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Danziger J. Synergistic susceptibility to environmental lead toxicity in chronic kidney disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2024:00041552-990000000-00174. [PMID: 39017648 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW While high levels of lead exposure, as occurs accidentally or occupationally, can cause toxicity across multiple organ systems, the hazard of commonly encountered levels of lead in the environment remains unresolved. Challenges to researching the health effects of lead include its complex interplay with renal function, rendering analyses at risk of unaccounted confounding, and the likely small effect size of environmental levels of exposure. While children are known to be disproportionately susceptible to lead toxicity, resulting in appropriately more stringent regulatory surveillance for those under 5 years old, emerging evidence suggests that those with chronic kidney disease (CKD) similarly are at a greater risk. This review summarizes the role of environmental lead toxicity as a potential cause and consequence of CKD. RECENT FINDINGS Whether environmental lead exposure causes CKD remains debatable, with little recent research advancing the conflicting, mostly cross-sectional, analyses from years ago. However, an emerging body of evidence suggests that CKD increases the susceptibility to lead toxicity. Higher circulating lead levels and lower urinary excretion result in greater lead accumulation in CKD, with simultaneous greater risk of clinically meaningful disease. Recent studies suggest that levels of lead found commonly in the United States drinking water supply, and currently permissible by the Environmental Protection Agency, associate with hematologic toxicity in those with advanced CKD. Whether environmental lead contamination may have additional negative health impact among this at-risk population, including cardiovascular and neurocognitive disease, warrants further study. SUMMARY The underlying pathophysiology of kidney disease synergizes the susceptibility to environmental lead toxicity for those with CKD. Low levels of exposure, as found commonly in the United States water supply, may have adverse health impact in CKD. Further research will be needed to determine if more stringent environmental regulations are warranted to protect the health of all.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Danziger
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Månsson T, Rosso A, Ellström K, Abul-Kasim K, Elmståhl S. Chronic kidney disease and its association with cerebral small vessel disease in the general older hypertensive population. BMC Nephrol 2024; 25:93. [PMID: 38481159 PMCID: PMC10936027 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-024-03528-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral small vessel disease can be identified using magnetic resonance imaging, and includes white matter hyperintensities, lacunar infarcts, cerebral microbleeds, and brain atrophy. Cerebral small vessel disease and chronic kidney disease share many risk factors, including hypertension. This study aims to explore an association between chronic kidney disease and cerebral small vessel disease, and also to explore the role of hypertension in this relationship. METHODS With a cross sectional study design, data from 390 older adults was retrieved from the general population study Good Aging in Skåne. Chronic kidney disease was defined as glomerular filtration rate < 60 ml/min/1,73m2. Associations between chronic kidney disease and magnetic resonance imaging markers of cerebral small vessel disease were explored using logistic regression models adjusted for age and sex. In a secondary analysis, the same calculations were performed with the study sample stratified based on hypertension status. RESULTS In the whole group, adjusted for age and sex, chronic kidney disease was not associated with any markers of cerebral small vessel disease. After stratification by hypertension status and adjusted for age and sex, we observed that chronic kidney disease was associated with cerebral microbleeds (OR 1.93, CI 1.04-3.59, p-value 0.037), as well as with cortical atrophy (OR 2.45, CI 1.34-4.48, p-value 0.004) only in the hypertensive group. In the non-hypertensive group, no associations were observed. CONCLUSIONS In this exploratory cross-sectional study, we observed that chronic kidney disease was associated with markers of cerebral small vessel disease only in the hypertensive subgroup of a general population of older adults. This might indicate that hypertension is an important link between chronic kidney disease and cerebral small vessel disease. Further studies investigating the relationship between CKD, CSVD, and hypertension are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Månsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, pl 13, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Aldana Rosso
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, pl 13, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Katarina Ellström
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, pl 13, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Kasim Abul-Kasim
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Lund, Division of Diagnostic Radiology, Lund University, 221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sölve Elmståhl
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, pl 13, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
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Saini S, Deveshwar SP, Hemal AK. Narrative review of nephron-sparing surgical management of upper tract urothelial carcinoma: is there a role for distal ureterectomy, segmental ureterectomy, and partial nephrectomy. Transl Androl Urol 2024; 13:156-164. [PMID: 38404550 PMCID: PMC10891386 DOI: 10.21037/tau-23-123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is a relatively rare malignancy and radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) with bladder cuff excision (BCE) is considered as the standard of care for high-risk non-metastatic disease. Loss of the renal unit secondary to RNU, especially in elderly patients, causes significant decline in overall renal function which in turn negatively impacts the overall survival (OS). Such radical surgeries can be spared in a select group of the patients with segmental ureterectomy (SU) or distal ureterectomy to salvage the ipsilateral kidney. In this article, we will review the oncological and renal function outcomes following such procedures. This review excludes endourologic procedures. Methods This is a non-systematic review of the published literature focusing on the nephron-sparing surgical alternatives for the management of UTUCs. The following texts were used for literature search: "nephron-sparing surgery", "segmental ureterectomy", "total ureterectomy", "partial nephrectomy", and "ileal ureter". We included the articles indexed in PubMed, written in English language, and published within the last 15 years. Key Content and Findings The main argument against the utilization of these procedures is the lack of high quality, level I evidence, which is due to the rarity of this disease and the rates of ipsilateral recurrences. Despite that, the evidence in support of these nephron-sparing surgical alternatives is increasing over time. Published literature including single/multi-centric studies & systematic reviews, suggests comparable oncological outcomes and significantly improved renal function preservation. Lymph node dissection (LND) at the time of nephron-sparing surgical alternatives is largely underutilized. Similarly, the role of neoadjuvant or adjuvant systemic chemotherapy following such procedures is also not established currently. Conclusions With comparable oncological outcomes while preserving renal function, the nephron-sparing surgical alternatives to RNU are gaining momentum. These options can be offered to patients with low volume, localized UTUC with imperative indication for renal preservation such as solitary kidney, compromised baseline, and expected significant decline in post-RNU renal function without compromising oncological principles during surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Saini
- Department of Urology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Ashok Kumar Hemal
- Department of Urology, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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Wang H, Liu X, Song L, Yang W, Li M, Chen Q, Lv H, Zhao P, Yang Z, Liu W, Wang ZC. Dysfunctional Coupling of Cerebral Blood Flow and Susceptibility Value in the Bilateral Hippocampus is Associated with Cognitive Decline in Nondialysis Patients with CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol 2023; 34:1574-1588. [PMID: 37476849 PMCID: PMC10482064 DOI: 10.1681/asn.0000000000000185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Patients with end stage CKD often develop cognitive decline, but whether this is related to the underlying disease or to hemodialysis remains unclear. We performed three-dimensional pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling and quantitative susceptibility mapping prospectively in 40 patients with stage 1-4 CKD, 47 nondialysis patients with stage 5 CKD, and 44 healthy controls. Our magnetic resonance imaging data demonstrate that changes in cerebral blood flow-susceptibility coupling might underlie this cognitive decline, perhaps in the hippocampus and thalamus. These results suggest that magnetic resonance imaging parameters are potential biomarkers of cognitive decline in patients with CKD. Moreover, our findings may lead to discovery of novel therapeutic targets to prevent cognitive decline in patients with CKD. BACKGROUND Cerebral blood flow (CBF) and susceptibility values reflect vascular and iron metabolism, providing mechanistic insights into conditions of health and disease. Nondialysis patients with CKD show a cognitive decline, but the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this remain unclear. METHODS Three-dimensional pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling and quantitative susceptibility mapping were prospectively performed in 40 patients with stage 1-4 CKD (CKD 1-4), 47 nondialysis patients with stage 5 CKD (CKD 5ND), and 44 healthy controls (HCs). Voxel-based global and regional analyses of CBF, susceptibility values, and vascular-susceptibility coupling were performed. Furthermore, the association between clinical performance and cerebral perfusion and iron deposition was analyzed. RESULTS For CBF, patients with CKD 5ND had higher normalized CBF in the hippocampus and thalamus than HCs. Patients with CKD 5ND had higher normalized CBF in the hippocampus and thalamus than those with CKD 1-4. The susceptibility values in the hippocampus and thalamus were lower in patients with CKD 5ND than in HCs. Patients with CKD 5ND had higher susceptibility value in the caudate nucleus than those with CKD 1-4. More importantly, patients with CKD 5ND had lower CBF-susceptibility coupling than HCs. In addition, CBF and susceptibility values were significantly associated with clinical performance. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate a new neuropathological mechanism in patients with CKD, which leads to regional changes in CBF-susceptibility coupling. These changes are related to cognitive decline, providing potential imaging markers for assessing clinical disability and cognitive decline in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lijun Song
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenbo Yang
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingan Li
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Han Lv
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Pengfei Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenghan Yang
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhu Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen-chang Wang
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Kourtidou C, Tziomalos K. Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Stroke in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Narrative Review. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2398. [PMID: 37760839 PMCID: PMC10525494 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have a higher risk ofboth ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. This association appears to be partly independent from the higher prevalence of established risk factors for stroke in patients with CKD, including hypertension and atrial fibrillation. In the present review we aim to discuss the impact of CKD on the risk of stroke and stroke-related consequences, and explore the pathophysiology underpinning the increased risk of stroke in patients with CKD. We cover the clinical association between renal dysfunction and cerebrovascular disease including stroke, silent brain infarct, cerebral small vessel disease, microbleeds, and white matter hyperintensity, and discuss the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christodoula Kourtidou
- Department of Nephrology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Konstantinos Tziomalos
- First Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Steele CN, Oh ES, Wang W, Farmer-Bailey H, Gitomer BY, Chonchol M, Nowak KL. Cerebrovascular Pulsatility Index Is Reduced in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease. Am J Nephrol 2023; 54:165-174. [PMID: 37231790 PMCID: PMC10529076 DOI: 10.1159/000530583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cerebrovascular dysfunction, characterized by increased brain pulsatile flow, reduced cerebrovascular reactivity, and cerebral hypoperfusion precedes the onset of dementia and is linked to cognitive dysfunction. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) may increase the risk of dementia, and intracranial aneurysms are more prevalent in ADPKD patients. However, cerebrovascular function has not been previously characterized in patients with ADPKD. METHODS Using transcranial Doppler, we compared middle cerebral artery (MCA) pulsatility index (PI, cerebrovascular stiffness) and MCA blood velocity response to hypercapnia (normalized for blood pressure and end-tidal CO2, cerebrovascular reactivity) in patients with early-stage ADPKD versus age-matched healthy controls. We also administered the NIH cognitive toolbox (cognitive function) and measured carotid-femoral pulse-wave velocity (PWV, aortic stiffness). RESULTS Fifteen participants with ADPKD (9F, 27 ± 4 yrs, eGFR: 106 ± 22 mL/min/1.73 m2) were compared to 15 healthy controls (8F, 29 ± 4 yrs, eGFR: 109 ± 14 mL/min/1.73 m2). MCA PI was unexpectedly lower in ADPKD (0.71 ± 0.07) versus controls (0.82 ± 0.09 AU; p < 0.001); however, normalized MCA blood velocity in response to hypercapnia did not differ between groups (2.0 ± 1.2 vs. 2.1 ± 0.8 %Δ/mm Hg; p = 0.85). Lower MCA PI was associated with a lower crystalized composite score (cognition), which persisted after adjustment for age, sex, eGFR, and education (β = 0.58, p = 0.007). There was no association of MCA PI with carotid-femoral PWV (r = 0.01, p = 0.96), despite greater carotid-femoral PWV in ADPKD, suggesting MCA PI reflects vascular properties other than arterial stiffness (such as low wall shear stress) in ADPKD. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION MCA PI is lower in patients with ADPKD. Follow-up research on this observation is merited as low PI has been associated with intracranial aneurysm in other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cortney N Steele
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Ester S Oh
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Heather Farmer-Bailey
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Berenice Y Gitomer
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Michel Chonchol
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kristen L Nowak
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is known to be associated with cognitive impairment, but the mechanisms that underlie this kidney–brain connection are unclear. A recent study provides evidence that CKD is an independent risk factor for cognitive decline due to cerebral small vessel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ling Lau
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA, USA.
| | - Mark Fisher
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA, USA.
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA, USA.
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Liao YC, Chang CC, Chen CY, Liu CC, Liao CC, Shih YRV, Lin CS. Preoperative renal insufficiency predicts postoperative adverse outcomes in a mixed surgical population: a retrospective matched cohort study using the NSQIP database. Int J Surg 2023; 109:752-759. [PMID: 36974714 PMCID: PMC10389524 DOI: 10.1097/js9.0000000000000278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of chronic kidney disease is increasing, but most cases are not diagnosed until the accidental finding of abnormal laboratory data or the presentation of severe symptoms. Patients with chronic kidney disease are reported to have an increased risk of postoperative mortality and morbidities, but previous studies mainly targeted populations undergoing cardiovascular surgery. The authors aimed to evaluate the risk of postoperative mortality and complications in a surgical population with preoperative renal insufficiency (RI). MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective cohort study used data from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database between 2013 and 2018 to evaluate the risk of postoperative morbidity and mortality in the surgical population. Patients with estimated glomerular filtration rate less than 60 ml/min/1.73 m 2 were defined as the RI group. Propensity score matching methods and multivariate logistic regression were used to calculate the risk of postoperative morbidity and mortality. RESULTS After propensity score matching, 502 281 patients were included in the RI and non-RI groups. The RI group had a higher risk of 30-day in-hospital mortality (odds ratio: 1.54, 95% CI: 1.49-1.58) than the non-RI group. The RI group was associated with a higher risk of postoperative complications, including myocardial infarction, stroke, pneumonia, septic shock, and postoperative bleeding. The RI group was also associated with an increased risk of prolonged ventilator use for over 48 h, readmission, and reoperation. CONCLUSION Patients with preoperative RI have an increased risk of postoperative 30-day mortality and complications. RI group patients with current dialysis, estimated glomerular filtration rate less than or equal to 30 ml/min/1.73 m 2 or concomitant anemia had an elevated risk of postoperative mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chuen-Chau Chang
- Department of Anesthesiology
- Anesthesiology and Health Policy Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chung Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chang Liao
- Department of Anesthesiology
- Anesthesiology and Health Policy Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ru Vernon Shih
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Chao-Shun Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology
- Anesthesiology and Health Policy Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Conroy AL, Datta D, Hoffmann A, Wassmer SC. The kidney-brain pathogenic axis in severe falciparum malaria. Trends Parasitol 2023; 39:191-199. [PMID: 36737313 PMCID: PMC11071448 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Severe falciparum malaria is a medical emergency and a leading cause of death and neurodisability in endemic areas. Common complications include acute kidney injury (AKI) and cerebral malaria, and recent studies have suggested links between kidney and brain dysfunction in Plasmodium falciparum infection. Here, we review these new findings and present the hypothesis of a pivotal pathogenic crosstalk between the kidneys and the brain in severe falciparum malaria. We highlight the evidence of a role for distant organ involvement in the development of cerebral malaria and subsequent neurocognitive impairment post-recovery, describe the challenges associated with current diagnostic shortcomings for both AKI and brain involvement in severe falciparum malaria, and explore novel potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Conroy
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Dibyadyuti Datta
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Angelika Hoffmann
- University Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Samuel C Wassmer
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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Fang C, Lau WL, Sun J, Chang R, Vallejo A, Lee D, Liu J, Liu H, Hung YH, Zhao Y, Paganini-Hill A, Sumbria RK, Cribbs DH, Fisher M. Chronic kidney disease promotes cerebral microhemorrhage formation. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:51. [PMID: 36841828 PMCID: PMC9960195 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02703-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasingly recognized as a stroke risk factor, but its exact relationship with cerebrovascular disease is not well-understood. We investigated the development of cerebral small vessel disease using in vivo and in vitro models of CKD. METHODS CKD was produced in aged C57BL/6J mice using an adenine-induced tubulointerstitial nephritis model. We analyzed brain histology using Prussian blue staining to examine formation of cerebral microhemorrhage (CMH), the hemorrhagic component of small vessel disease and the neuropathological substrate of MRI-demonstrable cerebral microbleeds. In cell culture studies, we examined effects of serum from healthy or CKD patients and gut-derived uremic toxins on brain microvascular endothelial barrier. RESULTS CKD was induced in aged C57BL/6J mice with significant increases in both serum creatinine and cystatin C levels (p < 0.0001) without elevation of systolic or diastolic blood pressure. CMH was significantly increased and positively correlated with serum creatinine level (Spearman r = 0.37, p < 0.01). Moreover, CKD significantly increased Iba-1-positive immunoreactivity by 51% (p < 0.001), induced a phenotypic switch from resting to activated microglia, and enhanced fibrinogen extravasation across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by 34% (p < 0.05). On analysis stratified by sex, the increase in CMH number was more pronounced in male mice and this correlated with greater creatinine elevation in male compared with female mice. Microglial depletion with PLX3397 diet significantly decreased CMH formation in CKD mice without affecting serum creatinine levels. Incubation of CKD serum significantly reduced transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) (p < 0.01) and increased sodium fluorescein permeability (p < 0.05) across the endothelial monolayer. Uremic toxins (i.e., indoxyl sulfate, p-cresyl sulfate, and trimethylamine-N-oxide) in combination with urea and lipopolysaccharide induced a marked drop in TEER compared with the control group (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS CKD promotes the development of CMH in aged mice independent of blood pressure but directly proportional to the degree of renal impairment. These effects of CKD are likely mediated in part by microglia and are associated with BBB impairment. The latter is likely related to gut-derived bacteria-dependent toxins classically associated with CKD. Overall, these findings demonstrate an important role of CKD in the development of cerebral small vessel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuo Fang
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Wei Ling Lau
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jiahong Sun
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Rudy Chang
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Adrian Vallejo
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Donghy Lee
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jihua Liu
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Han Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Yu-Han Hung
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Yitong Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Rachita K Sumbria
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - David H Cribbs
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Mark Fisher
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, UC Irvine Medical Center, 101 The City Drive South, Shanbrom Hall (Building 55), Room 121, Orange, CA, 92868, USA.
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Xiao CY, Ma YH, Ou YN, Zhao B, Hu HY, Wang ZT, Tan L. Association between Kidney Function and the Burden of Cerebral Small Vessel Disease: An Updated Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. Cerebrovasc Dis 2023; 52:376-386. [PMID: 36599326 DOI: 10.1159/000527069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Due to anatomical and functional similarities in microvascular beds, the brain and kidney share distinctive susceptibilities to vascular injury and common risk factors of small vessel disease. The aim of this updated meta-analysis is to explore the association between kidney function and the burden of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD). METHODS PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library were systematically searched for observational studies that explored the association between the indicators of kidney function and CSVD neuroimaging markers. The highest-adjusted risk estimates and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were aggregated using random-effect models. RESULTS Twelve longitudinal studies and 51 cross-sectional studies with 57,030 subjects met the inclusion criteria of systematic review, of which 52 were included in quantitative synthesis. According to the pooled results, we found that low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2) was associated with cerebral microbleeds (odds ratio (OR) = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.26-1.90), white matter hyperintensities (OR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.05-1.86), and lacunar infarctions (OR = 1.50, 95% CI = 1.18-1.92), but not with severe perivascular spaces (OR = 1.20, 95% CI = 0.77-1.88). Likewise, patients with proteinuria (OR = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.47-2.09) or elevated serum cystatin C (OR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.25-1.83) also had an increased risk of CSVD. CONCLUSION The association between kidney function and CSVD has been comprehensively updated through this study, that kidney insufficiency manifested as low eGFR, proteinuria, and elevated serum cystatin C was independently associated with CSVD burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Yun Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ya-Hui Ma
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ya-Nan Ou
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Bing Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - He-Ying Hu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zuo-Teng Wang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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12
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Oh ES, Freeberg KA, Steele CN, Wang W, Farmer‐Bailey H, Coppock ME, Seals DR, Chonchol M, Rossman MJ, Craighead DH, Nowak KL. Cerebrovascular pulsatility index is higher in chronic kidney disease. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15561. [PMID: 36636757 PMCID: PMC9837424 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are more likely to die of cardiovascular diseases, including cerebrovascular disease, than to progress to end-stage kidney disease. Cerebrovascular dysfunction, characterized by reduced cerebrovascular reactivity, cerebral hypoperfusion, and increased pulsatile flow within the brain, precedes the onset of dementia and is linked to cognitive dysfunction. However, whether impaired cerebrovascular function is present in non-dialysis dependent CKD is largely unknown. Using transcranial Doppler, we compared middle cerebral artery (MCA) blood velocity response to hypercapnia (normalized for blood pressure and end-tidal CO2 ; a measure of cerebrovascular reactivity) and MCA pulsatility index (PI; a measure of cerebrovascular stiffness) in patients with stage 3-4 CKD vs. age-matched healthy controls. We also administered the NIH cognitive toolbox (cognitive function), measured carotid-femoral pulse-wave velocity (PWV; aortic stiffness), and assessed ex vivo nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production from human brain endothelial cells incubated with serum obtained from study participants. MCA PI was higher in patients with CKD vs. controls; however, normalized MCA blood velocity response to hypercapnia did not differ between groups. Similar results were observed in a validation cohort of midlife and older adults divided by the median estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). MCA PI was associated with greater large-elastic artery stiffness (carotid-femoral PWV), worse executive function (trails B time), lower eGFR, and higher ex vivo ROS production. These data suggest that impaired kidney function is associated with greater cerebrovascular stiffness, which may contribute to the known increased risk for cognitive impairment in patients with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester S. Oh
- Division of Renal Diseases and HypertensionUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Kaitlin A. Freeberg
- Department of Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderColoradoUSA
| | - Cortney N. Steele
- Division of Renal Diseases and HypertensionUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Wei Wang
- Division of Renal Diseases and HypertensionUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Heather Farmer‐Bailey
- Division of Renal Diseases and HypertensionUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - McKinley E. Coppock
- Department of Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderColoradoUSA
| | - Douglas R. Seals
- Department of Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderColoradoUSA
| | - Michel Chonchol
- Division of Renal Diseases and HypertensionUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Matthew J. Rossman
- Department of Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderColoradoUSA
| | - Daniel H. Craighead
- Department of Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderColoradoUSA
| | - Kristen L. Nowak
- Division of Renal Diseases and HypertensionUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUSA
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13
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Igwe EO, Ding P, Charlton KE, Nealon J, Traynor V. Association between Malnutrition and Delirium in Older Chronic Kidney Disease Patients Admitted to Intensive Care Units: A Data Linkage Study. J Nutr Health Aging 2023; 27:571-577. [PMID: 37498104 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-023-1938-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Independently, malnutrition and delirium in older hospitalised adults is prevalent. However, there is limited evidence on the association between these two conditions in older hospitalised adults with chronic kidney disease (CKD). OBJECTIVES To determine the association between malnutrition and delirium in older CKD patients admitted to intensive care units (ICU). METHODS This data linkage study utilised administrative data from New South Wales (NSW) hospitals in Australia between 2017 and 2020.Admitted patient data was linked with Cause of Death Unit Record File, and NSW Registry of Deaths (RBD). The study population comprised all CKD patients aged 65 and over admitted to ICUs. Descriptive statistics were used to summarise patient characteristics. Binary logistic tested for association between malnutrition and delirium. RESULTS The study population included 748 CKD patients with a total 948 admissions in the study period. The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) was used to code for all outcomes and comorbidities. The incidence of delirium was 15.5% (n=141) and malnutrition was recorded in 11.3% (n=103) across all admissions. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) of a delirium diagnosis was 2.07 (95% CI: 1.27-3.39) for CKD patients that were malnourished compared to non-malnourished CKD patients. CONCLUSIONS This study showed a significant association between delirium and malnutrition in older CKD patients admitted to ICU. Management of malnutrition could be critical in reducing the risk of delirium in older hospitalized patients with CKD. Additionally, more education and awareness around delirium and its association with malnutrition are needed in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- E O Igwe
- Ezinne O. Igwe, School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia, Telephone number: +61 24 239 2035, E-mail address:
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14
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Huang CY, Lee JI, Chang CW, Liu YH, Huang SP, Chen SC, Geng JH. Chronic kidney disease and its association with cataracts-A cross-sectional and longitudinal study. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1029962. [PMID: 36568781 PMCID: PMC9771793 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1029962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction We aim to explore the association between chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cataracts. Methods A total of 121,380 participants with adequate information collected from 29 community-based recruitment centers since 2008 were analyzed. The association between CKD and self-reported diagnosed cataracts was examined in a cross-sectional cohort and was validated in a longitudinal cohort of 25,263 participants without cataracts at baseline. Results and discussion Of all participants, cataracts occurred in 503/1,947 (26%) and 10,464/119,433 (9%) subjects in the CKD and non-CKD groups, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression showed that CKD was significantly associated with a higher prevalence of self-reported diagnosed cataracts. In the validation cohort, a higher incidence of cataracts was also noted in the CKD group (65/317, 21%) compared to the non-CKD group (1,964/24,252, 8%) during a mean 47-month follow-up. After adjusting for confounders, subjects with CKD had a 1.498-fold higher risk of incident cataracts than those without CKD (95% confidence interval = 1.114 to 2.013, p value = 0.007). We found that CKD was associated with a higher prevalence of cataracts as well as incident cataracts, which suggests CKD patients and their primary physicians should be aware of this disease and can provide a clue for further exploration of the possible mechanisms and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yen Huang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jia-In Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wen Chang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Hua Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Pin Huang
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Chia Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan,Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan,Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan,Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Hung Geng
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan,Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan,Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan,*Correspondence: Jiun-Hung Geng
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15
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Yeung L, Wu IW, Liu CF, Lin YT, Lee CC, Sun CC. Accelerated Peripapillary Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Degeneration in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: A 2-Year Longitudinal Study. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2022; 11:10. [PMID: 36515965 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.11.12.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the longitudinal changes in the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Methods In this prospective cohort study, the CKD group consisted of patients with CKD stage ≥ 3. Age-matched healthy controls were enrolled at a 1:4 ratio. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography was used to measure the pRNFL at baseline, 1 year, and 2 years. Within-group longitudinal changes and between-group comparisons were performed using linear mixed models. Results Overall, 152 patients with CKD and 40 controls were included (mean ages, 62.8 ± 9.1 years vs. 63.0 ± 9.3 years; P = 0.931). The CKD group showed faster loss of pRNFL than the control group (-0.87 µm/y vs. -0.26 µm/y; P = 0.004). Subgroup analysis found that the rate of pRNFL change was -0.41 µm/y in stage 3a CKD, -0.74 µm/y in stage 3b, -0.98 µm/y in stage 4/5, and -1.38 µm/y in end-stage renal disease. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that CKD stage (coefficient = -0.549; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.966 to -0.131; P = 0.010), hypertension (coefficient = -1.557; 95% CI -3.013 to -0.101; P = 0.036), and rim area (coefficient = -1.505; 95% CI, -2.940 to -0.070; P = 0.040) were factors associated with the pRNFL change over 2 years. Conclusions Patients with CKD experienced faster pRNFL loss than healthy controls did. Severity of CKD, hypertension, and rim area were independent factors associated with the loss of pRNFL. Translational Relevance This study contributes to our understanding of retinal neurodegeneration in normal aging and in patients with chronic kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yeung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Retina Center, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - I-Wen Wu
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Nephrology, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan.,Community Medicine Research Center, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Fu Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tze Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chan Lee
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Nephrology, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chin Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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16
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Li P, Ma S, Ma X, Ding D, Zhu X, Zhang H, Liu J, Mu J, Zhang M. Reversal of neurovascular decoupling and cognitive impairment in patients with end-stage renal disease during a hemodialysis session: Evidence from a comprehensive fMRI analysis. Hum Brain Mapp 2022; 44:989-1001. [PMID: 36269166 PMCID: PMC9875915 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurovascular (NV) decoupling is a potential neuropathologic mechanism of cognitive impairment in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Hemodialysis improves cognitive impairment at 24 h post-dialysis, which suggests a potential neuroprotective effect of hemodialysis treatment on the brain. We investigated the effects of hemodialysis treatment on the reversal of NV decoupling associated with cognitive improvement. A total of 39 patients with ESRD and 39 healthy controls were enrolled. All patients were imaged twice during a dialysis session: before hemodialysis (T1pre-dialysis ) and at 24 h after dialysis (T2post-dialysis ). The healthy controls were imaged once. NV coupling was characterized based on correlation coefficients between four types of blood oxygen level-dependent signals and cerebral blood flow (CBF). A battery of neuropsychological and blood tests was performed before the imaging. Patients with ESRD showed improvements in memory and executive function at T2post-dialysis compared with that at T1pre-dialysis . At both T1pre-dialysis and T2post-dialysis , patients with ESRD had lower amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF)-CBF coupling than healthy controls. Additionally, patients with ESRD had higher ALFF-CBF coupling at T2post-dialysis than at T1pre-dialysis . Higher memory scores, higher hemoglobin level, lower total plasma homocysteine level, lower systolic blood pressure variance, and lower ultrafiltration volume were associated with higher ALFF-CBF coupling in patients with ESRD after a hemodialysis session. These findings indicate that partial correction of anemia and hyperhomocysteinemia, stable systolic blood pressure, and fluid restriction may be closely linked to the reversal of NV decoupling and improvement in cognition in patients with ESRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Department of Medical ImagingFirst Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina,Department of Medical ImagingNuclear Industry 215 Hospital of Shaanxi ProvinceXianyangShaanxiChina
| | - Shaohui Ma
- Department of Medical ImagingFirst Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
| | - Xueying Ma
- Department of Medical ImagingThe Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityHohhotInner MongoliaChina
| | - Dun Ding
- Department of Medical ImagingSecond Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
| | - Xinyi Zhu
- Department of Medical ImagingFirst Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
| | - Huawen Zhang
- Department of Medical ImagingNuclear Industry 215 Hospital of Shaanxi ProvinceXianyangShaanxiChina
| | - Jixin Liu
- Center for Brain ImagingSchool of Life Science and Technology, Xidian UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Junya Mu
- Department of Medical ImagingFirst Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Medical ImagingFirst Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
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17
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Abbas K, Lu Y, Bavishi S, Mishra N, TomThundyil S, Sawant SA, Shahjouei S, Abedi V, Zand R. A Simple Review of Small Vessel Disease Manifestation in the Brain, Retina, and Kidneys. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11195546. [PMID: 36233417 PMCID: PMC9573636 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11195546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Small blood vessels express specific phenotypical and functional characteristics throughout the body. Alterations in the microcirculation contribute to many correlated physiological and pathological events in related organs. Factors such as comorbidities and genetics contribute to the complexity of this topic. Small vessel disease primarily affects end organs that receive significant cardiac output, such as the brain, kidney, and retina. Despite the differences in location, concurrent changes are seen in the micro-vasculature of the brain, retina, and kidneys under pathological conditions due to their common histological, functional, and embryological characteristics. While the cardiovascular basis of pathology in association with the brain, retina, or kidneys has been well documented, this is a simple review that uniquely considers the relationship between all three organs and highlights the prevalence of coexisting end organ injuries in an attempt to elucidate connections between the brain, retina, and kidneys, which has the potential to transform diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinza Abbas
- School of Medicine, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, PA 18510, USA
| | - Yezhong Lu
- School of Medicine, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, PA 18510, USA
| | - Shreya Bavishi
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Nandini Mishra
- School of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Saumya TomThundyil
- School of Medicine, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA
| | - Shreeya Atul Sawant
- School of Medicine, Midwestern University Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Shima Shahjouei
- Department of Neurology, Geisinger Neuroscience Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA 17822, USA
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Vida Abedi
- Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Ramin Zand
- Department of Neurology, Geisinger Neuroscience Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA 17822, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-800-275-6401
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18
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Miwa K, Toyoda K. Covert vascular brain injury in chronic kidney disease. Front Neurol 2022; 13:824503. [PMID: 35959397 PMCID: PMC9358355 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.824503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) contributes to the increased risk of stroke and dementia. Accumulating evidence indicates that structural brain abnormalities, such as cerebral small vessel disease, including white matter hyperintensities, lacunes, perivascular spaces, and cerebral microbleeds, as well as brain atrophy, are common in patients with CKD. All of these imaging findings have been implicated in the development of stroke and dementia. The brain and kidney exhibit similar impairments and promote structural brain abnormalities due to shared vascular risk factors and similar anatomical and physiological susceptibility to vascular injury in patients with CKD. This indicates that kidney function has a significant effect on brain aging. However, as most results are derived from cross-sectional observational studies, the exact pathophysiology of structural brain abnormalities in CKD remains unclear. The early detection of structural brain abnormalities in CKD in the asymptomatic or subclinical phase (covert) should enable stroke risk prediction and guide clinicians on more targeted interventions to prevent stroke in patients with CKD. This article summarizes the currently available clinical evidence linking covert vascular brain injuries with CKD.
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19
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Rroji M, Figurek A, Viggiano D, Capasso G, Spasovski G. Phosphate in the Context of Cognitive Impairment and Other Neurological Disorders Occurrence in Chronic Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137362. [PMID: 35806367 PMCID: PMC9266940 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The nervous system and the kidneys are linked under physiological states to maintain normal body homeostasis. In chronic kidney disease (CKD), damaged kidneys can impair the central nervous system, including cerebrovascular disease and cognitive impairment (CI). Recently, kidney disease has been proposed as a new modifiable risk factor for dementia. It is reported that uremic toxins may have direct neurotoxic (astrocyte activation and neuronal death) and/or indirect action through vascular effects (cerebral endothelial dysfunction, calcification, and inflammation). This review summarizes the evidence from research investigating the pathophysiological effects of phosphate toxicity in the nervous system, raising the question of whether the control of hyperphosphatemia in CKD would lower patients’ risk of developing cognitive impairment and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merita Rroji
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine Tirana, 1001 Tirana, Albania
- Correspondence:
| | - Andreja Figurek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Banja Luka, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Davide Viggiano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (D.V.); (G.C.)
- BioGeM, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 83031 Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | - Giovambattista Capasso
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (D.V.); (G.C.)
- BioGeM, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 83031 Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | - Goce Spasovski
- University Clinic for Nephrology, Medical Faculty, University St. Cyril and Methodius, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia;
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20
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Wang J, Zhang J, Ye Y, Xu Q, Li Y, Feng S, Xiong X, Jian Z, Gu L. Peripheral Organ Injury After Stroke. Front Immunol 2022; 13:901209. [PMID: 35720359 PMCID: PMC9200619 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.901209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a disease with high incidence, mortality and disability rates. It is also the main cause of adult disability in developed countries. Stroke is often caused by small emboli on the inner wall of the blood vessels supplying the brain, which can lead to arterial embolism, and can also be caused by cerebrovascular or thrombotic bleeding. With the exception of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA), which is a thrombolytic drug used to recanalize the occluded artery, most treatments have been demonstrated to be ineffective. Stroke can also induce peripheral organ damage. Most stroke patients have different degrees of injury to one or more organs, including the lung, heart, kidney, spleen, gastrointestinal tract and so on. In the acute phase of stroke, severe inflammation occurs in the brain, but there is strong immunosuppression in the peripheral organs, which greatly increases the risk of peripheral organ infection and aggravates organ damage. Nonneurological complications of stroke can affect treatment and prognosis, may cause serious short-term and long-term consequences and are associated with prolonged hospitalization and increased mortality. Many of these complications are preventable, and their adverse effects can be effectively mitigated by early detection and appropriate treatment with various medical measures. This article reviews the pathophysiological mechanism, clinical manifestations and treatment of peripheral organ injury after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Anesthesia, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiehua Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingze Ye
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Anesthesia, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingxue Xu
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Anesthesia, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yina Li
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Anesthesia, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shi Feng
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihong Jian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lijuan Gu
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Anesthesia, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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21
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Kosaki K, Tarumi T, Mori S, Matsui M, Sugawara J, Sugaya T, Kuro-O M, Saito C, Yamagata K, Oka K, Maeda S. Cerebral and renal hemodynamics: similarities, differences, and associations with chronic kidney disease and aortic hemodynamics. Hypertens Res 2022; 45:1363-1372. [PMID: 35665784 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-022-00944-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Elevated arterial pulsatility is a common risk factor for cerebrovascular disease and chronic kidney disease (CKD), which suggests that the brain and kidneys may have similar hemodynamic profiles. The objectives of this study were twofold: 1) to compare and contrast the cerebral and renal blood flow parameters in adults without CKD (hereafter, non-CKD adults) and CKD patients and 2) to determine the common predictor(s) of cerebral and renal hemodynamics among pressure pulsatility and several cardiovascular risk factors. In 110 non-CKD adults and 66 CKD patients, cerebral and renal blood flow velocity (BFV) were measured by transcranial Doppler and Duplex ultrasonography, respectively. Pulsatile hemodynamics were assessed by the pulsatility (PI) and resistive (RI) indices. Aortic pulse pressure was measured by tonometry. Compared with non-CKD adults, CKD patients showed greater pulsatility of the BFV (i.e., systolic minus diastolic BFV), PI, and RI in the kidneys but not the brain. However, the cerebral and renal PI and RI values were strongly correlated in both non-CKD adults (both PI and RI values: rs = 0.695) and CKD patients (both PI and RI values: rs = 0.640) (all P < 0.001). Multiple linear regression analysis further demonstrated that the cerebral and renal PI and RI associations remained significant after adjustment for potential covariates (e.g., age, sex, the presence of CKD). The aortic pulse pressure was a significant predictor for both cerebral and renal PI and RI values. Collectively, our findings suggest that CKD patients have higher renal flow pulsatility, which is strongly and independently associated with cerebral flow pulsatility and aortic hemodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisei Kosaki
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takashi Tarumi
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shoya Mori
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Matsui
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Sugawara
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sugaya
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Makoto Kuro-O
- Division of Anti-aging Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Chie Saito
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Yamagata
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,R&D Center for Smart Wellness City Policies, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Koichiro Oka
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Seiji Maeda
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. .,Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan.
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22
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Araújo NC, Suassuna JHR, Fernandes RDCL. Transcranial sonography depicts a larger substantia nigra echogenic area in renal transplant patients on calcineurin inhibitors than on rapamycin. BMC Nephrol 2022; 23:108. [PMID: 35300603 PMCID: PMC8931960 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-022-02741-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND After kidney transplantation neurologic manifestations may develop, including Parkinson's disease (PD). An enlarged substantia nigra (SN) by transcranial sonography has been recognized as a marker of PD. METHODS In renal transplant recipients (RTRs = 95) and controls (n = 20), measurement of mesencephalon, SN, third ventricle, spleen and carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) and middle cerebral artery (MCA), kidney and spleen arteries Doppler resistive index (RI) were performed. RESULTS RTRs had larger SN, third ventricle and cIMT and higher renal RI than controls. The SN was larger in the CNIs group than in controls and rapamycin group, while the third ventricle was similar between patients but larger than in controls. In RTRs, SN showed a direct linear correlation with spleen and the third ventricle with age, cIMT and RI of the MCA, kidney and spleen. In CNIs group the SN correlated positively with age and cIMT, while the third ventricle reproduced RTRs correlations. Rapamycin group showed a direct linear relationship between the third ventricle and age and RI of the MCA, kidney and spleen; SN showed no correlations. CONCLUSION RTRs on CNIs present a larger SN area than on rapamycin, probably due to the antiproliferative effect of rapamycin. This finding might be relevant when interpreting TCS in RTRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nordeval Cavalcante Araújo
- Division of Nephrology, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Boulevard 28 de Setembro, 77 - Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, 20551-030, Brazil.
| | - José Hermógenes Rocco Suassuna
- Division of Nephrology, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Boulevard 28 de Setembro, 77 - Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, 20551-030, Brazil
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23
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Umeno T, Yamashita A, Mizota T, Uramatsu T, Matsuo T. Predictive Value of Total Small-Vessel Disease Score for Recurrent Stroke in Patients Undergoing MaintenanceHemodialysis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2022; 31:106400. [PMID: 35219971 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2022.106400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We sought to examine the validity of the total small-vessel disease (SVD) score in patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis by investigating its predictive value for recurrent stroke. METHODS We identified 159 patients who showed acute ischemic stroke while receiving maintenance hemodialysis at our institute between January 1, 2008, and December 31, 2020; retrospectively calculated the total SVD score for each patient; and extracted data on demographic factors and comorbidities that could potentially affect recurrent stroke. Death was thought to be a potential competing risk for recurrent stroke because the perceived risk of death was considerably higher than the risk of recurrent stroke in these patients. Thus, we investigated the association between the total SVD score and recurrent stroke by analyzing the competing risk of non-stroke death. RESULTS The median (interquartile range) age was 72 (62-80) years. A total of 38 (23.9%) recurrent strokes occurred, and 69 (43.4%) patients died during the 505 patient-year follow-up study. The estimated cumulative incidence of recurrent stroke at five years was 13.3%, 13.4%, 24.1%, 50%, and 60% for scores of 0 to 4, respectively, and the hazard ratio (HR), adjusted for variables that had been reported to be risk factors of stroke in dialysis patients, per unit increase in the score was 1.72 (95% CI, 1.34-2.21; p<0.001). CONCLUSION A higher total SVD score was associated with an increased risk of recurrent stroke in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Umeno
- Department of Neurosurgery, Japan Community Health care Organization Isahaya general hospital; Department of Neurosurgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences.
| | - Aya Yamashita
- Department of Neurology, Japan Community Health care Organization Isahaya General Hospital
| | - Takamitsu Mizota
- Department of Neurology, Japan Community Health care Organization Isahaya General Hospital
| | - Tadashi Uramatsu
- Department of Nephrology, Japan Community Health care Organization Isahaya General Hospital
| | - Takayuki Matsuo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
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24
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Kolland M, Hofer E, Pirpamer L, Eibl D, Enzinger C, Rosenkranz AR, Schmidt R. Kidney function, brain morphology and cognition in the elderly: sex differences in the Austrian Stroke Prevention Study. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:240-252. [PMID: 35025758 PMCID: PMC8791200 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Impaired kidney function is associated with structural brain changes and cognitive dysfunction. In the aging kidney, hemodynamic and structural alterations reduce the glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Little is known about differences between men and women regarding decline of kidney function and brain damage. In this community-based study, we assessed associations between the eGFR, focal and diffuse brain abnormalities and cognitive functions. Sex-specific effects were analyzed by interaction terms eGFR x sex on brain structure and cognition. Interactive effects were assessed using mixed-models –stratified by sex. Overall, 196 women and 129 men (median age 68 years and mean eGFR 73.8±14.9 ml/min/1.73m2) were included. Significant associations existed between eGFR and cortical volume (β: 1.53E-04; SE: 6.72E-05; p=0.023 for neocortex). Sex exerted a significant interactive effect. Only in men, eGFR related to cortical volumes of all lobes and of deep gray matter structures (p= 0.001 for total gray matter, p=0.0004 for neocortex). In the whole group eGFR was not associated with cognition, but men with lower eGFR performed worse on tests for executive function, which, after FDR correction, was not significant. We conclude, that in community-dwelling middle-aged and elderly individuals, reduced eGFR relates to brain volume loss in men but not in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kolland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Styria, Austria
| | - Edith Hofer
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Styria, Austria.,Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Styria, Austria
| | - Lukas Pirpamer
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Styria, Austria
| | - Daniela Eibl
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Styria, Austria
| | - Christian Enzinger
- Department of Neurology, Division of General Neurology, Medical University Graz, Graz 8036, Styria, Austria.,Division of Neuroradiology, Interventional and Vascular Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Styria, Austria
| | - Alexander R Rosenkranz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Styria, Austria
| | - Reinhold Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Styria, Austria
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25
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Li Z, Li Z, Zhou Q, Gu H, Wang Y, Zhao X. Effects of estimated glomerular filtration rate on clinical outcomes in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. BMC Neurol 2022; 22:19. [PMID: 35012476 PMCID: PMC8744334 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-022-02551-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The influence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) on the severity and prognosis of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has been scarcely investigated. We aimed to explore the association of admission estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) levels with hemorrhagic stroke severity and outcomes in ICH patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS The patients enrolled in this study were from the China Stroke Center Alliance study (CSCA). Patients were divided into four groups according to differences in eGFR at admission (≥90; 60-89; 45-59; < 45). Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to determine the association of the eGFR at admission with hemorrhagic stroke severity, in-hospital complications, discharge disposition, and in-hospital mortality after ICH. RESULTS A total of 85,167 patients with acute ICH were included in the analysis. Among them, 9493 (11.1%) had a baseline eGFR<60 ml/min/1.73 m2. A low eGFR was associated with an increased risk of in-hospital mortality [eGFR 60-89 ml/min/1.73 m2, odds ratio (OR) 1.36 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.21-1.53); eGFR 45-59, 2.35 (1.97-2.82); eGFR<45, 4.18 (3.7-4.72); P for trend < 0.0001], non-routine discharge [eGFR 60-89, 1.11 (1.03-1.2); eGFR 45-59, 1.16 (1-1.35); eGFR<45, 1.37 (1.23-1.53); P for trend < 0.0001], hemorrhagic stroke severity [eGFR 60-89, 1 (0.95-1.05); eGFR 45-59, 1.39 (1.26-1.53); eGFR<45, 1.81 (1.67-1.96); P for trend < 0.0001], in-hospital complications of pneumonia [eGFR 60-89, 1.1 (1.05-1.14); eGFR 45-59, 1.3 (1.2-1.4); eGFR<45, 1.66 (1.57-1.76); P for trend < 0.0001] and hydrocephalus [eGFR 60-89, 0.99 (0.87-1.12); eGFR 45-59, 1.37 (1.1-1.7); eGFR<45, 1.54 (1.32-1.8); P for trend = 0.0139] after adjusting for confounding factors. With the decline in eGFR, the risk of hematoma evacuation increased in patients with an eGFR 45 to 59 ml/min/1.73 m2 (OR 1.48; 95% CI 1.37-1.61). No significant association between differences in eGFR at baseline and in-hospital complication of recurrent intracerebral hemorrhage was observed. CONCLUSIONS Low eGFR at baseline was associated with an increased risk of in-hospital mortality, non-routine discharge, hemorrhagic stroke severity and in-hospital complications such as pneumonia, hydrocephalus and hematoma evacuation in acute ICH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxia Li
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
- Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Artificial Intelligence in Cerebrovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zixiao Li
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
- Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Artificial Intelligence in Cerebrovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
- Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Hongqiu Gu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
- Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
- Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Artificial Intelligence in Cerebrovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xingquan Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.
- Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China.
- Research Unit of Artificial Intelligence in Cerebrovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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26
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Liu X, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Ding Y, Shan W, Huang Y, Wang L, Guo X. Kernelized k-Local Hyperplane Distance Nearest-Neighbor Model for Predicting Cerebrovascular Disease in Patients With End-Stage Renal Disease. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:773208. [PMID: 34759797 PMCID: PMC8573245 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.773208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Detecting and treating cerebrovascular diseases are essential for the survival of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Machine learning algorithms can be used to effectively predict stroke risk in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). An imbalance in the amount of collected data associated with different risk levels can influence the classification task. Therefore, we propose the use of a kernelized k-local hyperplane nearest-neighbor model (KHKNN) for the effective prediction of stroke risk in patients with ESRD. We compared our proposed method with other conventional machine learning methods, which revealed that our method could effectively perform the task of classifying stroke risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiran Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Yijie Ding
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Quzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Quzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Shan
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yiqing Huang
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiaoyi Guo
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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27
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Zaki HM, Sliem HA, Ibrahim HR, Yassine IA. Silent neurological lesions detected by magnetic resonance imaging: Relationship to hyperparathyroidism among end-stage renal disease young patients on haemodialysis. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e14569. [PMID: 34165847 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND End-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients on haemodialysis (HD) suffer from several peripheral and central neurological complications. They are at high risk for developing silent neurological lesions (SNL) that may be detected accidentally by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Many factors are implicated in the development of neurological deficits in ESRD patients on HD. AIM OF THE WORK Evaluation of SNL in young ESRD patients by using MRI and assessing its correlation with hyperparathyroidism. METHODS The study involved 48 young ESRD patients (mean age of 19.6 ± 6 years) with HD and do not have any apparent abnormalities in the neurological examination. Laboratory investigations and conventional brain MRI were done on all. RESULTS 79.2% have SBI and 45.8% have white matter lesions. Regression analysis revealed that calcium level and duration of dialysis were independent predictor factors for the presence of silent brain MRI lesions (P = .034 & 0.045 respectively). ROC curve showed that parathyroid hormone (PTH) level >585 pg/mL, duration of dialysis >2 years, and calcium level >7.5 mg/dL predicted the presence of SNL. CONCLUSION The duration of HD and hyperparathyroidism (HPT) were independent predictors for the presence of SNL. MRI brain is considered as a mandatory affordable tool for HD patients >2 years and has HPT for early detection of SNL to help early intervention and avoid neurological complications and disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba M Zaki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Hamdy A Sliem
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Heba R Ibrahim
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Imane A Yassine
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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28
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Neuropathy - Exponent of Accelerated Involution in Uremia: The Role of Carbamylation. SERBIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/sjecr-2021-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Premature loss of functional integrity of the nervous system in chronic renal failure (CRF) as a consequence of persistent biological activities of the general uremic milieu is almost identical to its structural and functional involution during the process of physiological ageing, but disproportionate and independent of chronological age. In the hyperuremic status of CRF (urea - carbamide), forced carbamylation, as a non-enzymatic post-translational modification (NEPTM) of proteins and amino acids, by changing their biological properties and decreasing proteolysis capacity, represents pathogenetic potential of intensified molecular ageing and accelerated, pathological involution. Physiological predisposition and the exposure of neuropathy before complications of other organs and organ systems in CRF, due to the simultaneous and mutually pathogenetically related uremic lesion and the tissue and vascular segment of the nervous system, direct interest towards proteomic analytical techniques of quantification of carbamylated products as biomarkers of uremic neurotoxicity. Hypothetically, identical to the already established applications of other NEPTM products in practice, they have the potential of clinical methodology in the evaluation of uremic neuropathy and its contribution to the general prediction, but also to the change of the conventional CRF classification. In addition, the identification and therapeutic control of the substrate of accelerated involution, responsible for the amplification of not only neurological but also general degenerative processes in CRF, is attractive in the context of the well-known attitude towards aging.
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29
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Lau WL, Fisher M, Fletcher E, DeCarli C, Troutt H, Corrada MM, Kawas C, Paganini-Hill A. Kidney Function Is Not Related to Brain Amyloid Burden on PET Imaging in The 90+ Study Cohort. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:671945. [PMID: 34616751 PMCID: PMC8488112 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.671945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive decline is common in chronic kidney disease (CKD). While the evidence of vascular cognitive impairment in this population is robust, the role of Alzheimer's pathology is unknown. We evaluated serum cystatin C-estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), brain amyloid-β positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, and cognitive function in 166 participants from The 90+ Study. Mean age was 93 years (range 90-107) and 101 (61%) were women; 107 participants had normal cognitive status while 59 participants had cognitive impairment no dementia (CIND) or dementia. Mean ± standard deviation cystatin C was 1.59 ± 0.54 mg/L with eGFR 40.7 ± 18.7 ml/min/1.73m2. Higher amyloid-β burden was associated with dementia, but not with age, diabetes, hypertension, or cardiovascular disease. We found no association between brain amyloid-β burden and cystatin C eGFR. We previously reported that kidney function was associated with cognition and cerebral microbleeds in the same cohort of oldest-old adults (90+ years old). Collectively, these findings suggest that microvascular rather than Alzheimer's pathology drives CKD-associated cognitive dysfunction in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ling Lau
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, CA, United States
| | - Mark Fisher
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Evan Fletcher
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Charles DeCarli
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Hayden Troutt
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, CA, United States
| | - María M. Corrada
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Claudia Kawas
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Annlia Paganini-Hill
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
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30
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Ghoshal S, El Husseini N. Accelerated Mineralization as a Mimic of Hemorrhagic Conversion. Neurol Clin Pract 2021; 11:e33-e34. [PMID: 33968489 DOI: 10.1212/cpj.0000000000000764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Ghoshal
- Department of Neurology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Nada El Husseini
- Department of Neurology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
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31
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Kaur H, Thakur JS, Paika R, Advani SM. Impact of Underlying Comorbidities on Mortality in SARS-COV-2 Infected Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2021; 22:1333-1349. [PMID: 34048161 PMCID: PMC8408376 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2021.22.5.1333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The evidence has shown that SARS CoV-2 infected patients with comorbidities are more likely to have severe disease sequel and mortality. In SARS-CoV-2 infected cancer patients risks associated with other underlying comorbidities might vary from those in non-cancer SARS CoV-2 infected patients. The relative impact of different underlying health conditions among patients with cancer and SARS CoV-2 infection remains yet to be explored. This systematic review aims to explore the prevalence of comorbidities among cancer patients with SARS CoV-2 infection and their impact on mortality. METHODS Online databases PubMed, Embase, Scopus and Web of science were searched for articles published between 9th July 2019 to July 8th 2020.Studies of cancer patients (>18 years) with diagnosis of SARS CoV-2 infection, published in English were included. A random-effects modelling for the meta-analyses was applied to assess the pooled prevalence and odds ratio for mortality due to comorbidities in SARS CoV-2 infected cancer patients. RESULTS Total 31studies with 4086 SARS-CoV-2 infectedcancer patientsmet the inclusion criteria. Most prevalent co-morbidities in cancer patients with SARS CoV-2 infection were hypertension [42.3% (95%CI:37.5- 47.0)], diabetes [17.8% (95% CI: 15.3-20.4)] and cardiovascular diseases [16.7% (95%CI:12.9-20.4)].The risk of mortality (pOR) was significantly higher in individuals with hypertension[1.6(95%CI 1.24-2.00)], cardiovascular diseases [2.2 (95%CI 1.49- 3.27)], chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases [1.4(95% CI 1.05-2.00)] and diabetes [1.35(95%CI 1.06-1.73)]. CONCLUSION Our results indicates that the mortality in SARS-CoV-2 infected cancer patients is affected by preexisting non-cancer comorbidities. By identifying the comorbidities predictive for mortality, clinicians can better stratify the risk of cancer patients presenting with SARS-COV-2, on their initial contact with health services. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmanjeet Kaur
- Department of Community Medicine & School of Public Health, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India.
| | - JS Thakur
- Department of Community Medicine & School of Public Health, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Ronika Paika
- Department of Community Medicine & School of Public Health, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Shailesh M Advani
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA.
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32
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Lau WL. Controversies: Stroke Prevention in Chronic Kidney Disease. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2021; 30:105679. [PMID: 33640261 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.105679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Risk of both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke is increased in the chronic kidney disease (CKD) population, particularly in end-stage kidney disease patients. Uremic factors that contribute to stroke risk include blood pressure variability, vascular calcification, build-up of vascular toxins, chronic inflammation, platelet dysfunction and increased brain microbleeds. This paper discusses the controversial evidence for stroke prevention strategies including blood pressure control, statins, antiplatelet agents, and anticoagulation in the CKD population. Only a few randomized clinical trials included patients with advanced CKD, thus evidence is derived mostly from observational cohorts and real-world data. Overall, targeting a lower systolic blood pressure below 120 mmHg and statin prescription do not appear to decrease stroke risk in CKD. Antiplatelet agents have not shown a clear benefit for secondary stroke prevention, but aspirin may reduce incident stroke in hypertensive CKD stage 3B-5 patients. Observational data suggests that the factor Xa inhibitor apixaban has a favorable profile over warfarin in dialysis patients with atrial fibrillation; apixaban being associated with lower stroke risk and fewer major bleeding events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ling Lau
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California Irvine, Irvine, 333 City Blvd West, Suite 400, Orange, CA, USA.
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33
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Vinters HV, Magaki SD, Williams CK. Neuropathologic Findings in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2021; 30:105657. [PMID: 33579545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.105657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying the neuropathologic autopsy findings in subjects with chronic kidney disease (CKD) or chronic renal failure (CRF) is difficult for several reasons: etiology of the CKD may be heterogeneous, affected patients may have one or more major co-morbidities that themselves can cause significant neurologic disease, and agonal events may result in significant findings that were of minimal significance earlier in a patient's life. We studied the constellation of neuropathologic abnormalities in 40 autopsy brains originating from subjects of ages 34-95 years (no children in the study). The most common pathologic change was that of ischemic infarcts (cystic, lacunar and/or microinfarcts), which were seen in over half of subjects. These were associated with both large artery atherosclerosis and arteriolosclerosis (A/S), the latter finding being present in 29/40 subjects. Charcot-Bouchard microaneurysms were present in the brains of three subjects, in one case associated with severe amyloid angiopathy. Microvascular calcinosis (medial sclerosis in the case of arterioles) was seen in the basal ganglia (n=8) and/or endplate region of the hippocampus (n=7) and occasional ischemic infarcts in one brain showed severe calcification. Sequelae of cerebrovascular disease (especially A/S or microvascular disease) are a common neuropathologic substrate for neurologic disability and brain lesions in this complex group of patients. Regulation of calcium metabolism within brain microvessel walls may be worthy of further research in both human brain specimens and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry V Vinters
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine; Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095-1732, United States.
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Dong Z, Dai H, Feng Z, Liu W, Gao Y, Liu F, Zhang Z, Zhang N, Dong X, Zhao Q, Zhou X, Du J, Liu B. Mechanism of herbal medicine on hypertensive nephropathy (Review). Mol Med Rep 2021; 23:234. [PMID: 33537809 PMCID: PMC7893801 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.11873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertensive nephropathy is the most common complication of hypertension, and is one of the main causes of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in numerous countries. The basic pathological feature of hypertensive nephropathy is arteriolosclerosis followed by renal parenchymal damage. The etiology of this disease is complex, and its pathogenesis is mainly associated with renal hemodynamic changes and vascular remodeling. Despite the increased knowledge on the pathogenesis of hypertensive nephropathy, the current clinical treatment methods are still not effective in preventing the development of the disease to ESRD. Herbal medicine, which is used to relieve symptoms, can improve hypertensive nephropathy through multiple targets. Since there are few clinical studies on the treatment of hypertensive nephropathy with herbal medicine, this article aims to review the progress on the basic research on the treatment of hypertensive nephropathy with herbal medicine, including regulation of the renin angiotensin system, inhibition of sympathetic excitation, antioxidant stress and anti-inflammatory protection of endothelial cells, and improvement of obesity-associated factors. Herbal medicine with different components plays a synergistic and multi-target role in the treatment of hypertensive nephropathy. The description of the mechanism of herbal medicine in the treatment of hypertensive nephropathy will contribute towards the progress of modern medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaocheng Dong
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Haoran Dai
- Shunyi Branch, Beijing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Beijing 101300, P.R. China
| | - Zhandong Feng
- Beijing Chinese Medicine Hospital Pinggu Hospital, Beijing 101200, P.R. China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100010, P.R. China
| | - Yu Gao
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100010, P.R. China
| | - Fei Liu
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Zihan Zhang
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Na Zhang
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100010, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Dong
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100010, P.R. China
| | - Qihan Zhao
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100010, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoshan Zhou
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Jieli Du
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Baoli Liu
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100010, P.R. China
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Lepping RJ, Montgomery RN, Sharma P, Mahnken JD, Vidoni ED, Choi IY, Sarnak MJ, Brooks WM, Burns JM, Gupta A. Normalization of Cerebral Blood Flow, Neurochemicals, and White Matter Integrity after Kidney Transplantation. J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 32:177-187. [PMID: 33067382 PMCID: PMC7894653 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2020050584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CKD is associated with abnormalities in cerebral blood flow, cerebral neurochemical concentrations, and white matter integrity. Each of these is associated with adverse clinical consequences in the non-CKD population, which may explain the high prevalence of dementia and stroke in ESKD. Because cognition improves after kidney transplantation, comparing these brain abnormalities before and after kidney transplantation may identify potential reversibility in ESKD-associated brain abnormalities. METHODS In this study of patients with ESKD and age-matched healthy controls, we used arterial spin labeling to assess the effects of kidney transplantation on cerebral blood flow and magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging to measure cerebral neurochemical concentrations (N-acetylaspartate, choline, glutamate, glutamine, myo-inositol, and total creatine). We also assessed white matter integrity measured by fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) with diffusion tensor imaging. We used a linear mixed model analysis to compare longitudinal, repeated brain magnetic resonance imaging measurements before, 3 months after, and 12 months after transplantation and compared these findings with those of healthy controls. RESULTS Study participants included 29 patients with ESKD and 19 controls; 22 patients completed post-transplant magnetic resonance imaging. Cerebral blood flow, which was higher in patients pretransplant compared with controls (P=0.003), decreased post-transplant (P<0.001) to values in controls. Concentrations of neurochemicals choline and myo-inositol that were higher pretransplant compared with controls (P=0.001 and P<0.001, respectively) also normalized post-transplant (P<0.001 and P<0.001, respectively). FA increased (P=0.001) and MD decreased (P<0.001) post-transplant. CONCLUSIONS Certain brain abnormalities in CKD are reversible and normalize with kidney transplantation. Further studies are needed to understand the mechanisms underlying these brain abnormalities and to explore interventions to mitigate them even in patients who cannot be transplanted. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NAME AND REGISTRATION NUMBER Cognitive Impairment and Imaging Correlates in End Stage Renal Disease, NCT01883349.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Lepping
- Hoglund Biomedical Imaging Center, Kansas City, Kansas,University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Fairway, Kansas
| | - Robert N. Montgomery
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Palash Sharma
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Jonathan D. Mahnken
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Fairway, Kansas,Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Eric D. Vidoni
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Fairway, Kansas,Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - In-Young Choi
- Hoglund Biomedical Imaging Center, Kansas City, Kansas,Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Mark J. Sarnak
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - William M. Brooks
- Hoglund Biomedical Imaging Center, Kansas City, Kansas,University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Fairway, Kansas,Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas,Frontiers: University of Kanas Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Jeffrey M. Burns
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Fairway, Kansas,Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas,Frontiers: University of Kanas Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Aditi Gupta
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Fairway, Kansas,Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas,The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
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Yang K, Chen C, Brockman J, Shikany JM, He K. Low- and moderate- levels of arsenic exposure in young adulthood and incidence of chronic kidney disease: Findings from the CARDIA Trace Element Study. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2021; 63:126657. [PMID: 33069098 PMCID: PMC7722195 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is unclear whether arsenic exerts adverse health effects on the kidney at low- and moderate- levels of exposure. We prospectively examined toenail arsenic concentrations measured during young adulthood in relation to incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in midlife. METHODS A total of 3768 participants (53 % female and 48 % blacks) in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study were included. Arsenic concentration in toenail clippings was assessed by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry at CARDIA exam year 2. Incident CKD was identified if having estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min per 1.73 m² or albuminuria >30 mg/g. The association between toenail arsenic levels and CKD incidence over a mean of 24 years of follow-up was examined using multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS After controlling for potential confounders, including demographics, socioeconomics, lifestyle factors, clinical measurements of blood pressure, lipids, and glucose, and medical history, arsenic exposure measured in toenails was not associated with CKD incidence (quintile 5 versus quintile 1: hazard ratio = 1.04, 95 % confidence interval = 0.78-1.40, P for trend = 0.38). CONCLUSION This longitudinal study does not support the hypothesis that low- and moderate- levels of arsenic exposure are associated with elevated incidence of CKD in the US general population. Further studies are need to investigate species of arsenic biomarkers in relation to nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kefeng Yang
- Department of Nutrition, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - John Brockman
- Columbia Research Reactor, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - James M Shikany
- Division of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ka He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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Rajamani K. The Cerebro-Renal System- Anatomical and Physiological Considerations. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2020; 30:105541. [PMID: 33339697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain and kidney both uniquely are highly susceptible to vascular injury from shared vascular risk factors. However these are not sufficient to explain the complete extent of cerebrovascular disease especially small vessel disease in its myriad presentations that patients with chronic kidney disease manifest. They both require a large amount of blood supply to function optimally. Shared anatomical and physiological factors such as the presence of strain vessels, the local vascular autoregulation that control blood supply possible, results in the vulnerability of these organs to the vascular risk factors. Because it is a bidirectional system where each affects the other, it is best considered as a cerebro-renal unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Rajamani
- Professor of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI.
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Khan MMA, Khan MN, Mustagir MG, Rana J, Islam MS, Kabir MI. Effects of underlying morbidities on the occurrence of deaths in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Glob Health 2020; 10:020503. [PMID: 33110586 PMCID: PMC7567434 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.10.020503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the most hectic pandemic of the era, is increasing exponentially and taking thousands of lives worldwide. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of pre-existing comorbidities among COVID-19 patients and their mortality risks with each category of pre-existing comorbidity. METHODS To conduct this systematic review and meta-analysis, Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, and CINAHL databases were searched using pre-specified search strategies. Further searches were conducted using the reference list of the selected studies, renowned preprint servers (eg, medRxiv, bioRxiv, SSRN), and relevant journals' websites. Studies written in the English language included if those were conducted among COVID-19 patients with and without comorbidities and presented survivor vs non-survivor counts or hazard/odds of deaths or survivors with types of pre-existing comorbidities. Comorbidities reported in the selected studies were grouped into eight categories. The pooled likelihoods of deaths in each category were estimated using a fixed or random-effect model, based on the heterogeneity assessment. Publication bias was assessed by visual inspection of the funnel plot asymmetry and Egger's regression test. Trim and Fill method was used if there any publication bias was found. RESULTS A total of 41 studies included in this study comprised of 27 670 samples. The most common pre-existing comorbidities in COVID-19 patients were hypertension (39.5%), cardiovascular disease (12.4%), and diabetes (25.2%). The higher likelihood of deaths was found among COVID-19 patients who had pre-existing cardiovascular diseases (odds ratio (OR) = 3.42, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.86-4.09), immune and metabolic disorders (OR = 2.46, 95% CI = 2.03-2.85), respiratory diseases (OR = 1.94, 95% CI = 1.72-2.19), cerebrovascular diseases (OR = 4.12, 95% CI = 3.04-5.58), any types of cancers (OR = 2.22, 95% CI = 1.63-3.03), renal (OR = 3.02, 95% CI = 2.60-3.51), and liver diseases (OR = 2.35, 95% CI = 1.50-3.69). CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that COVID-19 patients with pre-existing comorbidities had a higher likelihood of death. These findings could potentially help health care providers to sort out the most susceptible COVID-19 patients by comorbidities, take precautionary measures during hospitalization, assess susceptibility to death, and prioritize their treatment, which could potentially reduce the number of fatalities in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mostaured Ali Khan
- Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Md Nuruzzaman Khan
- Department of Population Sciences, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Trishal, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Md Golam Mustagir
- Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Juwel Rana
- Department of Public Health, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Saiful Islam
- Planning, Monitoring and Research, Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS), Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Iqbal Kabir
- Planning, Monitoring and Research, Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS), Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Fisher M. Mechanisms of Cerebral Microvascular Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2020; 30:105404. [PMID: 33272863 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies report linkage between chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cerebrovascular disease. This association has been particularly strong for cerebral small vessel disease. Significant findings have emerged from studies ranging from case reports, small case series, and larger cohort investigations. The latter show a relationship between declining renal function, microvascular disease, and cognitive impairment. One troubling aspect has been the relative paucity of mechanistic investigations addressing the CKD-cerebrovascular disease linkage. Nevertheless, mechanistic observations have begun to emerge, showing cerebral microhemorrhage development in animal models of CKD independent of hypertension, an important co-morbidity in clinical studies. Initial cell culture studies show endothelial monolayer disruption by CKD serum, consistent with blood-brain barrier injury. It is noteworthy that CKD serum is known to contain multiple plausible mediators of microvascular injury. Further studies are on the horizon to address the critical question of potential linkage of renal dysfunction with vascular cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Fisher
- Department of Neurology, UC Irvine School of Medicine, 101 The City Drive South, Shanbrom Hall, Room 121, Orange, CA 92868, United States.
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Hanna RM, Ferrey A, Rhee CM, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Renal-Cerebral Pathophysiology: The Interplay Between Chronic Kidney Disease and Cerebrovascular Disease. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2020; 30:105461. [PMID: 33199089 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cerebrovascular disease has increasingly been linked to overall vascular health. Pathologic conditions like diabetes, hypertension, and kidney disease have been shown to affect brain health and cerebrovascular and nervous systems. Acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) represent a variety of vascular insults that can adversely affect cerebral health. Hypertension, fluctuations in blood pressure, and diabetic vasculopathy are known risk factors for cerebrovascular disease associated with CKD. Other emerging areas of interest include endothelial dysfunction, vascular calcification due to calcium and phosphorus metabolism dysregulation, and uremic neuropathy present the next frontier of investigation in CKD and cerebrovascular health. METHODS It has become apparent that the interrelation of AKI and CKD with vascular health, chemical homeostasis, and hormonal regulation upset many aspects of cerebral health and functioning. Stroke is an obvious connection, with CKD patients demonstrating a higher proclivity for cerebrovascular accidents. Cerebral bleeding risk, uremic neuropathies, sodium dysregulation with impacts on nervous system, vascular calcification, and endothelial dysfunction are the next salient areas of research that are likely to reveal key breakthroughs in renal-cerebral pathophysiology. RESULTS In this review nephrological definition are discussed in a neuro-centric manner, and the areas of key overlap between CKD and cerebrovascular pathology are discussed. The multifaceted effects of renal function on the health of the brain are also examined. CONCLUSION This review article aims to create the background for ongoing and future neurological-nephrological collaboration on understanding the special challenges in caring for patients with cerebrovascular disease who also have CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramy M Hanna
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Kidney Transplantation, Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, 101 The City Drive South, City Tower, Suite 400, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
| | - Antoney Ferrey
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Kidney Transplantation, Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, 101 The City Drive South, City Tower, Suite 400, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
| | - Connie M Rhee
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Kidney Transplantation, Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, 101 The City Drive South, City Tower, Suite 400, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
| | - Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Kidney Transplantation, Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, 101 The City Drive South, City Tower, Suite 400, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
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Kühn A, van der Giet M, Kuhlmann MK, Martus P, Mielke N, Ebert N, Schaeffner ES. Kidney Function as Risk Factor and Predictor of Cardiovascular Outcomes and Mortality Among Older Adults. Am J Kidney Dis 2020; 77:386-396.e1. [PMID: 33197533 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (UACR) are associated with cardiovascular events in the general population but their utility among older adults is unclear. We investigated the associations of eGFR and UACR with stroke, myocardial infarction (MI), and death among older adults. STUDY DESIGN Population-based cohort study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS 1,581 participants (aged≥70 years) in the Berlin Initiative Study (BIS) without prior stroke or MI. EXPOSURES & PREDICTORS Serum creatinine- and cystatin C-based eGFR, UACR categories, and measured GFR (n=436). OUTCOMES Stroke, MI, and all-cause mortality. ANALYTICAL APPROACH HRs and 95% CIs derived from multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models for association analyses. Net reclassification improvement (NRI) and C statistic differences comparing the predictive benefit of kidney measures with a traditional cardiovascular risk model. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 8.2 years, 193 strokes, 125 MIs, and 531 deaths occurred. Independent of UACR, when GFR was estimated using the creatinine- and cystatin C-based BIS equation, eGFR of 45 to 59mL/min/1.73m2 (vs eGFR>60mL/min/1.73m2) was associated with stroke (HR, 2.23; 95% CI, 1.55-3.21) but not MI or all-cause mortality. For those with eGFR<45mL/min/1.73m2, the HRs were 1.99 (95% CI, 1.23-3.20) for stroke, 1.38 (95% CI, 0.81-2.36) for MI, and 1.57 (95% CI, 1.20-2.06) for mortality. Compared with UACR<30mg/g, UACR of 30 to 300mg/g was not associated with stroke (HR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.63-1.33) but was associated with MI (HR, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.09-2.51) and all-cause mortality (HR, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.34-1.98). Prediction analysis for stroke showed significant positive NRI for eGFR calculated using the cystatin C-based Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation and the creatinine- and cystatin C-based BIS and Full Age Spectrum equations. UACR demonstrated significant positive NRIs for MI and mortality. LIMITATIONS eGFR and UACR categorization based on single assessments; lack of cause-specific death data. CONCLUSIONS eGFR of 45 to 59mL/min/1.73m2 without albuminuria was associated with stroke but not MI or all-cause mortality in older adults. In contrast, UACR of 30 to 300mg/g was associated with MI and all-cause mortality but not with stroke. Furthermore, cystatin C-based eGFR improved risk prediction for stroke in this cohort of older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kühn
- Institut für Public Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Markus van der Giet
- Med. Klinik mit SP Nephrologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin K Kuhlmann
- Innere Medizin - Nephrologie, Vivantes Klinikum im Friedrichshain, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Martus
- Institut für Klinische Epidemiologie und angewandte Biometrie, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nina Mielke
- Institut für Public Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Natalie Ebert
- Institut für Public Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elke S Schaeffner
- Institut für Public Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Relationship between white matter hyperintensities and chronic kidney disease in patients with acute lacunar stroke. Neurol Sci 2020; 41:3307-3313. [PMID: 32417986 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04397-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Previous studies have revealed a relationship between chronic kidney disease (CKD) and white matter hyperintensities (WMH). However, studies on the WMH and CKD in acute stroke patients are rare, and the conclusion is consistent. Our study aimed to investigate the relationship between the severity of WMH and CKD in acute lacunar infarction patients. METHODS Consecutive acute lacunar infarction patients were recruited in this cross-sectional study. All patients were divided into two groups according to the severity of periventricular WMH (PVWMH) and deep WMH (DWMH). We dichotomized the severity of WMH (PVWMH and DWMH, separately) into mild group (Fazekas scores 0-1) and moderate-severe group (Fazekas scores 2-3). Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), proteinuria, vascular risk factors, and clinical features were compared between these two groups. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the association between the severity of WMH and risk factors. RESULTS A total of 993 acute lacunar infarction patients aged 25-95 years were enrolled. The proportions of participants presenting moderate-severe group PVWMH and DWMH were 46.6% and 38.6%, respectively. Patients with moderate-severe PVWMH had higher age (P < 0.001) and higher incidence of stroke history (P < 0.001) than those in mild group. The level of serum creatinine and the presence of CKD were significantly higher while the eGFR was significantly lower in patients with moderate-severe PVWMH than those with mild PVWMH. Patients with moderate-severe DWMH (n = 383) also had higher age (P < 0.001) and often had a history of stroke (P < 0.001). But the association between the severity of DWMH and eGFR was not found. Multivariable logistic regression analyses showed stage 2 CKD and stage 3 CKD were independently associated with moderate-severe PVWMH, but not DWMH. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that CKD was independently associated with moderate-severe PVWMH in patients with acute lacunar infarction, but not DWMH. PVWMH and DWMH may have distinct pathophysiology.
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Wu I, Sun C, Lee C, Liu C, Wong TY, Chen S, Huang JC, Tseng C, Yeung L. Retinal neurovascular changes in chronic kidney disease. Acta Ophthalmol 2020; 98:e848-e855. [PMID: 32190993 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine retinal neurovascular changes in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). METHODS Case-control study. A total of 171 CKD cases and 40 controls were recruited (mean age 62.9 ± 10.3 versus 60.8 ± 9.2, p = 0.257). Retinal neural parameters, including parafoveal retinal thickness (PfRT), macular ganglion cell complex thickness (GCCt), global loss volume (GLV), focal loss volume (FLV) and peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer thickness (RNFLt), were measured using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Microvascular parameters, including foveal avascular zone size, vessel density over the parafoveal superficial vascular plexus (SVP-VD), parafoveal deep vascular plexus (DVP-VD) and radial peripapillary capillary (RPC-VD), were measured using OCT angiography. RESULTS Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients showed reduced PfRT, GCCt and RNFLt and increased GLV and FLV compared with the controls (all p < 0.005). Among patients with CKD, estimated glomerular filtration rate was an independent factor associated with PfRT (coefficient 0.19, p = 0.015), GCCt (coefficient 0.10, p = 0.006), GLV (coefficient - 0.08, p = 0.001), FLV (coefficient - 0.02, p = 0.006) and RNFLt (coefficient 0.15, p = 0.002). Parafoveal retinal thickness (PfRT), GCCt, GLV, FLV and RNFLt were correlated with SVP-VD (all p < 0.001) but not with DVP-VD (all p > 0.1). CONCLUSIONS Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients demonstrated a significant reduction in macular thickness and changes in retinal neural parameters. These changes were associated with the severity of CKD and correlated with the microvascular rarefaction in the parafoveal SVP.
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Affiliation(s)
- I‐Wen Wu
- College of Medicine Chang Gung University Taoyuan Taiwan
- Department of Nephrology Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Keelung Taiwan
- Community Medicine Research Center Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Keelung Taiwan
| | - Chi‐Chin Sun
- College of Medicine Chang Gung University Taoyuan Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Keelung Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine Chang Gung University Taoyuan Taiwan
| | - Chin‐Chan Lee
- College of Medicine Chang Gung University Taoyuan Taiwan
- Department of Nephrology Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Keelung Taiwan
| | - Chun‐Fu Liu
- College of Medicine Chang Gung University Taoyuan Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Keelung Taiwan
- Program in Molecular Medicine National Yang Ming University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Tien Yin Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute Singapore National Eye Center Duke‐NUS Medical School National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
| | - Shin‐Yi Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Keelung Taiwan
| | | | - Chung‐Hsin Tseng
- Department of Ophthalmology Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Keelung Taiwan
| | - Ling Yeung
- College of Medicine Chang Gung University Taoyuan Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Keelung Taiwan
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Is kidney function associated with cognition and mood in late life? : The Screening for CKD among Older People across Europe (SCOPE) study. BMC Geriatr 2020; 20:297. [PMID: 33008359 PMCID: PMC7531080 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-020-01707-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD), cognitive impairment and depression share common risk factors. Previous studies did not investigate the possible association between kidney function and cognitive and mood disorders in older persons in a broad range of kidney function. The present study explored associations between kidney function, cognition and mood in outpatients of 75 years and over. Methods Baseline data of 2252 participants of the SCOPE study, an international multicenter cohort observational study,were used in which community-dwelling persons of 75 years and over were enrolled to screen for CKD Kidney function was estimated with the BIS1-eGFR equation, cognition was assessed with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and mood with the Geriatric Depression Scale 15 items (GDS-15). Characteristics were compared across stages of CKD. Mean eGFR values were also compared across categories of MMSE (< 24, 24–26, ≥27) and between groups with high and low score on the GDS-15 (> 5/≤5). Results In total, 63% of the population had an eGFR < 60 mL/min. In advanced stages of CKD, participants were older and more often men than in earlier stages (p < 0.001). Cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus were more often found in those in advanced stages of CKD (p < 0.001), and also cumulative comorbidity scores were higher than in those in earlier stages (p < 0.001). Median MMSE was 29 in CKD stage 1–2 and 3, and 30 in CKD stage 4, whereas median GDS-15 score was 2 in all stages of CKD. Mean values of eGFR did not differ across categories of MMSE or between groups with high and low score on the GDS-15. Stratification for albuminuria did not change these results. Conclusions Older persons in more advanced stages of CKD did not have lower cognitive scores or higher rates of depressive symptoms than older persons in earlier stages. Future longitudinal studies might give information on the possible effect of kidney function on cognition and mood in late life. Trial registration This study was registered prospectively on 25th February 2016 at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02691546).
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Sprick JD, Nocera JR, Hajjar I, O'Neill WC, Bailey J, Park J. Cerebral blood flow regulation in end-stage kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 319:F782-F791. [PMID: 32985235 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00438.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) experience an increased risk of cerebrovascular disease and cognitive dysfunction. Hemodialysis (HD), a major modality of renal replacement therapy in ESKD, can cause rapid changes in blood pressure, osmolality, and acid-base balance that collectively present a unique stress to the cerebral vasculature. This review presents an update regarding cerebral blood flow (CBF) regulation in CKD and ESKD and how the maintenance of cerebral oxygenation may be compromised during HD. Patients with ESKD exhibit decreased cerebral oxygen delivery due to anemia, despite cerebral hyperperfusion at rest. Cerebral oxygenation further declines during HD due to reductions in CBF, and this may induce cerebral ischemia or "stunning." Intradialytic reductions in CBF are driven by decreases in cerebral perfusion pressure that may be partially opposed by bicarbonate shifts during dialysis. Intradialytic reductions in CBF have been related to several variables that are routinely measured in clinical practice including ultrafiltration rate and blood pressure. However, the role of compensatory cerebrovascular regulatory mechanisms during HD remains relatively unexplored. In particular, cerebral autoregulation can oppose reductions in CBF driven by reductions in systemic blood pressure, while cerebrovascular reactivity to CO2 may attenuate intradialytic reductions in CBF through promoting cerebral vasodilation. However, whether these mechanisms are effective in ESKD and during HD remain relatively unexplored. Important areas for future work include investigating potential alterations in cerebrovascular regulation in CKD and ESKD and how key regulatory mechanisms are engaged and integrated during HD to modulate intradialytic declines in CBF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D Sprick
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University Department of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Decatur, Georgia
| | - Joe R Nocera
- Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Decatur, Georgia.,Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Decatur, Georgia.,Departments of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University Department of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ihab Hajjar
- Department of Neurology, Emory University Department of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - W Charles O'Neill
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University Department of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - James Bailey
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University Department of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jeanie Park
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University Department of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Decatur, Georgia.,Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Decatur, Georgia
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Shah B, Jagtap P, Sarmah D, Datta A, Raut S, Sarkar A, Bohra M, Singh U, Baidya F, Kalia K, Borah A, Dave KR, Yavagal DR, Bhattacharya P. Cerebro-renal interaction and stroke. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:1279-1299. [PMID: 32979852 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is an event causing a disturbance in cerebral function leading to death and disability worldwide. Both acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are associated with an increased risk of stroke and cerebrovascular events. The underlying mechanistic approach between impaired renal function and stroke is limitedly explored and has attracted researchers to learn more for developing therapeutic intervention. Common risk factors such as hypertension, hyperphosphatemia, atrial fibrillation, arteriosclerosis, hyperhomocysteinemia, blood-brain barrier disruption, inflammation, etc. are observed in the general population, but are high in renal failure patients. Also, risk factors like bone mineral metabolism, uremic toxins, and anemia, along with the process of dialysis in CKD patients, eventually increases the risk of stroke. Therefore, early detection of risks associated with stroke in CKD is imperative, which may decrease the mortality associated with it. This review highlights mechanisms by which kidney dysfunction can lead to cerebrovascular events and increase the risk of stroke in renal impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birva Shah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Priya Jagtap
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Deepaneeta Sarmah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Aishika Datta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Swapnil Raut
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Ankan Sarkar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Mariya Bohra
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Upasna Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Falguni Baidya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Kiran Kalia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Anupom Borah
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, India
| | - Kunjan R Dave
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Dileep R Yavagal
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Pallab Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, India
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Abstract
Purpose of the review Cognitive impairment is common in kidney transplant recipients and affects quality of life, graft survival, morbidity, and mortality. In this review article we discuss the epidemiology, diagnosis, pathophysiology and future directions for cognitive impairment in kidney transplantation. We describe the potential role of pre-transplant cognition, immunosuppression and peri-transplant factors in post -transplant cognitive impairment. Recent Findings A majority of patients with kidney transplant have cognitive impairment. Cognitive impairment affects both pre-transplant evaluation and post-transplant outcomes. Failure to identify patients with cognitive impairment can withhold appropriate care and timely intervention. Summary Cognitive impairment is common in kidney transplant and affects outcomes. Studies addressing modifiable risk factors and possible interventions to slow cognitive decline in patients with kidney disease are needed.
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Sedaghat S, Sorond F, Yaffe K, Sidney S, Kramer HJ, Jacobs DR, Launer LJ, Carnethon MR. Decline in kidney function over the course of adulthood and cognitive function in midlife. Neurology 2020; 95:e2389-e2397. [PMID: 32878993 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000010631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that end-stage renal disease (ESRD) risk exposure during young adulthood is related to worse cognitive performance in midlife. METHODS We included 2,604 participants from the population-based Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study (mean age 35 years, 54% women, 45% Black). Estimated glomerular filtration rate and albumin-to-creatinine ratio were measured every 5 years at year (Y) 10 through Y30. At each visit, moderate/high risk of ESRD according to the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes guidelines (estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or albumin-to-creatinine ratio >30 mg/g) was defined, totaled over examinations, and categorized into 0 episodes, 1 episode, and >1 episodes of ESRD risk. At Y30, participants underwent global and multidomain cognitive assessment. We used analysis of covariance to assess the association of ESRD risk categories with cognitive function, controlling for cardiovascular risk factors. RESULTS Over the course of 20 years, 427 participants (16% of the study population) had ≥1 episodes of ESRD risk exposure. Individuals with more risk episodes had lower composite cognitive function (p < 0.001), psychomotor speed (p < 0.001), and executive function (p = 0.007). All these associations were independent of sociodemographic status and cardiovascular risk factors. CONCLUSIONS In this population-based longitudinal study, we show that episodes of decline in kidney function over the young-adulthood course are associated with worse cognitive performance at midlife. Preserving kidney function in young age needs to be investigated as a potential strategy to preserve cognitive function in midlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Sedaghat
- From the Departments of Preventive Medicine (S. Sedaghat, M.R.C.) and Neurology (S. Sedaghat, F.S.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (K.Y.), University of California; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center (K.Y.); Division of Research (S. Sidney), Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland; Department of Public Health Sciences, Medicine, and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (H.J.K.), Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL; Division of Epidemiology and Community Health (D.R.J.), School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; and National Institute on Aging (L.J.L.), Baltimore, MD.
| | - Farzaneh Sorond
- From the Departments of Preventive Medicine (S. Sedaghat, M.R.C.) and Neurology (S. Sedaghat, F.S.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (K.Y.), University of California; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center (K.Y.); Division of Research (S. Sidney), Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland; Department of Public Health Sciences, Medicine, and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (H.J.K.), Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL; Division of Epidemiology and Community Health (D.R.J.), School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; and National Institute on Aging (L.J.L.), Baltimore, MD
| | - Kristine Yaffe
- From the Departments of Preventive Medicine (S. Sedaghat, M.R.C.) and Neurology (S. Sedaghat, F.S.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (K.Y.), University of California; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center (K.Y.); Division of Research (S. Sidney), Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland; Department of Public Health Sciences, Medicine, and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (H.J.K.), Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL; Division of Epidemiology and Community Health (D.R.J.), School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; and National Institute on Aging (L.J.L.), Baltimore, MD
| | - Stephen Sidney
- From the Departments of Preventive Medicine (S. Sedaghat, M.R.C.) and Neurology (S. Sedaghat, F.S.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (K.Y.), University of California; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center (K.Y.); Division of Research (S. Sidney), Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland; Department of Public Health Sciences, Medicine, and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (H.J.K.), Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL; Division of Epidemiology and Community Health (D.R.J.), School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; and National Institute on Aging (L.J.L.), Baltimore, MD
| | - Holly J Kramer
- From the Departments of Preventive Medicine (S. Sedaghat, M.R.C.) and Neurology (S. Sedaghat, F.S.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (K.Y.), University of California; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center (K.Y.); Division of Research (S. Sidney), Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland; Department of Public Health Sciences, Medicine, and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (H.J.K.), Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL; Division of Epidemiology and Community Health (D.R.J.), School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; and National Institute on Aging (L.J.L.), Baltimore, MD
| | - David R Jacobs
- From the Departments of Preventive Medicine (S. Sedaghat, M.R.C.) and Neurology (S. Sedaghat, F.S.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (K.Y.), University of California; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center (K.Y.); Division of Research (S. Sidney), Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland; Department of Public Health Sciences, Medicine, and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (H.J.K.), Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL; Division of Epidemiology and Community Health (D.R.J.), School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; and National Institute on Aging (L.J.L.), Baltimore, MD
| | - Lenore J Launer
- From the Departments of Preventive Medicine (S. Sedaghat, M.R.C.) and Neurology (S. Sedaghat, F.S.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (K.Y.), University of California; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center (K.Y.); Division of Research (S. Sidney), Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland; Department of Public Health Sciences, Medicine, and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (H.J.K.), Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL; Division of Epidemiology and Community Health (D.R.J.), School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; and National Institute on Aging (L.J.L.), Baltimore, MD
| | - Mercedes R Carnethon
- From the Departments of Preventive Medicine (S. Sedaghat, M.R.C.) and Neurology (S. Sedaghat, F.S.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (K.Y.), University of California; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center (K.Y.); Division of Research (S. Sidney), Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland; Department of Public Health Sciences, Medicine, and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (H.J.K.), Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL; Division of Epidemiology and Community Health (D.R.J.), School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; and National Institute on Aging (L.J.L.), Baltimore, MD
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Lau WL, Fisher M, Greenia D, Floriolli D, Fletcher E, Singh B, Sajjadi SA, Corrada MM, Whittle C, Kawas C, Paganini-Hill A. Cystatin C, cognition, and brain MRI findings in 90+-year-olds. Neurobiol Aging 2020; 93:78-84. [PMID: 32473464 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease is emerging as a novel risk factor for cerebrovascular disease, but this association remains largely unexplored in older adults. Cystatin C is a more accurate measure than creatinine of kidney function in the elderly. We evaluated cystatin C, cognitive function, and brain imaging in 193 participants from The 90+ Study neuroimaging component. The mean age was 93.9 years; 61% were women. Mean cystatin C was 1.62 mg/L with estimated glomerular filtration rate 39.2 mL/min/1.73 m2. Performance on measures of global cognition, executive function, and visual-spatial ability declined at higher tertiles of cystatin C (lower kidney function). Higher cystatin C was significantly associated with infratentorial microbleeds and lower gray matter volume. Adjusted risk of incident dementia was increased in the middle and high cystatin C tertile groups compared with the low group (hazard ratio in highest tertile 3.81 [95% confidence interval 1.14-12.7]), which appeared to be explained in part by the presence of cerebral microbleeds. Overall, cystatin C was associated with cognitive performance, brain imaging pathology, and decline to dementia in this oldest-old cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ling Lau
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, CA, USA.
| | - Mark Fisher
- Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Dana Greenia
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - David Floriolli
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Evan Fletcher
- Imaging of Dementia and Agng Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Baljeet Singh
- Imaging of Dementia and Agng Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Seyed Ahmad Sajjadi
- Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA; Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Maria M Corrada
- Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA; Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Christina Whittle
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Claudia Kawas
- Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA; Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Annlia Paganini-Hill
- Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- J David Spence
- Neurology & Clinical Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Stroke Prevention & Atherosclerosis Research Centre, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
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