme-2. Additional studies are required to clarify (1) the existence of a cross-talk between the protective axis of the RAS (Ang II-AT2 receptor system or angiotensin 1-7-Mas receptor system) with components of the endocannabinoid system, (2) the influence of Ang II on constituents of the endocannabinoid system and (3) the (patho)physiological significance of AT1R-CB1R heteromerization. As a therapeutic consequence, CB1R antagonists may influence effects elicited by the activation or blockade of the RAS; phytocannabinoids may be useful as adjuvant therapy against COVID-19; single drugs acting on the (endo)cannabinoid system (cannabidiol) and the RAS (telmisartan) may show pharmacokinetic interactions since they are substrates of the same metabolizing enzyme of the transport mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Mińczuk
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2A, 15-222 Białystok, Poland; (K.M.); (M.B.-K.); (A.K.)
| | - Marta Baranowska-Kuczko
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2A, 15-222 Białystok, Poland; (K.M.); (M.B.-K.); (A.K.)
| | - Anna Krzyżewska
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2A, 15-222 Białystok, Poland; (K.M.); (M.B.-K.); (A.K.)
| | - Eberhard Schlicker
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Barbara Malinowska
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2A, 15-222 Białystok, Poland; (K.M.); (M.B.-K.); (A.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mińczuk K, Schlicker E, Malinowska B. Cross-Talk between CB 1, AT 1, AT 2 and Mas Receptors Responsible for Blood Pressure Control in the Paraventricular Nucleus of Hypothalamus in Conscious Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats and Their Normotensive Controls. Cells 2022; 11:1542. [PMID: 35563848 PMCID: PMC9101384 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that in urethane-anaesthetized rats, intravenous injection of the angiotensin II (Ang II) AT1 receptor antagonist losartan reversed the pressor effect of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist CP55940 given in the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus (PVN). The aim of our study was to determine the potential interactions in the PVN between CB1 receptors and AT1 and AT2 receptors for Ang II and Mas receptors for Ang 1-7 in blood pressure regulation in conscious spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats. The pressor effects of Ang II, Ang 1-7 and CP55940 microinjected into the PVN were stronger in SHRs than in WKYs. Increases in blood pressure in response to Ang II were strongly inhibited by antagonists of AT1 (losartan), AT2 (PD123319) and CB1 (AM251) receptors, to Ang 1-7 by a Mas antagonist (A-779) and AM251 and to CP55940 by losartan, PD123319 and A-779. Higher (AT1 and CB1) and lower (AT2 and Mas) receptor expression in the PVN of SHR compared to WKY may partially explain the above differences. In conclusion, blood pressure control in the PVN depends on the mutual interaction of CB1, AT1, AT2 and Mas receptors in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats and their normotensive controls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Mińczuk
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2A, 15-222 Białystok, Poland;
| | - Eberhard Schlicker
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Barbara Malinowska
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2A, 15-222 Białystok, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Perrotta M, Carnevale D. Brain Areas Involved in Modulating the Immune Response Participating in Hypertension and Its Target Organ Damage. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:1515-1530. [PMID: 34269604 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Hypertension is a multifactorial disease ensuing from the continuous challenge imposed by several risk factors on the cardiovascular system. Classically known pathophysiological alterations associated with hypertension comprise neurogenic mechanisms dysregulating the autonomic nervous system (ANS), vascular dysfunction, and excessive activation of the renin angiotensin system. During the past few years, a considerable number of studies indicated that immune activation and inflammation also have an important role in the onset and maintenance of hypertension. Critical Issues: On these premises, it has been necessary to reconsider the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying hypertension development, taking into account the potential interactions established between classically known determinants of high blood pressure and the immune system. Recent Advances: Interestingly, central nervous system areas controlling cardiovascular functions are enriched with Angiotensin II receptors. Observations showing that these brain areas are crucial for mediating peripheral ANS and immune responses were suggestive of a critical role of neuroimmune interactions in hypertension. In fact, the ANS, characterized by an intricate network of afferent and efferent fibers, represents an intermediate between the brain and peripheral responses that are essential for blood pressure regulation. Future Directions: In this review, we will summarize studies showing how specific brain areas can modulate immune responses that are involved in hypertension. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 1515-1530.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marialuisa Perrotta
- Department of Molecular Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Carnevale
- Department of Molecular Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Research Unit of Neuro and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Scheinman SB, Zaldua S, Dada A, Krochmaliuk K, Dye K, Marottoli FM, Thatcher GRJ, Tai LM. Systemic Candesartan Treatment Modulates Behavior, Synaptic Protein Levels, and Neuroinflammation in Female Mice That Express Human APOE4. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:628403. [PMID: 33642985 PMCID: PMC7902885 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.628403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) could be beneficial for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients independent of any effects on hypertension. However, studies in rodent models directly testing the activity of ARB treatment on behavior and AD-relevent pathology including neuroinflammation, Aβ levels, and cerebrovascular function, have produced mixed results. APOE4 is a major genetic risk factor for AD and has been linked to many of the same functions as those purported to be modulated by ARB treatment. Therefore, evaluating the effects of ARB treatment on behavior and AD-relevant pathology in mice that express human APOE4 could provide important information on whether to further develop ARBs for AD therapy. In this study, we treated female and male mice that express the human APOE4 gene in the absence (E4FAD−) or presence (E4FAD+) of high Aβ levels with the ARB prodrug candesartan cilexetil for a duration of 4 months. Compared to vehicle, candesartan treatment resulted in greater memory-relevant behavior and higher hippocampal presynaptic protein levels in female, but not male, E4FAD− and E4FAD+ mice. The beneficial effects of candesartan in female E4FAD− and E4FAD+ mice occurred in tandem with lower GFAP and Iba1 levels in the hippocampus, whereas there were no effects on markers of cerebrovascular function and Aβ levels. Collectively, these data imply that the effects of ARBs on AD-relevant pathology may be modulated in part by the interaction between APOE genotype and biological sex. Thus, the further development of ARBs could provide therapeutic options for targeting neuroinflammation in female APOE4 carriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Scheinman
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Steve Zaldua
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Adedoyin Dada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Kateryna Krochmaliuk
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Katherine Dye
- UICentre, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Felecia M Marottoli
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Gregory R J Thatcher
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Leon M Tai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| |
Collapse
|