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Shafqat A, Masters MC, Tripathi U, Tchkonia T, Kirkland JL, Hashmi SK. Long COVID as a disease of accelerated biological aging: An opportunity to translate geroscience interventions. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 99:102400. [PMID: 38945306 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
It has been four years since long COVID-the protracted consequences that survivors of COVID-19 face-was first described. Yet, this entity continues to devastate the quality of life of an increasing number of COVID-19 survivors without any approved therapy and a paucity of clinical trials addressing its biological root causes. Notably, many of the symptoms of long COVID are typically seen with advancing age. Leveraging this similarity, we posit that Geroscience-which aims to target the biological drivers of aging to prevent age-associated conditions as a group-could offer promising therapeutic avenues for long COVID. Bearing this in mind, this review presents a translational framework for studying long COVID as a state of effectively accelerated biological aging, identifying research gaps and offering recommendations for future preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areez Shafqat
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mary Clare Masters
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Utkarsh Tripathi
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Tamara Tchkonia
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - James L Kirkland
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Shahrukh K Hashmi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Research and Innovation Center, Department of Health, Abu Dhabi, UAE; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Boustani A, Kulbe JR, Andalibi MS, Pérez-Santiago J, Mehta SR, Ellis RJ, Fields JA. Mitochondrial DNA and Electron Transport Chain Protein Levels Are Altered in Peripheral Nerve Tissues from Donors with HIV Sensory Neuropathy: A Pilot Study. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4732. [PMID: 38731951 PMCID: PMC11083172 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Distal sensory polyneuropathy (DSP) and distal neuropathic pain (DNP) remain significant challenges for older people with HIV (PWH), necessitating enhanced clinical attention. HIV and certain antiretroviral therapies (ARTs) can compromise mitochondrial function and impact mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replication, which is linked to DSP in ART-treated PWH. This study investigated mtDNA, mitochondrial fission and fusion proteins, and mitochondrial electron transport chain protein changes in the dorsal root ganglions (DRGs) and sural nerves (SuNs) of 11 autopsied PWH. In antemortem standardized assessments, six had no or one sign of DSP, while five exhibited two or more DSP signs. Digital droplet polymerase chain reaction was used to measure mtDNA quantity and the common deletions in isolated DNA. We found lower mtDNA copy numbers in DSP+ donors. SuNs exhibited a higher proportion of mtDNA common deletion than DRGs in both groups. Mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) proteins were altered in the DRGs of DSP+ compared to DSP- donors, particularly Complex I. These findings suggest that reduced mtDNA quantity and increased common deletion abundance may contribute to DSP in PWH, indicating diminished mitochondrial activity in the sensory neurons. Accumulated ETC proteins in the DRG imply impaired mitochondrial transport to the sensory neuron's distal portion. Identifying molecules to safeguard mitochondrial integrity could aid in treating or preventing HIV-associated peripheral neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Boustani
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; (A.B.)
| | - Jacqueline R. Kulbe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; (A.B.)
| | | | - Josué Pérez-Santiago
- Division of Cancer Biology, University of Puerto Rico Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Juan, PR 00927, USA
| | - Sanjay R. Mehta
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ronald J. Ellis
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; (M.S.A.)
| | - Jerel Adam Fields
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; (A.B.)
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Premeaux TA, Ndhlovu LC. Decrypting biological hallmarks of aging in people with HIV. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2023:01222929-990000000-00054. [PMID: 37421383 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW HIV infection adds further complexity to the heterogenous process of aging. In this focused review, we examine and discuss recent advances to better elucidate mechanisms of biological aging perturbed and accelerated in the context of HIV, particularly among those with viral suppression through the benefits of antiretroviral therapy (ART). New hypotheses from these studies are poised to provide an improved understanding of multifaceted pathways that converge and likely form the basis for effective interventions toward successful aging. RECENT FINDINGS Evidence to date suggests multiple mechanisms of biological aging impact people living with HIV (PLWH). Recent literature delves and expands on how epigenetic alterations, telomere attrition, mitochondrial perturbations, and intercellular communications may underpin accelerated or accentuated aging phenotypes and the disproportionate prevalence of age-related complications among PLWH. Although most hallmarks of aging are likely exacerbated in the setting of HIV, ongoing research efforts are providing new insight on the collective impact these conserved pathways may have in the aging disease processes. SUMMARY New knowledge on underlying molecular disease mechanisms impacting people aging with HIV are reviewed. Also examined are studies that may facilitate the development and implementation of effective therapeutics and guidance on improving geriatric HIV clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Premeaux
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Qrareya AN, Mahdi F, Kaufman MJ, Ashpole NM, Paris JJ. Age-related neuroendocrine, cognitive, and behavioral co-morbidities are promoted by HIV-1 Tat expression in male mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:5345-5365. [PMID: 35830469 PMCID: PMC9320553 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the U.S. about half of the HIV-infected individuals are aged 50 and older. In men living with HIV, secondary hypogonadism is common and occurs earlier than in seronegative men, and its prevalence increases with age. While the mechanisms(s) are unknown, the HIV-1 trans-activator of transcription (Tat) protein disrupts neuroendocrine function in mice partly by dysregulating mitochondria and neurosteroidogenesis. We hypothesized that conditional Tat expression in middle-aged male transgenic mice [Tat(+)] would promote age-related comorbidities compared to age-matched controls [Tat(−)]. We expected Tat to alter steroid hormone milieu consistent with behavioral deficits. Middle-aged Tat(+) mice had lower circulating testosterone and progesterone than age-matched controls and greater circulating corticosterone and central allopregnanolone than other groups. Young Tat(+) mice had greater circulating progesterone and estradiol-to-testosterone ratios. Older age or Tat exposure increased anxiety-like behavior (open field; elevated plus-maze), increased cognitive errors (radial arm water maze), and reduced grip strength. Young Tat(+), or middle-aged Tat(−), males had higher mechanical nociceptive thresholds than age-matched counterparts. Steroid levels correlated with behaviors. Thus, Tat may contribute to HIV-accelerated aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa N Qrareya
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Fakhri Mahdi
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Marc J Kaufman
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Nicole M Ashpole
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Jason J Paris
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
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Proulx J, Stacy S, Park IW, Borgmann K. A Non-Canonical Role for IRE1α Links ER and Mitochondria as Key Regulators of Astrocyte Dysfunction: Implications in Methamphetamine use and HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:906651. [PMID: 35784841 PMCID: PMC9247407 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.906651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are one of the most numerous glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS) and provide essential support to neurons to ensure CNS health and function. During a neuropathological challenge, such as during human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection or (METH)amphetamine exposure, astrocytes shift their neuroprotective functions and can become neurotoxic. Identifying cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying astrocyte dysfunction are of heightened importance to optimize the coupling between astrocytes and neurons and ensure neuronal fitness against CNS pathology, including HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) and METH use disorder. Mitochondria are essential organelles for regulating metabolic, antioxidant, and inflammatory profiles. Moreover, endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated signaling pathways, such as calcium and the unfolded protein response (UPR), are important messengers for cellular fate and function, including inflammation and mitochondrial homeostasis. Increasing evidence supports that the three arms of the UPR are involved in the direct contact and communication between ER and mitochondria through mitochondria-associated ER membranes (MAMs). The current study investigated the effects of HIV-1 infection and chronic METH exposure on astrocyte ER and mitochondrial homeostasis and then examined the three UPR messengers as potential regulators of astrocyte mitochondrial dysfunction. Using primary human astrocytes infected with pseudotyped HIV-1 or exposed to low doses of METH for 7 days, astrocytes had increased mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate (OCR), cytosolic calcium flux and protein expression of UPR mediators. Notably, inositol-requiring protein 1α (IRE1α) was most prominently upregulated following both HIV-1 infection and chronic METH exposure. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of the three UPR arms highlighted IRE1α as a key regulator of astrocyte metabolic function. To further explore the regulatory role of astrocyte IRE1α, astrocytes were transfected with an IRE1α overexpression vector followed by activation with the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin 1β. Overall, our findings confirm IRE1α modulates astrocyte mitochondrial respiration, glycolytic function, morphological activation, inflammation, and glutamate uptake, highlighting a novel potential target for regulating astrocyte dysfunction. Finally, these findings suggest both canonical and non-canonical UPR mechanisms of astrocyte IRE1α. Thus, additional studies are needed to determine how to best balance astrocyte IRE1α functions to both promote astrocyte neuroprotective properties while preventing neurotoxic properties during CNS pathologies.
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Shrestha J, Santerre M, Allen CNS, Arjona SP, Merali C, Mukerjee R, Chitrala KN, Park J, Bagashev A, Bui V, Eugenin EA, Merali S, Kaul M, Chin J, Sawaya BE. HIV-1 gp120 Impairs Spatial Memory Through Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:811481. [PMID: 35615594 PMCID: PMC9124804 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.811481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) remain an unsolved problem that persists despite using antiretroviral therapy. We have obtained data showing that HIV-gp120 protein contributes to neurodegeneration through metabolic reprogramming. This led to decreased ATP levels, lower mitochondrial DNA copy numbers, and loss of mitochondria cristae, all-important for mitochondrial biogenesis. gp120 protein also disrupted mitochondrial movement and synaptic plasticity. Searching for the mechanisms involved, we found that gp120 alters the cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation on serine residue 133 necessary for its function as a transcription factor. Since CREB regulates the promoters of PGC1α and BDNF genes, we found that CREB dephosphorylation causes PGC1α and BDNF loss of functions. The data was validated in vitro and in vivo. The negative effect of gp120 was alleviated in cells and animals in the presence of rolipram, an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase protein 4 (PDE4), restoring CREB phosphorylation. We concluded that HIV-gp120 protein contributes to HAND via inhibition of CREB protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Shrestha
- Molecular Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases Lab, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Maryline Santerre
- Molecular Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases Lab, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Charles N. S. Allen
- Molecular Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases Lab, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sterling P. Arjona
- Molecular Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases Lab, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Carmen Merali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ruma Mukerjee
- Molecular Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases Lab, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Jin Park
- Memory and Brain Research Center, Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Asen Bagashev
- Molecular Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases Lab, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Viet Bui
- Molecular Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases Lab, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Eliseo A. Eugenin
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Salim Merali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Marcus Kaul
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Jeannie Chin
- Memory and Brain Research Center, Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Bassel E. Sawaya
- Molecular Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases Lab, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Bassel E. Sawaya,
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Montano M, Oursler KK, Xu K, Sun YV, Marconi VC. Biological ageing with HIV infection: evaluating the geroscience hypothesis. THE LANCET. HEALTHY LONGEVITY 2022; 3:e194-e205. [PMID: 36092375 PMCID: PMC9454292 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-7568(21)00278-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although people with HIV are living longer, as they age they remain disproportionately burdened with multimorbidity that is exacerbated in resource-poor settings. The geroscience hypothesis postulates that a discrete set of between five and ten hallmarks of biological ageing drive multimorbidity, but these processes have not been systematically examined in the context of people with HIV. We examine four major hallmarks of ageing (macromolecular damage, senescence, inflammation, and stem-cell dysfunction) as gerodrivers in the context of people with HIV. As a counterbalance, we introduce healthy ageing, physiological reserve, intrinsic capacity, and resilience as promoters of geroprotection that counteract gerodrivers. We discuss emerging geroscience-based diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic strategies, and provide examples based on recent advances in cellular senescence, and other, non-pharmacological approaches. Finally, we present a conceptual model of biological ageing in the general population and in people with HIV that integrates gerodrivers and geroprotectors as modulators of homoeostatic reserves and organ function over the lifecourse.
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Masters MC, Landay AL, Robbins PD, Tchkonia T, Kirkland JL, Kuchel GA, Niedernhofer LJ, Palella FJ. Chronic HIV Infection and Aging: Application of a Geroscience-Guided Approach. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2022; 89:S34-S46. [PMID: 35015744 PMCID: PMC8751288 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The ability of virally suppressive antiretroviral therapy use to extend the life span of people with HIV (PWH) implies that the age of PWH will also increase. Among PWH, extended survival comes at a cost of earlier onset and increased rates of aging-associated comorbidities and geriatric syndromes, with persistent inflammation and immune dysregulation consequent to chronic HIV infection and to antiretroviral therapy use contributing to an overall decrease in health span. The geroscience hypothesis proposes that the root causes of most aging-related chronic diseases and conditions is the aging process itself. Hence, therapeutically targeting fundamental aging processes could have a greater impact on alleviating or delaying aging-associated comorbidities than addressing each disease individually. Extending the geroscience hypothesis to PWH, we speculate that targeting basic mechanisms of aging will improve overall health with age. Clinical features and pathophysiologic mechanisms of chronic diseases in PWH qualitatively resemble those seen in older adults without HIV. Therefore, drugs that target any of the pillars of aging, including metformin, rapamycin, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide precursors, may also slow the rate of onset of age-associated comorbidities and geriatric syndromes in PWH. Drugs that selectively induce apoptosis of senescent cells, termed senolytics, may also improve health span among PWH. Preliminary evidence suggests that senescent cell burden is increased in PWH, implying that senescent cells are an excellent therapeutic target for extending health span. Recently initiated clinical trials evaluating senolytics in age-related diseases offer insights into the design and potential implementation of similar trials for PWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C. Masters
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Alan L. Landay
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Geriatric Medicine Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Paul D. Robbins
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Tamar Tchkonia
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and
| | - James L. Kirkland
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and
| | | | - Laura J. Niedernhofer
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Frank J. Palella
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
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Salahuddin MF, Qrareya AN, Mahdi F, Moss E, Akins NS, Li J, Le HV, Paris JJ. Allopregnanolone and neuroHIV: Potential benefits of neuroendocrine modulation in the era of antiretroviral therapy. J Neuroendocrinol 2022; 34:e13047. [PMID: 34651359 PMCID: PMC8866218 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Forty years into the HIV pandemic, approximately 50% of infected individuals still suffer from a constellation of neurological disorders collectively known as 'neuroHIV.' Although combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has been a tremendous success, in its present form, it cannot eradicate HIV. Reservoirs of virus reside within the central nervous system, serving as sources of HIV virotoxins that damage mitochondria and promote neurotoxicity. Although understudied, there is evidence that HIV or the HIV regulatory protein, trans-activator of transcription (Tat), can dysregulate neurosteroid formation potentially contributing to endocrine dysfunction. People living with HIV commonly suffer from endocrine disorders, including hypercortisolemia accompanied by paradoxical adrenal insufficiency upon stress. Age-related comorbidities often onset sooner and with greater magnitude among people living with HIV and are commonly accompanied by hypogonadism. In the post-cART era, these derangements of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and -gonadal axes are secondary (i.e., relegated to the brain) and indicative of neuroendocrine dysfunction. We review the clinical and preclinical evidence for neuroendocrine dysfunction in HIV, the capacity for hormone therapeutics to play an ameliorative role and the future steroid-based therapeutics that may have efficacy as novel adjunctives to cART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed F. Salahuddin
- Department of BioMolecular SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMSUSA
| | - Alaa N. Qrareya
- Department of BioMolecular SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMSUSA
| | - Fakhri Mahdi
- Department of BioMolecular SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMSUSA
| | - Emaya Moss
- Department of BioMolecular SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMSUSA
| | - Nicholas S. Akins
- Department of BioMolecular SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMSUSA
| | - Jing Li
- Department of BioMolecular SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMSUSA
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMSUSA
| | - Hoang V. Le
- Department of BioMolecular SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMSUSA
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMSUSA
| | - Jason J. Paris
- Department of BioMolecular SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMSUSA
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMSUSA
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10
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Wallace DR. HIV-associated neurotoxicity and cognitive decline: Therapeutic implications. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 234:108047. [PMID: 34848202 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
As our understanding of changes to the neurological system has improved, it has become clear that patients who have contracted human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) can potentially suffer from a cascade of neurological issues, including neuropathy, dementia, and declining cognitive function. The progression from mild to severe symptoms tends to affect motor function, followed by cognitive changes. Central nervous system deficits that are observed as the disease progresses have been reported as most severe in later-stage HIV infection. Examining the full spectrum of neuronal damage, generalized cortical atrophy is a common hallmark, resulting in the death of multiple classes of neurons. With antiretroviral therapy (ART), we can partially control disease progression, slowing the onset of the most severe symptoms such as, reducing viral load in the brain, and developing HIV-associated dementia (HAD). HAD is a severe and debilitating outcome from HIV-related neuropathologies. HIV neurotoxicity can be direct (action directly on the neuron) or indirect (actions off-site that affect normal neuronal function). There are two critical HIV-associated proteins, Tat and gp120, which bear responsibility for many of the neuropathologies associated with HAD and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). A cascade of systems is involved in HIV-related neurotoxicity, and determining a critical point where therapeutic strategies can be employed is of the utmost importance. This review will provide an overview of the existing hypotheses on HIV-neurotoxicity and the potential for the development of therapeutics to aid in the treatment of HIV-related nervous system dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Wallace
- Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, School of Biomedical Science, 1111 West 17(th) Street, Tulsa, OK 74107-1898, USA.
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11
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Sirtuins as Interesting Players in the Course of HIV Infection and Comorbidities. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102739. [PMID: 34685718 PMCID: PMC8534645 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The sirtuins (SIRTs) are a family of enzymes from the group of NAD+-dependent deacetylases. Through the reaction of splitting the acetyl group of various transcription factors and histones they regulate many processes in the organism. The activity of sirtuins is linked to metabolic control, oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis, and they also affect the course of viral infections. For this reason, they may participate in the pathogenesis and development of many diseases, but little is known about their role in the course of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, which is the subject of this review. In the course of HIV infection, comorbidities such as: neurodegenerative disorders, obesity, insulin resistance and diabetes, lipid disorders and cardiovascular diseases, renal and bone diseases developed more frequently and faster compared to the general population. The role of sirtuins in the development of accompanying diseases in the course of HIV infection may also be interesting. There is still a lack of detailed information on this subject. The role of sirtuins, especially SIRT1, SIRT3, SIRT6, are indicated to be of great importance in the course of HIV infection and the development of the abovementioned comorbidities.
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12
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Saurav S, Tanwar J, Ahuja K, Motiani RK. Dysregulation of host cell calcium signaling during viral infections: Emerging paradigm with high clinical relevance. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 81:101004. [PMID: 34304899 PMCID: PMC8299155 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.101004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections are one of the leading causes of human illness. Viruses take over host cell signaling cascades for their replication and infection. Calcium (Ca2+) is a versatile and ubiquitous second messenger that modulates plethora of cellular functions. In last two decades, a critical role of host cell Ca2+ signaling in modulating viral infections has emerged. Furthermore, recent literature clearly implicates a vital role for the organellar Ca2+ dynamics (influx and efflux across organelles) in regulating virus entry, replication and severity of the infection. Therefore, it is not surprising that a number of viral infections including current SARS-CoV-2 driven COVID-19 pandemic are associated with dysregulated Ca2+ homeostasis. The focus of this review is to first discuss the role of host cell Ca2+ signaling in viral entry, replication and egress. We further deliberate on emerging literature demonstrating hijacking of the host cell Ca2+ dynamics by viruses. In particular, a variety of viruses including SARS-CoV-2 modulate lysosomal and cytosolic Ca2+ signaling for host cell entry and replication. Moreover, we delve into the recent studies, which have demonstrated the potential of several FDA-approved drugs targeting Ca2+ handling machinery in inhibiting viral infections. Importantly, we discuss the prospective of targeting intracellular Ca2+ signaling for better management and treatment of viral pathogenesis including COVID-19. Finally, we highlight the key outstanding questions in the field that demand critical and timely attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Saurav
- Laboratory of Calciomics and Systemic Pathophysiology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad-121001, Delhi-NCR, India
| | - Jyoti Tanwar
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), New Delhi-110025, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Kriti Ahuja
- Laboratory of Calciomics and Systemic Pathophysiology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad-121001, Delhi-NCR, India
| | - Rajender K Motiani
- Laboratory of Calciomics and Systemic Pathophysiology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad-121001, Delhi-NCR, India.
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13
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Volpe K, Samuels D, Kallianpur A, Ellis R, Franklin D, Letendre S, Heaton RK, Hulgan T. Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups and domain-specific neurocognitive performance in adults with HIV. J Neurovirol 2021; 27:557-567. [PMID: 34101088 PMCID: PMC8527871 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-021-00989-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neurocognitive (NC) impairment (NCI) is an important cause of morbidity in persons with HIV (PWH). In the high-energy environment of the central nervous system, mitochondria contribute to neuroinflammation and aging, which may ultimately drive the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups are associated with health outcomes in PWH. For example, we previously observed less global NCI in Hispanic ancestry PWH having mtDNA haplogroup B. Another study reported increased NCI among PWH having African subhaplogroup L2a. We therefore analyzed NC domains in relation to these haplogroups in CNS HIV Antiretroviral Therapy Effects Research (CHARTER), a multi-site observational neuro-HIV study. Haplogroups were assigned using mtDNA sequence in 1016 PWH. Outcomes were NCI, defined by domain deficit score and mean T-scores (TS) for seven NC domains. Ancestry-stratified analyses of NC performance included Wilcoxon rank sum, χ2, and Fisher's exact tests. Multivariable regression adjusted for NC comorbidity, antiretroviral therapy use, and nadir CD4+ T cells. Among 98 Hispanic ancestry PWH, executive function, learning, and recall performance were better with haplogroup B (N = 17) than other haplogroups. With adjustment for covariates, haplogroup B remained associated with better executive function (p = 0.04) and recall TS (p = 0.03). PWH with haplogroup B had fewer impaired domains than other haplogroups (p < 0.01). Subhaplogroup L2a (N = 89) was associated with greater NCI in learning, recall, and working memory among 478 PWH of African ancestry, and had more impaired domains than other subhaplogroups (p < 0.01). These findings may inform risk stratification for NCI and studies to define mechanisms by which mtDNA variation may influence NCI in PWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Volpe
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - David Samuels
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Asha Kallianpur
- Cleveland Clinic/Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ronald Ellis
- Univ. of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Todd Hulgan
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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14
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Central nervous system (CNS) transcriptomic correlates of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) brain RNA load in HIV-infected individuals. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12176. [PMID: 34108514 PMCID: PMC8190104 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88052-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
To generate new mechanistic hypotheses on the pathogenesis and disease progression of neuroHIV and identify novel therapeutic targets to improve neuropsychological function in people with HIV, we investigated host genes and pathway dysregulations associated with brain HIV RNA load in gene expression profiles of the frontal cortex, basal ganglia, and white matter of HIV+ patients. Pathway analyses showed that host genes correlated with HIV expression in all three brain regions were predominantly related to inflammation, neurodegeneration, and bioenergetics. HIV RNA load directly correlated particularly with inflammation genesets representative of cytokine signaling, and this was more prominent in white matter and the basal ganglia. Increases in interferon signaling were correlated with high brain HIV RNA load in the basal ganglia and the white matter although not in the frontal cortex. Brain HIV RNA load was inversely correlated with genesets that are indicative of neuronal and synaptic genes, particularly in the cortex, indicative of synaptic injury and neurodegeneration. Brain HIV RNA load was inversely correlated with genesets that are representative of oxidative phosphorylation, electron transfer, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle in all three brain regions. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in the toxicity of some antiretrovirals, and these results indicate that mitochondrial dysfunction is also associated with productive HIV infection. Genes and pathways correlated with brain HIV RNA load suggest potential therapeutic targets to ameliorate neuropsychological functioning in people living with HIV.
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15
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Abstract
The evolution of therapeutics for and management of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection has shifted it from predominately manifesting as a severe, acute disease with high mortality to a chronic, controlled infection with a near typical life expectancy. However, despite extensive use of highly active antiretroviral therapy, the prevalence of chronic widespread pain in people with HIV remains high even in those with a low viral load and high CD4 count. Chronic widespread pain is a common comorbidity of HIV infection and is associated with decreased quality of life and a high rate of disability. Chronic pain in people with HIV is multifactorial and influenced by HIV-induced peripheral neuropathy, drug-induced peripheral neuropathy, and chronic inflammation. The specific mechanisms underlying these three broad categories that contribute to chronic widespread pain are not well understood, hindering the development and application of pharmacological and nonpharmacological approaches to mitigate chronic widespread pain. The consequent insufficiencies in clinical approaches to alleviation of chronic pain in people with HIV contribute to an overreliance on opioids and alarming rise in active addiction and overdose. This article reviews the current understanding of the pathogenesis of chronic widespread pain in people with HIV and identifies potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets to mitigate it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan R Addis
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jennifer J DeBerry
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Saurabh Aggarwal
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Pulmonary Injury and Repair Center, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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16
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Mitochondrial DNA Instability Is Common in HIV-Exposed Uninfected Newborns. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10112399. [PMID: 34071681 PMCID: PMC8197798 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10112399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, one million HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) children are born yearly, and chronic health impairments have been reported in these children. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) instability and altered mtDNA content have been evidenced in these children, but an exhaustive characterization of altered mitochondrial genomes has never been reported. We applied deep mtDNA sequencing coupled to the deletion identification algorithm eKLIPse to the blood of HEU neonates (n = 32), which was compared with healthy controls (n = 15). Dried blood spots (DBS) from African HEU children were collected seven days after birth between November 2009 and May 2012. DBS from French healthy controls were collected at birth (or <3 days of life) in 2012 and in 2019. In contrast to the absence of mtDNA instability observed at the nucleotide level, we identified significant amounts of heteroplasmic mtDNA deletions in 75% of HEU children and in none of controls. The heteroplasmy rate of the 62 mtDNA deletions identified varied from 0.01% to up to 50%, the highest rates being broadly compatible with bioenergetic defect and clinical expression. mtDNA integrity is commonly affected in HEU neonates. The nature of the deletions suggests a mechanism related to aging or tumor-associated mtDNA instability. This child population may be at risk of additional mtDNA genetic alterations considering that they will be exposed to other mitotoxic drugs including antiretroviral or anti-tuberculosis treatment.
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17
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Romero-Cordero S, Noguera-Julian A, Cardellach F, Fortuny C, Morén C. Mitochondrial changes associated with viral infectious diseases in the paediatric population. Rev Med Virol 2021; 31:e2232. [PMID: 33792105 PMCID: PMC9286481 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases occur worldwide with great frequency in both adults and children, causing 350,000 deaths in 2017, according to the latest World Health Organization reports. Both infections and their treatments trigger mitochondrial interactions at multiple levels: (i) incorporation of damaged or mutated proteins into the complexes of the electron transport chain; (ii) impact on mitochondrial genome (depletion, deletions and point mutations) and mitochondrial dynamics (fusion and fission); (iii) membrane potential impairment; (iv) apoptotic regulation; and (v) generation of reactive oxygen species, among others. Such alterations may result in serious adverse clinical events with considerable impact on the quality of life of the children and could even cause death. Herein, we use a systematic review to explore the association between mitochondrial alterations in paediatric infections including human immunodeficiency virus, cytomegalovirus, herpes viruses, various forms of hepatitis, adenovirus, T-cell lymphotropic virus and influenza. We analyse how these paediatric viral infectious processes may cause mitochondrial deterioration in this especially vulnerable population, with consideration for the principal aspects of research and diagnosis leading to improved disease understanding, management and surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Romero-Cordero
- Faculty of Medicine, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain.,Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Antoni Noguera-Julian
- Malalties Infeccioses i Resposta Inflamatòria Sistèmica en Pediatria, Unitat d´Infeccions, Servei de Pediatria, Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Pediatria, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, CIBERESP (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Red de Investigación Translacional en Infectología Pediátrica, RITIP, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesc Cardellach
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Raras, CIBERER (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona (HCB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clàudia Fortuny
- Malalties Infeccioses i Resposta Inflamatòria Sistèmica en Pediatria, Unitat d´Infeccions, Servei de Pediatria, Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Pediatria, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, CIBERESP (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Red de Investigación Translacional en Infectología Pediátrica, RITIP, Madrid, Spain
| | - Constanza Morén
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Raras, CIBERER (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona (HCB), Barcelona, Spain
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18
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Sullivan MN, Brill SA, Mangus LM, Jeong YJ, Solis CV, Knight AC, Colantuoni C, Keceli G, Paolocci N, Queen SE, Mankowski JL. Upregulation of Superoxide Dismutase 2 by Astrocytes in the SIV/Macaque Model of HIV-Associated Neurologic Disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2021; 79:986-997. [PMID: 32783052 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlaa084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) remain prevalent despite implementation of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Development of HAND is linked to mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in the brain; therefore, upregulation of antioxidant defenses is critical to curtail neuronal damage. Superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) is a mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme essential for maintaining cellular viability. We hypothesized that SOD2 was upregulated during retroviral infection. Using a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected macaque model of HIV, quantitative PCR showed elevated SOD2 mRNA in cortical gray ([GM], 7.6-fold for SIV vs uninfected) and white matter ([WM], 77-fold for SIV vs uninfected) during SIV infection. Further, SOD2 immunostaining was enhanced in GM and WM from SIV-infected animals. Double immunofluorescence labeling illustrated that SOD2 primarily colocalized with astrocyte marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in SIV-infected animals. Interestingly, in ART-treated SIV-infected animals, brain SOD2 RNA levels were similar to uninfected animals. Additionally, using principal component analysis in a transcriptomic approach, SOD2 and GFAP expression separated SIV-infected from uninfected brain tissue. Projection of these data into a HIV dataset revealed similar expression changes, thereby validating the clinical relevance. Together, our findings suggest that novel SOD2-enhancing therapies may reduce neuroinflammation in ART-treated HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle N Sullivan
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Samuel A Brill
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lisa M Mangus
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yea Ji Jeong
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Clarisse V Solis
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Audrey C Knight
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Carlo Colantuoni
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gizem Keceli
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nazareno Paolocci
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Suzanne E Queen
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joseph L Mankowski
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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19
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Mitochondrial hyperfusion: a friend or a foe. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 48:631-644. [PMID: 32219382 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cellular mitochondrial population undergoes repeated cycles of fission and fusion to maintain its integrity, as well as overall cellular homeostasis. While equilibrium usually exists between the fission-fusion dynamics, their rates are influenced by organellar and cellular metabolic and pathogenic conditions. Under conditions of cellular stress, there is a disruption of this fission and fusion balance and mitochondria undergo either increased fusion, forming a hyperfused meshwork or excessive fission to counteract stress and remove damaged mitochondria via mitophagy. While some previous reports suggest that hyperfusion is initiated to ameliorate cellular stress, recent studies show its negative impact on cellular health in disease conditions. The exact mechanism of mitochondrial hyperfusion and its role in maintaining cellular health and homeostasis, however, remain unclear. In this review, we aim to highlight the different aspects of mitochondrial hyperfusion in either promoting or mitigating stress and also its role in immunity and diseases.
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20
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Qrareya AN, Mahdi F, Kaufman MJ, Ashpole NM, Paris JJ. HIV-1 Tat promotes age-related cognitive, anxiety-like, and antinociceptive impairments in female mice that are moderated by aging and endocrine status. GeroScience 2021; 43:309-327. [PMID: 32940828 PMCID: PMC8050151 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-020-00268-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypogonadism is a common comorbidity associated with HIV-1 that is more prevalent among infected individuals over the age of 45. The underlying mechanisms are unknown, but both combined antiretroviral therapeutics and HIV-1 proteins, such as trans-activator of transcription protein (Tat), dysregulate steroid-synthetic mechanisms including lipid storage/synthesis and mitochondrial function. Thus, Tat expression may accelerate age-related comorbidities partly by impairing endocrine function. Few studies exist of Tat-mediated behavioral deficits in aged animals and effects of endocrine status have not been investigated. Accordingly, we tested whether conditional Tat expression in aged (~ 1.5 years old), female, Tat-transgenic [Tat(+)] mice increases anxiety-like behavior, impairs cognition, and augments mechanical allodynia, when compared to age-matched controls that do not express Tat protein [Tat(-)]. We further tested whether aged mice that maintained their endocrine status (pre-estropausal) were more resilient to Tat/age-related comorbidities than peri- or post-estropausal mice. Tat and endocrine aging status exerted separate and interacting effects that influenced anxiety-like and cognitive behaviors. Peri- and post-estropausal mice exhibited greater anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus-maze and impaired learning in the radial arm water maze compared to pre-estropausal mice. Irrespective of estropause status, Tat(+) mice demonstrated impaired learning, reduced grip strength, and mechanical allodynia compared to Tat(-) mice. Tat exposure reduced circulating estradiol in post-estropausal mice and increased the estradiol-to-testosterone ratio in pre-estropausal mice. Changes in circulating estradiol, testosterone, and progesterone correlated with grip strength. Thus, endocrine status is an important factor in age-related anxiety, cognition, neuromuscular function, and allodynia that can be accelerated by HIV-1 Tat protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa N Qrareya
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, 315 Faser Hall, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677-1848, USA
| | - Fakhri Mahdi
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, 315 Faser Hall, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677-1848, USA
| | - Marc J Kaufman
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Nicole M Ashpole
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, 315 Faser Hall, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677-1848, USA
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Jason J Paris
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, 315 Faser Hall, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677-1848, USA.
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA.
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21
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Priyanka, Wadhwa R, Chaudhuri R, Nag TC, Seth P. Novel role of mortalin in attenuating HIV-1 Tat-mediated astrogliosis. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:276. [PMID: 32951595 PMCID: PMC7504834 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01912-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection, activation of astrocytes induces imbalance in physiological functions due to perturbed astrocytic functions that unleashes toxicity on neurons. This leads to inflammatory response finally culminating into neurocognitive dysfunction. In neuroAIDS, HIV-1 protein, transactivator of transcription (Tat) is detected in the cerebrospinal fluid of infected patients. Mortalin, a multifunctional protein, has anti-inflammatory role following its activation in various stress conditions. Recent studies demonstrate downregulation of mortalin in neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we explored the mechanisms of mortalin in modulating HIV-1 Tat-mediated neuroinflammation. METHODS Expression of mortalin in autopsy section in normal and diseased individuals were examined using immunohistochemistry. To decipher the role of mortalin in HIV-1 Tat-induced activation, human fetal brain-derived astrocytes were transiently transfected with Tat and mortalin using expression vectors. HIV-1 Tat-mediated damage was analyzed using RT-PCR and western blotting. Modulatory role of mortalin was examined by coexpressing it with Tat, followed by examination of mitochondrial morphodynamics using biochemical assay and confocal and electron microscopy. Extracellular ATP release was monitored using luciferase assay. Neuroinflammation in astrocytes was examined using flow cytometry, dye based study, immunocytochemistry, immunoprecipitation, and western blotting. Indirect neuronal damage was also analyzed. RESULTS HIV-1 Tat downregulates the expression of mortalin in astrocytes, and this is corroborated with autopsy sections of HIV-1 patients. We found that overexpression of mortalin with Tat reduced inflammation and also rescued astrocytic-mediated neuronal death. Using bioinformatics, we discovered that binding of mortalin with Tat leads to Tat degradation and rescues the cell from neuroinflammation. Blocking of proteosomal pathway rescued the Tat degradation and revealed the ubiquitination of Tat. CONCLUSION Overall, our data demonstrated the protective role of mortalin in combating HIV-1 Tat-mediated damage. We also showed that mortalin could degrade Tat through direct binding with HIV-1 Tat. Overexpression of mortalin in the presence of Tat could significantly reduce cytotoxic effects of Tat in astrocytes. Indirect neuronal death was also found to be rescued. Our in vitro findings were validated as we found attenuated expression of mortalin in the autopsy sections of HIV-1 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre, NH-8, Nainwal Road, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana, 122052, India
| | - Renu Wadhwa
- AIST-INDIA DAILAB, DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental (DAICENTER), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Rituparna Chaudhuri
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre, NH-8, Nainwal Road, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana, 122052, India
| | | | - Pankaj Seth
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre, NH-8, Nainwal Road, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana, 122052, India.
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22
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Cognitive Reserve Over the Lifespan: Neurocognitive Implications for Aging With HIV. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 2020; 30:e109-e121. [PMID: 30865059 DOI: 10.1097/jnc.0000000000000071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 59% of adults living with HIV experience HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder, a collection of symptoms and cognitive deficits in various cognitive domains. As the HIV population ages, the prevalence and severity of such cognitive deficits are expected to grow. Understanding how these cognitive deficits manifest is important for nurses and health care providers. This article provides an overview of cognitive reserve and evidence of how it is compromised by HIV, aging, and individual characteristics. Within this context of cognitive reserve, the role of neuroinflammation, neurotoxicity, substance use, comorbidities, depression and anxiety, social isolation, and sedentary lifestyle is reviewed. From this, strategies used to address cognitive deficits are provided, including topics such as psychostimulants, cognitive training, multimodal lifestyle interventions, and compensation strategies. Scenarios of successful and unsuccessful cognitive aging are presented to provide a lifespan perspective of cognitive reserve. Implications for clinical practice and research are provided, as it relates to aging.
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23
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Andhavarapu S, Katuri A, Bryant J, Patel V, Gupta U, Asemu G, Makar TK. Intersecting roles of ER stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagy, and calcium homeostasis in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder. J Neurovirol 2020; 26:664-675. [PMID: 32804309 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-020-00861-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is a collective term describing the spectrum of neurocognitive deficits that arise from HIV infection. Although the introduction to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has prolonged the lifespan of HIV patients, neurocognitive impairments remain prevalent, as patients are left perpetually with HIV. Currently, physicians face a challenge in treating HAND patients, so a greater understanding of the mechanisms underlying HAND pathology has been a growing focus in HIV research. Recent research has revealed the role disrupted calcium homeostasis in HIV-mediated neurotoxicity. Calcium plays a well-established role in the crosstalk between the mitochondrion and ER as well as in regulating autophagy, and ER stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and impaired autophagic activity are considered hallmarks in several neurodegenerative and neurocognitive disorders. Therefore, it is paramount that the intricate inter-organelle signaling in relation to calcium homeostasis during HIV infection and the development of HAND is elucidated. This review consolidates current knowledge regarding the neuropathology of neurocognitive disorders and HIV infection with a focus on the underlying role of calcium during ER stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and autophagy associated with the progression of HAND. The details of this intricate crosstalk during HAND remain relatively unknown; further research in this field can potentially aid in the development of improved therapy for patients suffering from HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanketh Andhavarapu
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, 725 W Lombard St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Akhil Katuri
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, 725 W Lombard St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Joseph Bryant
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, 725 W Lombard St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Vivek Patel
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, 725 W Lombard St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Udit Gupta
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, 725 W Lombard St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Girma Asemu
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, 725 W Lombard St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Tapas K Makar
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, 725 W Lombard St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. .,VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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24
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Natarajaseenivasan K, Shanmughapriya S, Velusamy P, Sayre M, Garcia A, Gomez NM, Langford D. Inflammation-induced PINCH expression leads to actin depolymerization and mitochondrial mislocalization in neurons. Transl Neurodegener 2020; 9:32. [PMID: 32746944 PMCID: PMC7397656 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-020-00211-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diseases and disorders with a chronic neuroinflammatory component are often linked with changes in brain metabolism. Among neurodegenerative disorders, people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are particularly vulnerable to metabolic disturbances, but the mechanistic connections of inflammation, neurodegeneration and bioenergetic deficits in the central nervous system (CNS) are poorly defined. The particularly interesting new cysteine histidine-rich-protein (PINCH) is nearly undetectable in healthy mature neurons, but is robustly expressed in tauopathy-associated neurodegenerative diseases including HIV infection and AD. Although robust PINCH expression has been reported in neurons in the brains of patients with HIV and AD, the molecular mechanisms and cellular consequences of increased PINCH expression in CNS disease remain largely unknown. METHODS We investigated the regulatory mechanisms responsible for PINCH protein-mediated changes in bioenergetics, mitochondrial subcellular localization and bioenergetic deficits in neurons exposed to physiological levels of TNFα or the HIV protein Tat. Changes in the PINCH-ILK-Parvin (PIP) complex association with cofilin and TESK1 were assessed to identify factors responsible for actin depolymerization and mitochondrial mislocalization. Lentiviral and pharmacological inhibition experiments were conducted to confirm PINCH specificity and to reinstate proper protein-protein complex communication. RESULTS We identified MEF2A as the PINCH transcription factor in neuroinflammation and determined the biological consequences of increased PINCH in neurons. TNFα-mediated activation of MEF2A via increased cellular calcium induced PINCH, leading to disruption of the PIP ternary complex, cofilin activation by TESK1 inactivation, and actin depolymerization. The disruption of actin led to perinuclear mislocalization of mitochondria by destabilizing the kinesin-dependent mitochondrial transport machinery, resulting in impaired neuronal metabolism. Blocking TNFα-induced PINCH expression preserved mitochondrial localization and maintained metabolic functioning. CONCLUSIONS This study reported for the first time the mechanistic and biological consequences of PINCH expression in CNS neurons in diseases with a chronic neuroinflammation component. Our findings point to the maintenance of PINCH at normal physiological levels as a potential new therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases with impaired metabolisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalimuthusamy Natarajaseenivasan
- Department of Neurosciences and Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140 USA
- Department of Microbiology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024 India
| | - Santhanam Shanmughapriya
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033 USA
| | - Prema Velusamy
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033 USA
| | - Matthew Sayre
- Department of Neurosciences and Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140 USA
| | - Alvaro Garcia
- Department of Neurosciences and Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140 USA
| | - Nestor Mas Gomez
- Department of Neurosciences and Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140 USA
| | - Dianne Langford
- Department of Neurosciences and Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140 USA
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Gorska AM, Eugenin EA. The Glutamate System as a Crucial Regulator of CNS Toxicity and Survival of HIV Reservoirs. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:261. [PMID: 32670889 PMCID: PMC7326772 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate (Glu) is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS). HIV-1 and viral proteins compromise glutamate synaptic transmission, resulting in poor cell-to-cell signaling and bystander toxicity. In this study, we identified that myeloid HIV-1-brain reservoirs survive in Glu and glutamine (Gln) as a major source of energy. Thus, we found a link between synaptic compromise, metabolomics of viral reservoirs, and viral persistence. In the current manuscript we will discuss all these interactions and the potential to achieve eradication and cure using this unique metabolic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Gorska
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Eliseo A Eugenin
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
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26
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He X, Peng L, Zhang B, Li L, Wu C, Xiao H, Yang W, Zeng Z, Yang X, Long M, Cao H, Huang S. [Establishment of a vimentin knockout and HIV-1 gp120 transgenic mouse model]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2020; 40:519-524. [PMID: 32895127 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2020.04.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To construct a HIV-1 gp120 transgenic mice (gp120 Tg) with vimentin (VIM) gene knockout. METHODS Female HIV-1 gp120 Tg mice were mated to VIM heterozygote mice (F0). All the offspring mice were derived from these original founders so that both genotypes had the same mixed genetic background. The F1 mice were bred to generate of VIM+/+, VIM-/-, VIM+/+/gp120 Tg and VIM-/-/gp120 Tg mice. PCR was performed for genotyping of the mice, and the expressions of VIM and gp120 in the brain tissues were examined using immunoblotting. RESULTS The results of PCR showed the presence of the target bands in VIM+/+, VIM-/-, VIM+/+/gp120 Tg and VIM-/-/gp120 Tg mice. In VIM-/-/gp120 Tg mice, gp120 expression was detected throughout the brain regions while no VIM expression was detected. CONCLUSIONS We generated gp120 transgenic mouse models with VIM gene knockout, which facilitate the exploration of the role of VIM in gp120-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong He
- Department of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Liang Peng
- Clinical Laboratory, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510700, China.,Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90027, USA
| | - Bao Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Li Li
- Kunming Key Laboratory of Children Infection and Immunity, Yunnan Institute of Pediatrics, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming 650228, China.,Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90027, USA
| | - Chunhua Wu
- Kunming Key Laboratory of Children Infection and Immunity, Yunnan Institute of Pediatrics, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming 650228, China
| | - Hansen Xiao
- Department of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Weijun Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhijie Zeng
- Department of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Min Long
- Department of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hong Cao
- Department of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shenghe Huang
- Department of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Kunming Key Laboratory of Children Infection and Immunity, Yunnan Institute of Pediatrics, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming 650228, China.,Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90027, USA
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Gorwood J, Ejlalmanesh T, Bourgeois C, Mantecon M, Rose C, Atlan M, Desjardins D, Le Grand R, Fève B, Lambotte O, Capeau J, Béréziat V, Lagathu C. SIV Infection and the HIV Proteins Tat and Nef Induce Senescence in Adipose Tissue and Human Adipose Stem Cells, Resulting in Adipocyte Dysfunction. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040854. [PMID: 32244726 PMCID: PMC7226797 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Aging is characterized by adipose tissue senescence, inflammation, and fibrosis, with trunk fat accumulation. Aging HIV-infected patients have a higher risk of trunk fat accumulation than uninfected individuals—suggesting that viral infection has a role in adipose tissue aging. We previously demonstrated that HIV/SIV infection and the Tat and Nef viral proteins were responsible for adipose tissue fibrosis and impaired adipogenesis. We hypothesized that SIV/HIV infection and viral proteins could induce adipose tissue senescence and thus lead to adipocyte dysfunctions. Methods: Features of tissue senescence were evaluated in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues of SIV-infected macaques and in human adipose stem cells (ASCs) exposed to Tat or Nef for up to 30 days. Results: p16 expression and p53 activation were higher in adipose tissue of SIV-infected macaques than in control macaques, indicating adipose tissue senescence. Tat and Nef induced higher senescence in ASCs, characterized by higher levels of senescence-associated beta-galactosidase activity, p16 expression, and p53 activation vs. control cells. Treatment with Tat and Nef also induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Prevention of oxidative stress (using N-acetyl-cysteine) reduced senescence in ASCs. Adipocytes having differentiated from Nef-treated ASCs displayed alterations in adipogenesis with lower levels of triglyceride accumulation and adipocyte marker expression and secretion, and insulin resistance. Conclusion: HIV/SIV promotes adipose tissue senescence, which in turn may alter adipocyte function and contribute to insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Gorwood
- Lipodystrophies, Metabolic and Hormonal Adaptation, and Aging, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine-Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire de Cardiométabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), INSERM, Sorbonne Université, F-75012 Paris, France; (J.G.); (T.E.); (M.M.); (C.R.); (M.A.); (B.F.); (J.C.)
| | - Tina Ejlalmanesh
- Lipodystrophies, Metabolic and Hormonal Adaptation, and Aging, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine-Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire de Cardiométabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), INSERM, Sorbonne Université, F-75012 Paris, France; (J.G.); (T.E.); (M.M.); (C.R.); (M.A.); (B.F.); (J.C.)
| | - Christine Bourgeois
- Immunology of Viral infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, U1184, INSERM-CEA-Université Paris Sud 11, F-92260 Fontenay-Aux-Roses and F-94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (C.B.); (O.L.)
| | - Matthieu Mantecon
- Lipodystrophies, Metabolic and Hormonal Adaptation, and Aging, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine-Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire de Cardiométabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), INSERM, Sorbonne Université, F-75012 Paris, France; (J.G.); (T.E.); (M.M.); (C.R.); (M.A.); (B.F.); (J.C.)
| | - Cindy Rose
- Lipodystrophies, Metabolic and Hormonal Adaptation, and Aging, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine-Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire de Cardiométabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), INSERM, Sorbonne Université, F-75012 Paris, France; (J.G.); (T.E.); (M.M.); (C.R.); (M.A.); (B.F.); (J.C.)
| | - Michael Atlan
- Lipodystrophies, Metabolic and Hormonal Adaptation, and Aging, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine-Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire de Cardiométabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), INSERM, Sorbonne Université, F-75012 Paris, France; (J.G.); (T.E.); (M.M.); (C.R.); (M.A.); (B.F.); (J.C.)
- Plastic Surgery Department, Tenon Hospital, AP-HP, F-75020 Paris, France
| | - Delphine Desjardins
- IDMIT Department, Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, Inserm, CEA, Université Paris Saclay, F-92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; (D.D.); (R.L.G.)
| | - Roger Le Grand
- IDMIT Department, Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, Inserm, CEA, Université Paris Saclay, F-92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; (D.D.); (R.L.G.)
| | - Bruno Fève
- Lipodystrophies, Metabolic and Hormonal Adaptation, and Aging, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine-Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire de Cardiométabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), INSERM, Sorbonne Université, F-75012 Paris, France; (J.G.); (T.E.); (M.M.); (C.R.); (M.A.); (B.F.); (J.C.)
- Diabétologie et Reproduction, PRISIS, Service d’Endocrinologie, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Lambotte
- Immunology of Viral infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, U1184, INSERM-CEA-Université Paris Sud 11, F-92260 Fontenay-Aux-Roses and F-94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (C.B.); (O.L.)
- Service de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Paris Sud, Hôpital Bicêtre, AP-HP, F-94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Jacqueline Capeau
- Lipodystrophies, Metabolic and Hormonal Adaptation, and Aging, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine-Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire de Cardiométabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), INSERM, Sorbonne Université, F-75012 Paris, France; (J.G.); (T.E.); (M.M.); (C.R.); (M.A.); (B.F.); (J.C.)
| | - Véronique Béréziat
- Lipodystrophies, Metabolic and Hormonal Adaptation, and Aging, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine-Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire de Cardiométabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), INSERM, Sorbonne Université, F-75012 Paris, France; (J.G.); (T.E.); (M.M.); (C.R.); (M.A.); (B.F.); (J.C.)
- Correspondence: (V.B.); (C.L.); Tel.: +33140011321 (V.B.)
| | - Claire Lagathu
- Lipodystrophies, Metabolic and Hormonal Adaptation, and Aging, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine-Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire de Cardiométabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), INSERM, Sorbonne Université, F-75012 Paris, France; (J.G.); (T.E.); (M.M.); (C.R.); (M.A.); (B.F.); (J.C.)
- Correspondence: (V.B.); (C.L.); Tel.: +33140011321 (V.B.)
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Pregnane steroidogenesis is altered by HIV-1 Tat and morphine: Physiological allopregnanolone is protective against neurotoxic and psychomotor effects. Neurobiol Stress 2020; 12:100211. [PMID: 32258256 PMCID: PMC7109513 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2020.100211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnane steroids, particularly allopregnanolone (AlloP), are neuroprotective in response to central insult. While unexplored in vivo, AlloP may confer protection against the neurological dysfunction associated with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). The HIV-1 regulatory protein, trans-activator of transcription (Tat), is neurotoxic and its expression in mice increases anxiety-like behavior; an effect that can be ameliorated by progesterone, but not when 5α-reduction is blocked. Given that Tat's neurotoxic effects involve mitochondrial dysfunction and can be worsened with opioid exposure, we hypothesized that Tat and/or combined morphine would perturb steroidogenesis in mice, promoting neuronal death, and that exogenous AlloP would rescue these effects. Like other models of neural injury, conditionally inducing HIV-1 Tat in transgenic mice significantly increased the central synthesis of pregnenolone and progesterone's 5α-reduced metabolites, including AlloP, while decreasing central deoxycorticosterone (independent of changes in plasma). Morphine significantly increased brain and plasma concentrations of several steroids (including progesterone, deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone, and their metabolites) likely via activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal stress axis. Tat, but not morphine, caused glucocorticoid resistance in primary splenocytes. In neurons, Tat depolarized mitochondrial membrane potential and increased cell death. Physiological concentrations of AlloP (0.1, 1, or 10 nM) reversed these effects. High-concentration AlloP (100 nM) was neurotoxic in combination with morphine. Tat induction in transgenic mice potentiated the psychomotor effects of acute morphine, while exogenous AlloP (1.0 mg/kg, but not 0.5 mg/kg) was ameliorative. Data demonstrate that steroidogenesis is altered by HIV-1 Tat or morphine and that physiological AlloP attenuates resulting neurotoxic and psychomotor effects.
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29
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Shen J, Liberty A, Shiau S, Strehlau R, Pierson S, Patel F, Wang L, Burke M, Violari A, Coovadia A, Abrams EJ, Arpadi S, Foca M, Kuhn L. Mitochondrial Impairment in Well-Suppressed Children with Perinatal HIV-Infection on Antiretroviral Therapy. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2020; 36:27-38. [PMID: 31179720 PMCID: PMC6944140 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2018.0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial impairment is reported in HIV-infected children receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART), as well as those naive to ART. Whether mitochondrial function recovers with early initiation of ART and sustained viral suppression on long-term ART is unclear. In this study, we evaluate mitochondrial markers in well-suppressed perinatally HIV-infected children initiated on ART early in life. We selected a cross-sectional sample of 120 HIV-infected children with viral load <400 copies/mL and 60 age-matched uninfected children (22 HIV-exposed uninfected) enrolled in a cohort study in Johannesburg, South Africa. Complex IV (CIV) and citrate synthase (CS) activity were measured by spectrophotometry. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content relative to nuclear DNA (nDNA) was measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and expressed as copies/nDNA. Mitochondrial markers were impaired in HIV-infected children, including lower mean CIV activities [1.76 vs. 1.40 optical densities (OD)/min], higher risk of a CIV/CS ratio ≤0.22 (third quartile; odds ratio = 3.03, 95% confidence interval: 1.38-6.66), and lower mtDNA content. Children with shorter versus longer ART duration (<6.3 vs. ≥6.3 years) had lower means of CIV activity (1.22-1.58 OD/min) and mtDNA content (386-907 copies/nDNA). There were no differences in mitochondrial markers between children who started ART earlier (<6 months) or later (6-24 months). CIV activity was impaired in children with lower height-for-age Z-scores (HAZs). Despite early treatment and prolonged viral suppression, HIV-infected children had detectable mitochondrial impairment, particularly among those with stunted growth. Further study is required to determine if continued treatment will lead to full recovery of mitochondrial function in HIV-infected children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Shen
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Afaaf Liberty
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Stephanie Shiau
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Empilweni Services and Research Unit, Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Renate Strehlau
- Empilweni Services and Research Unit, Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sheila Pierson
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Faeezah Patel
- Empilweni Services and Research Unit, Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - LiQun Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Megan Burke
- Empilweni Services and Research Unit, Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Avy Violari
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ashraf Coovadia
- Empilweni Services and Research Unit, Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Elaine J. Abrams
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
- ICAP at Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Stephen Arpadi
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Empilweni Services and Research Unit, Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
- ICAP at Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Marc Foca
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Louise Kuhn
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
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Cotto B, Natarajanseenivasan K, Langford D. HIV-1 infection alters energy metabolism in the brain: Contributions to HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 181:101616. [PMID: 31108127 PMCID: PMC6742565 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.101616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The brain is particularly sensitive to changes in energy supply. Defects in glucose utilization and mitochondrial dysfunction are hallmarks of nearly all neurodegenerative diseases and are also associated with the cognitive decline that occurs as the brain ages. Chronic neuroinflammation driven by glial activation is commonly implicated as a contributing factor to neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment. Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) disrupts normal brain homeostasis and leads to a spectrum of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). HIV-1 activates stress responses in the brain and triggers a state of chronic neuroinflammation. Growing evidence suggests that inflammatory processes and bioenergetics are interconnected in the propagation of neuronal dysfunction. Clinical studies of people living with HIV and basic research support the notion that HIV-1 creates an environment in the CNS that interrupts normal metabolic processes at the cellular level to collectively alter whole brain metabolism. In this review, we highlight reports of abnormal brain metabolism from clinical studies and animal models of HIV-1. We also describe diverse CNS cell-specific changes in bioenergetics associated with HIV-1. Moreover, we propose that attention should be given to adjunctive therapies that combat sources of metabolic dysfunction as a mean to improve and/or prevent neurocognitive impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Cotto
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
| | - Kalimuthusamy Natarajanseenivasan
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
| | - Dianne Langford
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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Macrophages exposed to HIV viral protein disrupt lung epithelial cell integrity and mitochondrial bioenergetics via exosomal microRNA shuttling. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:580. [PMID: 31371699 PMCID: PMC6675785 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1803-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy extends survival but does not eliminate HIV from its cellular reservoirs. Between immune and stromal cells in the tissue microenvironment, a dynamic intercellular communication might influence host viral immune responses via intercellular transfer of extracellular vehicles (EVs) (microvesicles, exosome, or apoptotic bodies). It is increasingly recognized that HIV-infected macrophage-secreted nucleotide-rich exosomes might play a critical role in mediating communication between macrophages and other structural cells; however, molecular mechanisms underlying cell–cell crosstalk remain unknown. Here we show that HIV-1-infected macrophages and HIV-1 proteins Tat or gp120-treated macrophages express high levels of microRNAs, including miR-23a and miR-27a. Identical miRNAs expression patterns were detected in macrophage-secreted exosomes isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of HIV transgenic rats. Tat-treated macrophage-derived exosomal miR-23a attenuated posttranscriptional modulation of key tight junction protein zonula occludens (ZO-1) 3′-UTR in epithelial cells. In parallel, exosomal miR-27a released from Tat-treated macrophages altered the mitochondrial bioenergetics of recipient lung epithelial cells by targeting peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), while simultaneously stimulating glycolysis. Together, exosomal miRNAs shuttle from macrophages to epithelial cells and thereby explain in part HIV-mediated lung epithelial barrier dysfunction. These studies suggest that targeting miRNAs may be of therapeutic value to enhance lung health in HIV.
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Age-Related Decrease in Tyrosine Hydroxylase Immunoreactivity in the Substantia Nigra and Region-Specific Changes in Microglia Morphology in HIV-1 Tg Rats. Neurotox Res 2019; 36:563-582. [PMID: 31286433 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00077-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Animal models have been used to study cellular processes related to human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1)-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). The HIV-1 transgenic (Tg) rat expresses HIV viral genes except the gag-pol replication genes and exhibits neuropathological features similar to HIV patients receiving combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). Using this rat, alterations in dopaminergic function have been demonstrated; however, the data for neuroinflammation and glial reactivity is conflicting. Differences in behavior, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity, neuroinflammation, and glia reactivity were assessed in HIV-1 Tg male rats. At 6 and 12 weeks of age, rotarod performance was diminished, motor activity was not altered, and active avoidance latency performance and memory were diminished in HIV-1 Tg rats. TH+ immunoreactivity in the substantia nigra (SN) was decreased at 8 months but not at 2-5 months. At 5 months, astrocyte and microglia morphology was not altered in the cortex, hippocampus, or SN. In the striatum, astrocytes were unaltered, microglia displayed slightly thickened proximal processes, mRNA levels for Iba1 and Cd11b were elevated, and interleukin (Il)1α,Cxcr3, and cell adhesion molecule, Icam, decreased. In the hippocampus, mRNA levels for Tnfa and Cd11b were slightly elevated. No changes were observed in the cortex or SN. The data support an age-related effect of HIV proteins upon the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system and suggest an early response of microglia in the terminal synaptic region with little evidence of an associated neuroinflammatory response across brain regions.
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Impact of HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus infection and viral proteins on adipose tissue fibrosis and adipogenesis. AIDS 2019; 33:953-964. [PMID: 30946149 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral treatment (ART) often present adipose tissue accumulation and/or redistribution. adipose tissue has been shown to be an HIV/SIV reservoir and viral proteins as Tat or Nef can be released by infected immune cells and exert a bystander effect on adipocytes or precursors. Our aim was to demonstrate that SIV/HIV infection per se could alter adipose tissue structure and/or function. DESIGN Morphological and functional alterations of subcutaneous (SCAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) were studied in SIV-infected macaques and HIV-infected ART-controlled patients. To analyze the effect of Tat or Nef, we used human adipose stem cells (ASCs) issued from healthy donors, and analyzed adipogenesis and extracellular matrix component production using two dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) culture models. METHODS Adipocyte size and index of fibrosis were determined on Sirius red-stained adipose tissue samples. Proliferating and adipocyte 2D-differentiating or 3D-differentiating ASCs were treated chronically with Tat or Nef. mRNA, protein expression and secretion were examined by RT-PCR, western-blot and ELISA. RESULTS SCAT and VAT from SIV-infected macaques displayed small adipocytes, decreased adipogenesis and severe fibrosis with collagen deposition. SCAT and VAT from HIV-infected ART-controlled patients presented similar alterations. In vitro, Tat and/or Nef induced a profibrotic phenotype in undifferentiated ASCs and altered adipogenesis and collagen production in adipocyte-differentiating ASCs. CONCLUSION We demonstrate here a specific role for HIV/SIV infection per se on adipose tissue fibrosis and adipogenesis, probably through the release of viral proteins, which could be involved in adipose tissue dysfunction contributing to cardiometabolic alterations of HIV-infected individuals.
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Fulop T, Witkowski JM, Larbi A, Khalil A, Herbein G, Frost EH. Does HIV infection contribute to increased beta-amyloid synthesis and plaque formation leading to neurodegeneration and Alzheimer's disease? J Neurovirol 2019; 25:634-647. [PMID: 30868421 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-019-00732-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
HIV infection in the combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) era has become a chronic disease with a life expectancy almost identical to those free from this infection. Concomitantly, chronic diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases have emerged as serious clinical problems. HIV-induced cognitive changes, although clinically very diverse are collectively called HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). HAND, which until the introduction of cART manifested clinically as a subcortical disorder, is now considered primarily cognitive disorder, which makes it similar to diseases like Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). The pathogenesis involves either the direct effects of the virus or the effect of viral proteins such as Tat, Ggp120, and Nef. These proteins are either capable of destroying neurons directly by inducing neurotoxic mediators or by initiating neuroinflammation by microglia and astrocytes. Recently, it has become recognized that HIV infection is associated with increased production of the beta-amyloid peptide (Aβ) which is a characteristic of AD. Moreover, amyloid plaques have also been demonstrated in the brains of patients suffering from HAND. Thus, the question arises whether this production of Aβ indicates that HAND may lead to AD or it is a form of AD or this increase in Aβ production is only a bystander effect. It has also been discovered that APP in HIV and its metabolic product Aβ in AD manifest antiviral innate immune peptide characteristics. This review attempts to bring together studies linking amyloid precursor protein (APP) and Aβ production in HIV infection and their possible impact on the course of HAND and AD. These data indicate that human defense mechanisms in HAND and AD are trying to contain microorganisms by antimicrobial peptides, however by employing different means. Future studies will, no doubt, uncover the relationship between HAND and AD and, hopefully, reveal novel treatment possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Fulop
- Research Center on Aging, Geriatric Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada.
| | - Jacek M Witkowski
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Anis Larbi
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos Building, Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Abdelouahed Khalil
- Research Center on Aging, Geriatric Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Georges Herbein
- Department Pathogens & Inflammation-EPILAB, UPRES EA4266, Université of Franche-Comté (UFC), University of Bourgogne France-Comté (UBFC), F-25030, Besançon, France.,Department of Virology, CHRU Besancon, F-25030, Besancon, France
| | - Eric H Frost
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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Astrocyte activation and altered metabolism in normal aging, age-related CNS diseases, and HAND. J Neurovirol 2019; 25:722-733. [PMID: 30671779 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-019-00721-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes regulate local cerebral blood flow, maintain ion and neurotransmitter homeostasis, provide metabolic support, regulate synaptic activity, and respond to brain injury, insults, and infection. Because of their abundance, extensive connectivity, and multiple roles in the brain, astrocytes are intimately involved in normal functioning of the CNS and their dysregulation can lead to neuronal dysfunction. In normal aging, decreased biological functioning and reduced cognitive abilities are commonly experienced in individuals free of overt neurological disease. Moreover, in several age-related CNS diseases, chronic inflammation and altered metabolism have been reported. Since people with HIV (PWH) are reported to experience rapid aging with chronic inflammation, altered brain metabolism is likely to be exacerbated. In fact, many studies report altered metabolism in astrocytes in diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and HIV. This review will address the roles of astrocyte activation and altered metabolism in normal aging, in age-related CNS disease, and in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders.
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Risk Factors and Pathogenesis of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder: The Role of Host Genetics. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113594. [PMID: 30441796 PMCID: PMC6274730 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurocognitive impairments associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remain a considerable health issue for almost half the people living with HIV, despite progress in HIV treatment through combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). The pathogenesis and risk factors of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) are still incompletely understood. This is partly due to the complexity of HAND diagnostics, as phenotypes present with high variability and change over time. Our current understanding is that HIV enters the central nervous system (CNS) during infection, persisting and replicating in resident immune and supporting cells, with the subsequent host immune response and inflammation likely adding to the development of HAND. Differences in host (human) genetics determine, in part, the effectiveness of the immune response and other factors that increase the vulnerability to HAND. This review describes findings from studies investigating the role of human host genetics in the pathogenesis of HAND, including potential risk factors for developing HAND. The similarities and differences between HAND and Alzheimer's disease are also discussed. While some specific variations in host genes regulating immune responses and neurotransmission have been associated with protection or risk of HAND development, the effects are generally small and findings poorly replicated. Nevertheless, a few specific gene variants appear to affect the risk for developing HAND and aid our understanding of HAND pathogenesis.
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp120 and Tat Induce Mitochondrial Fragmentation and Incomplete Mitophagy in Human Neurons. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00993-18. [PMID: 30158296 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00993-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV enters the central nervous system (CNS) during the early stages of infection and can cause neurological dysfunction, including neurodegeneration and neurocognitive impairment. The specific autophagy responsible for removal of damaged mitochondria (mitophagy) and mitochondrial dynamics constitute neuronal mitochondrial quality control mechanisms and are impaired in neurodegenerative disorders and numerous other diseases. The release of HIV proteins gp120 and Tat from infected cells is thought to play an important role in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), but the mechanism(s) leading to impairment are poorly understood. Here, we report that exposure of human primary neurons (HPNs) to HIV gp120 and Tat accelerates the balance of mitochondrial dynamics toward fission (fragmented mitochondria) and induces perinuclear aggregation of mitochondria and mitochondrial translocation of dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1), leading to neuronal mitochondrial fragmentation. HIV gp120 and Tat increased the expression of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta (LC3B) protein and induced selective recruitment of Parkin/SQSTM1 to the damaged mitochondria. Using either a dual fluorescence reporter system expressing monomeric red fluorescent protein and enhanced green fluorescent protein targeted to mitochondria (mito-mRFP-EGFP) or a tandem light chain 3 (LC3) vector (mCherry-EGFP-LC3), both HIV proteins were found to inhibit mitophagic flux in human primary neurons. HIV gp120 and Tat induced mitochondrial damage and altered mitochondrial dynamics by decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). These findings indicate that HIV gp120 and Tat initiate the activation and recruitment of mitophagy markers to damaged mitochondria in neurons but impair the delivery of mitochondria to the lysosomal compartment. Altered mitochondrial dynamics associated with HIV infection and incomplete neuronal mitophagy may play a significant role in the development of HAND and accelerated aging associated with HIV infection.IMPORTANCE Despite viral suppression by antiretrovirals, HIV proteins continue to be detected in infected cells and neurologic complications remain common in infected people. Although HIV is unable to infect neurons, viral proteins, including gp120 and Tat, can enter neurons and can cause neuronal degeneration and neurocognitive impairment. Neuronal health is dependent on the functional integrity of mitochondria, and damaged mitochondria are subjected to mitochondrial control mechanisms. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that specific elimination of damaged mitochondria through mitophagy and mitochondrial dynamics play an important role in CNS diseases. Here, we show that in human primary neurons, gp120 and Tat favor the balance of mitochondrial dynamics toward enhanced fragmentation through the activation of mitochondrial translocation of DRP1 to the damaged mitochondria. However, mitophagy fails to go to completion, leading to neuronal damage. These findings support a role for altered mitophagy in HIV-associated neurological disorders and provide novel targets for potential intervention.
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Yavuz B, Morgan JL, Showalter L, Horng KR, Dandekar S, Herrera C, LiWang P, Kaplan DL. Pharmaceutical Approaches to HIV Treatment and Prevention. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2018; 1:1800054. [PMID: 32775613 PMCID: PMC7413291 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201800054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection continues to pose a major infectious disease threat worldwide. It is characterized by the depletion of CD4+ T cells, persistent immune activation, and increased susceptibility to secondary infections. Advances in the development of antiretroviral drugs and combination antiretroviral therapy have resulted in a remarkable reduction in HIV-associated morbidity and mortality. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) leads to effective suppression of HIV replication with partial recovery of host immune system and has successfully transformed HIV infection from a fatal disease to a chronic condition. Additionally, antiretroviral drugs have shown promise for prevention in HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis and treatment as prevention. However, ART is unable to cure HIV. Other limitations include drug-drug interactions, drug resistance, cytotoxic side effects, cost, and adherence. Alternative treatment options are being investigated to overcome these challenges including discovery of new molecules with increased anti-viral activity and development of easily administrable drug formulations. In light of the difficulties associated with current HIV treatment measures, and in the continuing absence of a cure, the prevention of new infections has also arisen as a prominent goal among efforts to curtail the worldwide HIV pandemic. In this review, the authors summarize currently available anti-HIV drugs and their combinations for treatment, new molecules under clinical development and prevention methods, and discuss drug delivery formats as well as associated challenges and alternative approaches for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcin Yavuz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Tufts University 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Jessica L Morgan
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology University of California-Merced5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Laura Showalter
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology University of California-Merced5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Katti R Horng
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology University of California-Davis 5605 GBSF, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Satya Dandekar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology University of California-Davis 5605 GBSF, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Carolina Herrera
- Department of Medicine St. Mary's Campus Imperial College Room 460 Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Patricia LiWang
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology University of California-Merced5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Tufts University 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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Cerebrospinal Fluid Ceruloplasmin, Haptoglobin, and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Are Associated with Neurocognitive Impairment in Adults with HIV Infection. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:3808-3818. [PMID: 30209774 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1329-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated iron transport and a compromised blood-brain barrier are implicated in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). We quantified the levels of proteins involved in iron transport and/or angiogenesis-ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-as well as biomarkers of neuroinflammation, in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 405 individuals with HIV infection and comprehensive neuropsychiatric assessments. Associations with HAND [defined by a Global Deficit Score (GDS) ≥ 0.5, GDS as a continuous measure (cGDS), or by Frascati criteria] were evaluated for the highest versus lowest tertile of each biomarker, adjusting for potential confounders. Higher CSF VEGF was associated with GDS-defined impairment [odds ratio (OR) 2.17, p = 0.006] and cGDS in unadjusted analyses and remained associated with GDS impairment after adjustment (p = 0.018). GDS impairment was also associated with higher CSF ceruloplasmin (p = 0.047) and with higher ceruloplasmin and haptoglobin in persons with minimal comorbidities (ORs 2.37 and 2.13, respectively; both p = 0.043). In persons with minimal comorbidities, higher ceruloplasmin and haptoglobin were associated with HAND by Frascati criteria (both p < 0.05), and higher ceruloplasmin predicted worse impairment (higher cGDS values, p < 0.01). In the subgroup with undetectable viral load and minimal comorbidity, CSF ceruloplasmin and haptoglobin were strongly associated with GDS impairment (ORs 5.57 and 2.96, respectively; both p < 0.01) and HAND (both p < 0.01). Concurrently measured CSF IL-6 and TNF-α were only weakly correlated to these three biomarkers. Higher CSF ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin, and VEGF are associated with a significantly greater likelihood of HAND, suggesting that interventions aimed at disordered iron transport and angiogenesis may be beneficial in this disorder.
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Protective effects of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide against neurotoxic agents. Neurotoxicology 2018; 66:185-194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Abstract
A defining feature of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is the loss of excitatory synaptic connections. Synaptic changes that occur during exposure to HIV appear to result, in part, from a homeostatic scaling response. Here we discuss the mechanisms of these changes from the perspective that they might be part of a coping mechanism that reduces synapses to prevent excitotoxicity. In transgenic animals expressing the HIV proteins Tat or gp120, the loss of synaptic markers precedes changes in neuronal number. In vitro studies have shown that HIV-induced synapse loss and cell death are mediated by distinct mechanisms. Both in vitro and animal studies suggest that HIV-induced synaptic scaling engages new mechanisms that suppress network connectivity and that these processes might be amenable to therapeutic intervention. Indeed, pharmacological reversal of synapse loss induced by HIV Tat restores cognitive function. In summary, studies indicate that there are temporal, mechanistic and pharmacological features of HIV-induced synapse loss that are consistent with homeostatic plasticity. The increasingly well delineated signaling mechanisms that regulate synaptic scaling may reveal pharmacological targets suitable for normalizing synaptic function in chronic neuroinflammatory states such as HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew V Green
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Jonathan D Raybuck
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Xinwen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Mariah M Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Stanley A Thayer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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Ene L. Human Immunodeficiency Virus in the Brain-Culprit or Facilitator? Infect Dis (Lond) 2018; 11:1178633717752687. [PMID: 29467577 PMCID: PMC5815409 DOI: 10.1177/1178633717752687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) enters the brain early, where it can persist, evolve, and become compartmentalized. Central nervous system (CNS) disease can be attributed to HIV alone or to the complex interplay between the virus and other neurotropic pathogens. Aim: The current review aims to describe the direct impact of HIV on the brain as well as its relationship with other pathogens from a practitioner’s perspective, to provide a general clinical overview, brief workup, and, whenever possible, treatment guidance. Methods: A review of PubMed was conducted to identify studies on neuropathogenesis of HIV in relation to host responses. Furthermore, the interaction between the CNS pathogens and the host damage responses were revised in the setting of advanced and also well-controlled HIV infection. Results: Similar to other pathogens, HIV leads to CNS immune activation, inflammation, and viral persistence. Therefore, almost half of the infected individuals present with neurocognitive disorders, albeit mild. Compartmentalized HIV in the CNS can be responsible in a minority of cases for the dramatic presentation of symptomatic HIV escape. Disruption of the immune system secondary to HIV may reactivate latent infections or allow new pathogens to enter the CNS. Opportunistic infections with an inflammatory component are associated with elevated HIV loads in the cerebrospinal fluid and also with greater cognitive impairment. The inflammatory immune reconstitution syndrome associated with CNS opportunistic infections can be a life-threatening condition, which needs to be recognized and managed by efficiently controlling the pathogen burden and timely balanced combination antiretroviral therapy. Latent neurotropic pathogens can reactivate in the brain and mimic HIV-associated severe neurological diseases or contribute to neurocognitive impairment in the setting of stable HIV infection. Conclusions: As HIV can be responsible for considerable brain damage directly or by facilitating other pathogens, more effort is needed to recognize and manage HIV-associated CNS disorders and to eventually target HIV eradication from the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luminita Ene
- HIV Department, "Dr. Victor Babes" Hospital for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Bucharest, Romania
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Borgmann K, Ghorpade A. Methamphetamine Augments Concurrent Astrocyte Mitochondrial Stress, Oxidative Burden, and Antioxidant Capacity: Tipping the Balance in HIV-Associated Neurodegeneration. Neurotox Res 2017; 33:433-447. [PMID: 28993979 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9812-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) use, with and without human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 comorbidity, exacerbates neurocognitive decline. Oxidative stress is a probable neurotoxic mechanism during HIV-1 central nervous system infection and METH abuse, as viral proteins, antiretroviral therapy and METH have each been shown to induce mitochondrial dysfunction. However, the mechanisms regulating mitochondrial homeostasis and overall oxidative burden in astrocytes are not well understood in the context of HIV-1 infection and METH abuse. Here, we report METH-mediated dysregulation of astrocyte mitochondrial morphology and function during prolonged exposure to low levels of METH. Mitochondria became larger and more rod shaped with METH when assessed by machine learning, segmentation analyses. These changes may be mediated by elevated mitofusin expression coupled with inhibitory phosphorylation of dynamin-related protein-1, which regulate mitochondrial fusion and fission, respectively. While METH decreased oxygen consumption and ATP levels during acute exposure, chronic treatment of 1 to 2 weeks significantly enhanced both when tested in the absence of METH. Together, these changes significantly increased not only expression of antioxidant proteins, augmenting the astrocyte's oxidative capacity, but also oxidative damage. We propose that targeting astrocytes to reduce their overall oxidative burden and expand their antioxidant capacity could ultimately tip the balance from neurotoxicity towards neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Borgmann
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
| | - Anuja Ghorpade
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA.
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