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Cheyne I, Gopinath VS, Muppa N, Armas AE, Gil Agurto MS, Akula SA, Nagpal S, Yousaf MS, Haider A. The Neurological Implications of COVID-19: A Comprehensive Narrative Review. Cureus 2024; 16:e60376. [PMID: 38887342 PMCID: PMC11181960 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.60376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 revealed a huge number of problems as well as discoveries in medicine, notably, regarding the effects of the virus on the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). This paper is a narrative review that takes a deep dive into the complex interactions between COVID-19 and the NS. Therefore, this paper explains the broad range of neurological manifestations and neurodegenerative diseases caused by the virus. It carefully considers the routes through which SARS-CoV-2 reaches the NS, including the olfactory system and of course, the hematogenous route, which are also covered when discussing the virus's direct and indirect mechanisms of neuropathogenesis. Besides neurological pathologies such as stroke, encephalitis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis, the focus area is also given to the challenges of making diagnosis, treatment, and management of these conditions during the pandemic. The review also examines the strategic and interventional approaches utilized to prevent these disorders, as well as the ACE2 receptors implicated in the mediation of neurological effects caused by COVID-19. This detailed overview, which combines research outputs with case data, is directed at tackling this pandemic challenge, with a view toward better patient care and outcomes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ithamar Cheyne
- Critical Care, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, POL
| | | | - Neeharika Muppa
- School of Medicine, St. George's University, St. George's, GRD
| | - Angel Emanuel Armas
- Internal Medicine, Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | | | - Sai Abhigna Akula
- Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, St. George's University, St. George's, GRD
| | - Shubhangi Nagpal
- Internal Medicine, Guru Gobind Singh Government Hospital, New Delhi, IND
| | | | - Ali Haider
- Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Gujrat Campus, Gujrat, PAK
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2
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Kamali M, Navaeifar MR, Abbaskhanian A, Hajialibeig A, Godazandeh F, Salehpour M, Rezai MS. Unusual presentation of miliary tuberculosis in a 12-year-old girl: a case report. BMC Pediatr 2024; 24:223. [PMID: 38561744 PMCID: PMC10983680 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-04427-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Miliary tuberculosis (TB) is a lethal hematogenous spread form of mycobacterium tuberculosis with approximately 15-20% mortality rate in children. The present report highlights the clinical manifestations of an unusual presentation of miliary tuberculosis in a 12-year-old girl. CASE PRESENTATION In this case, extensive lung involvement was presented despite the absence of respiratory symptoms. Also, some central hypo-intense with hyper-intense rim nodules were detected in the brain's pons, right cerebral peduncles and lentiform nucleus. CONCLUSION The results of this study showed that severe miliary TB may occur even in a person who received the Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Kamali
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Navaeifar
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ali Abbaskhanian
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Azin Hajialibeig
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Farnaz Godazandeh
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of medical sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mahsa Salehpour
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sadegh Rezai
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
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Fink EL, Alcamo AM, Lovett M, Hartman M, Williams C, Garcia A, Rasmussen L, Pal R, Drury K, MackDiaz E, Ferrazzano PA, Dervan L, Appavu B, Snooks K, Stulce C, Rubin P, Pate B, Toney N, Robertson CL, Wainwright MS, Roa JD, Schober ME, Slomine BS. Post-discharge outcomes of hospitalized children diagnosed with acute SARS-CoV-2 or MIS-C. Front Pediatr 2024; 12:1340385. [PMID: 38410766 PMCID: PMC10895015 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2024.1340385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hospitalized children diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2-related conditions are at risk for new or persistent symptoms and functional impairments. Our objective was to analyze post-hospital symptoms, healthcare utilization, and outcomes of children previously hospitalized and diagnosed with acute SARS-CoV-2 infection or Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C). Methods Prospective, multicenter electronic survey of parents of children <18 years of age surviving hospitalization from 12 U.S. centers between January 2020 and July 2021. The primary outcome was a parent report of child recovery status at the time of the survey (recovered vs. not recovered). Secondary outcomes included new or persistent symptoms, readmissions, and health-related quality of life. Multivariable backward stepwise logistic regression was performed for the association of patient, disease, laboratory, and treatment variables with recovered status. Results The children [n = 79; 30 (38.0%) female] with acute SARS-CoV-2 (75.7%) or MIS-C (24.3%) had a median age of 6.5 years (interquartile range 2.0-13.0) and 51 (64.6%) had a preexisting condition. Fifty children (63.3%) required critical care. One-third [23/79 (29.1%)] were not recovered at follow-up [43 (31, 54) months post-discharge]. Admission C-reactive protein levels were higher in children not recovered vs. recovered [5.7 (1.3, 25.1) vs. 1.3 (0.4, 6.3) mg/dl, p = 0.02]. At follow-up, 67% overall had new or persistent symptoms. The most common symptoms were fatigue (37%), weakness (25%), and headache (24%), all with frequencies higher in children not recovered. Forty percent had at least one return emergency visit and 24% had a hospital readmission. Recovered status was associated with better total HRQOL [87 (77, 95) vs. 77 (51, 83), p = 0.01]. In multivariable analysis, lower admission C-reactive protein [odds ratio 0.90 (95% confidence interval 0.82, 0.99)] and higher admission lymphocyte count [1.001 (1.0002, 1.002)] were associated with recovered status. Conclusions Children considered recovered by their parents following hospitalization with SARS-CoV-2-related conditions had less symptom frequency and better HRQOL than those reported as not recovered. Increased inflammation and lower lymphocyte count on hospital admission may help to identify children needing longitudinal, multidisciplinary care. Clinical Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04379089).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ericka L. Fink
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Alicia M. Alcamo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Marlina Lovett
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Mary Hartman
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Seattle Children’s Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Cydni Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care and Neurotrauma Recovery Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Angela Garcia
- Division of Pediatric Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Lindsey Rasmussen
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Ria Pal
- Department of Neurology, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Kurt Drury
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care and Neurotrauma Recovery Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Division of Pediatrics, Comer Children’s Hospital, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Elizabeth MackDiaz
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, MUSC Shawn Jenkins Children’s Hospital, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Peter A. Ferrazzano
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Leslie Dervan
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Brain Appavu
- Division of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Kellie Snooks
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Casey Stulce
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Pamela Rubin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Bianca Pate
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Nicole Toney
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Courtney L. Robertson
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, and Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins Children’s Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Mark S. Wainwright
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Seattle Children’s Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Juan D. Roa
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Michelle E. Schober
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Beth S. Slomine
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Reid KJ, Ingram LT, Jimenez M, Orban ZS, Abbott SM, Grimaldi D, Knutson KL, Zee PC, Koralnik IJ, Maas MB. Impact of sleep disruption on cognitive function in patients with postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection: initial findings from a Neuro-COVID-19 clinic. SLEEP ADVANCES : A JOURNAL OF THE SLEEP RESEARCH SOCIETY 2024; 5:zpae002. [PMID: 38370438 PMCID: PMC10873785 DOI: 10.1093/sleepadvances/zpae002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Fatigue, brain fog, and sleep disturbance are among the most common symptoms of postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC). We sought to determine the impact of sleep disruption on cognition and quality of life in patients with neurologic manifestations of PASC (Neuro-PASC). Methods Thirty-nine patients were recruited from Neuro-COVID-19 clinic. Mean age was 48.1 years, 71.8% were female, and 82% were never hospitalized for COVID-19. Patients were evaluated via clinical assessment, quality-of-life measures in domains of cognitive function, fatigue, sleep disturbance, anxiety, and depression, NIH Toolbox cognitive tests, and 7 days of wrist actigraphy. Results The median number of neurologic symptoms attributed to PASC was 6, with brain fog being the most common in 89.7%. Regarding non-neurologic symptoms, 94.9% complained of fatigue and 74.4% of insomnia. Patients reported significant impairment in all quality-of-life domains and performed worse in a task of attention compared to a normative US population. Actigraphy showed Neuro-PASC patients had lower sleep efficiency, longer sleep latency (both p < 0.001), and later sleep midpoint (p = 0.039) compared to 71 age-matched healthy controls with no PASC history. Self-reported cognitive symptoms correlated with the severity of fatigue (p < 0.001), anxiety (p = 0.05), and depression (p < 0.01). Objective evidence of sleep disruption measured by wakefulness after sleep onset, sleep efficiency, and latency were associated with decreased performance in attention and processing speed. Conclusion Prospective studies including larger populations of patients are needed to fully determine the interplay of sleep disruption on the cognitive function and quality of life of patients with PASC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn J Reid
- Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Circadian and Sleep Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Louis T Ingram
- Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Circadian and Sleep Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Millenia Jimenez
- Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zachary S Orban
- Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sabra M Abbott
- Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Circadian and Sleep Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daniela Grimaldi
- Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Circadian and Sleep Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kristen L Knutson
- Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Circadian and Sleep Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Phyllis C Zee
- Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Circadian and Sleep Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Igor J Koralnik
- Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mathew B Maas
- Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Circadian and Sleep Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Gunduz GU, Yildiz AM, Yalcinbayir O, Baykara M, Sari ES, Isleker S, Ozturk NAA. Pupillographic Analysis of COVID-19 Patients: Early and Late Results After Recovery. BEYOGLU EYE JOURNAL 2023; 8:149-156. [PMID: 37766761 PMCID: PMC10521134 DOI: 10.14744/bej.2023.30592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Objectives We aimed to investigate the short- and long-term static and dynamic pupillary responses of patients recovered from coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) using quantitative infrared pupillography. Methods This study included patients who recovered from COVID-19 (Group 1) and age- and gender-matched controls (Group 2). A detailed ophthalmic examination was performed at 1 month and 6 months after the diagnosis of COVID-19. Photopic, mesopic, and scotopic pupil diameters (PDs) were measured using a quantitative infrared pupillography which was integrated into Scheimpflug/Placido photography-based topography system. PDs at 0, 2nd, 4th, and 6th seconds, and average pupil dilation speeds at 2nd, 4th, 6th, and 8th seconds were recorded. Results Eighty-six eyes of 86 patients (Group 1: n=42; Group 2: n=44) were included. While the mean photopic, mesopic, and scotopic PDs were significantly larger in the COVID-19 group than the control group in the 1st month (p=0.035, p=0.017, p=0.018, respectively), no statistically significant difference was found in the 6th month. Besides, average pupil dilation speeds and PDs at the 0, 2nd, 4th, and 6th seconds were not statistically significantly different between the two groups in the 1st month and 6th month. Conclusion PDs were significantly larger in COVID-19 patients in all light intensities in the 1st month after COVID-19. However, pupillary dilation was transient, and no significant difference was found in the 6th month. We suggest that the transient pupillary dilation may be secondary to the autonomic nervous system dysfunction and/or optic nerve and visual pathways alterations following COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Ucan Gunduz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Türkiye
| | | | - Ozgur Yalcinbayir
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Türkiye
| | - Mehmet Baykara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Türkiye
| | - Esin Sogutlu Sari
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Türkiye
| | - Sevde Isleker
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Türkiye
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Comeau D, Martin M, Robichaud GA, Chamard-Witkowski L. Neurological manifestations of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19: which liquid biomarker should we use? Front Neurol 2023; 14:1233192. [PMID: 37545721 PMCID: PMC10400889 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1233192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Long COVID syndrome, also known as post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC), is characterized by persistent symptoms lasting 3-12 weeks post SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patients suffering from PASC can display a myriad of symptoms that greatly diminish quality of life, the most frequent being neuropsychiatric. Thus, there is an eminent need to diagnose and treat PASC related neuropsychiatric manifestation (neuro-PASC). Evidence suggests that liquid biomarkers could potentially be used in the diagnosis and monitoring of patients. Undoubtedly, such biomarkers would greatly benefit clinicians in the management of patients; however, it remains unclear if these can be reliably used in this context. In this mini review, we highlight promising liquid (blood and cerebrospinal fluid) biomarkers, namely, neuronal injury biomarkers NfL, GFAP, and tau proteins as well as neuroinflammatory biomarkers IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and CPR associated with neuro-PASC and discuss their limitations in clinical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Comeau
- Dr. Georges-L. Dumont University Hospital Centre, Clinical Research Sector, Vitalité Health Network, Moncton, NB, Canada
| | - Mykella Martin
- Centre de Formation médicale du Nouveau-Brunswick, Université de Sherbrooke, Moncton, NB, Canada
| | - Gilles A. Robichaud
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada
- The New Brunswick Center for Precision Medicine, Moncton, NB, Canada
- The Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, NB, Canada
| | - Ludivine Chamard-Witkowski
- Centre de Formation médicale du Nouveau-Brunswick, Université de Sherbrooke, Moncton, NB, Canada
- Department of Neurology, Dr. Georges-L. Dumont University Hospital Centre, Moncton, NB, Canada
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Giraldo GSP, Ali ST, Kang AK, Patel TR, Budhiraja S, Gaelen JI, Lank GK, Clark JR, Mukherjee S, Singer T, Venkatesh A, Orban ZS, Lim PH, Jimenez M, Miller J, Taylor C, Szymanski AL, Scarpelli J, Graham EL, Balabanov RD, Barcelo BE, Cahan JG, Ruckman K, Shepard AG, Slutzky MW, LaFaver K, Kumthekar PU, Shetty NK, Carroll KS, Ho SU, Lukas RV, Batra A, Liotta EM, Koralnik IJ. Neurologic Manifestations of Long COVID Differ Based on Acute COVID-19 Severity. Ann Neurol 2023; 94:146-159. [PMID: 36966460 PMCID: PMC10724021 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize neurologic manifestations in post-hospitalization Neuro-PASC (PNP) and non-hospitalized Neuro-PASC (NNP) patients. METHODS Prospective study of the first 100 consecutive PNP and 500 NNP patients evaluated at a Neuro-COVID-19 clinic between 5/2020 and 8/2021. RESULTS PNP were older than NNP patients (mean 53.9 vs 44.9 y; p < 0.0001) with a higher prevalence of pre-existing comorbidities. An average 6.8 months from onset, the main neurologic symptoms were "brain fog" (81.2%), headache (70.3%), and dizziness (49.5%) with only anosmia, dysgeusia and myalgias being more frequent in the NNP compared to the PNP group (59 vs 39%, 57.6 vs 39% and 50.4 vs 33%, all p < 0.003). Moreover, 85.8% of patients experienced fatigue. PNP more frequently had an abnormal neurologic exam than NNP patients (62.2 vs 37%, p < 0.0001). Both groups had impaired quality of life in cognitive, fatigue, sleep, anxiety, and depression domains. PNP patients performed worse on processing speed, attention, and working memory tasks than NNP patients (T-score 41.5 vs 55, 42.5 vs 47 and 45.5 vs 49, all p < 0.001) and a US normative population. NNP patients had lower results in attention task only. Subjective impression of cognitive ability correlated with cognitive test results in NNP but not in PNP patients. INTERPRETATION PNP and NNP patients both experience persistent neurologic symptoms affecting their quality of life. However, they harbor significant differences in demographics, comorbidities, neurologic symptoms and findings, as well as pattern of cognitive dysfunction. Such differences suggest distinct etiologies of Neuro-PASC in these populations warranting targeted interventions. ANN NEUROL 2023;94:146-159.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina S. Perez Giraldo
- Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Sareen T. Ali
- Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Anthony K. Kang
- Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Tulsi R. Patel
- Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Shreya Budhiraja
- Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Jordan I. Gaelen
- Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Grace K. Lank
- Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Jeffrey R. Clark
- Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Shreya Mukherjee
- Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Tracey Singer
- Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Aditi Venkatesh
- Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Zachary S. Orban
- Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Patrick H. Lim
- Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Millenia Jimenez
- Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Janet Miller
- Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Carolyn Taylor
- Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - April L Szymanski
- Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Jessica Scarpelli
- Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Edith L. Graham
- Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Roumen D. Balabanov
- Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Bianca E. Barcelo
- Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Joshua G. Cahan
- Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Kaitlyn Ruckman
- Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Alan G. Shepard
- Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Marc W. Slutzky
- Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Kathrin LaFaver
- Saratoga Hospital Medical Group, Neurology, Saratoga Springs, NY
| | - Priya U. Kumthekar
- Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Neil K. Shetty
- Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Katherine S. Carroll
- Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Sam U. Ho
- Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Rimas V. Lukas
- Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Ayush Batra
- Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Eric M. Liotta
- Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Igor J. Koralnik
- Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
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Sharma V, Chhabra T, Singh TG. Correlation of covid-19 and Guillain-Barré syndrome: A Mechanistic Perspective. OBESITY MEDICINE 2023; 40:100493. [PMID: 37131407 PMCID: PMC10091783 DOI: 10.1016/j.obmed.2023.100493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Aims Coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2 particles are spherical and have proteins called spikes that stick out on the surface. COVID-19 most commonly affects the respiratory system, but various clinical manifestations on coronavirus have revealed their potential neurotropism. The neuroinvasive affinity of Coronavirus infections has been reported nearly for all the β Coronavirus infections, including MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, HCoV-OC43 and HEV. Coronavirus invasion occurs through hypoxia injury, immune injury, ACE2, and direct infection. The pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 and other human Coronaviruses reveals the possible mechanisms of neurodegeneration. Methods A systematic literature review carried out from various search engines like Scopus, PubMed, Medline, and Elsevier for investigating the therapeutic perspective of association between Covid-19 and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Results SARS-CoV-2 uses angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 as its entry receptor and enters the central nervous system through a Blood-brain barrier constituted of inflammatory mediators, direct infection of the endothelial cells, or endothelial injury. Guillain-Barré syndrome is an autoimmune disease that injures and attacks the nerves in the peripheral nervous system. Studies suggest that the virus can infect peripheral neurons to cause direct damage through various mechanisms, including direct damage by cytokine-related injury, ACE2 receptors, and the sequelae of hypoxia. Conclusion we have discussed the possible mechanisms between neuroinvasion of SARs-cov2 and Guillain-barre syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerta Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Tarun Chhabra
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India
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Michael BD, Walton D, Westenberg E, García-Azorín D, Singh B, Tamborska AA, Netravathi M, Chomba M, Wood GK, Easton A, Siddiqi OK, Jackson TA, Pollak TA, Nicholson TR, Nair S, Breen G, Prasad K, Thakur KT, Chou SHY, Schmutzhard E, Frontera JA, Helbok R, Padovani A, Menon DK, Solomon T, Winkler AS. Consensus Clinical Guidance for Diagnosis and Management of Adult COVID-19 Encephalopathy Patients. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2023; 35:12-27. [PMID: 35872617 DOI: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.22010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Encephalopathy, a common condition among patients hospitalized with COVID-19, can be a challenge to manage and negatively affect prognosis. While encephalopathy may present clinically as delirium, subsyndromal delirium, or coma and may be a result of systemic causes such as hypoxia, COVID-19 has also been associated with more prolonged encephalopathy due to less common but nevertheless severe complications, such as inflammation of the brain parenchyma (with or without cerebrovascular involvement), demyelination, or seizures, which may be disproportionate to COVID-19 severity and require specific management. Given the large number of patients hospitalized with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection, even these relatively unlikely complications are increasingly recognized and are particularly important because they require specific management. Therefore, the aim of this review is to provide pragmatic guidance on the management of COVID-19 encephalopathy through consensus agreement of the Global COVID-19 Neuro Research Coalition. A systematic literature search of MEDLINE, medRxiv, and bioRxiv was conducted between January 1, 2020, and June 21, 2021, with additional review of references cited within the identified bibliographies. A modified Delphi approach was then undertaken to develop recommendations, along with a parallel approach to score the strength of both the recommendations and the supporting evidence. This review presents analysis of contemporaneous evidence for the definition, epidemiology, and pathophysiology of COVID-19 encephalopathy and practical guidance for clinical assessment, investigation, and both acute and long-term management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict D Michael
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Protection Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Tamborska, Wood, Solomon); Department of Neurology, Walton Center National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Walton, Tamborska, Wood, Solomon); Clinical Infection Microbiology and Immunology, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Institute for Infection, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Singh, Tamborska, Wood, Easton, Solomon); Department of Neurology, Center for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany (Westenberg, Winkler); Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Spain (García-Azorín); Tropical and Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, United Kingdom (Singh); Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India (Singh); National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India (Netravathi); Department of Medicine, Neurology Division, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (Chomba, Siddiqi); Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (Chomba, Thakur); Encephalitis Society, Malton, United Kingdom (Easton); Department of Neurology, Global Neurology Program, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Siddiqi); Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Vaccines and Virology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Siddiqi); College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Inflammation and Aging, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (Jackson); Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham, United Kingdom (Jackson); Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pollak); Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Center, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Nicholson, Breen); Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India (Nair); NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Center, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust and King's College London (Breen); Department of Neurology and Chief Executive Office, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India (Prasad); Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Chou); Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Chou); Department of Neurology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (Chou); Department of Neurology, Neurocritical Care Unit, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria (Schmutzhard, Helbok); New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (Frontera); Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Institute of Neurology, University of Brescia, Italy (Padovani); Division of Anesthesia, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (Menon); Faculty of Medicine, Center for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Norway (Winkler)
| | - Dean Walton
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Protection Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Tamborska, Wood, Solomon); Department of Neurology, Walton Center National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Walton, Tamborska, Wood, Solomon); Clinical Infection Microbiology and Immunology, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Institute for Infection, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Singh, Tamborska, Wood, Easton, Solomon); Department of Neurology, Center for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany (Westenberg, Winkler); Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Spain (García-Azorín); Tropical and Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, United Kingdom (Singh); Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India (Singh); National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India (Netravathi); Department of Medicine, Neurology Division, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (Chomba, Siddiqi); Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (Chomba, Thakur); Encephalitis Society, Malton, United Kingdom (Easton); Department of Neurology, Global Neurology Program, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Siddiqi); Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Vaccines and Virology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Siddiqi); College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Inflammation and Aging, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (Jackson); Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham, United Kingdom (Jackson); Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pollak); Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Center, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Nicholson, Breen); Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India (Nair); NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Center, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust and King's College London (Breen); Department of Neurology and Chief Executive Office, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India (Prasad); Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Chou); Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Chou); Department of Neurology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (Chou); Department of Neurology, Neurocritical Care Unit, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria (Schmutzhard, Helbok); New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (Frontera); Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Institute of Neurology, University of Brescia, Italy (Padovani); Division of Anesthesia, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (Menon); Faculty of Medicine, Center for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Norway (Winkler)
| | - Erica Westenberg
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Protection Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Tamborska, Wood, Solomon); Department of Neurology, Walton Center National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Walton, Tamborska, Wood, Solomon); Clinical Infection Microbiology and Immunology, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Institute for Infection, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Singh, Tamborska, Wood, Easton, Solomon); Department of Neurology, Center for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany (Westenberg, Winkler); Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Spain (García-Azorín); Tropical and Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, United Kingdom (Singh); Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India (Singh); National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India (Netravathi); Department of Medicine, Neurology Division, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (Chomba, Siddiqi); Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (Chomba, Thakur); Encephalitis Society, Malton, United Kingdom (Easton); Department of Neurology, Global Neurology Program, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Siddiqi); Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Vaccines and Virology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Siddiqi); College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Inflammation and Aging, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (Jackson); Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham, United Kingdom (Jackson); Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pollak); Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Center, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Nicholson, Breen); Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India (Nair); NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Center, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust and King's College London (Breen); Department of Neurology and Chief Executive Office, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India (Prasad); Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Chou); Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Chou); Department of Neurology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (Chou); Department of Neurology, Neurocritical Care Unit, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria (Schmutzhard, Helbok); New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (Frontera); Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Institute of Neurology, University of Brescia, Italy (Padovani); Division of Anesthesia, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (Menon); Faculty of Medicine, Center for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Norway (Winkler)
| | - David García-Azorín
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Protection Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Tamborska, Wood, Solomon); Department of Neurology, Walton Center National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Walton, Tamborska, Wood, Solomon); Clinical Infection Microbiology and Immunology, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Institute for Infection, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Singh, Tamborska, Wood, Easton, Solomon); Department of Neurology, Center for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany (Westenberg, Winkler); Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Spain (García-Azorín); Tropical and Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, United Kingdom (Singh); Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India (Singh); National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India (Netravathi); Department of Medicine, Neurology Division, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (Chomba, Siddiqi); Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (Chomba, Thakur); Encephalitis Society, Malton, United Kingdom (Easton); Department of Neurology, Global Neurology Program, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Siddiqi); Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Vaccines and Virology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Siddiqi); College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Inflammation and Aging, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (Jackson); Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham, United Kingdom (Jackson); Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pollak); Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Center, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Nicholson, Breen); Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India (Nair); NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Center, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust and King's College London (Breen); Department of Neurology and Chief Executive Office, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India (Prasad); Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Chou); Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Chou); Department of Neurology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (Chou); Department of Neurology, Neurocritical Care Unit, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria (Schmutzhard, Helbok); New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (Frontera); Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Institute of Neurology, University of Brescia, Italy (Padovani); Division of Anesthesia, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (Menon); Faculty of Medicine, Center for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Norway (Winkler)
| | - Bhagteshwar Singh
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Protection Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Tamborska, Wood, Solomon); Department of Neurology, Walton Center National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Walton, Tamborska, Wood, Solomon); Clinical Infection Microbiology and Immunology, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Institute for Infection, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Singh, Tamborska, Wood, Easton, Solomon); Department of Neurology, Center for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany (Westenberg, Winkler); Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Spain (García-Azorín); Tropical and Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, United Kingdom (Singh); Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India (Singh); National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India (Netravathi); Department of Medicine, Neurology Division, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (Chomba, Siddiqi); Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (Chomba, Thakur); Encephalitis Society, Malton, United Kingdom (Easton); Department of Neurology, Global Neurology Program, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Siddiqi); Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Vaccines and Virology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Siddiqi); College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Inflammation and Aging, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (Jackson); Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham, United Kingdom (Jackson); Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pollak); Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Center, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Nicholson, Breen); Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India (Nair); NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Center, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust and King's College London (Breen); Department of Neurology and Chief Executive Office, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India (Prasad); Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Chou); Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Chou); Department of Neurology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (Chou); Department of Neurology, Neurocritical Care Unit, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria (Schmutzhard, Helbok); New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (Frontera); Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Institute of Neurology, University of Brescia, Italy (Padovani); Division of Anesthesia, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (Menon); Faculty of Medicine, Center for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Norway (Winkler)
| | - Arina A Tamborska
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Protection Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Tamborska, Wood, Solomon); Department of Neurology, Walton Center National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Walton, Tamborska, Wood, Solomon); Clinical Infection Microbiology and Immunology, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Institute for Infection, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Singh, Tamborska, Wood, Easton, Solomon); Department of Neurology, Center for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany (Westenberg, Winkler); Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Spain (García-Azorín); Tropical and Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, United Kingdom (Singh); Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India (Singh); National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India (Netravathi); Department of Medicine, Neurology Division, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (Chomba, Siddiqi); Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (Chomba, Thakur); Encephalitis Society, Malton, United Kingdom (Easton); Department of Neurology, Global Neurology Program, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Siddiqi); Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Vaccines and Virology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Siddiqi); College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Inflammation and Aging, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (Jackson); Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham, United Kingdom (Jackson); Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pollak); Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Center, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Nicholson, Breen); Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India (Nair); NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Center, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust and King's College London (Breen); Department of Neurology and Chief Executive Office, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India (Prasad); Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Chou); Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Chou); Department of Neurology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (Chou); Department of Neurology, Neurocritical Care Unit, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria (Schmutzhard, Helbok); New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (Frontera); Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Institute of Neurology, University of Brescia, Italy (Padovani); Division of Anesthesia, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (Menon); Faculty of Medicine, Center for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Norway (Winkler)
| | - M Netravathi
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Protection Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Tamborska, Wood, Solomon); Department of Neurology, Walton Center National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Walton, Tamborska, Wood, Solomon); Clinical Infection Microbiology and Immunology, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Institute for Infection, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Singh, Tamborska, Wood, Easton, Solomon); Department of Neurology, Center for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany (Westenberg, Winkler); Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Spain (García-Azorín); Tropical and Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, United Kingdom (Singh); Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India (Singh); National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India (Netravathi); Department of Medicine, Neurology Division, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (Chomba, Siddiqi); Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (Chomba, Thakur); Encephalitis Society, Malton, United Kingdom (Easton); Department of Neurology, Global Neurology Program, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Siddiqi); Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Vaccines and Virology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Siddiqi); College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Inflammation and Aging, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (Jackson); Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham, United Kingdom (Jackson); Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pollak); Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Center, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Nicholson, Breen); Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India (Nair); NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Center, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust and King's College London (Breen); Department of Neurology and Chief Executive Office, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India (Prasad); Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Chou); Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Chou); Department of Neurology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (Chou); Department of Neurology, Neurocritical Care Unit, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria (Schmutzhard, Helbok); New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (Frontera); Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Institute of Neurology, University of Brescia, Italy (Padovani); Division of Anesthesia, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (Menon); Faculty of Medicine, Center for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Norway (Winkler)
| | - Mashina Chomba
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Protection Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Tamborska, Wood, Solomon); Department of Neurology, Walton Center National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Walton, Tamborska, Wood, Solomon); Clinical Infection Microbiology and Immunology, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Institute for Infection, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Singh, Tamborska, Wood, Easton, Solomon); Department of Neurology, Center for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany (Westenberg, Winkler); Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Spain (García-Azorín); Tropical and Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, United Kingdom (Singh); Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India (Singh); National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India (Netravathi); Department of Medicine, Neurology Division, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (Chomba, Siddiqi); Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (Chomba, Thakur); Encephalitis Society, Malton, United Kingdom (Easton); Department of Neurology, Global Neurology Program, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Siddiqi); Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Vaccines and Virology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Siddiqi); College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Inflammation and Aging, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (Jackson); Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham, United Kingdom (Jackson); Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pollak); Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Center, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Nicholson, Breen); Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India (Nair); NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Center, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust and King's College London (Breen); Department of Neurology and Chief Executive Office, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India (Prasad); Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Chou); Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Chou); Department of Neurology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (Chou); Department of Neurology, Neurocritical Care Unit, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria (Schmutzhard, Helbok); New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (Frontera); Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Institute of Neurology, University of Brescia, Italy (Padovani); Division of Anesthesia, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (Menon); Faculty of Medicine, Center for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Norway (Winkler)
| | - Greta K Wood
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Protection Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Tamborska, Wood, Solomon); Department of Neurology, Walton Center National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Walton, Tamborska, Wood, Solomon); Clinical Infection Microbiology and Immunology, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Institute for Infection, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Singh, Tamborska, Wood, Easton, Solomon); Department of Neurology, Center for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany (Westenberg, Winkler); Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Spain (García-Azorín); Tropical and Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, United Kingdom (Singh); Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India (Singh); National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India (Netravathi); Department of Medicine, Neurology Division, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (Chomba, Siddiqi); Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (Chomba, Thakur); Encephalitis Society, Malton, United Kingdom (Easton); Department of Neurology, Global Neurology Program, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Siddiqi); Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Vaccines and Virology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Siddiqi); College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Inflammation and Aging, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (Jackson); Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham, United Kingdom (Jackson); Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pollak); Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Center, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Nicholson, Breen); Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India (Nair); NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Center, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust and King's College London (Breen); Department of Neurology and Chief Executive Office, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India (Prasad); Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Chou); Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Chou); Department of Neurology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (Chou); Department of Neurology, Neurocritical Care Unit, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria (Schmutzhard, Helbok); New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (Frontera); Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Institute of Neurology, University of Brescia, Italy (Padovani); Division of Anesthesia, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (Menon); Faculty of Medicine, Center for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Norway (Winkler)
| | - Ava Easton
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Protection Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Tamborska, Wood, Solomon); Department of Neurology, Walton Center National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Walton, Tamborska, Wood, Solomon); Clinical Infection Microbiology and Immunology, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Institute for Infection, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Singh, Tamborska, Wood, Easton, Solomon); Department of Neurology, Center for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany (Westenberg, Winkler); Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Spain (García-Azorín); Tropical and Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, United Kingdom (Singh); Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India (Singh); National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India (Netravathi); Department of Medicine, Neurology Division, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (Chomba, Siddiqi); Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (Chomba, Thakur); Encephalitis Society, Malton, United Kingdom (Easton); Department of Neurology, Global Neurology Program, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Siddiqi); Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Vaccines and Virology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Siddiqi); College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Inflammation and Aging, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (Jackson); Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham, United Kingdom (Jackson); Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pollak); Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Center, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Nicholson, Breen); Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India (Nair); NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Center, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust and King's College London (Breen); Department of Neurology and Chief Executive Office, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India (Prasad); Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Chou); Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Chou); Department of Neurology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (Chou); Department of Neurology, Neurocritical Care Unit, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria (Schmutzhard, Helbok); New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (Frontera); Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Institute of Neurology, University of Brescia, Italy (Padovani); Division of Anesthesia, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (Menon); Faculty of Medicine, Center for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Norway (Winkler)
| | - Omar K Siddiqi
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Protection Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Tamborska, Wood, Solomon); Department of Neurology, Walton Center National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Walton, Tamborska, Wood, Solomon); Clinical Infection Microbiology and Immunology, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Institute for Infection, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Singh, Tamborska, Wood, Easton, Solomon); Department of Neurology, Center for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany (Westenberg, Winkler); Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Spain (García-Azorín); Tropical and Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, United Kingdom (Singh); Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India (Singh); National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India (Netravathi); Department of Medicine, Neurology Division, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (Chomba, Siddiqi); Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (Chomba, Thakur); Encephalitis Society, Malton, United Kingdom (Easton); Department of Neurology, Global Neurology Program, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Siddiqi); Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Vaccines and Virology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Siddiqi); College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Inflammation and Aging, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (Jackson); Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham, United Kingdom (Jackson); Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pollak); Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Center, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Nicholson, Breen); Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India (Nair); NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Center, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust and King's College London (Breen); Department of Neurology and Chief Executive Office, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India (Prasad); Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Chou); Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Chou); Department of Neurology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (Chou); Department of Neurology, Neurocritical Care Unit, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria (Schmutzhard, Helbok); New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (Frontera); Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Institute of Neurology, University of Brescia, Italy (Padovani); Division of Anesthesia, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (Menon); Faculty of Medicine, Center for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Norway (Winkler)
| | - Thomas A Jackson
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Protection Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Tamborska, Wood, Solomon); Department of Neurology, Walton Center National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Walton, Tamborska, Wood, Solomon); Clinical Infection Microbiology and Immunology, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Institute for Infection, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Singh, Tamborska, Wood, Easton, Solomon); Department of Neurology, Center for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany (Westenberg, Winkler); Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Spain (García-Azorín); Tropical and Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, United Kingdom (Singh); Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India (Singh); National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India (Netravathi); Department of Medicine, Neurology Division, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (Chomba, Siddiqi); Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (Chomba, Thakur); Encephalitis Society, Malton, United Kingdom (Easton); Department of Neurology, Global Neurology Program, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Siddiqi); Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Vaccines and Virology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Siddiqi); College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Inflammation and Aging, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (Jackson); Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham, United Kingdom (Jackson); Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pollak); Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Center, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Nicholson, Breen); Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India (Nair); NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Center, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust and King's College London (Breen); Department of Neurology and Chief Executive Office, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India (Prasad); Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Chou); Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Chou); Department of Neurology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (Chou); Department of Neurology, Neurocritical Care Unit, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria (Schmutzhard, Helbok); New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (Frontera); Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Institute of Neurology, University of Brescia, Italy (Padovani); Division of Anesthesia, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (Menon); Faculty of Medicine, Center for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Norway (Winkler)
| | - Thomas A Pollak
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Protection Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Tamborska, Wood, Solomon); Department of Neurology, Walton Center National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Walton, Tamborska, Wood, Solomon); Clinical Infection Microbiology and Immunology, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Institute for Infection, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Singh, Tamborska, Wood, Easton, Solomon); Department of Neurology, Center for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany (Westenberg, Winkler); Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Spain (García-Azorín); Tropical and Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, United Kingdom (Singh); Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India (Singh); National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India (Netravathi); Department of Medicine, Neurology Division, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (Chomba, Siddiqi); Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (Chomba, Thakur); Encephalitis Society, Malton, United Kingdom (Easton); Department of Neurology, Global Neurology Program, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Siddiqi); Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Vaccines and Virology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Siddiqi); College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Inflammation and Aging, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (Jackson); Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham, United Kingdom (Jackson); Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pollak); Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Center, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Nicholson, Breen); Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India (Nair); NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Center, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust and King's College London (Breen); Department of Neurology and Chief Executive Office, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India (Prasad); Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Chou); Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Chou); Department of Neurology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (Chou); Department of Neurology, Neurocritical Care Unit, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria (Schmutzhard, Helbok); New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (Frontera); Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Institute of Neurology, University of Brescia, Italy (Padovani); Division of Anesthesia, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (Menon); Faculty of Medicine, Center for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Norway (Winkler)
| | - Timothy R Nicholson
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Protection Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Tamborska, Wood, Solomon); Department of Neurology, Walton Center National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Walton, Tamborska, Wood, Solomon); Clinical Infection Microbiology and Immunology, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Institute for Infection, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Singh, Tamborska, Wood, Easton, Solomon); Department of Neurology, Center for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany (Westenberg, Winkler); Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Spain (García-Azorín); Tropical and Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, United Kingdom (Singh); Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India (Singh); National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India (Netravathi); Department of Medicine, Neurology Division, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (Chomba, Siddiqi); Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (Chomba, Thakur); Encephalitis Society, Malton, United Kingdom (Easton); Department of Neurology, Global Neurology Program, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Siddiqi); Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Vaccines and Virology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Siddiqi); College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Inflammation and Aging, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (Jackson); Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham, United Kingdom (Jackson); Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pollak); Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Center, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Nicholson, Breen); Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India (Nair); NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Center, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust and King's College London (Breen); Department of Neurology and Chief Executive Office, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India (Prasad); Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Chou); Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Chou); Department of Neurology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (Chou); Department of Neurology, Neurocritical Care Unit, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria (Schmutzhard, Helbok); New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (Frontera); Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Institute of Neurology, University of Brescia, Italy (Padovani); Division of Anesthesia, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (Menon); Faculty of Medicine, Center for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Norway (Winkler)
| | - Shalini Nair
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Protection Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Tamborska, Wood, Solomon); Department of Neurology, Walton Center National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Walton, Tamborska, Wood, Solomon); Clinical Infection Microbiology and Immunology, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Institute for Infection, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Singh, Tamborska, Wood, Easton, Solomon); Department of Neurology, Center for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany (Westenberg, Winkler); Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Spain (García-Azorín); Tropical and Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, United Kingdom (Singh); Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India (Singh); National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India (Netravathi); Department of Medicine, Neurology Division, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (Chomba, Siddiqi); Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (Chomba, Thakur); Encephalitis Society, Malton, United Kingdom (Easton); Department of Neurology, Global Neurology Program, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Siddiqi); Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Vaccines and Virology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Siddiqi); College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Inflammation and Aging, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (Jackson); Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham, United Kingdom (Jackson); Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pollak); Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Center, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Nicholson, Breen); Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India (Nair); NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Center, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust and King's College London (Breen); Department of Neurology and Chief Executive Office, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India (Prasad); Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Chou); Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Chou); Department of Neurology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (Chou); Department of Neurology, Neurocritical Care Unit, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria (Schmutzhard, Helbok); New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (Frontera); Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Institute of Neurology, University of Brescia, Italy (Padovani); Division of Anesthesia, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (Menon); Faculty of Medicine, Center for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Norway (Winkler)
| | - Gerome Breen
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Protection Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Tamborska, Wood, Solomon); Department of Neurology, Walton Center National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Walton, Tamborska, Wood, Solomon); Clinical Infection Microbiology and Immunology, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Institute for Infection, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Singh, Tamborska, Wood, Easton, Solomon); Department of Neurology, Center for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany (Westenberg, Winkler); Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Spain (García-Azorín); Tropical and Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, United Kingdom (Singh); Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India (Singh); National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India (Netravathi); Department of Medicine, Neurology Division, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (Chomba, Siddiqi); Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (Chomba, Thakur); Encephalitis Society, Malton, United Kingdom (Easton); Department of Neurology, Global Neurology Program, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Siddiqi); Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Vaccines and Virology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Siddiqi); College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Inflammation and Aging, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (Jackson); Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham, United Kingdom (Jackson); Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pollak); Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Center, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Nicholson, Breen); Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India (Nair); NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Center, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust and King's College London (Breen); Department of Neurology and Chief Executive Office, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India (Prasad); Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Chou); Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Chou); Department of Neurology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (Chou); Department of Neurology, Neurocritical Care Unit, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria (Schmutzhard, Helbok); New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (Frontera); Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Institute of Neurology, University of Brescia, Italy (Padovani); Division of Anesthesia, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (Menon); Faculty of Medicine, Center for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Norway (Winkler)
| | - Kameshwar Prasad
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Protection Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Tamborska, Wood, Solomon); Department of Neurology, Walton Center National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Walton, Tamborska, Wood, Solomon); Clinical Infection Microbiology and Immunology, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Institute for Infection, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Singh, Tamborska, Wood, Easton, Solomon); Department of Neurology, Center for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany (Westenberg, Winkler); Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Spain (García-Azorín); Tropical and Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, United Kingdom (Singh); Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India (Singh); National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India (Netravathi); Department of Medicine, Neurology Division, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (Chomba, Siddiqi); Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (Chomba, Thakur); Encephalitis Society, Malton, United Kingdom (Easton); Department of Neurology, Global Neurology Program, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Siddiqi); Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Vaccines and Virology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Siddiqi); College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Inflammation and Aging, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (Jackson); Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham, United Kingdom (Jackson); Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pollak); Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Center, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Nicholson, Breen); Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India (Nair); NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Center, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust and King's College London (Breen); Department of Neurology and Chief Executive Office, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India (Prasad); Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Chou); Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Chou); Department of Neurology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (Chou); Department of Neurology, Neurocritical Care Unit, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria (Schmutzhard, Helbok); New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (Frontera); Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Institute of Neurology, University of Brescia, Italy (Padovani); Division of Anesthesia, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (Menon); Faculty of Medicine, Center for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Norway (Winkler)
| | - Kiran T Thakur
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Protection Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Tamborska, Wood, Solomon); Department of Neurology, Walton Center National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Walton, Tamborska, Wood, Solomon); Clinical Infection Microbiology and Immunology, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Institute for Infection, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Singh, Tamborska, Wood, Easton, Solomon); Department of Neurology, Center for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany (Westenberg, Winkler); Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Spain (García-Azorín); Tropical and Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, United Kingdom (Singh); Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India (Singh); National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India (Netravathi); Department of Medicine, Neurology Division, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (Chomba, Siddiqi); Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (Chomba, Thakur); Encephalitis Society, Malton, United Kingdom (Easton); Department of Neurology, Global Neurology Program, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Siddiqi); Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Vaccines and Virology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Siddiqi); College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Inflammation and Aging, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (Jackson); Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham, United Kingdom (Jackson); Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pollak); Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Center, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Nicholson, Breen); Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India (Nair); NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Center, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust and King's College London (Breen); Department of Neurology and Chief Executive Office, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India (Prasad); Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Chou); Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Chou); Department of Neurology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (Chou); Department of Neurology, Neurocritical Care Unit, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria (Schmutzhard, Helbok); New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (Frontera); Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Institute of Neurology, University of Brescia, Italy (Padovani); Division of Anesthesia, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (Menon); Faculty of Medicine, Center for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Norway (Winkler)
| | - Sherry H-Y Chou
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Protection Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Tamborska, Wood, Solomon); Department of Neurology, Walton Center National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Walton, Tamborska, Wood, Solomon); Clinical Infection Microbiology and Immunology, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Institute for Infection, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Singh, Tamborska, Wood, Easton, Solomon); Department of Neurology, Center for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany (Westenberg, Winkler); Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Spain (García-Azorín); Tropical and Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, United Kingdom (Singh); Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India (Singh); National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India (Netravathi); Department of Medicine, Neurology Division, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (Chomba, Siddiqi); Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (Chomba, Thakur); Encephalitis Society, Malton, United Kingdom (Easton); Department of Neurology, Global Neurology Program, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Siddiqi); Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Vaccines and Virology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Siddiqi); College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Inflammation and Aging, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (Jackson); Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham, United Kingdom (Jackson); Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pollak); Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Center, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Nicholson, Breen); Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India (Nair); NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Center, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust and King's College London (Breen); Department of Neurology and Chief Executive Office, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India (Prasad); Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Chou); Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Chou); Department of Neurology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (Chou); Department of Neurology, Neurocritical Care Unit, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria (Schmutzhard, Helbok); New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (Frontera); Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Institute of Neurology, University of Brescia, Italy (Padovani); Division of Anesthesia, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (Menon); Faculty of Medicine, Center for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Norway (Winkler)
| | - Erich Schmutzhard
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Protection Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Tamborska, Wood, Solomon); Department of Neurology, Walton Center National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Walton, Tamborska, Wood, Solomon); Clinical Infection Microbiology and Immunology, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Institute for Infection, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Singh, Tamborska, Wood, Easton, Solomon); Department of Neurology, Center for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany (Westenberg, Winkler); Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Spain (García-Azorín); Tropical and Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, United Kingdom (Singh); Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India (Singh); National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India (Netravathi); Department of Medicine, Neurology Division, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (Chomba, Siddiqi); Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (Chomba, Thakur); Encephalitis Society, Malton, United Kingdom (Easton); Department of Neurology, Global Neurology Program, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Siddiqi); Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Vaccines and Virology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Siddiqi); College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Inflammation and Aging, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (Jackson); Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham, United Kingdom (Jackson); Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pollak); Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Center, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Nicholson, Breen); Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India (Nair); NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Center, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust and King's College London (Breen); Department of Neurology and Chief Executive Office, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India (Prasad); Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Chou); Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Chou); Department of Neurology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (Chou); Department of Neurology, Neurocritical Care Unit, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria (Schmutzhard, Helbok); New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (Frontera); Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Institute of Neurology, University of Brescia, Italy (Padovani); Division of Anesthesia, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (Menon); Faculty of Medicine, Center for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Norway (Winkler)
| | - Jennifer A Frontera
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Protection Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Tamborska, Wood, Solomon); Department of Neurology, Walton Center National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Walton, Tamborska, Wood, Solomon); Clinical Infection Microbiology and Immunology, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Institute for Infection, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Singh, Tamborska, Wood, Easton, Solomon); Department of Neurology, Center for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany (Westenberg, Winkler); Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Spain (García-Azorín); Tropical and Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, United Kingdom (Singh); Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India (Singh); National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India (Netravathi); Department of Medicine, Neurology Division, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (Chomba, Siddiqi); Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (Chomba, Thakur); Encephalitis Society, Malton, United Kingdom (Easton); Department of Neurology, Global Neurology Program, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Siddiqi); Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Vaccines and Virology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Siddiqi); College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Inflammation and Aging, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (Jackson); Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham, United Kingdom (Jackson); Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pollak); Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Center, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Nicholson, Breen); Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India (Nair); NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Center, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust and King's College London (Breen); Department of Neurology and Chief Executive Office, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India (Prasad); Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Chou); Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Chou); Department of Neurology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (Chou); Department of Neurology, Neurocritical Care Unit, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria (Schmutzhard, Helbok); New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (Frontera); Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Institute of Neurology, University of Brescia, Italy (Padovani); Division of Anesthesia, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (Menon); Faculty of Medicine, Center for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Norway (Winkler)
| | - Raimund Helbok
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Protection Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Tamborska, Wood, Solomon); Department of Neurology, Walton Center National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Walton, Tamborska, Wood, Solomon); Clinical Infection Microbiology and Immunology, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Institute for Infection, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Singh, Tamborska, Wood, Easton, Solomon); Department of Neurology, Center for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany (Westenberg, Winkler); Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Spain (García-Azorín); Tropical and Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, United Kingdom (Singh); Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India (Singh); National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India (Netravathi); Department of Medicine, Neurology Division, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (Chomba, Siddiqi); Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (Chomba, Thakur); Encephalitis Society, Malton, United Kingdom (Easton); Department of Neurology, Global Neurology Program, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Siddiqi); Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Vaccines and Virology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Siddiqi); College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Inflammation and Aging, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (Jackson); Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham, United Kingdom (Jackson); Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pollak); Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Center, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Nicholson, Breen); Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India (Nair); NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Center, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust and King's College London (Breen); Department of Neurology and Chief Executive Office, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India (Prasad); Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Chou); Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Chou); Department of Neurology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (Chou); Department of Neurology, Neurocritical Care Unit, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria (Schmutzhard, Helbok); New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (Frontera); Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Institute of Neurology, University of Brescia, Italy (Padovani); Division of Anesthesia, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (Menon); Faculty of Medicine, Center for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Norway (Winkler)
| | - Alessandro Padovani
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Protection Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Tamborska, Wood, Solomon); Department of Neurology, Walton Center National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Walton, Tamborska, Wood, Solomon); Clinical Infection Microbiology and Immunology, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Institute for Infection, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Singh, Tamborska, Wood, Easton, Solomon); Department of Neurology, Center for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany (Westenberg, Winkler); Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Spain (García-Azorín); Tropical and Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, United Kingdom (Singh); Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India (Singh); National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India (Netravathi); Department of Medicine, Neurology Division, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (Chomba, Siddiqi); Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (Chomba, Thakur); Encephalitis Society, Malton, United Kingdom (Easton); Department of Neurology, Global Neurology Program, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Siddiqi); Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Vaccines and Virology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Siddiqi); College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Inflammation and Aging, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (Jackson); Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham, United Kingdom (Jackson); Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pollak); Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Center, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Nicholson, Breen); Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India (Nair); NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Center, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust and King's College London (Breen); Department of Neurology and Chief Executive Office, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India (Prasad); Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Chou); Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Chou); Department of Neurology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (Chou); Department of Neurology, Neurocritical Care Unit, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria (Schmutzhard, Helbok); New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (Frontera); Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Institute of Neurology, University of Brescia, Italy (Padovani); Division of Anesthesia, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (Menon); Faculty of Medicine, Center for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Norway (Winkler)
| | - David K Menon
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Protection Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Tamborska, Wood, Solomon); Department of Neurology, Walton Center National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Walton, Tamborska, Wood, Solomon); Clinical Infection Microbiology and Immunology, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Institute for Infection, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Singh, Tamborska, Wood, Easton, Solomon); Department of Neurology, Center for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany (Westenberg, Winkler); Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Spain (García-Azorín); Tropical and Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, United Kingdom (Singh); Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India (Singh); National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India (Netravathi); Department of Medicine, Neurology Division, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (Chomba, Siddiqi); Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (Chomba, Thakur); Encephalitis Society, Malton, United Kingdom (Easton); Department of Neurology, Global Neurology Program, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Siddiqi); Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Vaccines and Virology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Siddiqi); College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Inflammation and Aging, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (Jackson); Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham, United Kingdom (Jackson); Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pollak); Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Center, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Nicholson, Breen); Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India (Nair); NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Center, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust and King's College London (Breen); Department of Neurology and Chief Executive Office, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India (Prasad); Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Chou); Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Chou); Department of Neurology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (Chou); Department of Neurology, Neurocritical Care Unit, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria (Schmutzhard, Helbok); New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (Frontera); Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Institute of Neurology, University of Brescia, Italy (Padovani); Division of Anesthesia, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (Menon); Faculty of Medicine, Center for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Norway (Winkler)
| | - Tom Solomon
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Protection Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Tamborska, Wood, Solomon); Department of Neurology, Walton Center National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Walton, Tamborska, Wood, Solomon); Clinical Infection Microbiology and Immunology, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Institute for Infection, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Singh, Tamborska, Wood, Easton, Solomon); Department of Neurology, Center for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany (Westenberg, Winkler); Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Spain (García-Azorín); Tropical and Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, United Kingdom (Singh); Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India (Singh); National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India (Netravathi); Department of Medicine, Neurology Division, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (Chomba, Siddiqi); Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (Chomba, Thakur); Encephalitis Society, Malton, United Kingdom (Easton); Department of Neurology, Global Neurology Program, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Siddiqi); Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Vaccines and Virology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Siddiqi); College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Inflammation and Aging, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (Jackson); Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham, United Kingdom (Jackson); Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pollak); Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Center, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Nicholson, Breen); Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India (Nair); NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Center, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust and King's College London (Breen); Department of Neurology and Chief Executive Office, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India (Prasad); Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Chou); Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Chou); Department of Neurology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (Chou); Department of Neurology, Neurocritical Care Unit, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria (Schmutzhard, Helbok); New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (Frontera); Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Institute of Neurology, University of Brescia, Italy (Padovani); Division of Anesthesia, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (Menon); Faculty of Medicine, Center for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Norway (Winkler)
| | - Andrea S Winkler
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Protection Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Tamborska, Wood, Solomon); Department of Neurology, Walton Center National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Walton, Tamborska, Wood, Solomon); Clinical Infection Microbiology and Immunology, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Institute for Infection, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Singh, Tamborska, Wood, Easton, Solomon); Department of Neurology, Center for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany (Westenberg, Winkler); Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Spain (García-Azorín); Tropical and Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, United Kingdom (Singh); Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India (Singh); National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India (Netravathi); Department of Medicine, Neurology Division, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (Chomba, Siddiqi); Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (Chomba, Thakur); Encephalitis Society, Malton, United Kingdom (Easton); Department of Neurology, Global Neurology Program, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Siddiqi); Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Vaccines and Virology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Siddiqi); College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Inflammation and Aging, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (Jackson); Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham, United Kingdom (Jackson); Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pollak); Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Center, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Nicholson, Breen); Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India (Nair); NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Center, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust and King's College London (Breen); Department of Neurology and Chief Executive Office, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India (Prasad); Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Chou); Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Chou); Department of Neurology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (Chou); Department of Neurology, Neurocritical Care Unit, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria (Schmutzhard, Helbok); New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (Frontera); Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Institute of Neurology, University of Brescia, Italy (Padovani); Division of Anesthesia, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (Menon); Faculty of Medicine, Center for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Norway (Winkler)
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- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Protection Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Tamborska, Wood, Solomon); Department of Neurology, Walton Center National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Walton, Tamborska, Wood, Solomon); Clinical Infection Microbiology and Immunology, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Institute for Infection, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom (Michael, Singh, Tamborska, Wood, Easton, Solomon); Department of Neurology, Center for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany (Westenberg, Winkler); Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Spain (García-Azorín); Tropical and Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, United Kingdom (Singh); Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India (Singh); National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India (Netravathi); Department of Medicine, Neurology Division, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (Chomba, Siddiqi); Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (Chomba, Thakur); Encephalitis Society, Malton, United Kingdom (Easton); Department of Neurology, Global Neurology Program, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Siddiqi); Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Vaccines and Virology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Siddiqi); College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Inflammation and Aging, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (Jackson); Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham, United Kingdom (Jackson); Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pollak); Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Center, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Nicholson, Breen); Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India (Nair); NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Center, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust and King's College London (Breen); Department of Neurology and Chief Executive Office, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India (Prasad); Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Chou); Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Chou); Department of Neurology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (Chou); Department of Neurology, Neurocritical Care Unit, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria (Schmutzhard, Helbok); New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (Frontera); Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Institute of Neurology, University of Brescia, Italy (Padovani); Division of Anesthesia, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (Menon); Faculty of Medicine, Center for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Norway (Winkler)
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Development and implementation of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute COVID-19 common data elements. J Clin Transl Sci 2022; 6:e142. [PMID: 36590348 PMCID: PMC9794959 DOI: 10.1017/cts.2022.466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) instigated a flurry of clinical research activity. The unprecedented pace with which trials were launched left an early void in data standardization, limiting the potential for subsequent data pooling. To facilitate data standardization across emerging studies, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) charged two groups with harmonizing data collection, and these groups collaborated to create a concise set of COVID-19 Common Data Elements (CDEs) for clinical research. Methods Our iterative approach followed three guiding principles: 1) draw from existing multi-center COVID-19 clinical trials as precedents, 2) incorporate existing data elements and data standards whenever possible, and 3) alignment to data standards that facilitate data sharing and regulatory submission. We also supported rapid implementation of the CDEs in NHLBI-funded studies and iteratively refined the CDEs based on feedback from those study teams. Results The NHLBI COVID-19 CDEs are publicly available and being used for current COVID-19 clinical trials. CDEs are organized into domains, and each data element is classified within a three-tiered prioritization system. The CDE manual is hosted publicly at https://nhlbi-connects.org/common_data_elements with an accompanying data dictionary and implementation guidance. Conclusions The NHLBI COVID-19 CDEs are designed to aid data harmonization across studies to achieve the benefits of pooled analyses. We found that organizing CDE development around our three guiding principles focused our efforts and allowed us to adapt as COVID-19 knowledge advanced. As these CDEs continue to evolve, they could be generalized for use in other acute respiratory illnesses.
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11
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Kigin CM. Innovation: It's in Our DNA. Phys Ther 2022; 102:6730976. [PMID: 36173758 DOI: 10.1093/ptj/pzac100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Colleen M. Kigin, PT, DPT, MS, MPA, FAPTA, the 52nd Mary McMillan Lecturer, is a consultant focused on innovation. She is a visiting clinical professor at the University of Colorado physical therapy program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and an adjunct associate professor at the MGH Institute of Health Professions (MGH IHP). From 1998-2014, she held the positions of chief of staff and program manager for the Center of Integration of Medicine and Innovative Technology, a 12-institution consortium based in Boston, Massachusetts, developing innovative solutions to health care problems. She subsequently has served as a consultant to such efforts as the University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, United Kingdom, to develop an innovation culture. In 1994, she joined the newly formed Partners HealthCare System in Boston, coordinating the system's cost reduction efforts through 1998. Kigin previously served as director of physical therapy services at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) (1977-1984) and as assistant professor at MGH IHP (1980-1994). While at MGH, she was responsible for the merger of 2 separate physical therapy departments, the establishment of the first nonphysician specialist position, and practice without referral for the physical therapy services. Kigin has held numerous positions within the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA), serving on the Board of Directors from 1988-1997, including as vice president; co-chair of The Physical Therapy Summit in 2007; and co-chair of FiRST, the Frontiers in Rehabilitation, Science and Technology Council. She also served as prior chair of the APTA Committee on Clinical Residencies and served on the American Board of Physical Therapy Specialties. Kigin earned a bachelor of science degree in physical therapy at the University of Colorado, a master of science degree at Boston University, a master's degree in public administration from the Harvard Kennedy School of Government, and a doctor in physical therapy degree from the MGH IHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen M Kigin
- Physical Therapy Program, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Physical Therapy Program, MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Sener Okur D. Neurological symptoms and signs associated with COVID-19 in pediatric patients: a single-center experience. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e29920. [PMID: 35945769 PMCID: PMC9351517 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000029920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
There is insufficient evidence on SARS-CoV-2 induced neurological effects. Studies on CNS involvement during COVID-19 in children are limited. This study aims to identify and manage the neurological signs and symptoms in COVID-19-infected pediatric patients during follow up and plan future follow-ups. Children diagnosed COVID-19 and hospitalized in the pediatric pandemic services, between March 18, 2020, and June 18, 2021, were included in the study. Children with underlying neurological disease were excluded from the study. Patient data retrieved from hospital files and medical records. Children divided into 2 groups, 1 and 2, based on the presence or absence of neurological findings. A total of 243 children received follow-ups in the pandemic wards, 35 (14.4%) of these patients had neurological findings. Major neurological manifestations were headache (n:17, 7%), seizure (n:4, 1.6%), and anosmia/hyposmia (n:17, 7%). The number of boys (n:13, 37.1%) was smaller than the number of girls (n:22, 62.9%) in Group 1. Group 1 showed higher blood leukocyte, lymphocyte, thrombocyte, AST, LDH, d-dimer values. Anosmia/hyposmia occurred more often in girls, anosmia and headache occurred more often over 9 years of age. Pulmonary and hematologic involvement was more common in children with anosmia and headache. Our study is one of the few studies on neurological involvement in COVID-19 in children. To the best of our knowledge, there is limited data on these subjects in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dicle Sener Okur
- State Hospital of Denizli, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Denizli, Turkey
- *Correspondence: Dicle Sener Okur, State Hospital of Denizli, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases Address: Pamukkale University Faculty of Medicine Department of Pediatrics Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, 20180, Pamukkale, Denizli, Turkey (e-mail: )
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Valdes E, Fuchs B, Morrison C, Charvet L, Lewis A, Thawani S, Balcer L, Galetta SL, Wisniewski T, Frontera JA. Demographic and social determinants of cognitive dysfunction following hospitalization for COVID-19. J Neurol Sci 2022; 438:120146. [PMID: 35031121 PMCID: PMC8739793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2022.120146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent cognitive symptoms have been reported following COVID-19 hospitalization. We investigated the relationship between demographics, social determinants of health (SDOH) and cognitive outcomes 6-months after hospitalization for COVID-19. METHODS We analyzed 6-month follow-up data collected from a multi-center, prospective study of hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Demographic and SDOH variables (age, race/ethnicity, education, employment, health insurance status, median income, primary language, living arrangements, and pre-COVID disability) were compared between patients with normal versus abnormal telephone Montreal Cognitive Assessments (t-MOCA; scores<18/22). Multivariable logistic regression models were constructed to evaluate predictors of t-MoCA. RESULTS Of 382 patients available for 6-month follow-up, 215 (56%) completed the t-MoCA (n = 109/215 [51%] had normal and n = 106/215 [49%] abnormal results). 14/215 (7%) patients had a prior history of dementia/cognitive impairment. Significant univariate predictors of abnormal t-MoCA included older age, ≤12 years of education, unemployment pre-COVID, Black race, and a pre-COVID history of cognitive impairment (all p < 0.05). In multivariable analyses, education ≤12 years (adjusted OR 5.21, 95%CI 2.25-12.09), Black race (aOR 5.54, 95%CI 2.25-13.66), and the interaction of baseline functional status and unemployment prior to hospitalization (aOR 3.98, 95%CI 1.23-12.92) were significantly associated with abnormal t-MoCA scores after adjusting for age, history of dementia, language, neurological complications, income and discharge disposition. CONCLUSIONS Fewer years of education, Black race and unemployment with baseline disability were associated with abnormal t-MoCA scores 6-months post-hospitalization for COVID-19. These associations may be due to undiagnosed baseline cognitive dysfunction, implicit biases of the t-MoCA, other unmeasured SDOH or biological effects of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Valdes
- Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin Fuchs
- Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chris Morrison
- Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Leigh Charvet
- Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ariane Lewis
- Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sujata Thawani
- Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura Balcer
- Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven L Galetta
- Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Wisniewski
- Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer A Frontera
- Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Frontera JA, Yang D, Medicherla C, Baskharoun S, Bauman K, Bell L, Bhagat D, Bondi S, Chervinsky A, Dygert L, Fuchs B, Gratch D, Hasanaj L, Horng J, Huang J, Jauregui R, Ji Y, Kahn DE, Koch E, Lin J, Liu S, Olivera A, Rosenthal J, Snyder T, Stainman R, Talmasov D, Thomas B, Valdes E, Zhou T, Zhu Y, Lewis A, Lord AS, Melmed K, Meropol SB, Thawani S, Troxel AB, Yaghi S, Balcer LJ, Wisniewski T, Galetta S. Trajectories of Neurologic Recovery 12 Months After Hospitalization for COVID-19: A Prospective Longitudinal Study. Neurology 2022; 99:e33-e45. [PMID: 35314503 PMCID: PMC9259089 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000200356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Little is known about trajectories of recovery 12 months after hospitalization for severe COVID-19. METHODS We conducted a prospective, longitudinal cohort study of patients with and without neurologic complications during index hospitalization for COVID-19 from March 10, 2020, to May 20, 2020. Phone follow-up batteries were performed at 6 and 12 months after COVID-19 onset. The primary 12-month outcome was the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score comparing patients with or without neurologic complications using multivariable ordinal analysis. Secondary outcomes included activities of daily living (Barthel Index), telephone Montreal Cognitive Assessment (t-MoCA), and Quality of Life in Neurologic Disorders (Neuro-QoL) batteries for anxiety, depression, fatigue, and sleep. Changes in outcome scores from 6 to 12 months were compared using nonparametric paired-samples sign test. RESULTS Twelve-month follow-up was completed in 242 patients (median age 65 years, 64% male, 34% intubated during hospitalization) and 174 completed both 6- and 12-month follow-up. At 12 months, 197/227 (87%) had ≥1 abnormal metric: mRS >0 (75%), Barthel Index <100 (64%), t-MoCA ≤18 (50%), high anxiety (7%), depression (4%), fatigue (9%), or poor sleep (10%). Twelve-month mRS scores did not differ significantly among those with (n = 113) or without (n = 129) neurologic complications during hospitalization after adjusting for age, sex, race, pre-COVID-19 mRS, and intubation status (adjusted OR 1.4, 95% CI 0.8-2.5), although those with neurologic complications had higher fatigue scores (T score 47 vs 44; p = 0.037). Significant improvements in outcome trajectories from 6 to 12 months were observed in t-MoCA scores (56% improved, median difference 1 point; p = 0.002) and Neuro-QoL anxiety scores (45% improved; p = 0.003). Nonsignificant improvements occurred in fatigue, sleep, and depression scores in 48%, 48%, and 38% of patients, respectively. Barthel Index and mRS scores remained unchanged between 6 and 12 months in >50% of patients. DISCUSSION At 12 months after hospitalization for severe COVID-19, 87% of patients had ongoing abnormalities in functional, cognitive, or Neuro-QoL metrics and abnormal cognition persisted in 50% of patients without a history of dementia/cognitive abnormality. Only fatigue severity differed significantly between patients with or without neurologic complications during index hospitalization. However, significant improvements in cognitive (t-MoCA) and anxiety (Neuro-QoL) scores occurred in 56% and 45% of patients, respectively, between 6 and 12 months. These results may not be generalizable to those with mild or moderate COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Frontera
- From the Department of Neurology (J.A.F., C.M., S.B., K.B., L.B., D.B., S.B., A.C., L.D., B.F., G.G., L.H., J. Horng, R.J., Y.J., D.E.K., E.K., J.L., S.L., A.O., J.R., T.S., D.T., B.T., E.V., T.Z., Y.Z., A.L., A.S.L., K.M., S.T., L.J.B., T.W., S.G.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (D.Y.), New York Presbyterian, Columbia Medical Center, New York; Medical Informatics (J. Huang), NYU Langone Hospitals, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Population Health (S.B.M., A.B.T.), New York University, New York; and Department of Neurology (S.Y.), Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI
| | - Dixon Yang
- From the Department of Neurology (J.A.F., C.M., S.B., K.B., L.B., D.B., S.B., A.C., L.D., B.F., G.G., L.H., J. Horng, R.J., Y.J., D.E.K., E.K., J.L., S.L., A.O., J.R., T.S., D.T., B.T., E.V., T.Z., Y.Z., A.L., A.S.L., K.M., S.T., L.J.B., T.W., S.G.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (D.Y.), New York Presbyterian, Columbia Medical Center, New York; Medical Informatics (J. Huang), NYU Langone Hospitals, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Population Health (S.B.M., A.B.T.), New York University, New York; and Department of Neurology (S.Y.), Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI
| | - Chaitanya Medicherla
- From the Department of Neurology (J.A.F., C.M., S.B., K.B., L.B., D.B., S.B., A.C., L.D., B.F., G.G., L.H., J. Horng, R.J., Y.J., D.E.K., E.K., J.L., S.L., A.O., J.R., T.S., D.T., B.T., E.V., T.Z., Y.Z., A.L., A.S.L., K.M., S.T., L.J.B., T.W., S.G.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (D.Y.), New York Presbyterian, Columbia Medical Center, New York; Medical Informatics (J. Huang), NYU Langone Hospitals, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Population Health (S.B.M., A.B.T.), New York University, New York; and Department of Neurology (S.Y.), Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI
| | - Samuel Baskharoun
- From the Department of Neurology (J.A.F., C.M., S.B., K.B., L.B., D.B., S.B., A.C., L.D., B.F., G.G., L.H., J. Horng, R.J., Y.J., D.E.K., E.K., J.L., S.L., A.O., J.R., T.S., D.T., B.T., E.V., T.Z., Y.Z., A.L., A.S.L., K.M., S.T., L.J.B., T.W., S.G.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (D.Y.), New York Presbyterian, Columbia Medical Center, New York; Medical Informatics (J. Huang), NYU Langone Hospitals, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Population Health (S.B.M., A.B.T.), New York University, New York; and Department of Neurology (S.Y.), Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI
| | - Kristie Bauman
- From the Department of Neurology (J.A.F., C.M., S.B., K.B., L.B., D.B., S.B., A.C., L.D., B.F., G.G., L.H., J. Horng, R.J., Y.J., D.E.K., E.K., J.L., S.L., A.O., J.R., T.S., D.T., B.T., E.V., T.Z., Y.Z., A.L., A.S.L., K.M., S.T., L.J.B., T.W., S.G.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (D.Y.), New York Presbyterian, Columbia Medical Center, New York; Medical Informatics (J. Huang), NYU Langone Hospitals, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Population Health (S.B.M., A.B.T.), New York University, New York; and Department of Neurology (S.Y.), Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI
| | - Lena Bell
- From the Department of Neurology (J.A.F., C.M., S.B., K.B., L.B., D.B., S.B., A.C., L.D., B.F., G.G., L.H., J. Horng, R.J., Y.J., D.E.K., E.K., J.L., S.L., A.O., J.R., T.S., D.T., B.T., E.V., T.Z., Y.Z., A.L., A.S.L., K.M., S.T., L.J.B., T.W., S.G.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (D.Y.), New York Presbyterian, Columbia Medical Center, New York; Medical Informatics (J. Huang), NYU Langone Hospitals, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Population Health (S.B.M., A.B.T.), New York University, New York; and Department of Neurology (S.Y.), Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI
| | - Dhristie Bhagat
- From the Department of Neurology (J.A.F., C.M., S.B., K.B., L.B., D.B., S.B., A.C., L.D., B.F., G.G., L.H., J. Horng, R.J., Y.J., D.E.K., E.K., J.L., S.L., A.O., J.R., T.S., D.T., B.T., E.V., T.Z., Y.Z., A.L., A.S.L., K.M., S.T., L.J.B., T.W., S.G.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (D.Y.), New York Presbyterian, Columbia Medical Center, New York; Medical Informatics (J. Huang), NYU Langone Hospitals, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Population Health (S.B.M., A.B.T.), New York University, New York; and Department of Neurology (S.Y.), Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI
| | - Steven Bondi
- From the Department of Neurology (J.A.F., C.M., S.B., K.B., L.B., D.B., S.B., A.C., L.D., B.F., G.G., L.H., J. Horng, R.J., Y.J., D.E.K., E.K., J.L., S.L., A.O., J.R., T.S., D.T., B.T., E.V., T.Z., Y.Z., A.L., A.S.L., K.M., S.T., L.J.B., T.W., S.G.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (D.Y.), New York Presbyterian, Columbia Medical Center, New York; Medical Informatics (J. Huang), NYU Langone Hospitals, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Population Health (S.B.M., A.B.T.), New York University, New York; and Department of Neurology (S.Y.), Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI
| | - Alexander Chervinsky
- From the Department of Neurology (J.A.F., C.M., S.B., K.B., L.B., D.B., S.B., A.C., L.D., B.F., G.G., L.H., J. Horng, R.J., Y.J., D.E.K., E.K., J.L., S.L., A.O., J.R., T.S., D.T., B.T., E.V., T.Z., Y.Z., A.L., A.S.L., K.M., S.T., L.J.B., T.W., S.G.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (D.Y.), New York Presbyterian, Columbia Medical Center, New York; Medical Informatics (J. Huang), NYU Langone Hospitals, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Population Health (S.B.M., A.B.T.), New York University, New York; and Department of Neurology (S.Y.), Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI
| | - Levi Dygert
- From the Department of Neurology (J.A.F., C.M., S.B., K.B., L.B., D.B., S.B., A.C., L.D., B.F., G.G., L.H., J. Horng, R.J., Y.J., D.E.K., E.K., J.L., S.L., A.O., J.R., T.S., D.T., B.T., E.V., T.Z., Y.Z., A.L., A.S.L., K.M., S.T., L.J.B., T.W., S.G.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (D.Y.), New York Presbyterian, Columbia Medical Center, New York; Medical Informatics (J. Huang), NYU Langone Hospitals, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Population Health (S.B.M., A.B.T.), New York University, New York; and Department of Neurology (S.Y.), Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI
| | - Benjamin Fuchs
- From the Department of Neurology (J.A.F., C.M., S.B., K.B., L.B., D.B., S.B., A.C., L.D., B.F., G.G., L.H., J. Horng, R.J., Y.J., D.E.K., E.K., J.L., S.L., A.O., J.R., T.S., D.T., B.T., E.V., T.Z., Y.Z., A.L., A.S.L., K.M., S.T., L.J.B., T.W., S.G.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (D.Y.), New York Presbyterian, Columbia Medical Center, New York; Medical Informatics (J. Huang), NYU Langone Hospitals, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Population Health (S.B.M., A.B.T.), New York University, New York; and Department of Neurology (S.Y.), Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI
| | - Daniel Gratch
- From the Department of Neurology (J.A.F., C.M., S.B., K.B., L.B., D.B., S.B., A.C., L.D., B.F., G.G., L.H., J. Horng, R.J., Y.J., D.E.K., E.K., J.L., S.L., A.O., J.R., T.S., D.T., B.T., E.V., T.Z., Y.Z., A.L., A.S.L., K.M., S.T., L.J.B., T.W., S.G.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (D.Y.), New York Presbyterian, Columbia Medical Center, New York; Medical Informatics (J. Huang), NYU Langone Hospitals, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Population Health (S.B.M., A.B.T.), New York University, New York; and Department of Neurology (S.Y.), Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI
| | - Lisena Hasanaj
- From the Department of Neurology (J.A.F., C.M., S.B., K.B., L.B., D.B., S.B., A.C., L.D., B.F., G.G., L.H., J. Horng, R.J., Y.J., D.E.K., E.K., J.L., S.L., A.O., J.R., T.S., D.T., B.T., E.V., T.Z., Y.Z., A.L., A.S.L., K.M., S.T., L.J.B., T.W., S.G.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (D.Y.), New York Presbyterian, Columbia Medical Center, New York; Medical Informatics (J. Huang), NYU Langone Hospitals, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Population Health (S.B.M., A.B.T.), New York University, New York; and Department of Neurology (S.Y.), Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI
| | - Jennifer Horng
- From the Department of Neurology (J.A.F., C.M., S.B., K.B., L.B., D.B., S.B., A.C., L.D., B.F., G.G., L.H., J. Horng, R.J., Y.J., D.E.K., E.K., J.L., S.L., A.O., J.R., T.S., D.T., B.T., E.V., T.Z., Y.Z., A.L., A.S.L., K.M., S.T., L.J.B., T.W., S.G.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (D.Y.), New York Presbyterian, Columbia Medical Center, New York; Medical Informatics (J. Huang), NYU Langone Hospitals, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Population Health (S.B.M., A.B.T.), New York University, New York; and Department of Neurology (S.Y.), Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI
| | - Joshua Huang
- From the Department of Neurology (J.A.F., C.M., S.B., K.B., L.B., D.B., S.B., A.C., L.D., B.F., G.G., L.H., J. Horng, R.J., Y.J., D.E.K., E.K., J.L., S.L., A.O., J.R., T.S., D.T., B.T., E.V., T.Z., Y.Z., A.L., A.S.L., K.M., S.T., L.J.B., T.W., S.G.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (D.Y.), New York Presbyterian, Columbia Medical Center, New York; Medical Informatics (J. Huang), NYU Langone Hospitals, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Population Health (S.B.M., A.B.T.), New York University, New York; and Department of Neurology (S.Y.), Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI
| | - Ruben Jauregui
- From the Department of Neurology (J.A.F., C.M., S.B., K.B., L.B., D.B., S.B., A.C., L.D., B.F., G.G., L.H., J. Horng, R.J., Y.J., D.E.K., E.K., J.L., S.L., A.O., J.R., T.S., D.T., B.T., E.V., T.Z., Y.Z., A.L., A.S.L., K.M., S.T., L.J.B., T.W., S.G.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (D.Y.), New York Presbyterian, Columbia Medical Center, New York; Medical Informatics (J. Huang), NYU Langone Hospitals, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Population Health (S.B.M., A.B.T.), New York University, New York; and Department of Neurology (S.Y.), Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI
| | - Yuan Ji
- From the Department of Neurology (J.A.F., C.M., S.B., K.B., L.B., D.B., S.B., A.C., L.D., B.F., G.G., L.H., J. Horng, R.J., Y.J., D.E.K., E.K., J.L., S.L., A.O., J.R., T.S., D.T., B.T., E.V., T.Z., Y.Z., A.L., A.S.L., K.M., S.T., L.J.B., T.W., S.G.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (D.Y.), New York Presbyterian, Columbia Medical Center, New York; Medical Informatics (J. Huang), NYU Langone Hospitals, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Population Health (S.B.M., A.B.T.), New York University, New York; and Department of Neurology (S.Y.), Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI
| | - D Ethan Kahn
- From the Department of Neurology (J.A.F., C.M., S.B., K.B., L.B., D.B., S.B., A.C., L.D., B.F., G.G., L.H., J. Horng, R.J., Y.J., D.E.K., E.K., J.L., S.L., A.O., J.R., T.S., D.T., B.T., E.V., T.Z., Y.Z., A.L., A.S.L., K.M., S.T., L.J.B., T.W., S.G.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (D.Y.), New York Presbyterian, Columbia Medical Center, New York; Medical Informatics (J. Huang), NYU Langone Hospitals, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Population Health (S.B.M., A.B.T.), New York University, New York; and Department of Neurology (S.Y.), Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI
| | - Ethan Koch
- From the Department of Neurology (J.A.F., C.M., S.B., K.B., L.B., D.B., S.B., A.C., L.D., B.F., G.G., L.H., J. Horng, R.J., Y.J., D.E.K., E.K., J.L., S.L., A.O., J.R., T.S., D.T., B.T., E.V., T.Z., Y.Z., A.L., A.S.L., K.M., S.T., L.J.B., T.W., S.G.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (D.Y.), New York Presbyterian, Columbia Medical Center, New York; Medical Informatics (J. Huang), NYU Langone Hospitals, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Population Health (S.B.M., A.B.T.), New York University, New York; and Department of Neurology (S.Y.), Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI
| | - Jessica Lin
- From the Department of Neurology (J.A.F., C.M., S.B., K.B., L.B., D.B., S.B., A.C., L.D., B.F., G.G., L.H., J. Horng, R.J., Y.J., D.E.K., E.K., J.L., S.L., A.O., J.R., T.S., D.T., B.T., E.V., T.Z., Y.Z., A.L., A.S.L., K.M., S.T., L.J.B., T.W., S.G.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (D.Y.), New York Presbyterian, Columbia Medical Center, New York; Medical Informatics (J. Huang), NYU Langone Hospitals, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Population Health (S.B.M., A.B.T.), New York University, New York; and Department of Neurology (S.Y.), Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI
| | - Susan Liu
- From the Department of Neurology (J.A.F., C.M., S.B., K.B., L.B., D.B., S.B., A.C., L.D., B.F., G.G., L.H., J. Horng, R.J., Y.J., D.E.K., E.K., J.L., S.L., A.O., J.R., T.S., D.T., B.T., E.V., T.Z., Y.Z., A.L., A.S.L., K.M., S.T., L.J.B., T.W., S.G.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (D.Y.), New York Presbyterian, Columbia Medical Center, New York; Medical Informatics (J. Huang), NYU Langone Hospitals, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Population Health (S.B.M., A.B.T.), New York University, New York; and Department of Neurology (S.Y.), Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI
| | - Anlys Olivera
- From the Department of Neurology (J.A.F., C.M., S.B., K.B., L.B., D.B., S.B., A.C., L.D., B.F., G.G., L.H., J. Horng, R.J., Y.J., D.E.K., E.K., J.L., S.L., A.O., J.R., T.S., D.T., B.T., E.V., T.Z., Y.Z., A.L., A.S.L., K.M., S.T., L.J.B., T.W., S.G.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (D.Y.), New York Presbyterian, Columbia Medical Center, New York; Medical Informatics (J. Huang), NYU Langone Hospitals, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Population Health (S.B.M., A.B.T.), New York University, New York; and Department of Neurology (S.Y.), Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI
| | - Jonathan Rosenthal
- From the Department of Neurology (J.A.F., C.M., S.B., K.B., L.B., D.B., S.B., A.C., L.D., B.F., G.G., L.H., J. Horng, R.J., Y.J., D.E.K., E.K., J.L., S.L., A.O., J.R., T.S., D.T., B.T., E.V., T.Z., Y.Z., A.L., A.S.L., K.M., S.T., L.J.B., T.W., S.G.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (D.Y.), New York Presbyterian, Columbia Medical Center, New York; Medical Informatics (J. Huang), NYU Langone Hospitals, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Population Health (S.B.M., A.B.T.), New York University, New York; and Department of Neurology (S.Y.), Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI
| | - Thomas Snyder
- From the Department of Neurology (J.A.F., C.M., S.B., K.B., L.B., D.B., S.B., A.C., L.D., B.F., G.G., L.H., J. Horng, R.J., Y.J., D.E.K., E.K., J.L., S.L., A.O., J.R., T.S., D.T., B.T., E.V., T.Z., Y.Z., A.L., A.S.L., K.M., S.T., L.J.B., T.W., S.G.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (D.Y.), New York Presbyterian, Columbia Medical Center, New York; Medical Informatics (J. Huang), NYU Langone Hospitals, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Population Health (S.B.M., A.B.T.), New York University, New York; and Department of Neurology (S.Y.), Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI
| | - Rebecca Stainman
- From the Department of Neurology (J.A.F., C.M., S.B., K.B., L.B., D.B., S.B., A.C., L.D., B.F., G.G., L.H., J. Horng, R.J., Y.J., D.E.K., E.K., J.L., S.L., A.O., J.R., T.S., D.T., B.T., E.V., T.Z., Y.Z., A.L., A.S.L., K.M., S.T., L.J.B., T.W., S.G.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (D.Y.), New York Presbyterian, Columbia Medical Center, New York; Medical Informatics (J. Huang), NYU Langone Hospitals, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Population Health (S.B.M., A.B.T.), New York University, New York; and Department of Neurology (S.Y.), Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI
| | - Daniel Talmasov
- From the Department of Neurology (J.A.F., C.M., S.B., K.B., L.B., D.B., S.B., A.C., L.D., B.F., G.G., L.H., J. Horng, R.J., Y.J., D.E.K., E.K., J.L., S.L., A.O., J.R., T.S., D.T., B.T., E.V., T.Z., Y.Z., A.L., A.S.L., K.M., S.T., L.J.B., T.W., S.G.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (D.Y.), New York Presbyterian, Columbia Medical Center, New York; Medical Informatics (J. Huang), NYU Langone Hospitals, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Population Health (S.B.M., A.B.T.), New York University, New York; and Department of Neurology (S.Y.), Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI
| | - Betsy Thomas
- From the Department of Neurology (J.A.F., C.M., S.B., K.B., L.B., D.B., S.B., A.C., L.D., B.F., G.G., L.H., J. Horng, R.J., Y.J., D.E.K., E.K., J.L., S.L., A.O., J.R., T.S., D.T., B.T., E.V., T.Z., Y.Z., A.L., A.S.L., K.M., S.T., L.J.B., T.W., S.G.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (D.Y.), New York Presbyterian, Columbia Medical Center, New York; Medical Informatics (J. Huang), NYU Langone Hospitals, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Population Health (S.B.M., A.B.T.), New York University, New York; and Department of Neurology (S.Y.), Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI
| | - Eduard Valdes
- From the Department of Neurology (J.A.F., C.M., S.B., K.B., L.B., D.B., S.B., A.C., L.D., B.F., G.G., L.H., J. Horng, R.J., Y.J., D.E.K., E.K., J.L., S.L., A.O., J.R., T.S., D.T., B.T., E.V., T.Z., Y.Z., A.L., A.S.L., K.M., S.T., L.J.B., T.W., S.G.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (D.Y.), New York Presbyterian, Columbia Medical Center, New York; Medical Informatics (J. Huang), NYU Langone Hospitals, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Population Health (S.B.M., A.B.T.), New York University, New York; and Department of Neurology (S.Y.), Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI
| | - Ting Zhou
- From the Department of Neurology (J.A.F., C.M., S.B., K.B., L.B., D.B., S.B., A.C., L.D., B.F., G.G., L.H., J. Horng, R.J., Y.J., D.E.K., E.K., J.L., S.L., A.O., J.R., T.S., D.T., B.T., E.V., T.Z., Y.Z., A.L., A.S.L., K.M., S.T., L.J.B., T.W., S.G.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (D.Y.), New York Presbyterian, Columbia Medical Center, New York; Medical Informatics (J. Huang), NYU Langone Hospitals, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Population Health (S.B.M., A.B.T.), New York University, New York; and Department of Neurology (S.Y.), Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI
| | - Yingrong Zhu
- From the Department of Neurology (J.A.F., C.M., S.B., K.B., L.B., D.B., S.B., A.C., L.D., B.F., G.G., L.H., J. Horng, R.J., Y.J., D.E.K., E.K., J.L., S.L., A.O., J.R., T.S., D.T., B.T., E.V., T.Z., Y.Z., A.L., A.S.L., K.M., S.T., L.J.B., T.W., S.G.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (D.Y.), New York Presbyterian, Columbia Medical Center, New York; Medical Informatics (J. Huang), NYU Langone Hospitals, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Population Health (S.B.M., A.B.T.), New York University, New York; and Department of Neurology (S.Y.), Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI
| | - Ariane Lewis
- From the Department of Neurology (J.A.F., C.M., S.B., K.B., L.B., D.B., S.B., A.C., L.D., B.F., G.G., L.H., J. Horng, R.J., Y.J., D.E.K., E.K., J.L., S.L., A.O., J.R., T.S., D.T., B.T., E.V., T.Z., Y.Z., A.L., A.S.L., K.M., S.T., L.J.B., T.W., S.G.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (D.Y.), New York Presbyterian, Columbia Medical Center, New York; Medical Informatics (J. Huang), NYU Langone Hospitals, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Population Health (S.B.M., A.B.T.), New York University, New York; and Department of Neurology (S.Y.), Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI
| | - Aaron S Lord
- From the Department of Neurology (J.A.F., C.M., S.B., K.B., L.B., D.B., S.B., A.C., L.D., B.F., G.G., L.H., J. Horng, R.J., Y.J., D.E.K., E.K., J.L., S.L., A.O., J.R., T.S., D.T., B.T., E.V., T.Z., Y.Z., A.L., A.S.L., K.M., S.T., L.J.B., T.W., S.G.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (D.Y.), New York Presbyterian, Columbia Medical Center, New York; Medical Informatics (J. Huang), NYU Langone Hospitals, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Population Health (S.B.M., A.B.T.), New York University, New York; and Department of Neurology (S.Y.), Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI
| | - Kara Melmed
- From the Department of Neurology (J.A.F., C.M., S.B., K.B., L.B., D.B., S.B., A.C., L.D., B.F., G.G., L.H., J. Horng, R.J., Y.J., D.E.K., E.K., J.L., S.L., A.O., J.R., T.S., D.T., B.T., E.V., T.Z., Y.Z., A.L., A.S.L., K.M., S.T., L.J.B., T.W., S.G.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (D.Y.), New York Presbyterian, Columbia Medical Center, New York; Medical Informatics (J. Huang), NYU Langone Hospitals, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Population Health (S.B.M., A.B.T.), New York University, New York; and Department of Neurology (S.Y.), Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI
| | - Sharon B Meropol
- From the Department of Neurology (J.A.F., C.M., S.B., K.B., L.B., D.B., S.B., A.C., L.D., B.F., G.G., L.H., J. Horng, R.J., Y.J., D.E.K., E.K., J.L., S.L., A.O., J.R., T.S., D.T., B.T., E.V., T.Z., Y.Z., A.L., A.S.L., K.M., S.T., L.J.B., T.W., S.G.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (D.Y.), New York Presbyterian, Columbia Medical Center, New York; Medical Informatics (J. Huang), NYU Langone Hospitals, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Population Health (S.B.M., A.B.T.), New York University, New York; and Department of Neurology (S.Y.), Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI
| | - Sujata Thawani
- From the Department of Neurology (J.A.F., C.M., S.B., K.B., L.B., D.B., S.B., A.C., L.D., B.F., G.G., L.H., J. Horng, R.J., Y.J., D.E.K., E.K., J.L., S.L., A.O., J.R., T.S., D.T., B.T., E.V., T.Z., Y.Z., A.L., A.S.L., K.M., S.T., L.J.B., T.W., S.G.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (D.Y.), New York Presbyterian, Columbia Medical Center, New York; Medical Informatics (J. Huang), NYU Langone Hospitals, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Population Health (S.B.M., A.B.T.), New York University, New York; and Department of Neurology (S.Y.), Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI
| | - Andrea B Troxel
- From the Department of Neurology (J.A.F., C.M., S.B., K.B., L.B., D.B., S.B., A.C., L.D., B.F., G.G., L.H., J. Horng, R.J., Y.J., D.E.K., E.K., J.L., S.L., A.O., J.R., T.S., D.T., B.T., E.V., T.Z., Y.Z., A.L., A.S.L., K.M., S.T., L.J.B., T.W., S.G.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (D.Y.), New York Presbyterian, Columbia Medical Center, New York; Medical Informatics (J. Huang), NYU Langone Hospitals, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Population Health (S.B.M., A.B.T.), New York University, New York; and Department of Neurology (S.Y.), Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI
| | - Shadi Yaghi
- From the Department of Neurology (J.A.F., C.M., S.B., K.B., L.B., D.B., S.B., A.C., L.D., B.F., G.G., L.H., J. Horng, R.J., Y.J., D.E.K., E.K., J.L., S.L., A.O., J.R., T.S., D.T., B.T., E.V., T.Z., Y.Z., A.L., A.S.L., K.M., S.T., L.J.B., T.W., S.G.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (D.Y.), New York Presbyterian, Columbia Medical Center, New York; Medical Informatics (J. Huang), NYU Langone Hospitals, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Population Health (S.B.M., A.B.T.), New York University, New York; and Department of Neurology (S.Y.), Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI
| | - Laura J Balcer
- From the Department of Neurology (J.A.F., C.M., S.B., K.B., L.B., D.B., S.B., A.C., L.D., B.F., G.G., L.H., J. Horng, R.J., Y.J., D.E.K., E.K., J.L., S.L., A.O., J.R., T.S., D.T., B.T., E.V., T.Z., Y.Z., A.L., A.S.L., K.M., S.T., L.J.B., T.W., S.G.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (D.Y.), New York Presbyterian, Columbia Medical Center, New York; Medical Informatics (J. Huang), NYU Langone Hospitals, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Population Health (S.B.M., A.B.T.), New York University, New York; and Department of Neurology (S.Y.), Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI
| | - Thomas Wisniewski
- From the Department of Neurology (J.A.F., C.M., S.B., K.B., L.B., D.B., S.B., A.C., L.D., B.F., G.G., L.H., J. Horng, R.J., Y.J., D.E.K., E.K., J.L., S.L., A.O., J.R., T.S., D.T., B.T., E.V., T.Z., Y.Z., A.L., A.S.L., K.M., S.T., L.J.B., T.W., S.G.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (D.Y.), New York Presbyterian, Columbia Medical Center, New York; Medical Informatics (J. Huang), NYU Langone Hospitals, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Population Health (S.B.M., A.B.T.), New York University, New York; and Department of Neurology (S.Y.), Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI
| | - Steven Galetta
- From the Department of Neurology (J.A.F., C.M., S.B., K.B., L.B., D.B., S.B., A.C., L.D., B.F., G.G., L.H., J. Horng, R.J., Y.J., D.E.K., E.K., J.L., S.L., A.O., J.R., T.S., D.T., B.T., E.V., T.Z., Y.Z., A.L., A.S.L., K.M., S.T., L.J.B., T.W., S.G.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (D.Y.), New York Presbyterian, Columbia Medical Center, New York; Medical Informatics (J. Huang), NYU Langone Hospitals, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Population Health (S.B.M., A.B.T.), New York University, New York; and Department of Neurology (S.Y.), Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI
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15
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Assessment of Neurocognitive Functions, Olfaction, Taste, Mental, and Psychosocial Health in COVID-19 in Adults: Recommendations for Harmonization of Research and Implications for Clinical Practice. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2022; 28:642-660. [PMID: 34365990 PMCID: PMC8825876 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617721000862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To propose a set of internationally harmonized procedures and methods for assessing neurocognitive functions, smell, taste, mental, and psychosocial health, and other factors in adults formally diagnosed with COVID-19 (confirmed as SARS-CoV-2 + WHO definition). METHODS We formed an international and cross-disciplinary NeuroCOVID Neuropsychology Taskforce in April 2020. Seven criteria were used to guide the selection of the recommendations' methods and procedures: (i) Relevance to all COVID-19 illness stages and longitudinal study design; (ii) Standard, cross-culturally valid or widely available instruments; (iii) Coverage of both direct and indirect causes of COVID-19-associated neurological and psychiatric symptoms; (iv) Control of factors specifically pertinent to COVID-19 that may affect neuropsychological performance; (v) Flexibility of administration (telehealth, computerized, remote/online, face to face); (vi) Harmonization for facilitating international research; (vii) Ease of translation to clinical practice. RESULTS The three proposed levels of harmonization include a screening strategy with telehealth option, a medium-size computerized assessment with an online/remote option, and a comprehensive evaluation with flexible administration. The context in which each harmonization level might be used is described. Issues of assessment timelines, guidance for home/remote assessment to support data fidelity and telehealth considerations, cross-cultural adequacy, norms, and impairment definitions are also described. CONCLUSIONS The proposed recommendations provide rationale and methodological guidance for neuropsychological research studies and clinical assessment in adults with COVID-19. We expect that the use of the recommendations will facilitate data harmonization and global research. Research implementing the recommendations will be crucial to determine their acceptability, usability, and validity.
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16
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Yavuz P, Demir OO, Ozsurekci Y, Ozen S, Anlar B, Haliloglu G. New-Onset Ocular Myasthenia after Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children. J Pediatr 2022; 245:213-216. [PMID: 35231493 PMCID: PMC8882031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurologic complications have been associated with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, possibly involving autoimmune mechanisms. Here, we report a 6-year-old girl who developed myasthenia 11 weeks after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection and 8 weeks after the onset of severe multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pınar Yavuz
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Osman Oguz Demir
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Ozsurekci
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Seza Ozen
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Banu Anlar
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Goknur Haliloglu
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
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17
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Fink EL, Robertson CL, Wainwright MS, Roa JD, Lovett ME, Stulce C, Yacoub M, Potera RM, Zivick E, Holloway A, Nagpal A, Wellnitz K, Czech T, Even KM, Brunow de Carvalho W, Rodriguez IS, Schwartz SP, Walker TC, Campos-Miño S, Dervan LA, Geneslaw AS, Sewell TB, Pryce P, Silver WG, Lin JE, Vargas WS, Topjian A, Alcamo AM, McGuire JL, Domínguez Rojas JA, Muñoz JT, Hong SJ, Muller WJ, Doerfler M, Williams CN, Drury K, Bhagat D, Nelson A, Price D, Dapul H, Santos L, Kahoud R, Francoeur C, Appavu B, Guilliams KP, Agner SC, Walson KH, Rasmussen L, Janas A, Ferrazzano P, Farias-Moeller R, Snooks KC, Chang CCH, Yun J, Schober ME. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Neurologic Manifestations in Hospitalized Children Diagnosed with Acute SARS-CoV-2 or MIS-C. Pediatr Neurol 2022; 128:33-44. [PMID: 35066369 PMCID: PMC8713420 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2021.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our objective was to characterize the frequency, early impact, and risk factors for neurological manifestations in hospitalized children with acute severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection or multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). METHODS Multicenter, cross-sectional study of neurological manifestations in children aged <18 years hospitalized with positive SARS-CoV-2 test or clinical diagnosis of a SARS-CoV-2-related condition between January 2020 and April 2021. Multivariable logistic regression to identify risk factors for neurological manifestations was performed. RESULTS Of 1493 children, 1278 (86%) were diagnosed with acute SARS-CoV-2 and 215 (14%) with MIS-C. Overall, 44% of the cohort (40% acute SARS-CoV-2 and 66% MIS-C) had at least one neurological manifestation. The most common neurological findings in children with acute SARS-CoV-2 and MIS-C diagnosis were headache (16% and 47%) and acute encephalopathy (15% and 22%), both P < 0.05. Children with neurological manifestations were more likely to require intensive care unit (ICU) care (51% vs 22%), P < 0.001. In multivariable logistic regression, children with neurological manifestations were older (odds ratio [OR] 1.1 and 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.07 to 1.13) and more likely to have MIS-C versus acute SARS-CoV-2 (OR 2.16, 95% CI 1.45 to 3.24), pre-existing neurological and metabolic conditions (OR 3.48, 95% CI 2.37 to 5.15; and OR 1.65, 95% CI 1.04 to 2.66, respectively), and pharyngeal (OR 1.74, 95% CI 1.16 to 2.64) or abdominal pain (OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.03 to 2.00); all P < 0.05. CONCLUSIONS In this multicenter study, 44% of children hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2-related conditions experienced neurological manifestations, which were associated with ICU admission and pre-existing neurological condition. Posthospital assessment for, and support of, functional impairment and neuroprotective strategies are vitally needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ericka L Fink
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
| | - Courtney L Robertson
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, and Pediatrics of The Johns Hopkins University SOM, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mark S Wainwright
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington
| | - Juan D Roa
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Marlina E Lovett
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Casey Stulce
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mais Yacoub
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, UMC Children's Hospital, Las Vegas, Nevada
| | - Renee M Potera
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Elizabeth Zivick
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Adrian Holloway
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ashish Nagpal
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, Oklahoma Children's Hospital at OU health, Oklahoma University College of Medicine, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Kari Wellnitz
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Theresa Czech
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Katelyn M Even
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Stephanie P Schwartz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Hospitals, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Tracie C Walker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Hospitals, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - Leslie A Dervan
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Andrew S Geneslaw
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care and Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Taylor B Sewell
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care and Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Patrice Pryce
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care and Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Wendy G Silver
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Jieru Egeria Lin
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Wendy S Vargas
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Alexis Topjian
- Division of Critical Care Medicine at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alicia M Alcamo
- Division of Critical Care Medicine at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jennifer L McGuire
- Division of Neurology at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jesus Angel Domínguez Rojas
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital de Emergencia Villa El Salvador, Lima, Peru
| | - Jaime Tasayco Muñoz
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital de Emergencia Villa El Salvador, Lima, Peru
| | - Sue J Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - William J Muller
- Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Matthew Doerfler
- Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Cydni N Williams
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics Pediatric Critical Care and Neurotrauma Recovery Program Portland, Oregon Health & Science University, Oregon
| | - Kurt Drury
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Dhristie Bhagat
- Department of Neurology, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Aaron Nelson
- Department of Neurology, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Dana Price
- Department of Neurology, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Heda Dapul
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Laura Santos
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Robert Kahoud
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Conall Francoeur
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU de Québec - Université Laval Research Center, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Brian Appavu
- Division of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Kristin P Guilliams
- Departments of Neurology, Pediatrics, and Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Shannon C Agner
- Departments of Neurology, Pediatrics, and Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Karen H Walson
- Department of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lindsey Rasmussen
- Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Anna Janas
- Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Peter Ferrazzano
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Raquel Farias-Moeller
- Division Child Neurology, Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Kellie C Snooks
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Chung-Chou H Chang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - James Yun
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michelle E Schober
- Division of Critical Care of the University of Utah, Department of Pediatrics, Salt Lake City, Utah
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18
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Maya S, Padda G, Close V, Wilson T, Ahmed F, Marseille E, Kahn JG. Optimal strategies to screen health care workers for COVID-19 in the US: a cost-effectiveness analysis. COST EFFECTIVENESS AND RESOURCE ALLOCATION 2022; 20:2. [PMID: 35033100 PMCID: PMC8760578 DOI: 10.1186/s12962-021-00336-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in health care facilities poses a challenge against pandemic control. Health care workers (HCWs) have frequent and high-risk interactions with COVID-19 patients. We undertook a cost-effectiveness analysis to determine optimal testing strategies for screening HCWs to inform strategic decision-making in health care settings. Methods We modeled the number of new infections, quality-adjusted life years lost, and net costs related to six testing strategies including no test. We applied our model to four strata of HCWs, defined by the presence and timing of symptoms. We conducted sensitivity analyses to account for uncertainty in inputs. Results When screening recently symptomatic HCWs, conducting only a PCR test is preferable; it saves costs and improves health outcomes in the first week post-symptom onset, and costs $83,000 per quality-adjusted life year gained in the second week post-symptom onset. When screening HCWs in the late clinical disease stage, none of the testing approaches is cost-effective and thus no testing is preferable, yielding $11 and 0.003 new infections per 10 HCWs. For screening asymptomatic HCWs, antigen testing is preferable to PCR testing due to its lower cost. Conclusions Both PCR and antigen testing are beneficial strategies to identify infected HCWs and reduce transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in health care settings. IgG tests’ value depends on test timing and immunity characteristics, however it is not cost-effective in a low prevalence setting. As the context of the pandemic evolves, our study provides insight to health-care decision makers to keep the health care workforce safe and transmissions low. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12962-021-00336-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigal Maya
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Guntas Padda
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Victoria Close
- University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | | | - Fareeda Ahmed
- Stanford University Graduate School of Business, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Elliot Marseille
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Health Strategies International, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - James G Kahn
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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19
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Williamson CA, Faiver L, Nguyen AM, Ottenhoff L, Rajajee V. Incidence, Predictors and Outcomes of Delirium in Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19. Neurohospitalist 2021; 12:31-37. [PMID: 34950384 PMCID: PMC8385278 DOI: 10.1177/19418744211034815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose: A variety of neurological manifestations have been attributed to COVID-19, but there is currently limited evidence regarding risk factors and outcomes for delirium in critically ill patients with COVID-19. The purpose of this study was to identify delirium in a large cohort of ICU patients with COVID-19, and to identify associated features and clinical outcomes at the time of hospital discharge. Methods: This is an observational cohort study of 213 consecutive patients admitted to an ICU for COVID-19 respiratory illness. Delirium was diagnosed by trained abstractors using the CHART-DEL instrument. The associations between key clinical features, sedation and delirium were examined, as were the impacts of delirium on clinical outcomes. Results: Delirium was identified in 57.3% of subjects. Delirious patients were more likely to receive mechanical ventilation, had lower P: F ratios, higher rates of renal replacement therapy and ECMO, and were more likely to receive enteral benzodiazepines. Only mechanical ventilation remained a significant predictor of delirium in a logistic regression model. Mortality was not significantly different, but delirious patients experienced greater mechanical ventilation duration, ICU/hospital lengths of stay, worse functional outcomes at discharge, and were less likely to be discharged home. Conclusions: Delirium is common in critically ill patients with COVID-19 and appears to be associated with greater disease severity. When present, delirium is associated with worse functional status at discharge, but not increased mortality. Additional studies are necessary to determine the generalizability of these results and the impact of delirium on longer-term cognitive and functional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig A Williamson
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Laura Faiver
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andrew M Nguyen
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lauren Ottenhoff
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Venkatakrishna Rajajee
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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20
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Alcamo AM, McGuire JL, Kanthimathinathan HK, Roa JD, Fink EL. Worldwide epidemiology of neuro-coronavirus disease in children: lessons for the next pandemic. Curr Opin Pediatr 2021; 33:580-590. [PMID: 34654049 PMCID: PMC8571058 DOI: 10.1097/mop.0000000000001069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has overwhelmed the global community, negatively impacting patient health and research efforts; associated neurological manifestations are a significant cause of morbidity. This review outlines the worldwide epidemiology of neurologic manifestations of different SARS-CoV-2 clinical pediatric phenotypes, including acute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) and postacute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). We discuss strategies to develop adaptive global research platforms for future investigation into emerging pediatric neurologic conditions. RECENT FINDINGS Multicenter, multinational studies show that neurological manifestations of acute COVID-19, such as smell/taste disorders, headache, and stroke, are common in hospitalized adults (82%) and children (22%), associated with increased mortality in adults. Neurological manifestations of MIS-C are reported in up to 20% of children, including headache, irritability, and encephalopathy. Data on PASC are emerging and include fatigue, cognitive changes, and headache. Reports of neurological manifestations in each phenotype are limited by lack of pediatric-informed case definitions, common data elements, and resources. SUMMARY Coordinated, well resourced, multinational investigation into SARS-CoV-2-related neurological manifestations in children is critical to rapid identification of global and region-specific risk factors, and developing treatment and mitigation strategies for the current pandemic and future health neurologic emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M. Alcamo
- Division of Critical Care Medicine at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
- Department of Pediatrics
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania
| | - Jennifer L. McGuire
- Department of Pediatrics
- Division of Neurology at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hari Krishnan Kanthimathinathan
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust
- Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Juan David Roa
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud, Hospital de la Misericordia, LARed Network, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Ericka L. Fink
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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21
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Beghi E, Giussani G, Westenberg E, Allegri R, Garcia-Azorin D, Guekht A, Frontera J, Kivipelto M, Mangialasche F, Mukaetova-Ladinska EB, Prasad K, Chowdhary N, Winkler AS. Acute and post-acute neurological manifestations of COVID-19: present findings, critical appraisal, and future directions. J Neurol 2021; 269:2265-2274. [PMID: 34674005 PMCID: PMC8528941 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-021-10848-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Acute and post-acute neurological symptoms, signs and diagnoses have been documented in an increasing number of patients infected by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). In this review, we aimed to summarize the current literature addressing neurological events following SARS-CoV-2 infection, discuss limitations in the existing literature and suggest future directions that would strengthen our understanding of the neurological sequelae of COVID-19. The presence of neurological manifestations (symptoms, signs or diagnoses) both at the onset or during SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with a more severe disease, as demonstrated by a longer hospital stay, higher in-hospital death rate or the continued presence of sequelae at discharge. Although biological mechanisms have been postulated for these findings, evidence-based data are still lacking to clearly define the incidence, range of characteristics and outcomes of these manifestations, particularly in non-hospitalized patients. In addition, data from low- and middle-income countries are scarce, leading to uncertainties in the measure of neurological findings of COVID-19, with reference to geography, ethnicity, socio-cultural settings, and health care arrangements. As a consequence, at present a specific phenotype that would specify a post-COVID (or long-COVID) neurological syndrome has not yet been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ettore Beghi
- Laboratory of Neurological Disorders, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy.
| | - Giorgia Giussani
- Laboratory of Neurological Disorders, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Erica Westenberg
- Department of Neurology, Centre for Global Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ricardo Allegri
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Fleni, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - David Garcia-Azorin
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Alla Guekht
- Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry & Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Miia Kivipelto
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,The Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Francesca Mangialasche
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Kameshwar Prasad
- Deapartment of Neurology, and Chief Executive Office, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 834009, India
| | - Neerja Chowdhary
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Use, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Sylvia Winkler
- Department of Neurology, Centre for Global Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Centre for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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22
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Maya S, Padda G, Close V, Wilson T, Ahmed F, Marseille E, Kahn JG. Optimal strategies to screen health care workers for COVID-19 in the US: a cost-effectiveness analysis. RESEARCH SQUARE 2021:rs.3.rs-887590. [PMID: 34518835 PMCID: PMC8437316 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-887590/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in health care facilities poses a challenge against pandemic control. Health care workers (HCWs) have frequent and high-risk interactions with COVID-19 patients. We undertook a cost-effectiveness analysis to determine optimal testing strategies for screening HCWs to inform strategic decision-making in health care settings. METHODS We modeled the number of new infections, quality-adjusted life years lost, and net costs related to six testing strategies including no tests. We applied our model to four strata of HCWs, defined by the presence and timing of symptoms. We conducted sensitivity analyses to account for uncertainty in inputs. RESULTS When screening recently symptomatic HCWs, conducting only a PCR test is preferable; it saves costs and improves health outcomes in the first week post-symptom onset, and costs $83,000 per quality-adjusted life year gained in the second week post-symptom onset. When screening HCWs in the late clinical disease stage, none of the testing approaches is cost-effective and thus no testing is preferable, yielding $11 and 0.003 new infections per 10 HCWs. For screening asymptomatic HCWs, antigen testing is preferable to PCR testing due to its lower cost. CONCLUSIONS Both PCR and antigen testing are beneficial strategies to identify infected HCWs and reduce transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in health care settings. IgG testing clinical value depends on test timing and immunity characteristics, however is not cost-effective in a low prevalence setting. As the context of the pandemic evolves, our study provides insight to health-care decision makers to keep the health care workforce safe and transmissions low.
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23
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Valerio F, Whitehouse DP, Menon DK, Newcombe VFJ. The neurological sequelae of pandemics and epidemics. J Neurol 2021; 268:2629-2655. [PMID: 33106890 PMCID: PMC7587542 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-020-10261-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neurological manifestations in pandemics frequently cause short and long-term consequences which are frequently overlooked. Despite advances in the treatment of infectious diseases, nervous system involvement remains a challenge, with limited treatments often available. The under-recognition of neurological manifestations may lead to an increase in the burden of acute disease as well as secondary complications with long-term consequences. Nervous system infection or dysfunction during pandemics is common and its enduring consequences, especially among vulnerable populations, are frequently forgotten. An improved understanding the possible mechanisms of neurological damage during epidemics, and increased recognition of the possible manifestations is fundamental to bring insights when dealing with future outbreaks. To reverse this gap in knowledge, we reviewed all the pandemics, large and important epidemics of human history in which neurological manifestations are evident, and described the possible physiological processes that leads to the adverse sequelae caused or triggered by those pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Valerio
- University Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Box 93, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Daniel P Whitehouse
- University Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Box 93, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - David K Menon
- University Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Box 93, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Virginia F J Newcombe
- University Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Box 93, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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24
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25
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Fanning JP, Murthy S, Obonyo NG, Baillie JK, Webb S, Dalton HJ, Fraser JF. Global infectious disease research collaborations in crises: building capacity and inclusivity through cooperation. Global Health 2021; 17:84. [PMID: 34311748 PMCID: PMC8313114 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-021-00731-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The initial research requirements in pandemics are predictable. But how is it possible to study a disease that is so quickly spreading and to rapidly use that research to inform control and treatment? MAIN BODY In our view, a dilemma with such wide-reaching impact mandates multi-disciplinary collaborations on a global scale. International research collaboration is the only means to rapidly address these fundamental questions and potentially change the paradigm of data sharing for the benefit of patients throughout the world. International research collaboration presents significant benefits but also barriers that need to be surmounted, especially in low- and middle-income countries. CONCLUSION Facilitating international cooperation, by building capacity in established collaborative platforms and in low- and middle-income countries, is imperative to efficiently answering the priority clinical research questions that can change the trajectory of a pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon P Fanning
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, 627 Rode Road, Chermside, 4032, Level 3, Clinical Sciences Building, Chermside, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Srinivas Murthy
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Nchafatso G Obonyo
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, 627 Rode Road, Chermside, 4032, Level 3, Clinical Sciences Building, Chermside, Queensland, Australia
- Initiative to Develop African Research Leaders (IDeAL)/KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Global Health Research, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - J Kenneth Baillie
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Intensive Care Unit, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Steve Webb
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Heidi J Dalton
- Inova Fairfax Medical Centre, Heart and Vascular Institute, Falls Church, VA, USA
| | - John F Fraser
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, 627 Rode Road, Chermside, 4032, Level 3, Clinical Sciences Building, Chermside, Queensland, Australia
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26
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Leven Y, Bösel J. Neurological manifestations of COVID-19 - an approach to categories of pathology. Neurol Res Pract 2021; 3:39. [PMID: 34311778 PMCID: PMC8310775 DOI: 10.1186/s42466-021-00138-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various neurological manifestations of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been reported, associated with a broad spectrum of diverse neurological symptoms and syndromes. Estimating rate and relevance of these manifestations remains difficult as there is a lack of standardised case definitions. METHODS We defined comprehensive categories including most reported neurological manifestations associated with SARS-CoV-2 to allow for a more standardised data collection. After a literature search of MEDLINE with ten keywords, 12 selected studies and larger case series were included. We compared the rate and relevance of neurological manifestations in hospitalized patients. We propose four main categories including 1) cerebrovascular disease, 2) inflammatory syndromes of the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system (PNS) and muscle, 3) metabolic/toxic dysfunction of CNS, PNS and muscle and 4) miscellaneous disorders. CONCLUSION Ageusia (702) and anosmia (805) have been reported as the most common and the first occurring neurological symptoms. Cerebrovascular disease (451) and encephalopathy (663) were associated with a more severe course and worse clinical outcome. Any neurological manifestation was associated with a longer hospital stay and a higher morbidity and mortality compared to patients without neurological manifestations. We suggest reporting future neurological manifestations of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) following a pathophysiology-based approach using standardized pre-defined case definitions to yield more specific and comparable data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Leven
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Kassel, Mönchebergstraße 41-43, 34125, Kassel, Germany
| | - Julian Bösel
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Kassel, Mönchebergstraße 41-43, 34125, Kassel, Germany.
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27
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Sagris D, Papanikolaou A, Kvernland A, Korompoki E, Frontera JA, Troxel AB, Gavriatopoulou M, Milionis H, Lip GYH, Michel P, Yaghi S, Ntaios G. COVID-19 and ischemic stroke. Eur J Neurol 2021; 28:3826-3836. [PMID: 34224187 PMCID: PMC8444875 DOI: 10.1111/ene.15008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Since the onset of the COVID‐19 pandemic, a substantial proportion of COVID‐19 patients had documented thrombotic complications and ischemic stroke. Several mechanisms related to immune‐mediated thrombosis, the renin angiotensin system and the effect of SARS‐CoV‐2 in cardiac and brain tissue may contribute to the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke in patients with COVID‐19. Simultaneously, significant strains on global healthcare delivery, including ischemic stroke management, have made treatment of stroke in the setting of COVID‐19 particularly challenging. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on epidemiology, clinical manifestation, and pathophysiology of ischemic stroke in patients with COVID‐19 to bridge the gap from bench to bedside and clinical practice during the most challenging global health crisis of the last decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Sagris
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Papanikolaou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | | | - Eleni Korompoki
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Andrea B Troxel
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria Gavriatopoulou
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Haralampos Milionis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Patrik Michel
- Stroke Center, Neurology Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Shadi Yaghi
- Department of Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - George Ntaios
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
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28
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Abstract
Report of Electroencephalographic Finding on Critically Ill Patients With
COVID-19 Vespignani H, Colas D, Lavin BS, et al. Ann Neurol. 2020. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ana.25814 In March 2020, we treated a cohort of 26 critically ill hospitalized SARS-CoV-2
infected patients who received EEGs to assess unexplained altered mental status, loss
of consciousness, or poor arousal and responsiveness. Of the 26 patients studied, 5
patients had EEGs that showed periodic discharges (PD) consisting of high amplitude
frontal monomorphic delta waves with absence of epileptic activity. These findings may
suggest CNS injury potentially related to COVID-19 in these patients. EEG Findings in Acutely Ill Patients Investigated for SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19: A
Small Case Series Preliminary Report Galanopoulou AS, Ferastraoaru V, Correa DJ, et al. Epilepsia Open.
2020;5(2):314-324. https://doi.org/10.1002/epi4.12399 Objective: Acute encephalopathy may occur in COVID-19-infected patients. We investigated
whether medically indicated EEGs performed in acutely ill patients under
investigation (PUIs) for COVID-19 report epileptiform abnormalities and whether
these are more prevalent in COVID-19 positive than negative patients. Methods: In this retrospective case series, adult COVID-19 inpatient PUIs underwent EEGs for
acute encephalopathy and/or seizure-like events. PUIs had 8-channel headband EEGs
(Ceribell; 20 COVID-19 positive, 6 COVID-19 negative); 2 more COVID-19 patients had
routine EEGs. Overall, 26 Ceribell EEGs, 4 routine, and 7 continuous EEG studies
were reviewed. EEGs were interpreted by board-certified clinical neurophysiologists
(n = 16). EEG findings were correlated with demographic data, clinical presentation
and history, and medication usage. Fisher exact test was used. Results: We included 28 COVID-19 PUIs (30-83 years old), of whom 22 tested positive (63.6%
males) and 6 tested negative (33.3% male). The most common indications for EEG,
among COVID-19-positive versus COVID-19-negative patients, respectively, were new
onset encephalopathy (68.2% vs 33.3%) and seizure-like events (14/22, 63.6%; 2/6,
33.3%), even among patients without prior history of seizures (11/17, 64.7%; 2/6,
33.3%). Sporadic epileptiform discharges (EDs) were present in 40.9% of
COVID-19-positive and 16.7% of COVID-19-negative patients; frontal sharp waves were
reported in 8/9 (88.9%) of COVID-19-positive patients with EDs and in 1/1 of
COVID-19-negative patient with EDs. No electrographic seizures were captured, but
19/22 COVID-19-positive and 6/6 COVID-19-negative patients were given anti-seizure
medications and/or sedatives before the EEG. Significance: This is the first preliminary report of EDs in the EEG of acutely ill
COVID-19-positive patients with encephalopathy or suspected clinical seizures. EDs
are relatively common in this cohort and typically appear as frontal sharp waves.
Further studies are needed to confirm these findings and evaluate the potential
direct or indirect effects of COVID-19 on activating epileptic activity. Electroencephalogram (EEG) in COVID-19: A systematic Retrospective
Study Petrescu AM, Taussig D, Bouilleret V. Neurophysiol Clin.
2020;50(3):155-165. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7315937/ Objectives: Although rare, neurological manifestations in SARS-CoV-2 infection are increasingly
being reported. We conducted a retrospective systematic study to describe the
electroencephalography (EEG) characteristics in this disease, looking for specific
patterns. Methods: EEGs performed in patients with positive PCR for SARS-CoV-2 between March 25, 2020
and May 06, 2020 in the University Hospital of Bicetre were independently reviewed
by 2 experienced neurologists. We used the American Clinical Neurophysiology
Society’s terminology for the description of abnormal patterns. EEGs were classified
into 5 categories, from normal to critically altered. Interobserver reliability was
calculated using Cohen kappa coefficient. Medical records were reviewed to extract
demographics, clinical, imaging, and biological data. Results: Forty EEGs were reviewed in 36 COVID-19 patients, 18 in intensive care units (ICU)
and 22 in medicine units. The main indications were confusion or fluctuating
alertness for 23 (57.5%) and delayed awakening after stopping sedation in ICU in 6
(15%). EEGs were normal to mildly altered in 23 (57.5%) contrary to the 42.5% where
EEG alterations were moderate in 4 (10%), severe in 8 (20%), and critical in 5
(12.5%). Generalized periodic discharges (GPDs), multifocal periodic discharges
(MPDs), or rhythmic delta activity (RDA) were found in 13 recordings (32.5%). EEG
alterations were not stereotyped or specific. They could be related to an underlying
morbid status, except for 3 ICU patients with unexplained encephalopathic
features. Conclusion: In this first systematic analysis of COVID-19 patients who underwent EEG, over half
of them presented a normal recording pattern. EEG alterations were not different
from those encountered in other pathological conditions.
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A prospective study of long-term outcomes among hospitalized COVID-19 patients with and without neurological complications. J Neurol Sci 2021; 426:117486. [PMID: 34000678 PMCID: PMC8113108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2021.117486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Little is known regarding long-term outcomes of patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Methods We conducted a prospective study of 6-month outcomes of hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Patients with new neurological complications during hospitalization who survived were propensity score-matched to COVID-19 survivors without neurological complications hospitalized during the same period. The primary 6-month outcome was multivariable ordinal analysis of the modified Rankin Scale(mRS) comparing patients with or without neurological complications. Secondary outcomes included: activities of daily living (ADLs;Barthel Index), telephone Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Neuro-QoL batteries for anxiety, depression, fatigue and sleep. Results Of 606 COVID-19 patients with neurological complications, 395 survived hospitalization and were matched to 395 controls; N = 196 neurological patients and N = 186 controls completed follow-up. Overall, 346/382 (91%) patients had at least one abnormal outcome: 56% had limited ADLs, 50% impaired cognition, 47% could not return to work and 62% scored worse than average on ≥1 Neuro-QoL scale (worse anxiety 46%, sleep 38%, fatigue 36%, and depression 25%). In multivariable analysis, patients with neurological complications had worse 6-month mRS (median 4 vs. 3 among controls, adjusted OR 1.98, 95%CI 1.23–3.48, P = 0.02), worse ADLs (aOR 0.38, 95%CI 0.29–0.74, P = 0.01) and were less likely to return to work than controls (41% versus 64%, P = 0.04). Cognitive and Neuro-QOL metrics were similar between groups. Conclusions Abnormalities in functional outcomes, ADLs, anxiety, depression and sleep occurred in over 90% of patients 6-months after hospitalization for COVID-19. In multivariable analysis, patients with neurological complications during index hospitalization had significantly worse 6-month functional outcomes than those without.
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Chou SHY, Beghi E, Helbok R, Moro E, Sampson J, Altamirano V, Mainali S, Bassetti C, Suarez JI, McNett M. Global Incidence of Neurological Manifestations Among Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19-A Report for the GCS-NeuroCOVID Consortium and the ENERGY Consortium. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2112131. [PMID: 33974053 PMCID: PMC8114143 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.12131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The COVID-19 pandemic continues to affect millions of people globally, with increasing reports of neurological manifestations but limited data on their incidence and associations with outcome. OBJECTIVE To determine the neurological phenotypes, incidence, and outcomes among adults hospitalized with COVID-19. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cohort study included patients with clinically diagnosed or laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 at 28 centers, representing 13 countries and 4 continents. The study was performed by the Global Consortium Study of Neurologic Dysfunction in COVID-19 (GCS-NeuroCOVID) from March 1 to September 30, 2020, and the European Academy of Neurology (EAN) Neuro-COVID Registry (ENERGY) from March to October 2020. Three cohorts were included: (1) the GCS-NeuroCOVID all COVID-19 cohort (n = 3055), which included consecutive hospitalized patients with COVID-19 with and without neurological manifestations; (2) the GCS-NeuroCOVID COVID-19 neurological cohort (n = 475), which comprised consecutive patients hospitalized with COVID-19 who had confirmed neurological manifestations; and (3) the ENERGY cohort (n = 214), which included patients with COVID-19 who received formal neurological consultation. EXPOSURES Clinically diagnosed or laboratory-confirmed COVID-19. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Neurological phenotypes were classified as self-reported symptoms or neurological signs and/or syndromes assessed by clinical evaluation. Composite incidence was reported for groups with at least 1 neurological manifestation. The main outcome measure was in-hospital mortality. RESULTS Of the 3055 patients in the all COVID-19 cohort, 1742 (57%) were men, and the mean age was 59.9 years (95% CI, 59.3-60.6 years). Of the 475 patients in the COVID-19 neurological cohort, 262 (55%) were men, and the mean age was 62.6 years (95% CI, 61.1-64.1 years). Of the 214 patients in the ENERGY cohort, 133 (62%) were men, and the mean age was 67 years (95% CI, 52-78 years). A total of 3083 of 3743 patients (82%) across cohorts had any neurological manifestation (self-reported neurological symptoms and/or clinically captured neurological sign and/or syndrome). The most common self-reported symptoms included headache (1385 of 3732 patients [37%]) and anosmia or ageusia (977 of 3700 patients [26%]). The most prevalent neurological signs and/or syndromes were acute encephalopathy (1845 of 3740 patients [49%]), coma (649 of 3737 patients [17%]), and stroke (222 of 3737 patients [6%]), while meningitis and/or encephalitis were rare (19 of 3741 patients [0.5%]). Presence of clinically captured neurologic signs and/or syndromes was associated with increased risk of in-hospital death (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 5.99; 95% CI, 4.33-8.28) after adjusting for study site, age, sex, race, and ethnicity. Presence of preexisting neurological disorders (aOR, 2.23; 95% CI, 1.80-2.75) was associated with increased risk of developing neurological signs and/or syndromes with COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this multicohort study, neurological manifestations were prevalent among patients hospitalized with COVID-19 and were associated with higher in-hospital mortality. Preexisting neurological disorders were associated with increased risk of developing neurological signs and/or syndromes in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry H-Y Chou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Neurology and Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ettore Beghi
- Laboratorio di Malattie Neurologiche, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Raimund Helbok
- Department of Neurology, Neurocritical Care Unit, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Elena Moro
- Division of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire of Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble Institute of Neuroscience, Grenoble, France
| | - Joshua Sampson
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Valeria Altamirano
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Claudio Bassetti
- Department of Neurology, University of Bern, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jose I Suarez
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Molly McNett
- College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus
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Beghi E, Michael BD, Solomon T, Westenberg E, Winkler AS. Approaches to understanding COVID-19 and its neurological associations. Ann Neurol 2021; 89:1059-1067. [PMID: 33836104 PMCID: PMC8250622 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There is an accumulating volume of research into neurological manifestations of COVID-19. However, inconsistent study designs, inadequate controls, poorly-validated tests, and differing settings, interventions, and cultural norms weaken study quality, comparability, and thus the understanding of the spectrum, burden and pathophysiology of these complications. Therefore, a global COVID-19 Neuro Research Coalition, together with the WHO, has reviewed reports of COVID-19 neurological complications and harmonised clinical measures for future research. This will facilitate well-designed studies using precise, consistent case definitions of SARS-CoV2 infection and neurological complications, with standardised forms for pooled data analyses that non-specialists can use, including in low-income settings. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ettore Beghi
- Laboratorio di Malattie Neurologiche, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCSMilanItaly
| | - Benedict D. Michael
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic InfectionsLiverpoolUK
- The Walton Centre NHS Foundation TrustLiverpoolUK
| | - Tom Solomon
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic InfectionsLiverpoolUK
- The Walton Centre NHS Foundation TrustLiverpoolUK
- Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Erica Westenberg
- Department of NeurologyCenter for Global Health, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of MunichMunichGermany
| | - Andrea S. Winkler
- Department of NeurologyCenter for Global Health, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of MunichMunichGermany
- Centre for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of OsloOsloNorway
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Association of Sedation, Coma, and In-Hospital Mortality in Mechanically Ventilated Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019-Related Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Crit Care Med 2021; 49:1524-1534. [PMID: 33861551 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000005053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In patients with coronavirus disease 2019-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome, sedatives and opioids are commonly administered which may lead to increased vulnerability to neurologic dysfunction. We tested the hypothesis that patients with coronavirus disease 2019-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome are at higher risk of in-hospital mortality due to prolonged coma compared with other patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome matched for disease severity. DESIGN Propensity-matched cohort study. SETTING Seven ICUs in an academic hospital network, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (Boston, MA). PATIENTS All mechanically ventilated coronavirus disease 2019 patients between March and May 2020 were identified and matched with patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome of other etiology. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Using clinical data obtained from a hospital registry, we matched 114 coronavirus disease 2019 patients to 228 noncoronavirus disease 2019-related acute respiratory distress syndrome patients based on baseline disease severity. Coma was identified using the Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale less than or equal to -3. Multivariable logistic regression and mediation analyses were used to assess the percentage of comatose days, sedative medications used, and the association between coronavirus disease 2019 and in-hospital mortality. In-hospital mortality (48.3% vs 31.6%, adjusted odds ratio, 2.15; 95% CI, 1.34-3.44; p = 0.002), the percentage of comatose days (66.0% ± 31.3% vs 36.0% ± 36.9%, adjusted difference, 29.35; 95% CI, 21.45-37.24; p < 0.001), and the hypnotic agent dose (51.3% vs 17.1% of maximum hypnotic agent dose given in the cohort; p < 0.001) were higher among patients with coronavirus disease 2019. Brain imaging did not show a higher frequency of structural brain lesions in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (6.1% vs 7.0%; p = 0.76). Hypnotic agent dose was associated with coma (adjusted coefficient, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.45-0.78; p < 0.001) and mediated (p = 0.001) coma. Coma was associated with in-hospital mortality (adjusted odds ratio, 5.84; 95% CI, 3.58-9.58; p < 0.001) and mediated 59% of in-hospital mortality (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Compared with matched patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome of other etiology, patients with coronavirus disease 2019 received higher doses of hypnotics, which was associated with prolonged coma and higher mortality.
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Vlisides PE, Vogt KM, Pal D, Schnell E, Armstead WM, Brambrink AM, Kuo P, Nelson P, Vacas S, Goettel N, Aglio LS, Farag E, Gorji R, García PS, Koerner IP. Roadmap for Conducting Neuroscience Research in the COVID-19 Era and Beyond: Recommendations From the SNACC Research Committee. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2021; 33:100-106. [PMID: 33660699 PMCID: PMC8310904 DOI: 10.1097/ana.0000000000000758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has impacted many aspects of neuroscience research. At the 2020 Society of Neuroscience in Anesthesiology and Critical Care (SNACC) Annual Meeting, the SNACC Research Committee met virtually to discuss research challenges encountered during the COVID-19 pandemic along with possible strategies for facilitating research activities. These challenges and recommendations are included in this Consensus Statement. The objectives are to: (1) provide an overview of the disruptions and challenges to neuroscience research caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, and; (2) put forth a set of consensus recommendations for strengthening research sustainability during and beyond the current pandemic. Specific recommendations are highlighted for adapting laboratory and human subject study activities to optimize safety. Complementary research activities are also outlined for both laboratory and clinical researchers if specific investigations are impossible because of regulatory or societal changes. The role of virtual platforms is discussed with respect to fostering new collaborations, scheduling research meetings, and holding conferences such that scientific collaboration and exchange of ideas can continue. Our hope is for these recommendations to serve as a valuable resource for investigators in the neurosciences and other research disciplines for current and future research disruptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip E. Vlisides
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI USA
- Center for Consciousness Science, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Keith M. Vogt
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Dinesh Pal
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI USA
- Center for Consciousness Science, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Eric Schnell
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, OR USA
| | - William M. Armstead
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Ansgar M. Brambrink
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY USA
| | - Philip Kuo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - Priscilla Nelson
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - Susana Vacas
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Nicolai Goettel
- Department of Anesthesia, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Linda S. Aglio
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Ehab Farag
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Reza Gorji
- Department of Anesthesiology, Upstate Medical Center, Syracuse, NY USA
| | - Paul S. García
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY USA
| | - Ines P. Koerner
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, OR USA
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Edlow BL, Boly M, Chou SHY, Fischer D, Kondziella D, Li LM, Mac Donald CL, McNett M, Newcombe VFJ, Stevens RD, Menon DK. Common Data Elements for COVID-19 Neuroimaging: A GCS-NeuroCOVID Proposal. Neurocrit Care 2021; 34:365-370. [PMID: 33575956 PMCID: PMC7878171 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-021-01192-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian L Edlow
- Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 175 Cambridge Street - Suite 300, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA.
| | - Melanie Boly
- Departments of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Institute for Sleep and Consciousness, Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sherry H-Y Chou
- Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - David Fischer
- Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 175 Cambridge Street - Suite 300, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Daniel Kondziella
- Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lucia M Li
- UK Dementia Research Institute - Centre for Health Care and Technology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Molly McNett
- College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Virginia F J Newcombe
- University Division of Anaesthesia, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robert D Stevens
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Neurology, Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David K Menon
- University Division of Anaesthesia, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Aamodt AH, Høgestøl EA, Popperud TH, Holter JC, Dyrhol-Riise AM, Tonby K, Stiksrud B, Quist-Paulsen E, Berge T, Barratt-Due A, Aukrust P, Heggelund L, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Harbo HF. Blood neurofilament light concentration at admittance: a potential prognostic marker in COVID-19. J Neurol 2021; 268:3574-3583. [PMID: 33743046 PMCID: PMC7980743 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-021-10517-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective To test the hypotheses that blood biomarkers for nervous system injury, serum concentrations of neurofilament light chain protein (NfL) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAp) can serve as biomarkers for disease severity in COVID-19 patients. Methods Forty-seven inpatients with confirmed COVID-19 had blood samples drawn on admission for assessing serum biomarkers of CNS injury by Single molecule array (Simoa), NfL and GFAp. Concentrations of NfL and GFAp were analyzed in relation to symptoms, clinical signs, inflammatory biomarkers and clinical outcomes. We used multivariate linear models to test for differences in biomarker concentrations in the subgroups, accounting for confounding effects. Results In total, 21% (n = 10) of the patients were admitted to an intensive care unit, and the overall mortality rate was 13% (n = 6). Non-survivors had higher serum concentrations of NfL (p < 0.001) upon admission than patients who were discharged alive both in adjusted analyses (p = 2.6 × 10–7) and unadjusted analyses (p = 0.001). The concentrations of NfL in non-survivors increased over repeated measurements; whereas, the concentrations in survivors were stable. The GFAp concentration was also significantly higher in non-survivors than survivors (p = 0.02). Conclusion Increased concentrations of NfL and GFAp in COVID-19 patients on admission may indicate increased mortality risk. Measurement of blood biomarkers for nervous system injury can be useful to detect and monitor CNS injury in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Hege Aamodt
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Einar August Høgestøl
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Jan Cato Holter
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Ma Dyrhol-Riise
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristian Tonby
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Birgitte Stiksrud
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Tone Berge
- Department of Mechanical, Electronic and Chemical Engineering, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Research, Innovation and Education, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andreas Barratt-Due
- Division of Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University HospitalRikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars Heggelund
- Department of Internal Medicine, Drammen Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Drammen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - Hanne Flinstad Harbo
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Frontera JA, Sabadia S, Lalchan R, Fang T, Flusty B, Millar-Vernetti P, Snyder T, Berger S, Yang D, Granger A, Morgan N, Patel P, Gutman J, Melmed K, Agarwal S, Bokhari M, Andino A, Valdes E, Omari M, Kvernland A, Lillemoe K, Chou SHY, McNett M, Helbok R, Mainali S, Fink EL, Robertson C, Schober M, Suarez JI, Ziai W, Menon D, Friedman D, Friedman D, Holmes M, Huang J, Thawani S, Howard J, Abou-Fayssal N, Krieger P, Lewis A, Lord AS, Zhou T, Kahn DE, Czeisler BM, Torres J, Yaghi S, Ishida K, Scher E, de Havenon A, Placantonakis D, Liu M, Wisniewski T, Troxel AB, Balcer L, Galetta S. A Prospective Study of Neurologic Disorders in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 in New York City. Neurology 2021; 96:e575-e586. [PMID: 33020166 PMCID: PMC7905791 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000010979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence and associated mortality of well-defined neurologic diagnoses among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), we prospectively followed hospitalized severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-positive patients and recorded new neurologic disorders and hospital outcomes. METHODS We conducted a prospective, multicenter, observational study of consecutive hospitalized adults in the New York City metropolitan area with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. The prevalence of new neurologic disorders (as diagnosed by a neurologist) was recorded and in-hospital mortality and discharge disposition were compared between patients with COVID-19 with and without neurologic disorders. RESULTS Of 4,491 patients with COVID-19 hospitalized during the study timeframe, 606 (13.5%) developed a new neurologic disorder in a median of 2 days from COVID-19 symptom onset. The most common diagnoses were toxic/metabolic encephalopathy (6.8%), seizure (1.6%), stroke (1.9%), and hypoxic/ischemic injury (1.4%). No patient had meningitis/encephalitis or myelopathy/myelitis referable to SARS-CoV-2 infection and 18/18 CSF specimens were reverse transcriptase PCR negative for SARS-CoV-2. Patients with neurologic disorders were more often older, male, white, hypertensive, diabetic, intubated, and had higher sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) scores (all p < 0.05). After adjusting for age, sex, SOFA scores, intubation, history, medical complications, medications, and comfort care status, patients with COVID-19 with neurologic disorders had increased risk of in-hospital mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 1.38, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.17-1.62, p < 0.001) and decreased likelihood of discharge home (HR 0.72, 95% CI 0.63-0.85, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Neurologic disorders were detected in 13.5% of patients with COVID-19 and were associated with increased risk of in-hospital mortality and decreased likelihood of discharge home. Many observed neurologic disorders may be sequelae of severe systemic illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Frontera
- From the New York University Grossman School of Medicine (J.A.F., S.S., R.L., T.F., B.F., P.M.-V., T.S., S.B., D.Y., A.G., N.M., P.P., J.G., K.M., S.A., M.B., A.A., E.V., M.O., A.K., K.L., Daniel Friedman, David Friedman, M.H., J.H., S.T., J.H., N.A.-F., P.K., A.L., A.S.L., T.Z., D.E.K., B.M.C., J.T., S.Y., K.I., E.S., D.P., M.L., T.W., A.B.T., L.B., S.G.), New YorkUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.H.-Y.C., E.L.F.), PAThe Ohio State University (M.M., S.M.), ColumbusMedical University of Innsbruck (R.H.), AustriaThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.R., J.I.S., W.Z.), Baltimore, MDUniversity of Utah School of Medicine (M.S., A.d.H.), Salt Lake CityUniversity of Cambridge (D.M.), UK.
| | - Sakinah Sabadia
- From the New York University Grossman School of Medicine (J.A.F., S.S., R.L., T.F., B.F., P.M.-V., T.S., S.B., D.Y., A.G., N.M., P.P., J.G., K.M., S.A., M.B., A.A., E.V., M.O., A.K., K.L., Daniel Friedman, David Friedman, M.H., J.H., S.T., J.H., N.A.-F., P.K., A.L., A.S.L., T.Z., D.E.K., B.M.C., J.T., S.Y., K.I., E.S., D.P., M.L., T.W., A.B.T., L.B., S.G.), New YorkUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.H.-Y.C., E.L.F.), PAThe Ohio State University (M.M., S.M.), ColumbusMedical University of Innsbruck (R.H.), AustriaThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.R., J.I.S., W.Z.), Baltimore, MDUniversity of Utah School of Medicine (M.S., A.d.H.), Salt Lake CityUniversity of Cambridge (D.M.), UK
| | - Rebecca Lalchan
- From the New York University Grossman School of Medicine (J.A.F., S.S., R.L., T.F., B.F., P.M.-V., T.S., S.B., D.Y., A.G., N.M., P.P., J.G., K.M., S.A., M.B., A.A., E.V., M.O., A.K., K.L., Daniel Friedman, David Friedman, M.H., J.H., S.T., J.H., N.A.-F., P.K., A.L., A.S.L., T.Z., D.E.K., B.M.C., J.T., S.Y., K.I., E.S., D.P., M.L., T.W., A.B.T., L.B., S.G.), New YorkUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.H.-Y.C., E.L.F.), PAThe Ohio State University (M.M., S.M.), ColumbusMedical University of Innsbruck (R.H.), AustriaThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.R., J.I.S., W.Z.), Baltimore, MDUniversity of Utah School of Medicine (M.S., A.d.H.), Salt Lake CityUniversity of Cambridge (D.M.), UK
| | - Taolin Fang
- From the New York University Grossman School of Medicine (J.A.F., S.S., R.L., T.F., B.F., P.M.-V., T.S., S.B., D.Y., A.G., N.M., P.P., J.G., K.M., S.A., M.B., A.A., E.V., M.O., A.K., K.L., Daniel Friedman, David Friedman, M.H., J.H., S.T., J.H., N.A.-F., P.K., A.L., A.S.L., T.Z., D.E.K., B.M.C., J.T., S.Y., K.I., E.S., D.P., M.L., T.W., A.B.T., L.B., S.G.), New YorkUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.H.-Y.C., E.L.F.), PAThe Ohio State University (M.M., S.M.), ColumbusMedical University of Innsbruck (R.H.), AustriaThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.R., J.I.S., W.Z.), Baltimore, MDUniversity of Utah School of Medicine (M.S., A.d.H.), Salt Lake CityUniversity of Cambridge (D.M.), UK
| | - Brent Flusty
- From the New York University Grossman School of Medicine (J.A.F., S.S., R.L., T.F., B.F., P.M.-V., T.S., S.B., D.Y., A.G., N.M., P.P., J.G., K.M., S.A., M.B., A.A., E.V., M.O., A.K., K.L., Daniel Friedman, David Friedman, M.H., J.H., S.T., J.H., N.A.-F., P.K., A.L., A.S.L., T.Z., D.E.K., B.M.C., J.T., S.Y., K.I., E.S., D.P., M.L., T.W., A.B.T., L.B., S.G.), New YorkUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.H.-Y.C., E.L.F.), PAThe Ohio State University (M.M., S.M.), ColumbusMedical University of Innsbruck (R.H.), AustriaThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.R., J.I.S., W.Z.), Baltimore, MDUniversity of Utah School of Medicine (M.S., A.d.H.), Salt Lake CityUniversity of Cambridge (D.M.), UK
| | - Patricio Millar-Vernetti
- From the New York University Grossman School of Medicine (J.A.F., S.S., R.L., T.F., B.F., P.M.-V., T.S., S.B., D.Y., A.G., N.M., P.P., J.G., K.M., S.A., M.B., A.A., E.V., M.O., A.K., K.L., Daniel Friedman, David Friedman, M.H., J.H., S.T., J.H., N.A.-F., P.K., A.L., A.S.L., T.Z., D.E.K., B.M.C., J.T., S.Y., K.I., E.S., D.P., M.L., T.W., A.B.T., L.B., S.G.), New YorkUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.H.-Y.C., E.L.F.), PAThe Ohio State University (M.M., S.M.), ColumbusMedical University of Innsbruck (R.H.), AustriaThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.R., J.I.S., W.Z.), Baltimore, MDUniversity of Utah School of Medicine (M.S., A.d.H.), Salt Lake CityUniversity of Cambridge (D.M.), UK
| | - Thomas Snyder
- From the New York University Grossman School of Medicine (J.A.F., S.S., R.L., T.F., B.F., P.M.-V., T.S., S.B., D.Y., A.G., N.M., P.P., J.G., K.M., S.A., M.B., A.A., E.V., M.O., A.K., K.L., Daniel Friedman, David Friedman, M.H., J.H., S.T., J.H., N.A.-F., P.K., A.L., A.S.L., T.Z., D.E.K., B.M.C., J.T., S.Y., K.I., E.S., D.P., M.L., T.W., A.B.T., L.B., S.G.), New YorkUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.H.-Y.C., E.L.F.), PAThe Ohio State University (M.M., S.M.), ColumbusMedical University of Innsbruck (R.H.), AustriaThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.R., J.I.S., W.Z.), Baltimore, MDUniversity of Utah School of Medicine (M.S., A.d.H.), Salt Lake CityUniversity of Cambridge (D.M.), UK
| | - Stephen Berger
- From the New York University Grossman School of Medicine (J.A.F., S.S., R.L., T.F., B.F., P.M.-V., T.S., S.B., D.Y., A.G., N.M., P.P., J.G., K.M., S.A., M.B., A.A., E.V., M.O., A.K., K.L., Daniel Friedman, David Friedman, M.H., J.H., S.T., J.H., N.A.-F., P.K., A.L., A.S.L., T.Z., D.E.K., B.M.C., J.T., S.Y., K.I., E.S., D.P., M.L., T.W., A.B.T., L.B., S.G.), New YorkUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.H.-Y.C., E.L.F.), PAThe Ohio State University (M.M., S.M.), ColumbusMedical University of Innsbruck (R.H.), AustriaThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.R., J.I.S., W.Z.), Baltimore, MDUniversity of Utah School of Medicine (M.S., A.d.H.), Salt Lake CityUniversity of Cambridge (D.M.), UK
| | - Dixon Yang
- From the New York University Grossman School of Medicine (J.A.F., S.S., R.L., T.F., B.F., P.M.-V., T.S., S.B., D.Y., A.G., N.M., P.P., J.G., K.M., S.A., M.B., A.A., E.V., M.O., A.K., K.L., Daniel Friedman, David Friedman, M.H., J.H., S.T., J.H., N.A.-F., P.K., A.L., A.S.L., T.Z., D.E.K., B.M.C., J.T., S.Y., K.I., E.S., D.P., M.L., T.W., A.B.T., L.B., S.G.), New YorkUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.H.-Y.C., E.L.F.), PAThe Ohio State University (M.M., S.M.), ColumbusMedical University of Innsbruck (R.H.), AustriaThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.R., J.I.S., W.Z.), Baltimore, MDUniversity of Utah School of Medicine (M.S., A.d.H.), Salt Lake CityUniversity of Cambridge (D.M.), UK
| | - Andre Granger
- From the New York University Grossman School of Medicine (J.A.F., S.S., R.L., T.F., B.F., P.M.-V., T.S., S.B., D.Y., A.G., N.M., P.P., J.G., K.M., S.A., M.B., A.A., E.V., M.O., A.K., K.L., Daniel Friedman, David Friedman, M.H., J.H., S.T., J.H., N.A.-F., P.K., A.L., A.S.L., T.Z., D.E.K., B.M.C., J.T., S.Y., K.I., E.S., D.P., M.L., T.W., A.B.T., L.B., S.G.), New YorkUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.H.-Y.C., E.L.F.), PAThe Ohio State University (M.M., S.M.), ColumbusMedical University of Innsbruck (R.H.), AustriaThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.R., J.I.S., W.Z.), Baltimore, MDUniversity of Utah School of Medicine (M.S., A.d.H.), Salt Lake CityUniversity of Cambridge (D.M.), UK
| | - Nicole Morgan
- From the New York University Grossman School of Medicine (J.A.F., S.S., R.L., T.F., B.F., P.M.-V., T.S., S.B., D.Y., A.G., N.M., P.P., J.G., K.M., S.A., M.B., A.A., E.V., M.O., A.K., K.L., Daniel Friedman, David Friedman, M.H., J.H., S.T., J.H., N.A.-F., P.K., A.L., A.S.L., T.Z., D.E.K., B.M.C., J.T., S.Y., K.I., E.S., D.P., M.L., T.W., A.B.T., L.B., S.G.), New YorkUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.H.-Y.C., E.L.F.), PAThe Ohio State University (M.M., S.M.), ColumbusMedical University of Innsbruck (R.H.), AustriaThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.R., J.I.S., W.Z.), Baltimore, MDUniversity of Utah School of Medicine (M.S., A.d.H.), Salt Lake CityUniversity of Cambridge (D.M.), UK
| | - Palak Patel
- From the New York University Grossman School of Medicine (J.A.F., S.S., R.L., T.F., B.F., P.M.-V., T.S., S.B., D.Y., A.G., N.M., P.P., J.G., K.M., S.A., M.B., A.A., E.V., M.O., A.K., K.L., Daniel Friedman, David Friedman, M.H., J.H., S.T., J.H., N.A.-F., P.K., A.L., A.S.L., T.Z., D.E.K., B.M.C., J.T., S.Y., K.I., E.S., D.P., M.L., T.W., A.B.T., L.B., S.G.), New YorkUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.H.-Y.C., E.L.F.), PAThe Ohio State University (M.M., S.M.), ColumbusMedical University of Innsbruck (R.H.), AustriaThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.R., J.I.S., W.Z.), Baltimore, MDUniversity of Utah School of Medicine (M.S., A.d.H.), Salt Lake CityUniversity of Cambridge (D.M.), UK
| | - Josef Gutman
- From the New York University Grossman School of Medicine (J.A.F., S.S., R.L., T.F., B.F., P.M.-V., T.S., S.B., D.Y., A.G., N.M., P.P., J.G., K.M., S.A., M.B., A.A., E.V., M.O., A.K., K.L., Daniel Friedman, David Friedman, M.H., J.H., S.T., J.H., N.A.-F., P.K., A.L., A.S.L., T.Z., D.E.K., B.M.C., J.T., S.Y., K.I., E.S., D.P., M.L., T.W., A.B.T., L.B., S.G.), New YorkUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.H.-Y.C., E.L.F.), PAThe Ohio State University (M.M., S.M.), ColumbusMedical University of Innsbruck (R.H.), AustriaThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.R., J.I.S., W.Z.), Baltimore, MDUniversity of Utah School of Medicine (M.S., A.d.H.), Salt Lake CityUniversity of Cambridge (D.M.), UK
| | - Kara Melmed
- From the New York University Grossman School of Medicine (J.A.F., S.S., R.L., T.F., B.F., P.M.-V., T.S., S.B., D.Y., A.G., N.M., P.P., J.G., K.M., S.A., M.B., A.A., E.V., M.O., A.K., K.L., Daniel Friedman, David Friedman, M.H., J.H., S.T., J.H., N.A.-F., P.K., A.L., A.S.L., T.Z., D.E.K., B.M.C., J.T., S.Y., K.I., E.S., D.P., M.L., T.W., A.B.T., L.B., S.G.), New YorkUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.H.-Y.C., E.L.F.), PAThe Ohio State University (M.M., S.M.), ColumbusMedical University of Innsbruck (R.H.), AustriaThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.R., J.I.S., W.Z.), Baltimore, MDUniversity of Utah School of Medicine (M.S., A.d.H.), Salt Lake CityUniversity of Cambridge (D.M.), UK
| | - Shashank Agarwal
- From the New York University Grossman School of Medicine (J.A.F., S.S., R.L., T.F., B.F., P.M.-V., T.S., S.B., D.Y., A.G., N.M., P.P., J.G., K.M., S.A., M.B., A.A., E.V., M.O., A.K., K.L., Daniel Friedman, David Friedman, M.H., J.H., S.T., J.H., N.A.-F., P.K., A.L., A.S.L., T.Z., D.E.K., B.M.C., J.T., S.Y., K.I., E.S., D.P., M.L., T.W., A.B.T., L.B., S.G.), New YorkUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.H.-Y.C., E.L.F.), PAThe Ohio State University (M.M., S.M.), ColumbusMedical University of Innsbruck (R.H.), AustriaThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.R., J.I.S., W.Z.), Baltimore, MDUniversity of Utah School of Medicine (M.S., A.d.H.), Salt Lake CityUniversity of Cambridge (D.M.), UK
| | - Matthew Bokhari
- From the New York University Grossman School of Medicine (J.A.F., S.S., R.L., T.F., B.F., P.M.-V., T.S., S.B., D.Y., A.G., N.M., P.P., J.G., K.M., S.A., M.B., A.A., E.V., M.O., A.K., K.L., Daniel Friedman, David Friedman, M.H., J.H., S.T., J.H., N.A.-F., P.K., A.L., A.S.L., T.Z., D.E.K., B.M.C., J.T., S.Y., K.I., E.S., D.P., M.L., T.W., A.B.T., L.B., S.G.), New YorkUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.H.-Y.C., E.L.F.), PAThe Ohio State University (M.M., S.M.), ColumbusMedical University of Innsbruck (R.H.), AustriaThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.R., J.I.S., W.Z.), Baltimore, MDUniversity of Utah School of Medicine (M.S., A.d.H.), Salt Lake CityUniversity of Cambridge (D.M.), UK
| | - Andres Andino
- From the New York University Grossman School of Medicine (J.A.F., S.S., R.L., T.F., B.F., P.M.-V., T.S., S.B., D.Y., A.G., N.M., P.P., J.G., K.M., S.A., M.B., A.A., E.V., M.O., A.K., K.L., Daniel Friedman, David Friedman, M.H., J.H., S.T., J.H., N.A.-F., P.K., A.L., A.S.L., T.Z., D.E.K., B.M.C., J.T., S.Y., K.I., E.S., D.P., M.L., T.W., A.B.T., L.B., S.G.), New YorkUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.H.-Y.C., E.L.F.), PAThe Ohio State University (M.M., S.M.), ColumbusMedical University of Innsbruck (R.H.), AustriaThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.R., J.I.S., W.Z.), Baltimore, MDUniversity of Utah School of Medicine (M.S., A.d.H.), Salt Lake CityUniversity of Cambridge (D.M.), UK
| | - Eduard Valdes
- From the New York University Grossman School of Medicine (J.A.F., S.S., R.L., T.F., B.F., P.M.-V., T.S., S.B., D.Y., A.G., N.M., P.P., J.G., K.M., S.A., M.B., A.A., E.V., M.O., A.K., K.L., Daniel Friedman, David Friedman, M.H., J.H., S.T., J.H., N.A.-F., P.K., A.L., A.S.L., T.Z., D.E.K., B.M.C., J.T., S.Y., K.I., E.S., D.P., M.L., T.W., A.B.T., L.B., S.G.), New YorkUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.H.-Y.C., E.L.F.), PAThe Ohio State University (M.M., S.M.), ColumbusMedical University of Innsbruck (R.H.), AustriaThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.R., J.I.S., W.Z.), Baltimore, MDUniversity of Utah School of Medicine (M.S., A.d.H.), Salt Lake CityUniversity of Cambridge (D.M.), UK
| | - Mirza Omari
- From the New York University Grossman School of Medicine (J.A.F., S.S., R.L., T.F., B.F., P.M.-V., T.S., S.B., D.Y., A.G., N.M., P.P., J.G., K.M., S.A., M.B., A.A., E.V., M.O., A.K., K.L., Daniel Friedman, David Friedman, M.H., J.H., S.T., J.H., N.A.-F., P.K., A.L., A.S.L., T.Z., D.E.K., B.M.C., J.T., S.Y., K.I., E.S., D.P., M.L., T.W., A.B.T., L.B., S.G.), New YorkUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.H.-Y.C., E.L.F.), PAThe Ohio State University (M.M., S.M.), ColumbusMedical University of Innsbruck (R.H.), AustriaThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.R., J.I.S., W.Z.), Baltimore, MDUniversity of Utah School of Medicine (M.S., A.d.H.), Salt Lake CityUniversity of Cambridge (D.M.), UK
| | - Alexandra Kvernland
- From the New York University Grossman School of Medicine (J.A.F., S.S., R.L., T.F., B.F., P.M.-V., T.S., S.B., D.Y., A.G., N.M., P.P., J.G., K.M., S.A., M.B., A.A., E.V., M.O., A.K., K.L., Daniel Friedman, David Friedman, M.H., J.H., S.T., J.H., N.A.-F., P.K., A.L., A.S.L., T.Z., D.E.K., B.M.C., J.T., S.Y., K.I., E.S., D.P., M.L., T.W., A.B.T., L.B., S.G.), New YorkUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.H.-Y.C., E.L.F.), PAThe Ohio State University (M.M., S.M.), ColumbusMedical University of Innsbruck (R.H.), AustriaThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.R., J.I.S., W.Z.), Baltimore, MDUniversity of Utah School of Medicine (M.S., A.d.H.), Salt Lake CityUniversity of Cambridge (D.M.), UK
| | - Kaitlyn Lillemoe
- From the New York University Grossman School of Medicine (J.A.F., S.S., R.L., T.F., B.F., P.M.-V., T.S., S.B., D.Y., A.G., N.M., P.P., J.G., K.M., S.A., M.B., A.A., E.V., M.O., A.K., K.L., Daniel Friedman, David Friedman, M.H., J.H., S.T., J.H., N.A.-F., P.K., A.L., A.S.L., T.Z., D.E.K., B.M.C., J.T., S.Y., K.I., E.S., D.P., M.L., T.W., A.B.T., L.B., S.G.), New YorkUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.H.-Y.C., E.L.F.), PAThe Ohio State University (M.M., S.M.), ColumbusMedical University of Innsbruck (R.H.), AustriaThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.R., J.I.S., W.Z.), Baltimore, MDUniversity of Utah School of Medicine (M.S., A.d.H.), Salt Lake CityUniversity of Cambridge (D.M.), UK
| | - Sherry H-Y Chou
- From the New York University Grossman School of Medicine (J.A.F., S.S., R.L., T.F., B.F., P.M.-V., T.S., S.B., D.Y., A.G., N.M., P.P., J.G., K.M., S.A., M.B., A.A., E.V., M.O., A.K., K.L., Daniel Friedman, David Friedman, M.H., J.H., S.T., J.H., N.A.-F., P.K., A.L., A.S.L., T.Z., D.E.K., B.M.C., J.T., S.Y., K.I., E.S., D.P., M.L., T.W., A.B.T., L.B., S.G.), New YorkUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.H.-Y.C., E.L.F.), PAThe Ohio State University (M.M., S.M.), ColumbusMedical University of Innsbruck (R.H.), AustriaThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.R., J.I.S., W.Z.), Baltimore, MDUniversity of Utah School of Medicine (M.S., A.d.H.), Salt Lake CityUniversity of Cambridge (D.M.), UK
| | - Molly McNett
- From the New York University Grossman School of Medicine (J.A.F., S.S., R.L., T.F., B.F., P.M.-V., T.S., S.B., D.Y., A.G., N.M., P.P., J.G., K.M., S.A., M.B., A.A., E.V., M.O., A.K., K.L., Daniel Friedman, David Friedman, M.H., J.H., S.T., J.H., N.A.-F., P.K., A.L., A.S.L., T.Z., D.E.K., B.M.C., J.T., S.Y., K.I., E.S., D.P., M.L., T.W., A.B.T., L.B., S.G.), New YorkUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.H.-Y.C., E.L.F.), PAThe Ohio State University (M.M., S.M.), ColumbusMedical University of Innsbruck (R.H.), AustriaThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.R., J.I.S., W.Z.), Baltimore, MDUniversity of Utah School of Medicine (M.S., A.d.H.), Salt Lake CityUniversity of Cambridge (D.M.), UK
| | - Raimund Helbok
- From the New York University Grossman School of Medicine (J.A.F., S.S., R.L., T.F., B.F., P.M.-V., T.S., S.B., D.Y., A.G., N.M., P.P., J.G., K.M., S.A., M.B., A.A., E.V., M.O., A.K., K.L., Daniel Friedman, David Friedman, M.H., J.H., S.T., J.H., N.A.-F., P.K., A.L., A.S.L., T.Z., D.E.K., B.M.C., J.T., S.Y., K.I., E.S., D.P., M.L., T.W., A.B.T., L.B., S.G.), New YorkUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.H.-Y.C., E.L.F.), PAThe Ohio State University (M.M., S.M.), ColumbusMedical University of Innsbruck (R.H.), AustriaThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.R., J.I.S., W.Z.), Baltimore, MDUniversity of Utah School of Medicine (M.S., A.d.H.), Salt Lake CityUniversity of Cambridge (D.M.), UK
| | - Shraddha Mainali
- From the New York University Grossman School of Medicine (J.A.F., S.S., R.L., T.F., B.F., P.M.-V., T.S., S.B., D.Y., A.G., N.M., P.P., J.G., K.M., S.A., M.B., A.A., E.V., M.O., A.K., K.L., Daniel Friedman, David Friedman, M.H., J.H., S.T., J.H., N.A.-F., P.K., A.L., A.S.L., T.Z., D.E.K., B.M.C., J.T., S.Y., K.I., E.S., D.P., M.L., T.W., A.B.T., L.B., S.G.), New YorkUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.H.-Y.C., E.L.F.), PAThe Ohio State University (M.M., S.M.), ColumbusMedical University of Innsbruck (R.H.), AustriaThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.R., J.I.S., W.Z.), Baltimore, MDUniversity of Utah School of Medicine (M.S., A.d.H.), Salt Lake CityUniversity of Cambridge (D.M.), UK
| | - Ericka L Fink
- From the New York University Grossman School of Medicine (J.A.F., S.S., R.L., T.F., B.F., P.M.-V., T.S., S.B., D.Y., A.G., N.M., P.P., J.G., K.M., S.A., M.B., A.A., E.V., M.O., A.K., K.L., Daniel Friedman, David Friedman, M.H., J.H., S.T., J.H., N.A.-F., P.K., A.L., A.S.L., T.Z., D.E.K., B.M.C., J.T., S.Y., K.I., E.S., D.P., M.L., T.W., A.B.T., L.B., S.G.), New YorkUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.H.-Y.C., E.L.F.), PAThe Ohio State University (M.M., S.M.), ColumbusMedical University of Innsbruck (R.H.), AustriaThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.R., J.I.S., W.Z.), Baltimore, MDUniversity of Utah School of Medicine (M.S., A.d.H.), Salt Lake CityUniversity of Cambridge (D.M.), UK
| | - Courtney Robertson
- From the New York University Grossman School of Medicine (J.A.F., S.S., R.L., T.F., B.F., P.M.-V., T.S., S.B., D.Y., A.G., N.M., P.P., J.G., K.M., S.A., M.B., A.A., E.V., M.O., A.K., K.L., Daniel Friedman, David Friedman, M.H., J.H., S.T., J.H., N.A.-F., P.K., A.L., A.S.L., T.Z., D.E.K., B.M.C., J.T., S.Y., K.I., E.S., D.P., M.L., T.W., A.B.T., L.B., S.G.), New YorkUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.H.-Y.C., E.L.F.), PAThe Ohio State University (M.M., S.M.), ColumbusMedical University of Innsbruck (R.H.), AustriaThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.R., J.I.S., W.Z.), Baltimore, MDUniversity of Utah School of Medicine (M.S., A.d.H.), Salt Lake CityUniversity of Cambridge (D.M.), UK
| | - Michelle Schober
- From the New York University Grossman School of Medicine (J.A.F., S.S., R.L., T.F., B.F., P.M.-V., T.S., S.B., D.Y., A.G., N.M., P.P., J.G., K.M., S.A., M.B., A.A., E.V., M.O., A.K., K.L., Daniel Friedman, David Friedman, M.H., J.H., S.T., J.H., N.A.-F., P.K., A.L., A.S.L., T.Z., D.E.K., B.M.C., J.T., S.Y., K.I., E.S., D.P., M.L., T.W., A.B.T., L.B., S.G.), New YorkUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.H.-Y.C., E.L.F.), PAThe Ohio State University (M.M., S.M.), ColumbusMedical University of Innsbruck (R.H.), AustriaThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.R., J.I.S., W.Z.), Baltimore, MDUniversity of Utah School of Medicine (M.S., A.d.H.), Salt Lake CityUniversity of Cambridge (D.M.), UK
| | - Jose I Suarez
- From the New York University Grossman School of Medicine (J.A.F., S.S., R.L., T.F., B.F., P.M.-V., T.S., S.B., D.Y., A.G., N.M., P.P., J.G., K.M., S.A., M.B., A.A., E.V., M.O., A.K., K.L., Daniel Friedman, David Friedman, M.H., J.H., S.T., J.H., N.A.-F., P.K., A.L., A.S.L., T.Z., D.E.K., B.M.C., J.T., S.Y., K.I., E.S., D.P., M.L., T.W., A.B.T., L.B., S.G.), New YorkUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.H.-Y.C., E.L.F.), PAThe Ohio State University (M.M., S.M.), ColumbusMedical University of Innsbruck (R.H.), AustriaThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.R., J.I.S., W.Z.), Baltimore, MDUniversity of Utah School of Medicine (M.S., A.d.H.), Salt Lake CityUniversity of Cambridge (D.M.), UK
| | - Wendy Ziai
- From the New York University Grossman School of Medicine (J.A.F., S.S., R.L., T.F., B.F., P.M.-V., T.S., S.B., D.Y., A.G., N.M., P.P., J.G., K.M., S.A., M.B., A.A., E.V., M.O., A.K., K.L., Daniel Friedman, David Friedman, M.H., J.H., S.T., J.H., N.A.-F., P.K., A.L., A.S.L., T.Z., D.E.K., B.M.C., J.T., S.Y., K.I., E.S., D.P., M.L., T.W., A.B.T., L.B., S.G.), New YorkUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.H.-Y.C., E.L.F.), PAThe Ohio State University (M.M., S.M.), ColumbusMedical University of Innsbruck (R.H.), AustriaThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.R., J.I.S., W.Z.), Baltimore, MDUniversity of Utah School of Medicine (M.S., A.d.H.), Salt Lake CityUniversity of Cambridge (D.M.), UK
| | - David Menon
- From the New York University Grossman School of Medicine (J.A.F., S.S., R.L., T.F., B.F., P.M.-V., T.S., S.B., D.Y., A.G., N.M., P.P., J.G., K.M., S.A., M.B., A.A., E.V., M.O., A.K., K.L., Daniel Friedman, David Friedman, M.H., J.H., S.T., J.H., N.A.-F., P.K., A.L., A.S.L., T.Z., D.E.K., B.M.C., J.T., S.Y., K.I., E.S., D.P., M.L., T.W., A.B.T., L.B., S.G.), New YorkUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.H.-Y.C., E.L.F.), PAThe Ohio State University (M.M., S.M.), ColumbusMedical University of Innsbruck (R.H.), AustriaThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.R., J.I.S., W.Z.), Baltimore, MDUniversity of Utah School of Medicine (M.S., A.d.H.), Salt Lake CityUniversity of Cambridge (D.M.), UK
| | - Daniel Friedman
- From the New York University Grossman School of Medicine (J.A.F., S.S., R.L., T.F., B.F., P.M.-V., T.S., S.B., D.Y., A.G., N.M., P.P., J.G., K.M., S.A., M.B., A.A., E.V., M.O., A.K., K.L., Daniel Friedman, David Friedman, M.H., J.H., S.T., J.H., N.A.-F., P.K., A.L., A.S.L., T.Z., D.E.K., B.M.C., J.T., S.Y., K.I., E.S., D.P., M.L., T.W., A.B.T., L.B., S.G.), New YorkUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.H.-Y.C., E.L.F.), PAThe Ohio State University (M.M., S.M.), ColumbusMedical University of Innsbruck (R.H.), AustriaThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.R., J.I.S., W.Z.), Baltimore, MDUniversity of Utah School of Medicine (M.S., A.d.H.), Salt Lake CityUniversity of Cambridge (D.M.), UK
| | - David Friedman
- From the New York University Grossman School of Medicine (J.A.F., S.S., R.L., T.F., B.F., P.M.-V., T.S., S.B., D.Y., A.G., N.M., P.P., J.G., K.M., S.A., M.B., A.A., E.V., M.O., A.K., K.L., Daniel Friedman, David Friedman, M.H., J.H., S.T., J.H., N.A.-F., P.K., A.L., A.S.L., T.Z., D.E.K., B.M.C., J.T., S.Y., K.I., E.S., D.P., M.L., T.W., A.B.T., L.B., S.G.), New YorkUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.H.-Y.C., E.L.F.), PAThe Ohio State University (M.M., S.M.), ColumbusMedical University of Innsbruck (R.H.), AustriaThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.R., J.I.S., W.Z.), Baltimore, MDUniversity of Utah School of Medicine (M.S., A.d.H.), Salt Lake CityUniversity of Cambridge (D.M.), UK
| | - Manisha Holmes
- From the New York University Grossman School of Medicine (J.A.F., S.S., R.L., T.F., B.F., P.M.-V., T.S., S.B., D.Y., A.G., N.M., P.P., J.G., K.M., S.A., M.B., A.A., E.V., M.O., A.K., K.L., Daniel Friedman, David Friedman, M.H., J.H., S.T., J.H., N.A.-F., P.K., A.L., A.S.L., T.Z., D.E.K., B.M.C., J.T., S.Y., K.I., E.S., D.P., M.L., T.W., A.B.T., L.B., S.G.), New YorkUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.H.-Y.C., E.L.F.), PAThe Ohio State University (M.M., S.M.), ColumbusMedical University of Innsbruck (R.H.), AustriaThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.R., J.I.S., W.Z.), Baltimore, MDUniversity of Utah School of Medicine (M.S., A.d.H.), Salt Lake CityUniversity of Cambridge (D.M.), UK
| | - Joshua Huang
- From the New York University Grossman School of Medicine (J.A.F., S.S., R.L., T.F., B.F., P.M.-V., T.S., S.B., D.Y., A.G., N.M., P.P., J.G., K.M., S.A., M.B., A.A., E.V., M.O., A.K., K.L., Daniel Friedman, David Friedman, M.H., J.H., S.T., J.H., N.A.-F., P.K., A.L., A.S.L., T.Z., D.E.K., B.M.C., J.T., S.Y., K.I., E.S., D.P., M.L., T.W., A.B.T., L.B., S.G.), New YorkUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.H.-Y.C., E.L.F.), PAThe Ohio State University (M.M., S.M.), ColumbusMedical University of Innsbruck (R.H.), AustriaThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.R., J.I.S., W.Z.), Baltimore, MDUniversity of Utah School of Medicine (M.S., A.d.H.), Salt Lake CityUniversity of Cambridge (D.M.), UK
| | - Sujata Thawani
- From the New York University Grossman School of Medicine (J.A.F., S.S., R.L., T.F., B.F., P.M.-V., T.S., S.B., D.Y., A.G., N.M., P.P., J.G., K.M., S.A., M.B., A.A., E.V., M.O., A.K., K.L., Daniel Friedman, David Friedman, M.H., J.H., S.T., J.H., N.A.-F., P.K., A.L., A.S.L., T.Z., D.E.K., B.M.C., J.T., S.Y., K.I., E.S., D.P., M.L., T.W., A.B.T., L.B., S.G.), New YorkUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.H.-Y.C., E.L.F.), PAThe Ohio State University (M.M., S.M.), ColumbusMedical University of Innsbruck (R.H.), AustriaThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.R., J.I.S., W.Z.), Baltimore, MDUniversity of Utah School of Medicine (M.S., A.d.H.), Salt Lake CityUniversity of Cambridge (D.M.), UK
| | - Jonathan Howard
- From the New York University Grossman School of Medicine (J.A.F., S.S., R.L., T.F., B.F., P.M.-V., T.S., S.B., D.Y., A.G., N.M., P.P., J.G., K.M., S.A., M.B., A.A., E.V., M.O., A.K., K.L., Daniel Friedman, David Friedman, M.H., J.H., S.T., J.H., N.A.-F., P.K., A.L., A.S.L., T.Z., D.E.K., B.M.C., J.T., S.Y., K.I., E.S., D.P., M.L., T.W., A.B.T., L.B., S.G.), New YorkUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.H.-Y.C., E.L.F.), PAThe Ohio State University (M.M., S.M.), ColumbusMedical University of Innsbruck (R.H.), AustriaThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.R., J.I.S., W.Z.), Baltimore, MDUniversity of Utah School of Medicine (M.S., A.d.H.), Salt Lake CityUniversity of Cambridge (D.M.), UK
| | - Nada Abou-Fayssal
- From the New York University Grossman School of Medicine (J.A.F., S.S., R.L., T.F., B.F., P.M.-V., T.S., S.B., D.Y., A.G., N.M., P.P., J.G., K.M., S.A., M.B., A.A., E.V., M.O., A.K., K.L., Daniel Friedman, David Friedman, M.H., J.H., S.T., J.H., N.A.-F., P.K., A.L., A.S.L., T.Z., D.E.K., B.M.C., J.T., S.Y., K.I., E.S., D.P., M.L., T.W., A.B.T., L.B., S.G.), New YorkUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.H.-Y.C., E.L.F.), PAThe Ohio State University (M.M., S.M.), ColumbusMedical University of Innsbruck (R.H.), AustriaThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.R., J.I.S., W.Z.), Baltimore, MDUniversity of Utah School of Medicine (M.S., A.d.H.), Salt Lake CityUniversity of Cambridge (D.M.), UK
| | - Penina Krieger
- From the New York University Grossman School of Medicine (J.A.F., S.S., R.L., T.F., B.F., P.M.-V., T.S., S.B., D.Y., A.G., N.M., P.P., J.G., K.M., S.A., M.B., A.A., E.V., M.O., A.K., K.L., Daniel Friedman, David Friedman, M.H., J.H., S.T., J.H., N.A.-F., P.K., A.L., A.S.L., T.Z., D.E.K., B.M.C., J.T., S.Y., K.I., E.S., D.P., M.L., T.W., A.B.T., L.B., S.G.), New YorkUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.H.-Y.C., E.L.F.), PAThe Ohio State University (M.M., S.M.), ColumbusMedical University of Innsbruck (R.H.), AustriaThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.R., J.I.S., W.Z.), Baltimore, MDUniversity of Utah School of Medicine (M.S., A.d.H.), Salt Lake CityUniversity of Cambridge (D.M.), UK
| | - Ariane Lewis
- From the New York University Grossman School of Medicine (J.A.F., S.S., R.L., T.F., B.F., P.M.-V., T.S., S.B., D.Y., A.G., N.M., P.P., J.G., K.M., S.A., M.B., A.A., E.V., M.O., A.K., K.L., Daniel Friedman, David Friedman, M.H., J.H., S.T., J.H., N.A.-F., P.K., A.L., A.S.L., T.Z., D.E.K., B.M.C., J.T., S.Y., K.I., E.S., D.P., M.L., T.W., A.B.T., L.B., S.G.), New YorkUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.H.-Y.C., E.L.F.), PAThe Ohio State University (M.M., S.M.), ColumbusMedical University of Innsbruck (R.H.), AustriaThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.R., J.I.S., W.Z.), Baltimore, MDUniversity of Utah School of Medicine (M.S., A.d.H.), Salt Lake CityUniversity of Cambridge (D.M.), UK
| | - Aaron S Lord
- From the New York University Grossman School of Medicine (J.A.F., S.S., R.L., T.F., B.F., P.M.-V., T.S., S.B., D.Y., A.G., N.M., P.P., J.G., K.M., S.A., M.B., A.A., E.V., M.O., A.K., K.L., Daniel Friedman, David Friedman, M.H., J.H., S.T., J.H., N.A.-F., P.K., A.L., A.S.L., T.Z., D.E.K., B.M.C., J.T., S.Y., K.I., E.S., D.P., M.L., T.W., A.B.T., L.B., S.G.), New YorkUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.H.-Y.C., E.L.F.), PAThe Ohio State University (M.M., S.M.), ColumbusMedical University of Innsbruck (R.H.), AustriaThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.R., J.I.S., W.Z.), Baltimore, MDUniversity of Utah School of Medicine (M.S., A.d.H.), Salt Lake CityUniversity of Cambridge (D.M.), UK
| | - Ting Zhou
- From the New York University Grossman School of Medicine (J.A.F., S.S., R.L., T.F., B.F., P.M.-V., T.S., S.B., D.Y., A.G., N.M., P.P., J.G., K.M., S.A., M.B., A.A., E.V., M.O., A.K., K.L., Daniel Friedman, David Friedman, M.H., J.H., S.T., J.H., N.A.-F., P.K., A.L., A.S.L., T.Z., D.E.K., B.M.C., J.T., S.Y., K.I., E.S., D.P., M.L., T.W., A.B.T., L.B., S.G.), New YorkUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.H.-Y.C., E.L.F.), PAThe Ohio State University (M.M., S.M.), ColumbusMedical University of Innsbruck (R.H.), AustriaThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.R., J.I.S., W.Z.), Baltimore, MDUniversity of Utah School of Medicine (M.S., A.d.H.), Salt Lake CityUniversity of Cambridge (D.M.), UK
| | - D Ethan Kahn
- From the New York University Grossman School of Medicine (J.A.F., S.S., R.L., T.F., B.F., P.M.-V., T.S., S.B., D.Y., A.G., N.M., P.P., J.G., K.M., S.A., M.B., A.A., E.V., M.O., A.K., K.L., Daniel Friedman, David Friedman, M.H., J.H., S.T., J.H., N.A.-F., P.K., A.L., A.S.L., T.Z., D.E.K., B.M.C., J.T., S.Y., K.I., E.S., D.P., M.L., T.W., A.B.T., L.B., S.G.), New YorkUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.H.-Y.C., E.L.F.), PAThe Ohio State University (M.M., S.M.), ColumbusMedical University of Innsbruck (R.H.), AustriaThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.R., J.I.S., W.Z.), Baltimore, MDUniversity of Utah School of Medicine (M.S., A.d.H.), Salt Lake CityUniversity of Cambridge (D.M.), UK
| | - Barry M Czeisler
- From the New York University Grossman School of Medicine (J.A.F., S.S., R.L., T.F., B.F., P.M.-V., T.S., S.B., D.Y., A.G., N.M., P.P., J.G., K.M., S.A., M.B., A.A., E.V., M.O., A.K., K.L., Daniel Friedman, David Friedman, M.H., J.H., S.T., J.H., N.A.-F., P.K., A.L., A.S.L., T.Z., D.E.K., B.M.C., J.T., S.Y., K.I., E.S., D.P., M.L., T.W., A.B.T., L.B., S.G.), New YorkUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.H.-Y.C., E.L.F.), PAThe Ohio State University (M.M., S.M.), ColumbusMedical University of Innsbruck (R.H.), AustriaThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.R., J.I.S., W.Z.), Baltimore, MDUniversity of Utah School of Medicine (M.S., A.d.H.), Salt Lake CityUniversity of Cambridge (D.M.), UK
| | - Jose Torres
- From the New York University Grossman School of Medicine (J.A.F., S.S., R.L., T.F., B.F., P.M.-V., T.S., S.B., D.Y., A.G., N.M., P.P., J.G., K.M., S.A., M.B., A.A., E.V., M.O., A.K., K.L., Daniel Friedman, David Friedman, M.H., J.H., S.T., J.H., N.A.-F., P.K., A.L., A.S.L., T.Z., D.E.K., B.M.C., J.T., S.Y., K.I., E.S., D.P., M.L., T.W., A.B.T., L.B., S.G.), New YorkUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.H.-Y.C., E.L.F.), PAThe Ohio State University (M.M., S.M.), ColumbusMedical University of Innsbruck (R.H.), AustriaThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.R., J.I.S., W.Z.), Baltimore, MDUniversity of Utah School of Medicine (M.S., A.d.H.), Salt Lake CityUniversity of Cambridge (D.M.), UK
| | - Shadi Yaghi
- From the New York University Grossman School of Medicine (J.A.F., S.S., R.L., T.F., B.F., P.M.-V., T.S., S.B., D.Y., A.G., N.M., P.P., J.G., K.M., S.A., M.B., A.A., E.V., M.O., A.K., K.L., Daniel Friedman, David Friedman, M.H., J.H., S.T., J.H., N.A.-F., P.K., A.L., A.S.L., T.Z., D.E.K., B.M.C., J.T., S.Y., K.I., E.S., D.P., M.L., T.W., A.B.T., L.B., S.G.), New YorkUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.H.-Y.C., E.L.F.), PAThe Ohio State University (M.M., S.M.), ColumbusMedical University of Innsbruck (R.H.), AustriaThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.R., J.I.S., W.Z.), Baltimore, MDUniversity of Utah School of Medicine (M.S., A.d.H.), Salt Lake CityUniversity of Cambridge (D.M.), UK
| | - Koto Ishida
- From the New York University Grossman School of Medicine (J.A.F., S.S., R.L., T.F., B.F., P.M.-V., T.S., S.B., D.Y., A.G., N.M., P.P., J.G., K.M., S.A., M.B., A.A., E.V., M.O., A.K., K.L., Daniel Friedman, David Friedman, M.H., J.H., S.T., J.H., N.A.-F., P.K., A.L., A.S.L., T.Z., D.E.K., B.M.C., J.T., S.Y., K.I., E.S., D.P., M.L., T.W., A.B.T., L.B., S.G.), New YorkUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.H.-Y.C., E.L.F.), PAThe Ohio State University (M.M., S.M.), ColumbusMedical University of Innsbruck (R.H.), AustriaThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.R., J.I.S., W.Z.), Baltimore, MDUniversity of Utah School of Medicine (M.S., A.d.H.), Salt Lake CityUniversity of Cambridge (D.M.), UK
| | - Erica Scher
- From the New York University Grossman School of Medicine (J.A.F., S.S., R.L., T.F., B.F., P.M.-V., T.S., S.B., D.Y., A.G., N.M., P.P., J.G., K.M., S.A., M.B., A.A., E.V., M.O., A.K., K.L., Daniel Friedman, David Friedman, M.H., J.H., S.T., J.H., N.A.-F., P.K., A.L., A.S.L., T.Z., D.E.K., B.M.C., J.T., S.Y., K.I., E.S., D.P., M.L., T.W., A.B.T., L.B., S.G.), New YorkUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.H.-Y.C., E.L.F.), PAThe Ohio State University (M.M., S.M.), ColumbusMedical University of Innsbruck (R.H.), AustriaThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.R., J.I.S., W.Z.), Baltimore, MDUniversity of Utah School of Medicine (M.S., A.d.H.), Salt Lake CityUniversity of Cambridge (D.M.), UK
| | - Adam de Havenon
- From the New York University Grossman School of Medicine (J.A.F., S.S., R.L., T.F., B.F., P.M.-V., T.S., S.B., D.Y., A.G., N.M., P.P., J.G., K.M., S.A., M.B., A.A., E.V., M.O., A.K., K.L., Daniel Friedman, David Friedman, M.H., J.H., S.T., J.H., N.A.-F., P.K., A.L., A.S.L., T.Z., D.E.K., B.M.C., J.T., S.Y., K.I., E.S., D.P., M.L., T.W., A.B.T., L.B., S.G.), New YorkUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.H.-Y.C., E.L.F.), PAThe Ohio State University (M.M., S.M.), ColumbusMedical University of Innsbruck (R.H.), AustriaThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.R., J.I.S., W.Z.), Baltimore, MDUniversity of Utah School of Medicine (M.S., A.d.H.), Salt Lake CityUniversity of Cambridge (D.M.), UK
| | - Dimitris Placantonakis
- From the New York University Grossman School of Medicine (J.A.F., S.S., R.L., T.F., B.F., P.M.-V., T.S., S.B., D.Y., A.G., N.M., P.P., J.G., K.M., S.A., M.B., A.A., E.V., M.O., A.K., K.L., Daniel Friedman, David Friedman, M.H., J.H., S.T., J.H., N.A.-F., P.K., A.L., A.S.L., T.Z., D.E.K., B.M.C., J.T., S.Y., K.I., E.S., D.P., M.L., T.W., A.B.T., L.B., S.G.), New YorkUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.H.-Y.C., E.L.F.), PAThe Ohio State University (M.M., S.M.), ColumbusMedical University of Innsbruck (R.H.), AustriaThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.R., J.I.S., W.Z.), Baltimore, MDUniversity of Utah School of Medicine (M.S., A.d.H.), Salt Lake CityUniversity of Cambridge (D.M.), UK
| | - Mengling Liu
- From the New York University Grossman School of Medicine (J.A.F., S.S., R.L., T.F., B.F., P.M.-V., T.S., S.B., D.Y., A.G., N.M., P.P., J.G., K.M., S.A., M.B., A.A., E.V., M.O., A.K., K.L., Daniel Friedman, David Friedman, M.H., J.H., S.T., J.H., N.A.-F., P.K., A.L., A.S.L., T.Z., D.E.K., B.M.C., J.T., S.Y., K.I., E.S., D.P., M.L., T.W., A.B.T., L.B., S.G.), New YorkUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.H.-Y.C., E.L.F.), PAThe Ohio State University (M.M., S.M.), ColumbusMedical University of Innsbruck (R.H.), AustriaThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.R., J.I.S., W.Z.), Baltimore, MDUniversity of Utah School of Medicine (M.S., A.d.H.), Salt Lake CityUniversity of Cambridge (D.M.), UK
| | - Thomas Wisniewski
- From the New York University Grossman School of Medicine (J.A.F., S.S., R.L., T.F., B.F., P.M.-V., T.S., S.B., D.Y., A.G., N.M., P.P., J.G., K.M., S.A., M.B., A.A., E.V., M.O., A.K., K.L., Daniel Friedman, David Friedman, M.H., J.H., S.T., J.H., N.A.-F., P.K., A.L., A.S.L., T.Z., D.E.K., B.M.C., J.T., S.Y., K.I., E.S., D.P., M.L., T.W., A.B.T., L.B., S.G.), New YorkUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.H.-Y.C., E.L.F.), PAThe Ohio State University (M.M., S.M.), ColumbusMedical University of Innsbruck (R.H.), AustriaThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.R., J.I.S., W.Z.), Baltimore, MDUniversity of Utah School of Medicine (M.S., A.d.H.), Salt Lake CityUniversity of Cambridge (D.M.), UK
| | - Andrea B Troxel
- From the New York University Grossman School of Medicine (J.A.F., S.S., R.L., T.F., B.F., P.M.-V., T.S., S.B., D.Y., A.G., N.M., P.P., J.G., K.M., S.A., M.B., A.A., E.V., M.O., A.K., K.L., Daniel Friedman, David Friedman, M.H., J.H., S.T., J.H., N.A.-F., P.K., A.L., A.S.L., T.Z., D.E.K., B.M.C., J.T., S.Y., K.I., E.S., D.P., M.L., T.W., A.B.T., L.B., S.G.), New YorkUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.H.-Y.C., E.L.F.), PAThe Ohio State University (M.M., S.M.), ColumbusMedical University of Innsbruck (R.H.), AustriaThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.R., J.I.S., W.Z.), Baltimore, MDUniversity of Utah School of Medicine (M.S., A.d.H.), Salt Lake CityUniversity of Cambridge (D.M.), UK
| | - Laura Balcer
- From the New York University Grossman School of Medicine (J.A.F., S.S., R.L., T.F., B.F., P.M.-V., T.S., S.B., D.Y., A.G., N.M., P.P., J.G., K.M., S.A., M.B., A.A., E.V., M.O., A.K., K.L., Daniel Friedman, David Friedman, M.H., J.H., S.T., J.H., N.A.-F., P.K., A.L., A.S.L., T.Z., D.E.K., B.M.C., J.T., S.Y., K.I., E.S., D.P., M.L., T.W., A.B.T., L.B., S.G.), New YorkUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.H.-Y.C., E.L.F.), PAThe Ohio State University (M.M., S.M.), ColumbusMedical University of Innsbruck (R.H.), AustriaThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.R., J.I.S., W.Z.), Baltimore, MDUniversity of Utah School of Medicine (M.S., A.d.H.), Salt Lake CityUniversity of Cambridge (D.M.), UK
| | - Steven Galetta
- From the New York University Grossman School of Medicine (J.A.F., S.S., R.L., T.F., B.F., P.M.-V., T.S., S.B., D.Y., A.G., N.M., P.P., J.G., K.M., S.A., M.B., A.A., E.V., M.O., A.K., K.L., Daniel Friedman, David Friedman, M.H., J.H., S.T., J.H., N.A.-F., P.K., A.L., A.S.L., T.Z., D.E.K., B.M.C., J.T., S.Y., K.I., E.S., D.P., M.L., T.W., A.B.T., L.B., S.G.), New YorkUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.H.-Y.C., E.L.F.), PAThe Ohio State University (M.M., S.M.), ColumbusMedical University of Innsbruck (R.H.), AustriaThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.R., J.I.S., W.Z.), Baltimore, MDUniversity of Utah School of Medicine (M.S., A.d.H.), Salt Lake CityUniversity of Cambridge (D.M.), UK
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Lin JE, Asfour A, Sewell TB, Hooe B, Pryce P, Earley C, Shen MY, Kerner-Rossi M, Thakur KT, Vargas WS, Silver WG, Geneslaw AS. Neurological issues in children with COVID-19. Neurosci Lett 2021; 743:135567. [PMID: 33352286 PMCID: PMC7831718 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) usually leads to a mild infectious disease course in children, but serious complications may occur in conjunction with both acute infection and associated phenomena such as the multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). Neurological symptoms, which have been predominantly reported in adults, range from mild headache to seizure, peripheral neuropathy, stroke, demyelinating disorders, and encephalopathy. Similar to respiratory and cardiac manifestations of COVID-19, neurological complications present differently based on age and underlying comorbidities. This review provides a concise overview of the neurological conditions seen in the context of COVID-19, as well as potential mechanisms and long-term implications of COVID-19 in the pediatric population from literature reviews and primary data collected at NewYork-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieru E Lin
- Department of Neurology, Division of Child Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Arsenoi Asfour
- Department of Neurology, Division of Child Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Taylor B Sewell
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care and Hospital Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Benjamin Hooe
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care and Hospital Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Patrice Pryce
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care and Hospital Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Chelsea Earley
- Department of Neurology, Division of Child Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Min Ye Shen
- Department of Neurology, Division of Child Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Mallory Kerner-Rossi
- Department of Neurology, Division of Child Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Kiran T Thakur
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Wendy S Vargas
- Department of Neurology, Division of Child Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Wendy G Silver
- Department of Neurology, Division of Child Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Andrew S Geneslaw
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care and Hospital Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States.
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38
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Beghi E, Helbok R, Crean M, Chou SHY, McNett M, Moro E, Bassetti C. The European Academy of Neurology COVID-19 registry (ENERGY): an international instrument for surveillance of neurological complications in patients with COVID-19. Eur J Neurol 2021; 28:3303-3323. [PMID: 33220127 PMCID: PMC7753513 DOI: 10.1111/ene.14652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The COVID‐19 pandemic is a global public health issue. Neurological complications have been reported in up to one‐third of affected cases, but their distribution varies significantly in terms of prevalence, incidence and phenotypical characteristics. Variability can be mostly explained by the differing sources of cases (hospital vs. community‐based), the accuracy of the diagnostic approach and the interpretation of the patients’ complaints. Moreover, after recovering, patients can still experience neurological symptoms. To obtain a more precise picture of the neurological manifestations and outcome of the COVID‐19 infection, an international registry (ENERGY) has been created by the European Academy of Neurology in collaboration with European national neurological societies and the Neurocritical Care Society and Research Network. ENERGY can be implemented as a stand‐alone instrument for patients with suspected or confirmed COVID‐19 and neurological findings or as an addendum to an existing registry not targeting neurological symptoms. Data are also collected to study the impact of neurological symptoms and neurological complications on outcomes. The variables included in the registry have been selected in the interests of most countries, to favour pooling with data from other sources and to facilitate data collection even in resource‐poor countries. Included are adults with suspected or confirmed COVID‐19 infection, ascertained through neurological consultation, and providing informed consent. Key demographic and clinical findings are collected at registration. Patients are followed up to 12 months in search of incident neurological manifestations. As of 19 August, 254 centres from 69 countries and four continents have made requests to join the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ettore Beghi
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Raimund Helbok
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Crean
- European Academy of Neurology, Head Office, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Elena Moro
- Division of Neurology, CHU of Grenoble, Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
| | - Claudio Bassetti
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Chen Y, Klein SL, Garibaldi BT, Li H, Wu C, Osevala NM, Li T, Margolick JB, Pawelec G, Leng SX. Aging in COVID-19: Vulnerability, immunity and intervention. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 65:101205. [PMID: 33137510 PMCID: PMC7604159 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 487] [Impact Index Per Article: 162.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic was first reported in Wuhan, China in December 2019, moved across the globe at an unprecedented speed, and is having a profound and yet still unfolding health and socioeconomic impacts. SARS-CoV-2, a β-coronavirus, is a highly contagious respiratory pathogen that causes a disease that has been termed the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Clinical experience thus far indicates that COVID-19 is highly heterogeneous, ranging from being asymptomatic and mild to severe and causing death. Host factors including age, sex, and comorbid conditions are key determinants of disease severity and progression. Aging itself is a prominent risk factor for severe disease and death from COVID-19. We hypothesize that age-related decline and dysregulation of immune function, i.e., immunosenescence and inflammaging play a major role in contributing to heightened vulnerability to severe COVID-19 outcomes in older adults. Much remains to be learned about the immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection. We need to begin partitioning all immunological outcome data by age to better understand disease heterogeneity and aging. Such knowledge is critical not only for understanding of COVID-19 pathogenesis but also for COVID-19 vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyin Chen
- Guangdong Geriatrics Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sabra L Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Brian T Garibaldi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Johns Hopkins Biocontainment Unit, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Huifen Li
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Cunjin Wu
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Geriatrics, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Nicole M Osevala
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University School of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Taisheng Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Joseph B Margolick
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Graham Pawelec
- Department of Immunology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - Sean X Leng
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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40
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Schober ME, Robertson CL, Wainwright MS, Roa JD, Fink EL. COVID-19 and the Pediatric Nervous System: Global Collaboration to Meet a Global Need. Neurocrit Care 2021; 35:283-290. [PMID: 34184177 PMCID: PMC8238033 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-021-01269-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected mortality and morbidity across all ages, including children. It is now known that neurological manifestations of COVID-19, ranging from headaches to stroke, may involve the central and/or peripheral nervous system at any age. Neurologic involvement is also noted in the multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, a pediatric condition that occurs weeks after infection with the causative virus of COVID-19, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Knowledge about mechanisms of neurologic disease is scarce but rapidly growing. COVID-19 neurologic manifestations may have particularly adverse impacts on the developing brain. Emerging data suggest a cohort of patients with COVID-19 will have longitudinal illness affecting their cognitive, physical, and emotional health, but little is known about the long-term impact on affected children and their families. Pediatric collaboratives have begun to provide important initial information on neuroimaging manifestations and the incidence of ischemic stroke in children with COVID 19. The Global Consortium Study of Neurologic Dysfunction in COVID-19-Pediatrics, a multinational collaborative, is working to improve understanding of the epidemiology, mechanisms of neurological manifestations, and the long-term implications of COVID-19 in children and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Elena Schober
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132 USA ,University of Utah School of Medicine, PO Box 581289, Salt Lake City, UT 84158 USA
| | - Courtney Leigh Robertson
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine and Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | | | - Juan David Roa
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Ericka Linn Fink
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric Neurology and Critical Care, and Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
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McNett M, Fink EL, Schober M, Mainali S, Helbok R, Robertson CL, Mejia-Mantilla J, Kurtz P, Righy C, Roa JD, Villamizar-Rosales C, Altamirano V, Frontera JA, Maldonado N, Menon D, Suarez J, Chou SHY. The Global Consortium Study of Neurological Dysfunction in COVID-19 (GCS-NeuroCOVID): Development of Case Report Forms for Global Use. Neurocrit Care 2020; 33:793-828. [PMID: 32948987 PMCID: PMC7500499 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-020-01100-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Since its original report in January 2020, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has rapidly become one of the deadliest global pandemics. Early reports indicate possible neurological manifestations associated with COVID-19, with symptoms ranging from mild to severe, highly variable prevalence rates, and uncertainty regarding causal or coincidental occurrence of symptoms. As neurological involvement of any systemic disease is frequently associated with adverse effects on morbidity and mortality, obtaining accurate and consistent global data on the extent to which COVID-19 may impact the nervous system is urgently needed. To address this need, investigators from the Neurocritical Care Society launched the Global Consortium Study of Neurological Dysfunction in COVID-19 (GCS-NeuroCOVID). The GCS-NeuroCOVID consortium rapidly implemented a Tier 1, pragmatic study to establish phenotypes and prevalence of neurological manifestations of COVID-19. A key component of this global collaboration is development and application of common data elements (CDEs) and definitions to facilitate rigorous and systematic data collection across resource settings. Integration of these elements is critical to reduce heterogeneity of data and allow for future high-quality meta-analyses. The GCS-NeuroCOVID consortium specifically designed these elements to be feasible for clinician investigators during a global pandemic when healthcare systems are likely overwhelmed and resources for research may be limited. Elements include pediatric components and translated versions to facilitate collaboration and data capture in Latin America, one of the epicenters of this global outbreak. In this manuscript, we share the specific data elements, definitions, and rationale for the adult and pediatric CDEs for Tier 1 of the GCS-NeuroCOVID consortium, as well as the translated versions adapted for use in Latin America. Global efforts are underway to further harmonize CDEs with other large consortia studying neurological and general aspects of COVID-19 infections. Ultimately, the GCS-NeuroCOVID consortium network provides a critical infrastructure to systematically capture data in current and future unanticipated disasters and disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly McNett
- College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Ericka L Fink
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine and Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michelle Schober
- Primary Children's Hospital, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Shraddha Mainali
- Division of Stroke and Neurocritical Care, Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Raimund Helbok
- Neurocritical Care Unit, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Courtney L Robertson
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, and Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins University SOM, Johns Hopkins Children's Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jorge Mejia-Mantilla
- Department of Neuro-Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Fundacio Valle del Lili, University Hospital, Cali, Colombia
| | - Pedro Kurtz
- Paulo Niemeyer State Brain Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cássia Righy
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juan D Roa
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Critical Care, Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | | | | | - Nelson Maldonado
- Department of Neurology, Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), de los Valles Quito, Ecuador
| | - David Menon
- Division of Anaesthesia, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jose Suarez
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sherry H Y Chou
- Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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42
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Edlow BL, Claassen J, Victor JD, Brown EN, Schiff ND. Delayed reemergence of consciousness in survivors of severe COVID-19. Neurocrit Care 2020; 33:627-629. [PMID: 33174149 PMCID: PMC7654564 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-020-01133-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian L Edlow
- Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jan Claassen
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan D Victor
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emery N Brown
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Picower Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas D Schiff
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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43
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Aceti A, Margarucci LM, Scaramucci E, Orsini M, Salerno G, Di Sante G, Gianfranceschi G, Di Liddo R, Valeriani F, Ria F, Simmaco M, Parnigotto PP, Vitali M, Romano Spica V, Michetti F. Serum S100B protein as a marker of severity in Covid-19 patients. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18665. [PMID: 33122776 PMCID: PMC7596559 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75618-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection shows a wide-ranging clinical severity, requiring prognostic markers. We focused on S100B, a calcium-binding protein present in biological fluids, being a reliable biomarker in disorders having inflammatory processes as common basis and RAGE as main receptor. Since Covid-19 is characterized by a potent inflammatory response also involving RAGE, we tested if S100B serum levels were related to disease severity. Serum samples (n = 74) were collected from hospitalized SARS-CoV-2 positive patients admitted to Covid center. Illness severity was established by admission clinical criteria and Covid risk score. Treatment protocols followed WHO guidelines available at the time. Circulating S100B was determined by ELISA assay. Statistical analysis used Pearson’s χ2 test, t-Test, and ANOVA, ANCOVA, Linear Regression. S100B was detected in serum from Covid-19 patients, significantly correlating with disease severity as shown both by the level of intensity of care (p < 0.006) as well by the value of Covid score (Multiple R-squared: 0.3751); the correlation between Covid-Score and S100B was 0.61 (p < 0.01). S100B concentration was associated with inflammation markers (Ferritin, C-Reactive Protein, Procalcitonin), and organ damage markers (Alanine Aminotransferase, Creatinine). Serum S100B plays a role in Covid-19 and can represent a marker of clinical severity in Sars-CoV-2 infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Aceti
- Sant'Andrea Hospital A.O.U., Sapienza University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189, Rome, Italy
| | - Lory Marika Margarucci
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biotechnologies, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00135, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Scaramucci
- Sant'Andrea Hospital A.O.U., Sapienza University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Orsini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Gerardo Salerno
- Sant'Andrea Hospital A.O.U., Sapienza University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Di Sante
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Section of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli - IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli 1-8, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Gianfranceschi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biotechnologies, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00135, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Di Liddo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 5, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Federica Valeriani
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biotechnologies, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00135, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Ria
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Section of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli - IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli 1-8, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Simmaco
- Sant'Andrea Hospital A.O.U., Sapienza University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189, Rome, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Parnigotto
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 5, 35131, Padua, Italy.,Foundation for Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Tissue Engineering and Signaling (T.E.S.) Onlus, Via De Sanctis 10, 35030, Caselle di Selvazzano Dentro, Padua, Italy
| | - Matteo Vitali
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Romano Spica
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biotechnologies, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00135, Rome, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Michetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina, 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
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Frontera JA, Rahimian JO, Yaghi S, Liu M, Lewis A, de Havenon A, Mainali S, Huang J, Scher E, Wisniewski T, Troxel AB, Meropol S, Balcer LJ, Galetta SL. Treatment with Zinc is Associated with Reduced In-Hospital Mortality Among COVID-19 Patients: A Multi-Center Cohort Study. RESEARCH SQUARE 2020:rs.3.rs-94509. [PMID: 33140042 PMCID: PMC7605567 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-94509/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Zinc impairs replication of RNA viruses such as SARS-CoV-1, and may be effective against SARS-CoV-2. However, to achieve adequate intracellular zinc levels, administration with an ionophore, which increases intracellular zinc levels, may be necessary. We evaluated the impact of zinc with an ionophore (Zn+ionophore) on COVID-19 in-hospital mortality rates. Methods A multicenter cohort study was conducted of 3,473 adult hospitalized patients with reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR) positive SARS-CoV-2 infection admitted to four New York City hospitals between March 10 through May 20, 2020. Exclusion criteria were: death or discharge within 24h, comfort-care status, clinical trial enrollment, treatment with an IL-6 inhibitor or remdesivir. Patients who received Zn+ionophore were compared to patients who did not using multivariable time-dependent cox proportional hazards models for time to in-hospital death adjusting for confounders including age, sex, race, BMI, diabetes, week of admission, hospital location, sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score, intubation, acute renal failure, neurological events, treatment with corticosteroids, azithromycin or lopinavir/ritonavir and the propensity score of receiving Zn+ionophore. A sensitivity analysis was performed using a propensity score-matched cohort of patients who did or did not receive Zn+ionophore matched by age, sex and ventilator status. Results Among 3,473 patients (median age 64, 1947 [56%] male, 522 [15%] ventilated, 545[16%] died), 1,006 (29%) received Zn+ionophore. Zn+ionophore was associated with a 24% reduced risk of in-hospital mortality (12% of those who received Zn+ionophore died versus 17% who did not; adjusted Hazard Ratio [aHR] 0.76, 95% CI 0.60-0.96, P=0.023). More patients who received Zn+ionophore were discharged home (72% Zn+ionophore vs 67% no Zn+ionophore, P=0.003) Neither Zn nor the ionophore alone were associated with decreased mortality rates. Propensity score-matched sensitivity analysis (N=1356) validated these results (Zn+ionophore aHR for mortality 0.63, 95%CI 0.44-0.91, P=0.015). There were no significant interactions for Zn+ionophore with other COVID-19 specific medications. Conclusions Zinc with an ionophore was associated with increased rates of discharge home and a 24% reduced risk of in-hospital mortality among COVID-19 patients, while neither zinc alone nor the ionophore alone reduced mortality. Further randomized trials are warranted.
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Helbok R, Chou SHY, Beghi E, Mainali S, Frontera J, Robertson C, Fink E, Schober M, Moro E, McNett M, Bassetti CL. NeuroCOVID: it's time to join forces globally. Lancet Neurol 2020; 19:805-806. [PMID: 32949535 PMCID: PMC7494307 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(20)30322-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raimund Helbok
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria.
| | | | - Ettore Beghi
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Shraddha Mainali
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Ericka Fink
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Elena Moro
- Division of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
| | - Molly McNett
- College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Claudio L Bassetti
- Department of Neurology, University of Bern, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
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Matsui K, Yamamoto K, Inoue Y. Professional Commitment to Ethical Discussions Needed From Epidemiologists in the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Epidemiol 2020; 30:375-376. [PMID: 32624521 PMCID: PMC7429145 DOI: 10.2188/jea.je20200278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Matsui
- Division of Bioethics and Healthcare Law, the National Cancer Center Japan
| | - Keiichiro Yamamoto
- Department of Biomedical Ethics, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine.,Clinical Research Center, the National Center for Global Health and Medicine
| | - Yusuke Inoue
- Department of Public Policy, University of Tokyo Institute of Medical Science
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