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Paz-Ibarra J, Concepción-Zavaleta MJ, Quiroz-Aldave JE. Environmental factors related to the origin and evolution of differentiated thyroid cancer: a narrative review. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38975697 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2024.2377687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The global incidence of thyroid cancer (TC) has increased in the last decades. While improvements in diagnosis may contribute, overdiagnosis is also a possibility. This review focuses on the epidemiology, risk factors, and immune microenvironment associated with differentiated TC (DTC). AREAS COVERED A search was conducted in Scielo, Scopus, and EMBASE databases, involving 72 articles. TC is the most common endocrine neoplasm, with DTC form being predominant. Its incidence has globally risen, particularly among women aged over 45. Endogenous risk factors for DTC include genetic disorders, race, age, female gender, obesity, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Environmental risks involve ionizing radiation, whether through therapeutic treatment or environmental contamination from nuclear accidents, iodine deficiency, endocrine disruptors, residence in volcanic areas, environmental pollution, and stress. The use of anti-obesity medications remains controversial. The tumor's immune microenvironment is the histological space where tumor cells interact with host cells, crucial for understanding aggressiveness. Immunotherapy emerges as a promising intervention. EXPERT OPINION Recent advances in DTC management offer transformative potential, requiring collaborative efforts for implementation. Emerging areas like precision medicine, molecular profiling, and immunotherapy present exciting prospects for future exploration, shaping the next era of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in thyroid cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Paz-Ibarra
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
- Division of Endocrinology, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Perú
| | | | - Juan Eduardo Quiroz-Aldave
- Division of Non-communicable diseases, Endocrinology research line, Hospital de Apoyo Chepén, Chepén, Perú
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Webster AM, Pinion D, Pineda E, Aboueisha H, Hussein MH, Fawzy MS, Toraih EA, Kandil E. Elucidating the link between thyroid cancer and mercury exposure: a review and meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:12841-12855. [PMID: 38273084 PMCID: PMC10881592 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32031-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is a widely distributed and bioavailable metal of public health concern, with many known human toxicities, but data regarding mercury's influence on thyroid cancer (TC) is scarce. Mercury is known to impact several molecular pathways implicated in carcinogenesis, and its proclivity for bioaccumulation in the thyroid suggests a potential modulatory effect. We conducted a literature/systematic review of studies between 1995-2022 intending to define better and establish relationships between these two entities, congregate the evidence for mercury's potential role in thyroid carcinogenesis, and identify populations of interest for further study. Insufficient evidence precludes definitive conclusions on dietary mercury as a TC risk factor; however, several common mechanisms affected by mercury are crucial for TC development, including biochemical, endocrine, and reactive oxygen species effects. Quantitative analysis revealed associations between TC risk and mercury exposure. In three mercury studies, average urine levels were higher in TC patients, with a mean difference of 1.86 µg/g creatinine (95% CI = 0.32-3.41). In two studies investigating exposure to elevated mercury levels, the exposed group exhibited a higher risk of developing TC, with a relative risk of 1.90 (95% CI = 1.76-2.06). In three thyroid tissue studies, mercury levels (ppm) were higher in TC patients, averaging 0.14 (0.06-0.22) in cancerous cases (N = 178) and 0.08 (0.04-0.11) in normal thyroids (N = 257). Our findings suggest an association between mercury exposure and TC risk, implying a possible predisposing factor. Further research is necessary to reveal the clinical relevance of dietary and environmental mercury exposures in TC pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa M Webster
- School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Dylan Pinion
- School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Eric Pineda
- School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Hadeel Aboueisha
- Medical Education Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Mohammad H Hussein
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Manal S Fawzy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia
- Unit of Medical Research and Postgraduate Studies, Faculty of Medicine, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman A Toraih
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
- Genetics Unit, Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
| | - Emad Kandil
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
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Mangion J, Gruppetta M. The environmental burden on endocrine neoplasia: a review on the documented impact of endocrine disrupting chemicals. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2023; 18:513-524. [PMID: 37840278 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2023.2268215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have gained more importance in the past decade, mostly due to their role in the pathogenesis of disease, especially in carcinogenesis. However, there is limited literature on the environmental burden on some of the less common endocrine neoplasia. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on both observational and experimental studies linking exposure to EDCs and endocrine neoplasia specifically pituitary, thyroid, adrenal and neuroendocrine tumors. Following PRISMA guidelines, a search of English peer-reviewed literature was performed using Medline and Google Scholar, giving preference to recent publications. EXPERT OPINION Exposure to EDC occurs not only in the household but also at work, whether it is in the office, factory, or farm and during transport from one location to another. Many studies have evaluated the effect of single environmental agents; however, humans are rarely exposed to only one EDC. Different EDCs and different levels of exposure may interact together to provide either a synergistic and/or an antagonistic disruption on human health, and hence a complex mechanism to elucidate. The ultimate adverse effect is difficult to predict, as it is not only influenced by the degree of exposure, but also by genetics, lifestyle, comorbidities, and other stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Mangion
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta
- Neuroendocrine Clinic, Department of Medicine, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta
| | - Mark Gruppetta
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta
- Neuroendocrine Clinic, Department of Medicine, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta
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Ścibior A, Llopis J, Dobrakowski PP, Męcik-Kronenberg T. CNS-Related Effects Caused by Vanadium at Realistic Exposure Levels in Humans: A Comprehensive Overview Supplemented with Selected Animal Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109004. [PMID: 37240351 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders, which are currently incurable diseases of the nervous system, are a constantly growing social concern. They are progressive and lead to gradual degeneration and/or death of nerve cells, resulting in cognitive deterioration or impaired motor functions. New therapies that would ensure better treatment results and contribute to a significant slowdown in the progression of neurodegenerative syndromes are constantly being sought. Vanadium (V), which is an element with a wide range of impacts on the mammalian organism, is at the forefront among the different metals studied for their potential therapeutic use. On the other hand, it is a well-known environmental and occupational pollutant and can exert adverse effects on human health. As a strong pro-oxidant, it can generate oxidative stress involved in neurodegeneration. Although the detrimental effects of vanadium on the CNS are relatively well recognized, the role of this metal in the pathophysiology of various neurological disorders, at realistic exposure levels in humans, is not yet well characterized. Hence, the main goal of this review is to summarize data on the neurological side effects/neurobehavioral alterations in humans, in relation to vanadium exposure, with the focus on the levels of this metal in biological fluids/brain tissues of subjects with some neurodegenerative syndromes. Data collected in the present review indicate that vanadium cannot be excluded as a factor playing a pivotal role in the etiopathogenesis of neurodegenerative illnesses, and point to the need for additional extensive epidemiological studies that will provide more evidence supporting the relationship between vanadium exposure and neurodegeneration in humans. Simultaneously, the reviewed data, clearly showing the environmental impact of vanadium on health, suggest that more attention should be paid to chronic diseases related to vanadium and to the assessment of the dose-response relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Ścibior
- Laboratory of Oxidative Stress, Department of Biomedicine and Environmental Research, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantynów St. 1J, 20-708 Lublin, Poland
| | - Juan Llopis
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology ''José Mataix", Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, 18100 Armilla, Spain
- Sport and Health Research Centre, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Paweł Piotr Dobrakowski
- Psychology Institute, Humanitas University in Sosnowiec, Jana Kilińskiego St. 43, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Tomasz Męcik-Kronenberg
- Department of Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 3 Maja St. 13, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
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Guarnotta V, La Monica R, Ingrao VR, Di Stefano C, Salzillo R, Pizzolanti G, Giannone AG, Almasio PL, Richiusa P, Giordano C. Ultrasound Parameters Can Accurately Predict the Risk of Malignancy in Patients with "Indeterminate TIR3b" Cytology Nodules: A Prospective Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098296. [PMID: 37176002 PMCID: PMC10179280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The increase in the incidence of thyroid nodules with cytological findings of TIR3b requires the identification of predictive factors of malignancy. We prospectively evaluated 2160 patients from January 2018 to June 2022 and enrolled 103 patients with indeterminate cytology TIR3b nodules who underwent total (73 patients) and hemi-thyroidectomy (30 patients). Among them, 61 had a histological diagnosis of malignancy (30 classic papillary thyroid carcinoma, 19 had follicular papillary thyroid carcinoma variant, 3 had Hurtle cell carcinoma and 9 had follicular thyroid carcinoma), while 42 had a benign histology. Clinical, ultrasonographic and cytological characteristics were recorded. In addition, BRAF mutation was analysed. Patients with a histological diagnosis of malignancy had a higher frequency of nodule diameter ≤11 mm (p = 0.002), hypoechogenicity (p < 0.001), irregular borders (p < 0.001), peri- and intralesional vascular flows (p = 0.004) and microcalcifications (p = 0.001) compared to patients with benign histology. In contrast, patients with benign histology had more frequent nodules with a halo sign (p = 0.012) compared to patients with histological diagnosis of malignancy. No significant differences were found in BRAF mutation between the two groups. Our study suggests that the combination of ultrasonographic and cytological data could be more accurate and reliable than cytology alone in identifying those patients with TIR3b cytology and a histology of malignancy to be referred for thyroidectomy, thus reducing the number of patients undergoing thyroidectomy for benign thyroid disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Guarnotta
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Section, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties "G. D'Alessandro", PROMISE, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberta La Monica
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Section, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties "G. D'Alessandro", PROMISE, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Vincenza Rita Ingrao
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Section, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties "G. D'Alessandro", PROMISE, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Claudia Di Stefano
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Section, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties "G. D'Alessandro", PROMISE, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Riccardo Salzillo
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Section, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties "G. D'Alessandro", PROMISE, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pizzolanti
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Section, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties "G. D'Alessandro", PROMISE, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonino Giulio Giannone
- Pathologic Anatomy Unit, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Piero Luigi Almasio
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Section, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties "G. D'Alessandro", PROMISE, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Pierina Richiusa
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Section, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties "G. D'Alessandro", PROMISE, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Carla Giordano
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Section, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties "G. D'Alessandro", PROMISE, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
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Neumann NR, Butler-Dawson J, Krisher L, Jaramillo D, Pilloni D, Waite G, Li Y, Wittels SB, Schilling K, Newman LS, James KA. Urinary concentrations of metals before and after volcanic eruption: a natural experiment surrounding the eruption of Volcán de Fuego, 2018. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:2461-2472. [PMID: 35997967 PMCID: PMC11078547 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01338-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Volcanic eruptions increase environmental heavy metal concentrations, yet little research has been performed on their extrapulmonary human health effects. We fortuitously collected biological samples in a cohort of Guatemalan sugarcane cutters in the area surrounding Volcán de Fuego before and after the June 2018 eruption. We sought to determine whether stratovolcanic activity was associated with changes in urinary concentrations of heavy metals in a cohort of sugarcane workers. In this exploratory analysis, we found significant increases in urinary arsenic, (β = 1.46, P < 0.0001), cadmium (β = 1.03, P < 0.0001), and lead (β = 0.87, P = 0.003) in participants with residential proximity to Volcán de Fuego as compared to participants farther away, suggesting that volcanic activity could be associated with acute heavy metal exposures. This natural experiment is, to our knowledge, the first of its kind and suggests a need for more research into heavy metal exposure-related health impacts of volcanic eruptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie R Neumann
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Jaime Butler-Dawson
- Center for Health, Work and Environment, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Lyndsay Krisher
- Center for Health, Work and Environment, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Diana Jaramillo
- Center for Health, Work and Environment, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Greg Waite
- Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - Yaqiang Li
- Community and Behavioral Health Department, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Kathrin Schilling
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lee S Newman
- Center for Health, Work and Environment, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Katherine A James
- Center for Health, Work and Environment, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
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High Incidence of Thyroid Cancer in Southern Tuscany (Grosseto Province, Italy): Potential Role of Environmental Heavy Metal Pollution. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020298. [PMID: 36830835 PMCID: PMC9953479 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of thyroid cancer (TC) in Italy is one of the highest in Europe, and the reason for this is unclear. The intra-country heterogeneity of TC incidence suggests the possibility of an overdiagnosis phenomenon, although environmental factors cannot be excluded. The aim of our study is to evaluate the TC incidence trend in southern Tuscany, Italy, an area with particular geological characteristics, where the pollution and subsequent deterioration of various environmental matrices with potentially toxic elements (heavy metals) introduced from either geological or anthropogenic (human activities) sources are documented. The Tuscany cancer registry (ISPRO) provided us with the number of cases and EU standardized incidence rates (IR) of TC patients for all three provinces of southeast Tuscany (Siena, Grosseto, Arezzo) during the period of 2013-2016. In addition, we examined the histological records of 226 TC patients. We observed that the TC incidence rates for both sexes observed in Grosseto Province were significantly higher than those observed in the other two provinces. The increase was mostly due to the papillary (PTC) histotype (92% of cases), which presented aggressive variants in 37% of PTCs and tumor diameters more than 1 cm in 71.3% of cases. We demonstrated a high incidence of TC in Grosseto province, especially among male patients, that could be influenced by the presence of environmental heavy metal pollution.
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Abstract
Tungsten is an emerging contaminant in the environment. Research has demonstrated that humans are exposed to high levels of tungsten in certain settings, primarily due to increased use of tungsten in industrial applications. However, our understanding of the potential human health risks of tungsten exposure is still limited. An important point we have learned about the toxicity profile of tungsten is that it is complex because tungsten can often augment the effects of other co-exposures or co-stressors, which could result in greater toxicity or more severe disease. This has shaped the tungsten toxicology field and the types of research questions being investigated. This has particularly been true when evaluating the toxicity profile of tungsten metal alloys in combination with cobalt. In this chapter, the current state of the tungsten toxicology field will be discussed focusing on data investigating tungsten carcinogenicity and other major toxicities including pulmonary, cardiometabolic, bone, and immune endpoints, either alone or in combination with other metals. Environmental and human monitoring data will also be discussed to highlight human populations most at risk of exposure to high concentrations of tungsten, the forms of tungsten present in each setting, and exposure levels in each population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M Bolt
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States.
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Kruger E, Toraih EA, Hussein MH, Shehata SA, Waheed A, Fawzy MS, Kandil E. Thyroid Carcinoma: A Review for 25 Years of Environmental Risk Factors Studies. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14246172. [PMID: 36551665 PMCID: PMC9777404 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14246172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental factors are established contributors to thyroid carcinomas. Due to their known ability to cause cancer, exposure to several organic and inorganic chemical toxicants and radiation from nuclear weapons, fallout, or medical radiation poses a threat to global public health. Halogenated substances like organochlorines and pesticides can interfere with thyroid function. Like phthalates and bisphenolates, polychlorinated biphenyls and their metabolites, along with polybrominated diethyl ethers, impact thyroid hormones biosynthesis, transport, binding to target organs, and impair thyroid function. A deeper understanding of environmental exposure is crucial for managing and preventing thyroid cancer. This review aims to investigate the relationship between environmental factors and the development of thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kruger
- School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Eman A. Toraih
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
- Correspondence: (E.A.T.); (M.S.F.)
| | - Mohammad H. Hussein
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Shaimaa A. Shehata
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Amani Waheed
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Manal S. Fawzy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Northern Border University, Arar 1321, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (E.A.T.); (M.S.F.)
| | - Emad Kandil
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Kim S, Song SH, Lee CW, Kwon JT, Park EY, Oh JK, Kim HJ, Park E, Kim B. Low-Level Environmental Mercury Exposure and Thyroid Cancer Risk Among Residents Living Near National Industrial Complexes in South Korea: A Population-Based Cohort Study. Thyroid 2022; 32:1118-1128. [PMID: 35950626 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2022.0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Previous studies suggested that mercury may be linked to thyroid cancer due to its bioaccumulation in the thyroid gland, but no studies have evaluated the association between mercury exposure and thyroid cancer risk. We examined the relationship between mercury exposure and thyroid cancer risk, with the potential modification of hematological parameters. Methods: We performed a secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study among residents living near industrial complexes in South Korea (recruited from 2003 to 2011). Incident thyroid cancer cases (C73, ICD-10 code) were identified from the National Cancer Registry and Statistics Korea. Urinary mercury concentrations were measured using thermal decomposition amalgamation atomic absorption spectrometry (TDA-AAS). Cox proportional hazards regression models (adjusted for age, sex, educational level, smoking status, and employment) were used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) and confidence interval [CI] between mercury exposure and the incidence of thyroid cancer. Results: We documented 69 cases of thyroid cancer in a total of 5213 participants during follow-up (median 8.7 years). The geometric mean of urinary mercury concentration was 1.8 μg/L for thyroid cancer cases and 1.2 μg/L for noncases (p for difference = 0.001). After adjusting for potential confounders, those in the highest tertile of urinary mercury levels had a twofold higher risk of thyroid cancer (HR = 1.97 [CI 1.03 - 3.80] in the highest tertile vs. the lowest tertile, p for trend = 0.043). This association was stronger for those with lower mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin status. Conclusions: Urinary mercury concentration was positively associated with the risk of thyroid cancer among residents living near national industrial complexes, and this association was influenced by red blood cell indices status. These results provide some evidence suggesting the adverse effects of environmental metal pollution in the development of thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyoung Kim
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hwan Song
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Woo Lee
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Taek Kwon
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Park
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Kyoung Oh
- Department of Cancer Control and Population Health, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Kim
- Cancer Big Data Center, National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjung Park
- Department of Cancer Control and Population Health, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungmi Kim
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
- Department of Cancer Control and Population Health, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
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Sauzéat L, Eychenne J, Gurioli L, Boyet M, Jessop DE, Moretti R, Monrose M, Holota H, Beaudoin C, Volle DH. Metallome deregulation and health-related impacts due to long-term exposure to recent volcanic ash deposits: New chemical and isotopic insights. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 829:154383. [PMID: 35276143 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Volcanic ash exposure can lead to significant health risks. Damage to the respiratory and pulmonary systems are the most evident toxic side effects although the causes of these symptoms remain unclear. Conversely, the effects on other organs remain largely under-explored, limiting our understanding of the long-term volcanic ash-related risk at the whole-body scale. The metallome i.e. metal concentrations and isotopic compositions within the body, is suspected to be affected by volcanic ash exposure, having thus the potential for capturing some specificities of ash toxicity. However, the means by and extent to which the metallome is affected at the entire body scale and how the consequent chemical and isotopic deregulations correlate with pathophysiological dysfunctions are currently poorly understood. Here, we adopt a transdisciplinary approach combining high precision chemical analyses (major and trace element concentrations) and CuZn isotope measurements in seven organs and two biological fluids of isogenic mice (C57BL/6) exposed to eruption products from La Soufrière de Guadeloupe (Eastern Carribean), in tandem with biological parameters including physiological and morphological data. Based on principal component analysis, we show that after one month of exposure to volcanic ash deposits, the mice metallome; originally organ-specific and isotopically-typified, is highly disrupted as shown for example by heavy metal accumulation in testis (e.g., Fe, Zn) and Cu, Zn isotopic divergence in liver, intestine and blood. These metallomic variations are correlated with early testicular defects and might reflect the warning signs of premature (entero)hepatic impairments that may seriously affect fertility and favor the emergence of liver diseases after prolonged exposure. Monitoring the temporal evolution of the Cu and Zn isotope compositions seems to be a promising technique to identify the main biological processes and vital functions that are vulnerable to environmental volcanogenic pollutants although this will require further validation on human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Sauzéat
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, IRD, OPGC, Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Génétique, Reproduction et Développement, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Julia Eychenne
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, IRD, OPGC, Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Génétique, Reproduction et Développement, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Lucia Gurioli
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, IRD, OPGC, Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Université de Paris, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, CNRS UMR 7154, F-75005 Paris, France; Observatoire volcanologique et sismologique de Guadeloupe, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, F-97113 Gourbeyre, France
| | - Maud Boyet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, IRD, OPGC, Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - David E Jessop
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, IRD, OPGC, Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Université de Paris, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, CNRS UMR 7154, F-75005 Paris, France; Observatoire volcanologique et sismologique de Guadeloupe, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, F-97113 Gourbeyre, France
| | - Roberto Moretti
- Université de Paris, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, CNRS UMR 7154, F-75005 Paris, France; Observatoire volcanologique et sismologique de Guadeloupe, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, F-97113 Gourbeyre, France
| | - Mélusine Monrose
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Génétique, Reproduction et Développement, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Hélène Holota
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Génétique, Reproduction et Développement, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Claude Beaudoin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Génétique, Reproduction et Développement, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - David H Volle
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Génétique, Reproduction et Développement, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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12
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Uranium: occurrence, distribution across India and its potential health effects. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-022-08373-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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13
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Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: Current Position in Epidemiology, Genomics, and Classification. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2534:1-15. [PMID: 35670964 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2505-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Papillary thyroid carcinoma is the most common type of thyroid malignancy both in adults and pediatric population. Since the 1980s, there are changes in criteria in labelling thyroid lesions as "papillary thyroid carcinomas." Radiation exposure is a well-established risk factor for papillary thyroid carcinoma. Other environmental risk factors include dietary iodine, obesity, hormones, and environmental pollutants. Papillary thyroid carcinomas could occur in familial settings, and 5% of these familial cases have well-studied driver germline mutations. In sporadic papillary thyroid carcinoma, BRAF mutation is common and is associated with clinicopathologic and prognostic markers. The mutation could aid in the clinical diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Globally, thyroid cancer is among the top ten commonest cancer in females. In both adult and pediatric populations, there are variations of prevalence of thyroid cancer and rising incidence rates of thyroid cancer worldwide. The increase of thyroid cancer incidence was almost entirely due to the increase of papillary thyroid carcinoma. The reasons behind the increase are complex, multifactorial, and incompletely understood. The most obvious reasons are increased use of diagnostic entities, change in classification of thyroid neoplasms, as well as factors such as obesity, environmental risk factors, and radiation. The prognosis of the patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma is generally good after treatment. Nevertheless, cancer recurrence and comorbidity of second primary cancer may occur, and it is important to have awareness of the clinical, pathological, and molecular parameters of papillary thyroid carcinoma.
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14
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Effects of Sodium Pyruvate on Vanadyl Sulphate-Induced Reactive Species Generation and Mitochondrial Destabilisation in CHO-K1 Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11050909. [PMID: 35624773 PMCID: PMC9137755 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Vanadium is ranked as one of the world’s critical metals considered important for economic growth with wide use in the steel industry. However, its production, applications, and emissions related to the combustion of vanadium-containing fuels are known to cause harm to the environment and human health. Pyruvate, i.e., a glucose metabolite, has been postulated as a compound with multiple cytoprotective properties, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of the present study was to examine the antioxidant potential of sodium pyruvate (4.5 mM) in vanadyl sulphate (VOSO4)-exposed CHO-K1 cells. Dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate and dihydrorhodamine 123 staining were performed to measure total and mitochondrial generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), respectively. Furthermore, mitochondrial damage was investigated using MitoTell orange and JC-10 staining assays. We demonstrated that VOSO4 alone induced a significant rise in ROS starting from 1 h to 3 h after the treatment. Additionally, after 24 and 48 h of exposure, VOSO4 elicited both extensive hyperpolarisation and depolarisation of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). The two-way ANOVA analysis of the results showed that, through antagonistic interaction, pyruvate prevented VOSO4-induced total ROS generation, which could be observed at the 3 h time point. In addition, through the independent action and antagonistic interaction with VOSO4, pyruvate provided a pronounced protective effect against VOSO4-mediated mitochondrial toxicity at 24-h exposure, i.e., prevention of VOSO4-induced hyperpolarisation and depolarisation of MMP. In conclusion, we found that pyruvate exerted cytoprotective effects against vanadium-induced toxicity at least in part by decreasing ROS generation and preserving mitochondrial functions
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15
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Rodríguez-Hernández Á, Díaz-Díaz R, Zumbado M, Bernal-Suárez MDM, Acosta-Dacal A, Macías-Montes A, Travieso-Aja MDM, Rial-Berriel C, Henríquez Hernández LA, Boada LD, Luzardo OP. Impact of chemical elements released by the volcanic eruption of La Palma (Canary Islands, Spain) on banana agriculture and European consumers. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 293:133508. [PMID: 34990724 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The recent volcanic eruption on the island of La Palma has aroused the concern of banana producers and consumers, given that in its area of influence there are thousands of hectares of banana plantations with an annual production of about 100 million kilos for export. Since volcanoes are one of the main natural sources of heavy metal contamination, we sampled bananas from the affected area and determined the concentrations of 50 elements (Ag, Al, As, Au, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cu, Cu, Dy, Er, Eu, Fe, Ga, Gd, Hg, Ho, In, La, Lu, Mn, Mo, Nb, Nd, Ni, Os, Pb, Pd, Pm, Pr, Pt, Sb, Sc, Se, Sm, Sn, Sr, Ta, Tb, Th, Ti, Tl, Tm, U, Y, Yb and Zn). The levels of 36 elements were elevated but the washing implemented after the eruption can remove a good part. After the washout, bananas have elevated levels of Fe, Al, Ti, V, Ba, Pb, most of the rare earth elements, Mo, and Co. In all cases, except Mo, the elevation is much higher in the peel than in the flesh. In the case of Mo, the elevation in banana flesh would translate into a higher nutritional intake of this trace element, which could represent up to 35% of the daily nutritional requirements. Exposure to toxic or potentially toxic elements, does not represent a health risk, since would not exceed 5% of the tolerable daily intake, even in the worst-case scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Rodríguez-Hernández
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Ricardo Díaz-Díaz
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Technological Institute of the Canary Islands, C/ Los Cactus no 68 35118, Polígono Industrial de Arinaga, Agüimes, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Manuel Zumbado
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Spain
| | | | - Andrea Acosta-Dacal
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Ana Macías-Montes
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - María Del Mar Travieso-Aja
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Cristian Rial-Berriel
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Luis Alberto Henríquez Hernández
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Spain
| | - Luis D Boada
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Spain
| | - Octavio P Luzardo
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Spain.
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16
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van Gerwen M, Alerte E, Alsen M, Little C, Sinclair C, Genden E. The role of heavy metals in thyroid cancer: A meta-analysis. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2022; 69:126900. [PMID: 34798515 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2021.126900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metal ions are known to accumulate in the thyroid and some play an important role in the function and homeostatic mechanisms of the thyroid gland. Certain metal ions are known endocrine disruptors while others are classified to be carcinogenic. Although higher thyroid cancer incidence rates have been reported in regions with high metal levels in soil and drinking water, including volcanic regions, the effect of heavy metals on the thyroid is still poorly understood. To investigate the association between heavy metals and thyroid cancer, a comprehensive meta-analysis was performed to draw a more evidence-based conclusion for individual metal ions. MATERIAL AND METHODS Nineteen studies were included in this meta-analysis, of which 9 studies reported blood metal ion levels, 8 studies reported tissue metal ion levels and 2 studies reported blood and tissue metal ion levels. The standardized mean difference (SMD) was calculated between thyroid cancer patients group and a control group (benign thyroid patients group or healthy controls group) per study. RESULTS A significant positive SMD in manganese tissue levels between thyroid cancer patients and benign thyroid patients (SMD: 0.56 (95 % CI: 0.16, 0.95)) and a significant negative SMD in cobalt blood levels between thyroid cancer patients and healthy controls (SMD: -2.03 (95 % CI: -3.95, -0.10)) was found. No difference in levels of other metals in blood or thyroid tissue between thyroid cancer patients and non-thyroid cancer patients was noted. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The present meta-analysis therefore demonstrates the urgent need for future studies, especially given the increasing exposure of the general population to various environmental pollutants, including metal ions, and the thyroid cancer burden worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike van Gerwen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA; Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Eric Alerte
- Department of Medical Education, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Mathilda Alsen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Christine Little
- Department of Medical Education, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Catherine Sinclair
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Eric Genden
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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17
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Abstract
Trace elements, such as iodine and selenium (Se), are vital to human health and play an essential role in metabolism. They are also important to thyroid metabolism and function, and correlate with thyroid autoimmunity and tumors. Other minerals such as iron (Ir), lithium (Li), copper (Co), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), magnesium (Mg), cadmium (Cd), and molybdenum (Mo), may related to thyroid function and disease. Normal thyroid function depends on a variety of trace elements for thyroid hormone synthesis and metabolism. These trace elements interact with each other and are in a dynamic balance. However, this balance may be disturbed by the excess or deficiency of one or more elements, leading to abnormal thyroid function and the promotion of autoimmune thyroid diseases and thyroid tumors.The relationship between trace elements and thyroid disorders is still unclear, and further research is needed to clarify this issue and improve our understanding of how trace elements mediate thyroid function and metabolism. This paper systematically reviewed recently published literature on the relationship between various trace elements and thyroid function to provide a preliminary theoretical basis for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhou
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, General Surgery Center, The Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuai Xue
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, General Surgery Center, The Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Shuai Xue, ; Guang Chen,
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guang Chen
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, General Surgery Center, The Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Shuai Xue, ; Guang Chen,
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18
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Gianì F, Masto R, Trovato MA, Malandrino P, Russo M, Pellegriti G, Vigneri P, Vigneri R. Heavy Metals in the Environment and Thyroid Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4052. [PMID: 34439207 PMCID: PMC8393334 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, the incidence of thyroid cancer has increased more than most other cancers, paralleling the generalized worldwide increase in metal pollution. This review provides an overview of the evidence supporting a possible causative link between the increase in heavy metals in the environment and thyroid cancer. The major novelty is that human thyroid stem/progenitor cells (thyrospheres) chronically exposed to different metals at slightly increased environmentally relevant concentrations show a biphasic increase in proliferation typical of hormesis. The molecular mechanisms include, for all metals investigated, the activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) pathway. A metal mixture, at the same concentration of individual metals, was more effective. Under the same conditions, mature thyrocytes were unaffected. Preliminary data with tungsten indicate that, after chronic exposure, additional abnormalities may occur and persist in thyrocytes derived from exposed thyrospheres, leading to a progeny population of transformation-prone thyroid cells. In a rat model predisposed to develop thyroid cancer, long-term exposure to low levels of metals accelerated and worsened histological signs of malignancy in the thyroid. These studies provide new insight on metal toxicity and carcinogenicity occurring in thyroid cells at a low stage of differentiation when chronically exposed to metal concentrations that are slightly increased, albeit still in the "normal" range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorenza Gianì
- Endocrinology, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95122 Catania, Italy; (F.G.); (R.M.); (P.M.); (M.R.); (G.P.)
| | - Roberta Masto
- Endocrinology, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95122 Catania, Italy; (F.G.); (R.M.); (P.M.); (M.R.); (G.P.)
| | | | - Pasqualino Malandrino
- Endocrinology, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95122 Catania, Italy; (F.G.); (R.M.); (P.M.); (M.R.); (G.P.)
| | - Marco Russo
- Endocrinology, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95122 Catania, Italy; (F.G.); (R.M.); (P.M.); (M.R.); (G.P.)
| | - Gabriella Pellegriti
- Endocrinology, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95122 Catania, Italy; (F.G.); (R.M.); (P.M.); (M.R.); (G.P.)
| | - Paolo Vigneri
- Medical Oncology and Center of Experimental Oncology and Hematology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, A.O.U. Policlinico Vittorio Emanuele, 95125 Catania, Italy;
| | - Riccardo Vigneri
- Endocrinology, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95122 Catania, Italy; (F.G.); (R.M.); (P.M.); (M.R.); (G.P.)
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cristallography Institute, Catania Section, via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
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Horiguchi K, Yoshida Y, Iwaku K, Emoto N, Kasahara T, Sato J, Shimura H, Shindo H, Suzuki S, Nagano H, Furuya F, Makita N, Matsumoto F, Manaka K, Mitsutake N, Miyakawa M, Yokoya S, Sugitani I. Position paper from the Japan Thyroid Association task force on the management of low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (T1aN0M0) in adults. Endocr J 2021; 68:763-780. [PMID: 33762511 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej20-0692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of thyroid carcinoma has been increasing worldwide. This is interpreted as an increase in the incidental detection of papillary thyroid microcarcinomas (PTMCs). However, mortality has not changed, suggesting overdiagnosis and overtreatment. Prospective clinical trials of active surveillance for low-risk PTMC (T1aN0M0) have been conducted in two Japanese institutions since the 1990s. Based on the favorable outcomes of these trials, active surveillance has been gradually adopted worldwide. A task force on the management of PTMC in adults organized by the Japan Thyroid Association therefore conducted a systematic review and has produced the present position paper based on the scientific evidence concerning active surveillance. This paper indicates evidence for the increased incidence of PTMC, favorable surgical outcomes for low-risk PTMC, recommended criteria for diagnosis using fine needle aspiration cytology, and evaluation of lymph node metastasis (LNM), extrathyroidal extension (ETE) and distant metastasis. Active surveillance has also been reported with a low incidence of disease progression and no subsequent recurrence or adverse events on survival if conversion surgery was performed at a slightly advanced stage. Active surveillance is a safe and valid strategy for PTMC, because it might preserve physical quality of life and reduce 10-year medical costs. However, some points should be noted when performing active surveillance. Immediate surgery is needed for PTMC showing high-risk features, such as clinical LNM, ETE or distant metastasis. Active surveillance should be performed under an appropriate medical team and should be continued for life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Horiguchi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Yusaku Yoshida
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Kenji Iwaku
- Sapporo Thyroid Clinic (Ito Hospital), Sapporo 060-0042, Japan
| | - Naoya Emoto
- Diabetes & Thyroid Clinic, Sakura Chuo Hospital, Sakura 285-0014, Japan
| | | | - Junichiro Sato
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shimura
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Hisakazu Shindo
- Department of Surgery, Yamashita Thyroid Hospital, Fukuoka 812-0034, Japan
| | - Satoru Suzuki
- Department of Thyroid and Endocrinology, Division of Internal Medicine, Fukushima Medical University Hospital, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Nagano
- Department of Molecular Diagnosis, Graduate school of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Furuya
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3998, Japan
| | - Noriko Makita
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Matsumoto
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Katsunori Manaka
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Norisato Mitsutake
- Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Megumi Miyakawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Miyakawa Hospital, Kawasaki 210-0802, Japan
| | - Susumu Yokoya
- Thyroid and Endocrine Center, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Iwao Sugitani
- Department of Endocrine Surgery, Nippon Medical School Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
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20
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Hu MJ, He JL, Tong XR, Yang WJ, Zhao HH, Li GA, Huang F. Associations between essential microelements exposure and the aggressive clinicopathologic characteristics of papillary thyroid cancer. Biometals 2021; 34:909-921. [PMID: 33961183 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-021-00317-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aim of this study was to evaluate the association between multiple essential microelements exposure and the aggressive clinicopathologic characteristics of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). The concentrations of 10 essential microelements in urine [cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), selenium (Se), strontium (Sr), zinc (Zn), and iodine (I)] were measured in 608 patients newly diagnosed with PTC, including 154 males and 454 females. Chi square test and Wilcoxon rank sum test were used to compare general characteristics among males and females. Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate the associations between essential microelements and PTC clinicopathologic characteristics in single- and multi-microelement models. In this study, we only observed that the frequency of lymph node metastasis in males was higher than in females, and males had higher levels of zinc than females, but males had lower levels of iodine than females. It was found that high levels of Fe were associated with decreased risk of PTC tumor size > 1 cm, capsular invasion, and advanced T stage (T3/4a/4b). High levels of Co and Mo were associated with decreased risk of capsular invasion and lymph node metastasis, respectively. However, high levels of Mn and Sr were associated with increased risk of capsular invasion and multifocality respectively, and both were associated with increased risk of advanced T stage (T3/4a/4b). These findings indicated that certain essential microelements might have potential effects on PTC progression and aggressiveness. Further studies are required to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jun Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Jia-Liu He
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Xin-Ran Tong
- Second Department of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Wan-Jun Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Huan-Huan Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Guo-Ao Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Fen Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China. .,Laboratory for Environmental Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
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21
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Park E, Kim S, Song SH, Lee CW, Kwon JT, Lim MK, Park EY, Won YJ, Jung KW, Kim B. Environmental exposure to cadmium and risk of thyroid cancer from national industrial complex areas: A population-based cohort study. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 268:128819. [PMID: 33153845 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cadmium is known to act as a thyroid disruptor and carcinogen in humans. Recent evidence suggests that cadmium may play a role as a thyroid carcinogen due to its endocrine-disrupting activity, but this characterization remains unclear. OBJECTIVE We investigated the association between urinary cadmium and primary thyroid cancer, and the modifying effect of diabetes on this association. METHODS We included 5406 participants over 19 years old with measured urinary cadmium from samples collected at eight National Industrial Complex areas from 2003 to 2011. Among 5406 participants, 68 cases were diagnosed with thyroid cancer between enrollment and the end of follow-up (December 31, 2016). Incidence rate ratios for thyroid cancer were estimated using random-effects Cox proportional hazards models with follow-up time as the time scale. In addition, we conducted a stratified analysis by diabetes status. RESULTS Compared with the lowest tertile, the middle and highest tertiles had higher risks of thyroid cancer, respectively (HRmiddle vs. lowest = 1.90, 95% CI = 0.93 to 3.91; HRhighest vs. lowest = 2.28, 95% CI = 1.09 to 4.78), with a significant dose-response relationship (P for trend = 0.03). There was no linear association between cadmium level and risk of thyroid cancer. Higher cadmium levels increased thyroid cancer risk in participants without diabetes (HRmiddle vs. lowest = 2.35, 95% CI = 1.05 to 5.24; HRhighest vs. lowest = 2.70, 95% CI = 1.18 to 6.19); although, an association between cadmium levels and thyroid cancer risk in participants with diabetes was not found. CONCLUSION Low-level exposure to cadmium is associated with thyroid cancer risk. Our results provide the evidence to limit exposure to cadmium for cancer prevention in the general population. Further studies are needed to investigate the consequence of diabetes and antidiabetic drugs between cadmium and thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjung Park
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Early Detection, National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seyoung Kim
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Early Detection, National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hwan Song
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Woo Lee
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Taek Kwon
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kyung Lim
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Early Detection, National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Park
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Early Detection, National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joo Won
- Division of Cancer Registration and Surveillance, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Won Jung
- Division of Cancer Registration and Surveillance, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungmi Kim
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Early Detection, National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Koubaa FG, Chaâbane M, Turki M, Ayadi FM, El Feki A. Anti-oxidant and hepatoprotective effects of Salvia officinalis essential oil against vanadium-induced oxidative stress and histological changes in the rat liver. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:11001-11015. [PMID: 33106906 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11303-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to evaluate the protective effects of Salvia officinalis essential oil (SOEO) against vanadium-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats. Animals were divided into three groups: the first group served as the control (C), where rats received daily 0.5 mL of saline solution (0.9%) given by intraperitoneal (i.p.) way. Rats in the second group (V) received daily by i.p. way 5 mg/kg BW of NH4VO3 (V). Rats in the third group (SV) received daily V (5 mg/kg BW) by i.p. way and SOEO (15 mg/kg BW) by gavage. Animals were sacrificed after 4 or 10 days of treatment. Administration of V increased plasma ALT, AST, ALP, and LDH activities, and cholesterol, bilirubin, triglyceride, and NO levels in rats and reduced anti-oxidant enzyme activities in the liver. Treatment with SOEO significantly attenuated these changes. Moreover, the histopathological changes and the overexpression of Hsp72/73 proteins induced by V were significantly improved by SOEO. Therefore, our results suggested that SOEO could protect against V-induced oxidative damage in rat livers. The hepatoprotective effect of SOEO might be attributed to its modulation of detoxification enzymes and/or to its anti-oxidant and free radical scavenging effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Ghorbel Koubaa
- Laboratory of Animal Ecophysiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sfax, 3000, Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Mariem Chaâbane
- Enzymes and Bioconversion Unit, National Engineering School of Sfax, University of Sfax, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mouna Turki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, 3029, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Fatma Makni Ayadi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, 3029, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Abdelfattah El Feki
- Laboratory of Animal Ecophysiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sfax, 3000, Sfax, Tunisia
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23
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Bibi K, Shah MH. Study of Essential and Toxic Metal Imbalances in the Scalp Hair of Thyroid Cancer Patients in Comparison with Healthy Donors. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:500-512. [PMID: 32405688 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02186-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is among the most common type of head and neck cancer; diet, age, gender and environmental factors play vital roles in its malignancy. The present study was carried out to assess the imbalances in the contents of trace metals due to onset and progression of thyroid cancer. Scalp hair was used as matrix for the evaluation of toxic and trace metals. Quantification of the metals was done through atomic absorption spectrometry. In comparison with healthy subjects, the thyroid cancer patients revealed significantly higher median levels of Mn (71%), Co (64%), Cr (55%), K (49%), Fe (45%), Mg (42%), Pb (36%), Na (30%), and Ni (26%), while the median level of Zn was considerably lower in the patients. The correlation coefficients among the metals in the patients demonstrated significantly different communal relationships compared with the healthy counterparts. Multivariate methods exhibited noticeably dissimilar apportionment among the metals in the patients than the controls. Significant disparities in the metal levels were also noticed for various types (anaplastic thyroid cancer, follicular thyroid cancer, papillary thyroid cancer, and medullary thyroid cancer) as well as stages (I, II, III, and IV) among the thyroid cancer patients. Majority of the metals revealed perceptible disparities in their contents based on gender, habitat, dietary habits, and smoking habits of the patients and controls. Overall, the study showed significantly divergent distribution and associations of the essential and toxic metal levels in the scalp hair of the patients in comparison with the levels in controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalsoom Bibi
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Munir H Shah
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
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24
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Liu M, Song J, Jiang Y, Liu Y, Peng J, Liang H, Wang C, Jiang J, Liu X, Wei W, Peng J, Liu S, Li Y, Xu N, Zhou D, Zhang Q, Zhang J. A case-control study on the association of mineral elements exposure and thyroid tumor and goiter. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111615. [PMID: 33396135 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid tumor and thyroid goiter are prevalent disease around the world. In this case-control study, we investigated the association between exposure to a total of twelve mineral elements and thyroid disease as well as thyroid functions. Participants with thyroid tumor or goiter (N = 197) were matched with a healthy population (N = 197) by age (± 2 years old) and same sex. Questionnaires were used to collect data about the demographic characteristics and information of subjects. Serum and urine samples were collected simultaneously for each of the subjects. Mineral elements, iodine level of urine and levels of the total seven thyroid function indexes in serum were detected respectively. Conditional logistic regression was applied to estimate the associations between mineral elements and the risk of thyroid tumor and goiter through single-element models and multiple-element models. Multiple linear regression was used to evaluate relationships between mineral elements and percentage changes of thyroid functions. Higher concentrations of mineral elements in the recruited population were found in this study than other comparable studies, and the levels of chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), selenium (Se), antimony (Sb), thallium (Tl) and lead (Pb) in the case group were lower than the control group. According to the single-element models, Cr, Mn, Ni, Sb and Tl showed significant negative associations with the risk of thyroid tumor and goiter, and, Cd showed nonmonotonic dose response. Cd and mercury (Hg) showed a nonmonotonic percentage change with T4, while Tl was associated with the increased FT4 in the control group. Therefore, Cd, Hg and Tl may disturb the balance of thyroid function to some extent, and Cr, Mn, Ni, Cd, Sb, and Tl may become potential influencing factors for the risk of thyroid tumor and goiter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jiayi Song
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yousheng Jiang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jinling Peng
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Huiwen Liang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xinjie Liu
- Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Ji Peng
- Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Si Liu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Nan Xu
- Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | | | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Jianqing Zhang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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25
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Gianì F, Masto R, Trovato MA, Franco A, Pandini G, Vigneri R. Thyroid Stem Cells But Not Differentiated Thyrocytes Are Sensitive to Slightly Increased Concentrations of Heavy Metals. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:652675. [PMID: 33953698 PMCID: PMC8092438 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.652675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer incidence is markedly increased in volcanic areas where residents are biocontaminated by chronic lifelong exposure to slightly increased metals in the environment. Metals can influence the biology of living cells by a variety of mechanisms, depending not only on the dose and length of exposure but also on the type and stage of differentiation of target cells. We explored the effect of five heavy metals (Cu, Hg, Pd, W and Zn) at nanomolar concentrations (the biocontamination level in residents of the volcanic area in Sicily where thyroid cancer is increased) on stimulating the proliferation of undifferentiated (thyrospheres) and differentiated human thyroid cells. Thyrosphere proliferation was significantly increased after exposure to each individual metal and a greater stimulating effect was observed when a mixture of the examined metals was used. No effect was seen in differentiated thyrocytes. For all metals, the dose-response curve followed a biphasic pattern that is typical of hormesis. Thyrosphere growth concerned the size rather than number, except with the metal mixture. An altered morphology was also observed in metal-treated thyrospheres. Metal-induced proliferation was due to activation of the ERK1/2 pathway, as confirmed by growth inhibition when ERK1/2 signaling was blocked. These studies show that stem/precursor thyroid cells are sensitive to small increases in environmental metal concentrations that are harmless for differentiated thyrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorenza Gianì
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, Catania, Italy
| | - Roberta Masto
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Annarita Franco
- Surgical Oncology, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pandini
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, Catania, Italy
| | - Riccardo Vigneri
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, Catania, Italy
- Crystallography Institute, National Research Council, CNR Catania Section, Catania, Italy
- *Correspondence: Riccardo Vigneri, ;
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26
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Boffetta P, Memeo L, Giuffrida D, Ferrante M, Sciacca S. Exposure to emissions from Mount Etna (Sicily, Italy) and incidence of thyroid cancer: a geographic analysis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21298. [PMID: 33277509 PMCID: PMC7718918 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77027-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
An increased incidence of thyroid cancer has been reported in the area close to Mount Etna, the largest volcano in Europe located in Northeastern Sicily. We tested the hypothesis that exposure to the emissions from the volcano is associated with thyroid cancer in 186 municipalities from three provinces surrounding the volcano (1.9 million inhabitants). We measured the angle between the bearing of the municipalities and each direction, with special focus on South-East, the prevalent direction of the plume, and conducted a regression analysis on 2003–2016 incidence rates of thyroid cancer, adjusting for distance from Mount Etna, population size, and income. A 10-degree increase in the angle with South-East was associated with a decrease in thyroid cancer rates in the whole population (− 0.67 cases/100,000, p = 0.002) and in women (− 1.54/100,000, p < 0.001), and were robust to several sensitivity analyses. Similar results were obtained for East-South-East direction. These results support the hypothesis of a potential role of exposure to the plume from Mount Etna in determining the high rates of thyroid cancer. The results need to be confirmed in analytical studies, in which information of exposure to chemicals originating from the volcano, as well as other possible causes, should be carefully measured, molecular characteristics of the tumors and taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Boffetta
- Stony Brook Cancer Center and Department of Family, Population and Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Lauterbur Dr., Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA. .,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Memeo
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Oncologico del Mediterraneo, Viagrande, Italy
| | - Dario Giuffrida
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Oncologico del Mediterraneo, Viagrande, Italy
| | - Margherita Ferrante
- Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Sciacca
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Oncologico del Mediterraneo, Viagrande, Italy
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27
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Bibi K, Shah MH. Appraisal of Metal Imbalances in the Blood of Thyroid Cancer Patients in Comparison with Healthy Subjects. Biol Trace Elem Res 2020; 198:410-422. [PMID: 32144717 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02088-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer incidence and mortality rates have been increasing rapidly worldwide. A growing body of evidence revealed that exposure to trace metals is the most important aetiology for development of the cancer. Therefore, present study was intended to evaluate the imbalances in the concentrations of selected metals (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Sr, Li, Fe, Zn, Cu, Co, Mn, Ag, Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb) in the blood of newly diagnosed thyroid cancer patients in comparison with counterpart healthy subjects/controls. Concentrations of the metals were quantified by flame atomic absorption spectrometry by employing nitric acid/perchloric acid-based wet digestion method. Average concentrations of Pb (774.6 μg/dL), Cr (757.9 μg/dL), Cd (472.5 μg/dL) and Ni (360.5 μg/dL) were found to be significantly higher in the blood of cancer patients than controls. Correlation study and multivariate analysis showed strong mutual relationships among Fe-Cd-Ca-Mg-Pb, Co-Sr-Zn, Li-Ag-Na-K and Cu-Ni in the blood of thyroid cancer patients while Na-K-Fe-Co-Pb, Zn-Sr-Cr, Ca-Mg and Li-Ag-Cu-Ni exhibited strong mutual associations in the blood of healthy donors. Significant variations in the trace metal levels were observed with the age, gender, habitat, food habits and smoking habits of both donor groups. Metal levels also exhibited considerable disparities with the stages and types of thyroid cancer. Multivariate analysis of the metal data revealed significantly divergent apportionment of the metals in the blood of cancer patients compared with the healthy group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalsoom Bibi
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Munir H Shah
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
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28
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Pitto L, Gorini F, Bianchi F, Guzzolino E. New Insights into Mechanisms of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Thyroid Diseases: The Epigenetic Way. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17217787. [PMID: 33114343 PMCID: PMC7662297 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17217787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the presence in the environment of chemical compounds with thyroid-disrupting effects is progressively increased. This phenomenon has risen concern for human health as the preservation of thyroid system homeostasis is essential for fetal development and for maintaining psychological and physiological wellbeing. An increasing number of studies explored the role of different classes of toxicants in the occurrence and severity of thyroid diseases, but large epidemiological studies are limited and only a few animal or in vitro studies have attempted to identify the mechanisms of chemical action. Recently, epigenetic changes such as alteration of methylation status or modification of non-coding RNAs have been suggested as correlated to possible deleterious effects leading to different thyroid disorders in susceptible individuals. This review aims to analyze the epigenetic alterations putatively induced by chemical exposures and involved in the onset of frequent thyroid diseases such as thyroid cancer, autoimmune thyroiditis and disruption of fetal thyroid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Pitto
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.G.); (F.B.); (E.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: + 39-050-3153090
| | - Francesca Gorini
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.G.); (F.B.); (E.G.)
| | - Fabrizio Bianchi
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.G.); (F.B.); (E.G.)
| | - Elena Guzzolino
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.G.); (F.B.); (E.G.)
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
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29
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Fathoming the link between anthropogenic chemical contamination and thyroid cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2020; 150:102950. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.102950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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30
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Kim MJ, Kim SC, Chung S, Kim S, Yoon JW, Park YJ. Exploring the role of copper and selenium in the maintenance of normal thyroid function among healthy Koreans. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2020; 61:126558. [PMID: 32480050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selenium and iodine are trace elements well known to have important roles in the synthesis and metabolism of thyroid hormones. However, the effects of other trace elements on thyroid hormones are still inconclusive. We investigated the association between several trace elements and thyroid hormones. METHODS The data of 448 subjects who were measured for both, trace elements and TSH/free T4, at the Heath Checkup Center were retrospectively reviewed. The presence of thyroiditis (from thyroid echogenicity) and thyroid nodules were reviewed in the subjects who underwent thyroid ultrasonography. RESULTS Blood concentrations of manganese, copper, selenium, and molybdenum were associated with TSH or free T4. After adjusting for age, sex, BMI, smoking, and alcohol consumption, blood copper levels were positively associated with free T4 in both sexes and selenium levels were positively associated with free T4 in women. There was no association between trace elements and thyroiditis. Blood copper concentration had a weak non-linear association with the presence of thyroid nodules. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that blood concentrations of copper and selenium were significantly associated with free T4 in healthy Korean subjects with sufficient iodine intake suggesting their role in maintaining normal thyroid function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Joo Kim
- Seoul National University Hospital Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Chin Kim
- Seoul National University Hospital Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soie Chung
- Seoul National University Hospital Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Serim Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Green Cross Laboratories, Yongin, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Won Yoon
- Seoul National University Hospital Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Joo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea.
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31
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Ścibior A, Hus I, Mańko J, Jawniak D. Evaluation of the level of selected iron-related proteins/receptors in the liver of rats during separate/combined vanadium and magnesium administration. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2020; 61:126550. [PMID: 32464446 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current knowledge about the effects of vanadium (V) on iron (Fe)-related proteins and Fe homeostasis (which is regulated at the systemic, organelle, and cellular levels) is still insufficient. OBJECTIVE This fact and our earlier results prompted us to conduct studies with the aim to explain the mechanism of anemia accompanied by a rise in hepatic and splenic Fe deposition in rats receiving sodium metavanadate (SMV) separately and in combination with magnesium sulfate (MS). RESULTS We demonstrated for the first time that SMV (0.125 mg V/mL) administered to rats individually and in conjunction with MS (0.06 mg Mg/mL) for 12 weeks did not cause significant differences in the hepatic hepcidin (Hepc) and hemojuvelin (HJV) concentrations, compared to the control. In comparison with the control, there were no significant changes in the concentration of transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) in the liver of rats treated with SMV and MS alone (in both cases only a downward trend of 14% and 15% was observed). However, a significant reduction in the hepatic TfR1 level was found in rats receiving SMV and MS simultaneously. In turn, the concentration of transferrin receptor 2 (TfR2) showed an increasing trend in the liver of rats treated with SMV and/or MS. CONCLUSIONS The experimental data suggest that the pathomechanism of the SMV-induced anemia is not associated with the effect of V on the concentration of Hepc in the liver, as confirmed by the unaltered hepatic HJV and TfR1 levels. Therefore, further studies are needed in order to check whether anemia that developed in the rats at the SMV administration (a) results from the inhibitory effect of V on erythropoietin (EPO) production, (b) is related to the effect of V on the induction of matriptase-2 (TMPRSS6) expression, or (c) is associated with the influence of this metal on haem synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Ścibior
- Laboratory of Oxidative Stress, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Poland.
| | - Iwona Hus
- Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Joanna Mańko
- Clinic of Haematooncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Dariusz Jawniak
- Clinic of Haematooncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University, Lublin, Poland.
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32
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Malandrino P, Russo M, Gianì F, Pellegriti G, Vigneri P, Belfiore A, Rizzarelli E, Vigneri R. Increased Thyroid Cancer Incidence in Volcanic Areas: A Role of Increased Heavy Metals in the Environment? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103425. [PMID: 32408629 PMCID: PMC7279170 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer incidence is significantly increased in volcanic areas, where relevant non-anthropogenic pollution with heavy metals is present in the environment. This review will discuss whether chronic lifelong exposure to slightly increased levels of metals can contribute to the increase in thyroid cancer in the residents of a volcanic area. The influence of metals on living cells depends on the physicochemical properties of the metals and their interaction with the target cell metallostasis network, which includes transporters, intracellular binding proteins, and metal-responsive elements. Very little is known about the carcinogenic potential of slightly increased metal levels on the thyroid, which might be more sensitive to mutagenic damage because of its unique biology related to iodine, which is a very reactive and strongly oxidizing agent. Different mechanisms could explain the specific carcinogenic effect of borderline/high environmental levels of metals on the thyroid, including (a) hormesis, the nonlinear response to chemicals causing important biological effects at low concentrations; (b) metal accumulation in the thyroid relative to other tissues; and (c) the specific effects of a mixture of different metals. Recent evidence related to all of these mechanisms is now available, and the data are compatible with a cause–effect relationship between increased metal levels in the environment and an increase in thyroid cancer incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasqualino Malandrino
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, 95122 Catania, Italy; (P.M.); (M.R.); (F.G.); (G.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Marco Russo
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, 95122 Catania, Italy; (P.M.); (M.R.); (F.G.); (G.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Fiorenza Gianì
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, 95122 Catania, Italy; (P.M.); (M.R.); (F.G.); (G.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Gabriella Pellegriti
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, 95122 Catania, Italy; (P.M.); (M.R.); (F.G.); (G.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Paolo Vigneri
- Medical Oncology and the Center of Experimental Oncology and Hematology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, A.O.U. Policlinico Vittorio Emanuele, 95125 Catania, Italy;
| | - Antonino Belfiore
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, 95122 Catania, Italy; (P.M.); (M.R.); (F.G.); (G.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Enrico Rizzarelli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy;
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cristallography Institute (Catania Section), via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario di Ricerca in Chimica dei Metalli nei Sistemi Biologici (CIRCMSB), via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Riccardo Vigneri
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, 95122 Catania, Italy; (P.M.); (M.R.); (F.G.); (G.P.); (A.B.)
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cristallography Institute (Catania Section), via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-095-759-8747
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Maggisano V, Bulotta S, Celano M, Maiuolo J, Lepore SM, Abballe L, Iannone M, Russo D. Low Doses of Methylmercury Induce the Proliferation of Thyroid Cells In Vitro Through Modulation of ERK Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051556. [PMID: 32106432 PMCID: PMC7084424 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to environmental endocrine disruptors has been associated with an increased frequency of thyroid pathology. In this study, we evaluated the effects of various concentrations of methylmercury (MeHg) on immortalized, non-tumorigenic thyroid cells (Nthy-ori-3-1). Exposure to MeHg at 2.5 and 5 µM for 24 h caused a reduction in cell viability with a decrease of the cell population in sub-G0 phase, as detected by MTT and flow cytometry. Conversely, MeHg at the lower concentration of 0.1 µM increased the cell viability with a rise of G2/M phase. An immunoblot analysis showed higher expression levels of phospho-ERK and not of phospho-Akt. Further enhancement of the cell growth rate was observed after a prolonged exposure of the cells up to 18 days to MeHg 0.1 µM. The present findings demonstrate the toxicity of high concentrations of MeHg on thyroid cells, while showing that treatment with lower doses of Hg, as may occur after prolonged exposure to this environmental contaminant, exerts a promoting effect on thyroid cell proliferation, by acting on the ERK-mediated pro-oncogenic signal transduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Maggisano
- Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (V.M.); (S.B.); (M.C.); (J.M.); (S.M.L.)
| | - Stefania Bulotta
- Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (V.M.); (S.B.); (M.C.); (J.M.); (S.M.L.)
| | - Marilena Celano
- Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (V.M.); (S.B.); (M.C.); (J.M.); (S.M.L.)
| | - Jessica Maiuolo
- Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (V.M.); (S.B.); (M.C.); (J.M.); (S.M.L.)
| | - Saverio Massimo Lepore
- Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (V.M.); (S.B.); (M.C.); (J.M.); (S.M.L.)
| | - Luana Abballe
- Department of translational and precision medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Michelangelo Iannone
- National Council of Research (CNR), Institute of Neurological Sciences, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Diego Russo
- Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (V.M.); (S.B.); (M.C.); (J.M.); (S.M.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0-9613-694-124
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Malandrino P, Russo M, Ronchi A, Moretti F, Gianì F, Vigneri P, Masucci R, Pellegriti G, Belfiore A, Vigneri R. Concentration of Metals and Trace Elements in the Normal Human and Rat Thyroid: Comparison with Muscle and Adipose Tissue and Volcanic Versus Control Areas. Thyroid 2020; 30:290-299. [PMID: 31880996 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2019.0244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: The concentration of trace elements and metals in the thyroid is the result of exposure, uptake, retention, and clearance. The specificity and selectivity of thyroid capacity to concentrate these elements relative to other tissues are not known. To obtain this information, we measured the tissue concentration of 26 elements in the thyroid, muscle, and fat of euthyroid human subjects and also in normal rats. Methods: At programmed surgery, small (<1 g) tissue fragments were collected in 77 euthyroid subjects. Macroscopically normal thyroid tissue, sternothyroid muscle, and neck subcutaneous fat samples were excised, and thyroid tissue was confirmed to be morphologically normal through microscopy. Tissue specimens (thyroid, hindlimb muscle, and abdominal fat) were also obtained from normal rats. Measurements of trace elements were performed on tissues using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (DRC-ICP-MS). Results: Only 19 of the 26 investigated elements were measurable as 7 elements were below the limit of detection. The ranking concentration in human thyroid tissue, not considering iodide, indicated that Zn, Br, Cu, Cr, Se, and Mn represented over 95% of the measured elements. A similar ranking was observed in the rat thyroid. A comparison with other tissues indicated that in addition to I, also Br, Mn, Se, and Sn were significantly more concentrated in the thyroid, and this was also the case for the recognized carcinogens As, Cd, and Hg. As and Hg, but not Cd (which was not detectable in any of the rat tissues), were also more concentrated in the rat thyroid. Since human thyroid specimens were also obtained from residents of a volcanic area, where environmental pollution may cause human biocontamination, we compared the trace element concentration in specimens from the volcanic area with controls. Many trace elements were slightly, but not significantly, increased in the volcanic area specimens. Conclusions: In the normal human thyroid, many trace elements, including Br, Mn, Se, and Sn, and the recognized carcinogens, As, Cd, and Hg, are significantly more concentrated than in muscle and fat of the same individual. Similar data were observed in rats. The reason for the differential element accumulation in the thyroid is unclear; a better understanding may be useful to further clarify thyroid biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasqualino Malandrino
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, Catania, Italy
| | - Marco Russo
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, Catania, Italy
| | - Anna Ronchi
- Laboratory of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology-Toxicology Unit, Maugeri Clinical Scientific Institute Spa-SC, IRCCS Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fabiola Moretti
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council of Italy, Roma, Italy
| | - Fiorenza Gianì
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, Catania, Italy
| | - Paolo Vigneri
- Medical Oncology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Romilda Masucci
- Surgical Oncology, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, Catania, Italy
| | - Gabriella Pellegriti
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonino Belfiore
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, Catania, Italy
| | - Riccardo Vigneri
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, Catania, Italy
- Section of Catania, Institute of Biostructures and Bioimages of the National Research Council (CNR-IBB), Catania, Italy
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Association between Uranium Exposure and Thyroid Health: A National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Analysis and Ecological Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17030712. [PMID: 31979063 PMCID: PMC7036996 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17030712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Besides specific, incidental radiation exposure, which has been associated with increased thyroid cancer risk, the effects of exposure to background radiation from uranium, a naturally occurring, radioactive, and ubiquitous element, on the thyroid gland has not been widely studied. We therefore investigated the association between uranium exposure and thyroid health in the US. Using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), we assessed the association between urinary uranium levels and thyroid-related antibodies, including thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb) and anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO), in the general population. Secondly, we performed an ecological study of age-adjusted thyroid cancer incidence rates per state and sources of uranium exposure. We included 3125 eligible participants from the NHANES and found a significant association between increased TgAb and increased urinary uranium levels when analyzed as quartiles (p = 0.0105), while no association was found with anti-TPO. In addition, although no significant correlation was found in the ecological study, certain states had high age-adjusted thyroid cancer incidence rates and a high number of uranium activity locations and high uranium concentrations in water. The present study suggests that uranium exposure may affect thyroid health, which warrants increased sampling of soil and water in high-risk states.
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Singh Ospina N, Iñiguez-Ariza NM, Castro MR. Thyroid nodules: diagnostic evaluation based on thyroid cancer risk assessment. BMJ 2020; 368:l6670. [PMID: 31911452 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.l6670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid nodules are extremely common and can be detected by sensitive imaging in more than 60% of the general population. They are often identified in patients without symptoms who are undergoing evaluation for other medical complaints. Indiscriminate evaluation of thyroid nodules with thyroid biopsy could cause a harmful epidemic of diagnoses of thyroid cancer, but inadequate selection of thyroid nodules for biopsy can lead to missed diagnoses of clinically relevant thyroid cancer. Recent clinical guidelines advocate a more conservative approach in the evaluation of thyroid nodules based on risk assessment for thyroid cancer, as determined by clinical and ultrasound features to guide the need for biopsy. Moreover, newer evidence suggests that for patients with indeterminate thyroid biopsy results, a combined assessment including the initial ultrasound risk stratification or other ancillary testing (molecular markers, second opinion on thyroid cytology) can further clarify the risk of thyroid cancer and the management strategies. This review summarizes the clinical importance of adequate evaluation of thyroid nodules, focuses on the clinical evidence for diagnostic tests that can clarify the risk of thyroid cancer, and highlights the importance of considering the patient's values and preferences when deciding on management strategies in the setting of uncertainty about the risk of thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naykky Singh Ospina
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Nicole M Iñiguez-Ariza
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - M Regina Castro
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Zwolak I. Protective Effects of Dietary Antioxidants against Vanadium-Induced Toxicity: A Review. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:1490316. [PMID: 31998432 PMCID: PMC6973198 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1490316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Vanadium (V) in its inorganic forms is a toxic metal and a potent environmental and occupational pollutant and has been reported to induce toxic effects in animals and people. In vivo and in vitro data show that high levels of reactive oxygen species are often implicated in vanadium deleterious effects. Since many dietary (exogenous) antioxidants are known to upregulate the intrinsic antioxidant system and ameliorate oxidative stress-related disorders, this review evaluates their effectiveness in the treatment of vanadium-induced toxicity. Collected data, mostly from animal studies, suggest that dietary antioxidants including ascorbic acid, vitamin E, polyphenols, phytosterols, and extracts from medicinal plants can bring a beneficial effect in vanadium toxicity. These findings show potential preventive effects of dietary antioxidants on vanadium-induced oxidative stress, DNA damage, neurotoxicity, testicular toxicity, and kidney damage. The relevant mechanistic insights of these events are discussed. In summary, the results of studies on the role of dietary antioxidants in vanadium toxicology appear encouraging enough to merit further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Zwolak
- Laboratory of Oxidative Stress, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantynów 1 J, 20-708 Lublin, Poland
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Evaluation of the effects of chronic occupational exposure to metallic mercury on the thyroid parenchyma and hormonal function. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2019; 93:491-502. [PMID: 31832764 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-019-01499-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Experiments in animals exposed to mercury (Hg) in different chemical states have shown thyroid parenchymal and hormone alterations. However, these experiments did not allow the establishment of dose-response curves or provide an understanding of whether these Hg effects on the thyroid parenchyma occur in humans. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between chronic occupational exposure to metallic Hg and alterations in thyroid hormones and gland parenchyma 14 years after the last exposure. METHODS A cross-sectional study including 55 males exposed in the past to metallic Hg and 55 non-exposed males, paired by age, was conducted in the Hospital das Clínicas (Brazil) from 2016 to 2017. Serum concentrations of total and free triiodothyronine (TT3 and FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), thyrotropin (TSH), reverse T3 (RT3), selenium and antithyroid antibody titers were obtained. The Hg and iodine concentrations were measured in urine. The thyroid parenchyma was evaluated by B-mode ultrasonography with Doppler. The nodules with aspects suspicious for malignancy were submitted to aspiration puncture with a thin needle, and the cytology assessment was classified by the Bethesda system. The t test or Mann-Whitney test, Chi-square test and Spearman correlation were used to compare the exposed and non-exposed groups and examine the relationships between the variables. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to trace determinants of the risk of thyroid hormone alteration. Statistical significance was defined by p < 0.05. RESULTS The urinary Hg average was significantly higher in the exposed group than in the non-exposed group (p < 0.01). The mean TSH serum concentration in the exposed group was higher, with a statistically significant difference between the groups (p = 0.03). Serum concentrations of TSH exceeded the normality limit (4.20 µIU/ml) in 13 exposed individuals (27.3%) and 4 non-exposed individuals (7.3%), with a statistically significant association between the hormonal increase and exposure to Hg (p = 0.02). In the logistic regression model, exposure to Hg (yes or no) showed an odds ratio = 4.86 associated with an increase of TSH above the normal limit (p = 0.04). The serum concentrations of RT3 showed a statistically borderline difference between the groups (p = 0.06). There was no statistically significant difference between the mean TT3, FT3 and FT4 serum concentrations in the Hg-exposed group compared to the non-exposed group. The proportions of the echogenicity alterations were higher in the exposed group compared to the non-exposed group (27.3% versus 9.1%; p = 0.03). Papillary carcinomas were documented in three exposed individuals and one non-exposed individual. A follicular carcinoma was recorded in one non-exposed individual. CONCLUSIONS Due to the higher serum TSH concentration and the prevalence of parenchymal alterations in the Hg-exposed group, even after cessation of exposure, it is recommended that the thyroid status of exposed workers be followed for a long period.
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Rezaei M, Javadmoosavi SY, Mansouri B, Azadi NA, Mehrpour O, Nakhaee S. Thyroid dysfunction: how concentration of toxic and essential elements contribute to risk of hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and thyroid cancer. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:35787-35796. [PMID: 31701424 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06632-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the levels of trace metals Fe, Cr, Co, Cd, Cu, Ni, Hg, Zn, and Pb in healthy individuals and patients with thyroid disease (hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and cancerous). The serum levels of 110 participants living in Birjand City, east of Iran, were collected and analyzed using ICP-MS (Agilent 7900). Results showed that the concentration levels of Cr, Co, Zn, Cd, and Pb were significantly higher at case-patients (p < 0.05), but the levels of Fe, Ni, and Hg were similar between healthy and patient subjects (p > 0.05). In patients with high or low thyroid activity, strong mutual correlations between Cr, Ni, and Fe were noticeable (p < 0.05). In hypothyroid patients, no significant correlation between Zn and Hg, Co, and Cd was found, but Zn was moderately and positively correlated with other trace metals. The moderate negative correlations between Cd-Cr (p = - 0.46) and Cd-Fe (p = - 0.43) were also observed. Logistic regression analysis showed that the effect of Cr, Co, Pb, Cu, Zn, and Cd was significant in developing hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism; whereas, in patients with thyroid cancer, the effect of Cr, Cd, and Pb was found to be significant. In conclusion, our findings suggest that toxic metals such as Pb, Cd, and Cr can increase the risk of developing hypothyroidism and thyroid cancer, but more research is needed to evaluate the potential toxicity mechanisms of Pb, Cd, and Cr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Rezaei
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | | | - Borhan Mansouri
- Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Nammam Ali Azadi
- Biostatistics Department, Faculty of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Mehrpour
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
- Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Samaneh Nakhaee
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
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Cho J, Bing SJ, Kim A, Herath KHINM, Ahn G, Jee Y. Jeju ground water containing vanadium induces normal T cell development and immune activation in chronically stressed mice. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:4443-4452. [PMID: 31302805 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04899-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Containing high concentration of vanadium served by the volcanic bedrock, Jeju ground water has long been known for various implicit health benefits including immune-promotion. Exposure to stress has been reported to be associated with immunosuppression such as reducing lymphocyte population or antibody production due to stress hormones. In this study, we aimed at evaluating the effects of Jeju ground water on chronically stressed mice. C57BL/6 mice were subjected to various stressors such as restraint stress, water swimming stress, heat stress, acoustic stress, and Jeju ground water was supplied for 28 days with two different concentrations, S1 (vanadium 15-20 μg/l, pH 8.3) and S2 (vanadium 20-25 μg/l, pH 8.5). Treatment with Jeju ground water increased CD4+CD8- or CD4-CD8+ single-positive thymocytes. It also increased the proliferation of splenocytes and the populations of CD4+ T cells, CD45R/B220+ B cells, CD11b+ macrophages or Gr-1+ granulocytes in spleen. In addition, the production of IgG was increased in chronically stressed mice by treatment with Jeju ground water. These results suggest vanadium-rich Jeju ground water may be helpful in T cell development in thymus and immune cell proliferation and its function in spleen against chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhee Cho
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehakno, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - So Jin Bing
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehakno, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Areum Kim
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology & Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Ginnae Ahn
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, 59626, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngheun Jee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehakno, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea.
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology & Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea.
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Zhang C, Wu HB, Cheng MX, Wang L, Gao CB, Huang F. Association of exposure to multiple metals with papillary thyroid cancer risk in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:20560-20572. [PMID: 31104243 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04733-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) has inflicted huge threats to the health of mankind. Metal pollution could be a potential risk factor of PTC occurrence, but existing relevant epidemiological researches are limited. The current case-control study was designed to evaluate the relationships between exposure to multiple metals and the risk of PTC. A total of 262 histologically confirmed PTC cases were recruited. Age- and gender-matched controls were enrolled at the same time. Urine samples were used as biomarkers to reflect the levels of environmental exposure to 13 metals. Conditional logistic regression models were adopted to assess the potential association. Single-metal and multi-metal models were separately conducted to evaluate the impacts of single and co-exposure to 13 metals. The increased concentration of urinary Cd, Cu, Fe, and Pb quartiles was found significant correlated with PTC risk. We also found the decreased trends of urinary Se, Zn, and Mn quartiles with the ORs for PTC. These dose-response associations between Pb and PTC were observed in the single-metal model and remained significant in the multi-metal model (OR25-50th=1.39, OR50-75th=3.32, OR>75th=7.62, p for trend <0.001). Our study suggested that PTC was positively associated with urinary levels of Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, and inversely associated with Se, Zn, and Mn. Targeted public health policies should be made to improve the environment and the recognition of potential risk factors. These findings need additional studies to confirm in other population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua-Bing Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Xia Cheng
- Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao-Bing Gao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fen Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
- Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
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D'Amico E, Chisari CG, Arena S, Zanghì A, Toscano S, Lo Fermo S, Maimone D, Castaing M, Sciacca S, Zappia M, Patti F. Cancer Risk and Multiple Sclerosis: Evidence From a Large Italian Cohort. Front Neurol 2019; 10:337. [PMID: 31024431 PMCID: PMC6469363 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The complexity of understanding cancer risk in MS is increased by inconsistencies in study design, and the lack of age-, sex-, and ethnicity-specific risk estimates. Aims of our study were to estimate the incidence of cancers in the MS population of Catania (Italy) and to evaluate the impact of disease-modifying treatments (DMTs) in cancer risk. Materials and Methods: We screened 2,730 PwMS according to the MS criteria of Mc Donald 2010 referring to MS center of Catania in the period between 2003 and 2013. We matched database of MS patients with the Integrated Cancer of Catania-Messina-Siracusae-Enna. We calculated age and sex specific standardized incidence ratios (SIR) and the relative risk (RR) of developing cancer in MS patients treated with at least two different DMTs compared to who received one or no treatment. Results: Out of 2,730, 1,180 MS patients (67.1% females; mean age 41.2 ± 12.9) were enrolled. We found 36 cancers. Global SIR was 1.18 (CI95% 0.78–1.58), with a significantly higher risk in men with a range age of 20 to 50 years [2.84; (CI95% 1.59–4.09)] and in women over 50 years [1.82 (CI95% 1.08–2.55)]. RR of developing cancer was 1.99 (CI95% 1.14–3.45) in MS patients switching one DMT and 3.38 (CI95% 1.83–6.22) in who switched at least twice. Discussion: Our results demonstrated that cancer risk was not increased in our MS population; but age and sex different distribution may partly drive cancer risk. Higher cancer risk in MS patients switching more than two DMTs should take into account in treatment decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele D'Amico
- Section of Neurosciences, Department "GF Ingrassia", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Clara G Chisari
- Section of Neurosciences, Department "GF Ingrassia", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Arena
- Section of Neurosciences, Department "GF Ingrassia", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Aurora Zanghì
- Section of Neurosciences, Department "GF Ingrassia", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Simona Toscano
- Section of Neurosciences, Department "GF Ingrassia", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Lo Fermo
- Section of Neurosciences, Department "GF Ingrassia", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Marine Castaing
- Department of Hygiene, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Mario Zappia
- Section of Neurosciences, Department "GF Ingrassia", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Patti
- Section of Neurosciences, Department "GF Ingrassia", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Fiore M, Oliveri Conti G, Caltabiano R, Buffone A, Zuccarello P, Cormaci L, Cannizzaro MA, Ferrante M. Role of Emerging Environmental Risk Factors in Thyroid Cancer: A Brief Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16071185. [PMID: 30986998 PMCID: PMC6480006 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16071185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Environmental factors are recognized as risk factors of thyroid cancer in humans. Exposure to radiation, both from nuclear weapon or fallout or medical radiation, and to some organic and inorganic chemical toxicants represent a worldwide public health issue for their proven carcinogenicity. Halogenated compounds, such as organochlorines and pesticides, are able to disrupt thyroid function. Polychlorinated biphenyls and their metabolites and polybrominated diethyl ethers bind to thyroid, transport proteins, replace thyroxin, and disrupt thyroid function as phthalates and bisphenolates do, highly mimicking thyroid hormones. A better knowledge of environmental risks represents a very important tool for cancer prevention through true risks prevention and management. This approach is very important because of the epigenetic origin’s theory of cancer. Therefore, the aim of this review was study the association between environmental agents and thyroid cancer promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fiore
- Environmental and Food Hygiene Laboratories (LIAA), Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Gea Oliveri Conti
- Environmental and Food Hygiene Laboratories (LIAA), Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Rosario Caltabiano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, "G.F. Ingrassia", Section of Anatomic Pathology, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Antonino Buffone
- Department of General Surgery and Specialty Medical Surgery, Endocrine surgery, A.O.U. Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele P.O. G. Rodolico, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Pietro Zuccarello
- Environmental and Food Hygiene Laboratories (LIAA), Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Livia Cormaci
- Hygiene and Preventive Medicine Specializaton School, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, "G.F. Ingrassia", 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Matteo Angelo Cannizzaro
- Chirugia Generale, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, "G.F. Ingrassia", 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Margherita Ferrante
- Environmental and Food Hygiene Laboratories (LIAA), Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
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Zidane M, Ren Y, Xhaard C, Leufroy A, Côte S, Dewailly E, Noël L, Guérin T, Bouisset P, Bernagout S, Paaoafaite J, Iltis J, Taquet M, Suhas E, Rachédi F, Boissin JL, Sebbag J, Shan L, Bost-Bezeaud F, Petitdidier P, Rubino C, Gardon J, de Vathaire F. Non-Essential Trace Elements Dietary Exposure in French Polynesia: Intake Assessment, Nail Bio Monitoring and Thyroid
Cancer Risk. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20:355-367. [PMID: 30803193 PMCID: PMC6897028 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2019.20.2.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In French Polynesia, thyroid cancer mortality and incidence is reported to be the highest in the world. Excessive levels of non-essential trace elements (nETE) in the body are associated with several types of cancer. Objective: The present study aims to provide quantitative information on food contamination by mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) in French Polynesia and its potential correlation with measurements performed in fingernails of Polynesians, and then to investigate the potential association between these nETE and different thyroid cancer risks. Methods: The study population included 229 interviewed cases and 373 interviewed controls We performed a descriptive analysis of Polynesian food and examined the association between thyroid cancer risk and daily intake levels of nETE and with fingernail nETE levels. Results: Hg contamination was mainly present in sea products, Pb contamination was present in almost all samples, Cd was detectable in starchy food and As was detectable in all sea products. No patient exceeded dietary contamination WHO limits for Pb, 2 participants exceeded it for Hg and 3 individuals (0.5%) for cadmium. In fingernail clippings, the most detectable pollutant was Pb (553 participants), then Hg (543 participants) then Cd (only in 130 participants). Thyroid cancer risk was increased more than 4 times by Pb daily intake in patients with a history of cancer in first-degree relatives than in ones without (p for interaction =0.01), and 2 times more in women with more than 3 pregnancies than in those with none or less (p for interaction =0.005); it was also increased following As intake by more than 30% in patients with a history of cancer in first-degree relatives than in ones without (p for interaction =0.05). Conclusion: Locally produced foods are not a source of nETE exposure in French Polynesia. Dieatry nETE exposure and fingernail nETE concentration are not associated to differentiated thyroid cancer risk. No correlation found between nETE dietary exposure and fingernail nETE concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monia Zidane
- Radiation Epidemiology Group, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), UMR 1018 Inserm, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Faculty of Medicine, University Paris Sud 11, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
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Fallahi P, Foddis R, Elia G, Ragusa F, Patrizio A, Frenzilli G, Benvenga S, Cristaudo A, Antonelli A, Ferrari SM. Differential modulation by vanadium pentoxide of the secretion of CXCL8 and CXCL11 chemokines in thyroid cells. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:7415-7420. [PMID: 29568907 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently it has been hypothesized that vanadium serves a carcinogenic role in the thyroid. However, to date, no in vivo or in vitro studies have evaluated thyroid disruption in humans and/or animals following exposure to vanadium. The present study evaluated the effect of vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) on cell viability and proliferation, and chemokine (C‑X‑C motif) ligand (CXCL)8 and CXCL11 secretion in normal thyrocytes. The results demonstrated that V2O5 had no effect on thyroid follicular cell viability and proliferation. However, V2O5 was able to induce the secretion of CXCL8 and CXCL11 chemokines from thyrocytes. Notably, V2O5 synergistically increased the effect of the interferon (IFN)‑γ on CXCL11 secretion. In addition, V2O5 synergistically increased the effect of tumor necrosis factor‑α on CXCL8 secretion, and abolished the inhibitory effect of IFN‑γ. Overall this induction of CXCL8 and CXCL11 secretion may lead to the induction and perpetuation of an inflammatory reaction in the thyroid. Further studies are now required to evaluate thyroid function and nodule development in subjects who are occupationally exposed, or living in polluted areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poupak Fallahi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, I‑56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Rudy Foddis
- Department of Translational Research of New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, I‑56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giusy Elia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, I‑56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Ragusa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, I‑56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Armando Patrizio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, I‑56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giada Frenzilli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, I‑56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Salvatore Benvenga
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, University of Messina, I‑98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Alfonso Cristaudo
- Department of Translational Research of New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, I‑56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Antonelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, I‑56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvia Martina Ferrari
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, I‑56126 Pisa, Italy
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46
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Zwolak I, Gołębiowska D. Protective activity of pyruvate against vanadium-dependent cytotoxicity in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells. Toxicol Ind Health 2018. [PMID: 29529943 DOI: 10.1177/0748233718754979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
With increasing human exposure to vanadium-containing compounds and growing concern over their impact on human health, identification of safe methods for efficient treatment of vanadium poisoning may be of value. In this study, using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells, we show that the toxicity of vanadyl sulphate (VOSO4) is mitigated in the presence of sodium pyruvate. The exposure of CHO-K1 cells to 100 μM VOSO4 for 48 h induced significant cytotoxicity (measured with a resazurin assay) and elevation of the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), a lipid peroxidation product, in the examined cells. When added simultaneously with VOSO4 to the culture medium, pyruvate (4.5 mM) reduced VOSO4-mediated cytotoxicity by twofold and inhibited MDA formation. Phase-contrast microscopy confirmed that the general morphology of cell cultures treated with 100 μM VOSO4 and 4.5 mM pyruvate was improved compared to VOSO4-only treated cells. The two-way analysis of variance revealed that the reduction of the adverse effects of VOSO4 in the presence of pyruvate was due to the independent action of pyruvate as well as antagonistic interaction between VOSO4 and pyruvate. From these data, it can be concluded that the pyruvate treatment may play a beneficial role in reducing vanadium-triggered health hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Zwolak
- Laboratory of Oxidative Stress, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, the John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantynów, Lublin, Poland
| | - Dorota Gołębiowska
- Laboratory of Oxidative Stress, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, the John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantynów, Lublin, Poland
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Corley B, Bartelt-Hunt S, Rogan E, Coulter D, Sparks J, Baccaglini L, Howell M, Liaquat S, Commack R, Kolok AS. Using Watershed Boundaries to Map Adverse Health Outcomes: Examples From Nebraska, USA. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2018; 12:1178630217751906. [PMID: 29398918 PMCID: PMC5788116 DOI: 10.1177/1178630217751906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In 2009, a paper was published suggesting that watersheds provide a geospatial platform for establishing linkages between aquatic contaminants, the health of the environment, and human health. This article is a follow-up to that original article. From an environmental perspective, watersheds segregate landscapes into geospatial units that may be relevant to human health outcomes. From an epidemiologic perspective, the watershed concept places anthropogenic health data into a geospatial framework that has environmental relevance. Research discussed in this article includes information gathered from the literature, as well as recent data collected and analyzed by this research group. It is our contention that the use of watersheds to stratify geospatial information may be both environmentally and epidemiologically valuable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Corley
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | - Eleanor Rogan
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural & Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Donald Coulter
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - John Sparks
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Lorena Baccaglini
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Madeline Howell
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural & Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Sidra Liaquat
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Rex Commack
- Department of Geography & Geology, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Alan S Kolok
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural & Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Idaho Water Resources Research Institute, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
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Lv C, Yang Y, Jiang L, Gao L, Rong S, Darko GM, Jiang W, Gao Y, Sun D. Association between chronic exposure to different water iodine and thyroid cancer: A retrospective study from 1995 to 2014. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 609:735-741. [PMID: 28763670 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The controversy that iodine intake may increase the risk of thyroid cancer has heightened over the past twenty years. In this retrospective study, we mainly analyzed the association between water iodine and thyroid cancer and discussed the possible cause of the increase in thyroid cancer. This study was supported by three hospitals in areas with different water iodine concentration. 5574 patients with thyroid disease were recruited, of which 1429 patients had been diagnosed with thyroid cancer. These samples collectively were used to analyze the relationship of incidence and prevalence associated with water iodine. In addition, the ratio of maximum tumor diameter was analyzed. By analyzing the proportion of patients with thyroid cancer in thyroid diseases, we found a decrease in the proportion of thyroid cancer with increasing water iodine (P<0.0001). In addition, there was no significant correlation between the median water iodine and the prevalence of thyroid cancer, including papillary thyroid cancer (P>0.05). Meanwhile, the 5years' cumulative incidence of thyroid cancer increased with years (P<0.01). Comparing Cao county and Shan county, which are areas with high water iodine, to adequate iodine area such as in Mudan district, an increasing incidence is observed in 2010-2014 in Mudan district. Again, we observed a significant increase in the proportion of thyroid cancer with tumor size <1cm (P<0.01). Therefore, we concluded that cause(s) of increase in thyroid cancer may be ascribed to the sensitive diagnostic techniques and the improvement of living condition, but not water iodine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunpeng Lv
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, Heilongjiang Province, China; Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yanmei Yang
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, Heilongjiang Province, China; Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Lixin Jiang
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, Heilongjiang Province, China; Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Lin Gao
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, Heilongjiang Province, China; Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Shengzhong Rong
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, Heilongjiang Province, China; Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Gottfried M Darko
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, Heilongjiang Province, China; Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Wen Jiang
- Shandong Institute of Prevention and Control for Endemic Disease, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yanhui Gao
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, Heilongjiang Province, China; Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Dianjun Sun
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, Heilongjiang Province, China; Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, Heilongjiang Province, China.
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Vigneri R, Malandrino P, Gianì F, Russo M, Vigneri P. Heavy metals in the volcanic environment and thyroid cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 457:73-80. [PMID: 27794445 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the last two decades thyroid cancer incidence has increased worldwide more than any other cancer. Overdiagnosis of subclinical microcarcinomas has certainly contributed to this increase but many evidences indicate that a true increase, possibly due to environmental factors, has also occurred. Thyroid cancer incidence is markedly increased in volcanic areas. Thus, the volcanic environment is a good model to investigate the possible factors favoring thyroid cancer. In the volcanic area of Mt. Etna in Sicily, as well as in other volcanic areas, a non-anthropogenic pollution with heavy metals has been documented, a consequence of gas, ash and lava emission. Soil, water and atmosphere contamination, via the food chain, biocontaminate the residents as documented by high levels in the urines and the scalp hair compared to individuals living in adjacent non-volcanic areas. Trace amounts of metals are essential nutrients but, at higher concentrations, can be toxic for living cells. Metals can behave both as endocrine disruptors, perturbing the hormonal system, and as carcinogens, promoting malignant transformation. Similarly to other carcinogens, the transforming effect of heavy metals is higher in developing organisms as the fetus (contaminated via the mother) and individuals in early childhood. In the last decades environment metal pollution has greatly increased in industrialized countries. Although still within the "normal" limits for each single metal the hormesis effect (heavy metal activity at very low concentration because of biphasic, non linear cell response) and the possible potentiation effect resulting from the mixture of different metals acting synergistically can explain cell damage at very low concentrations. The effect of metals on the human thyroid is poorly studied: for some heavy metals no data are available. The scarce studies that have been performed mainly focus on metal effect as thyroid endocrine disruptors. The metal concentration in tissues has been rarely measured in the thyroid. Heavy metal accumulation and metabolism in the thyroid or the carcinogenic activity of different doses and different speciation of metals has not been investigated. These studies are now warranted to better understand thyroid biology and heavy metal role in human thyroid carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Vigneri
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, Via Palermo 636, 95122 Catania, Italy; Humanitas, Catania Oncology Center, Via V. E. Dabormida, 64, 95126 Catania, Italy; CNR, Institute of Bioimages and Biostructures, Via P Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy.
| | - P Malandrino
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, Via Palermo 636, 95122 Catania, Italy
| | - F Gianì
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, Via Palermo 636, 95122 Catania, Italy
| | - M Russo
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98100 Messina, Italy
| | - P Vigneri
- Medical Oncology, University of Catania Medical School, Policlinico Via S. Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy
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50
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Luca E, Fici L, Ronchi A, Marandino F, Rossi ED, Caristo ME, Malandrino P, Russo M, Pontecorvi A, Vigneri R, Moretti F. Intake of Boron, Cadmium, and Molybdenum enhances rat thyroid cell transformation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2017; 36:73. [PMID: 28577555 PMCID: PMC5455132 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-017-0543-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Epidemiologic data in volcanic areas suggest that environmental factors might be involved in the increase of thyroid cancer (TC) incidence. Recent reports indicate that several heavy metals and metalloids are increased in volcanic areas. This study aims to evaluate the combined effect of three of these elements Boron (B), Cadmium (Cd), and Molybdenum (Mo) - all increased in the volcanic area of Mt. Etna, in Italy - on thyroid tumorigenesis in the rat. Methods Female Wistar rats prone to develop thyroid tumors by low-iodine diet and methimazole treatment received ad libitum drinking water supplemented with B, Cd, and Mo at concentrations in the range found in the urine samples of residents of the volcanic area. At 5 and 10 months animals were euthanized, and their thyroid analysed. Statistical analysis was performed with a 2-way unpaired t-test. Results No toxic effect of the three elements on the growth of the animals was observed. A significant increase of histological features of transformation was observed in thyroid follicular cells of rats treated with B, Cd, and Mo compared with those of control group. These abnormalities were associated with decreased iodine content in the thyroid. Conclusions This study provides the evidence that slightly increased environmental concentrations of B, Cd, and Mo can accelerate the appearance of transformation marks in the thyroid gland of hypothyroid rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Luca
- Institute of Pathology and Postgraduate School of Endocrinology, Catholic University of Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Fici
- Institute of Pathology and Postgraduate School of Endocrinology, Catholic University of Roma, Rome, Italy.,Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Ronchi
- National Center of Tossicology, IRCCS Foundation Salvatore Maugeri, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Marandino
- Department of Surgical Pathology, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Esther Diana Rossi
- Institute of Pathology and Postgraduate School of Endocrinology, Catholic University of Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Emiliana Caristo
- Institute of Pathology and Postgraduate School of Endocrinology, Catholic University of Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Pasqualino Malandrino
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, Via Palermo, 636, 95122, Catania, Italy
| | - Marco Russo
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, Via Palermo, 636, 95122, Catania, Italy
| | - Alfredo Pontecorvi
- Institute of Pathology and Postgraduate School of Endocrinology, Catholic University of Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Vigneri
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, Via Palermo, 636, 95122, Catania, Italy. .,Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, (CNR), Catania, Italy.
| | - Fabiola Moretti
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143, Rome, Italy. .,"Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy.
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