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Tassinari ID, Rodrigues FDS, Bertram C, Mendes-da-Cruz DA, Guedes RP, Paz AH, Bambini-Junior V, de Fraga LS. Lactate Protects Microglia and Neurons from Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation/Reoxygenation. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:1762-1781. [PMID: 38551797 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-024-04135-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Lactate has received attention as a potential therapeutic intervention for brain diseases, particularly those including energy deficit, exacerbated inflammation, and disrupted redox status, such as cerebral ischemia. However, lactate roles in metabolic or signaling pathways in neural cells remain elusive in the hypoxic and ischemic contexts. Here, we tested the effects of lactate on the survival of a microglial (BV-2) and a neuronal (SH-SY5Y) cell lines during oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) or OGD followed by reoxygenation (OGD/R). Lactate signaling was studied by using 3,5-DHBA, an exogenous agonist of lactate receptor GPR81. Inhibition of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) or monocarboxylate transporters (MCT), using oxamate or 4-CIN, respectively, was performed to evaluate the impact of lactate metabolization and transport on cell viability. The OGD lasted 6 h and the reoxygenation lasted 24 h following OGD (OGD/R). Cell viability, extracellular lactate concentrations, microglial intracellular pH and TNF-ɑ release, and neurite elongation were evaluated. Lactate or 3,5-DHBA treatment during OGD increased microglial survival during reoxygenation. Inhibition of lactate metabolism and transport impaired microglial and neuronal viability. OGD led to intracellular acidification in BV-2 cells, and reoxygenation increased the release of TNF-ɑ, which was reverted by lactate and 3,5-DHBA treatment. Our results suggest that lactate plays a dual role in OGD, acting as a metabolic and a signaling molecule in BV-2 and SH-SY5Y cells. Lactate metabolism and transport are vital for cell survival during OGD. Moreover, lactate treatment and GPR81 activation during OGD promote long-term adaptations that potentially protect cells against secondary cell death during reoxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isadora D'Ávila Tassinari
- Graduate Program in Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, 90050-003, Brazil
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YW, UK
| | - Fernanda da Silva Rodrigues
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, 90050-170, Brazil
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YW, UK
| | - Craig Bertram
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Daniella Arêas Mendes-da-Cruz
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YW, UK
| | - Renata Padilha Guedes
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Ana Helena Paz
- Graduate Program in Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, 90050-003, Brazil
| | - Victorio Bambini-Junior
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YW, UK
| | - Luciano Stürmer de Fraga
- Graduate Program in Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, 90050-003, Brazil.
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Guan S, Sun L, Wang X, Huang X, Luo T. Propofol inhibits neuroinflammation and metabolic reprogramming in microglia in vitro and in vivo. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1161810. [PMID: 37383725 PMCID: PMC10293632 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1161810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglial activation-induced neuroinflammation is closely related to the development of sepsis-associated encephalopathy. Accumulating evidence suggests that changes in the metabolic profile of microglia is crucial for their response to inflammation. Propofol is widely used for sedation in mechanically ventilated patients with sepsis. Here, we investigate the effect of propofol on lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation, neuronal injuries, microglia metabolic reprogramming as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms. The neuroprotective effects of propofol (80 mg/kg) in vivo were measured in the lipopolysaccharide (2 mg/kg)-induced sepsis in mice through behavioral tests, Western blot analysis and immunofluorescent staining. The anti-inflammatory effects of propofol (50 μM) in microglial cell cultures under lipopolysaccharide (10 ng/ml) challenge were examined with Seahorse XF Glycolysis Stress test, ROS assay, Western blot, and immunofluorescent staining. We showed that propofol treatment reduced microglia activation and neuroinflammation, inhibited neuronal apoptosis and improved lipopolysaccharide-induced cognitive dysfunction. Propofol also attenuated lipopolysaccharide-stimulated increases of inducible nitric oxide synthase, nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor-α, interlukin-1β and COX-2 in cultured BV-2 cells. Propofol-treated microglia showed a remarkable suppression of lipopolysaccharide-induced HIF-1α, PFKFB3, HK2 expression and along with downregulation of the ROS/PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Moreover, propofol attenuated the enhancement of mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis induced by lipopolysaccharide. Together, our data suggest that propofol attenuated inflammatory response by inhibiting metabolic reprogramming, at least in part, through downregulation of the ROS/PI3K/Akt/mTOR/HIF-1α signaling pathway.
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Zhang M, Yin Y. Dual roles of anesthetics in postoperative cognitive dysfunction: Regulation of microglial activation through inflammatory signaling pathways. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1102312. [PMID: 36776829 PMCID: PMC9911670 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1102312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a prevalent clinical entity following surgery and is characterized by declined neurocognitive function. Neuroinflammation mediated by microglia is the essential mechanism of POCD. Anesthetics are thought to be a major contributor to the development of POCD, as they promote microglial activation and induce neuroinflammation. However, this claim remains controversial. Anesthetics can exert both anti- and pro-inflammatory effects by modulating microglial activation, suggesting that anesthetics may play dual roles in the pathogenesis of POCD. Here, we review the mechanisms by which the commonly used anesthetics regulate microglial activation via inflammatory signaling pathways, showing both anti- and pro-inflammatory properties of anesthetics, and indicating how perioperative administration of anesthetics might either relieve or worsen POCD development. The potential for anesthetics to enhance cognitive performance based on their anti-inflammatory properties is further discussed, emphasizing that the beneficial effects of anesthetics vary depending on dose, exposure time, and patients' characteristics. To minimize the incidence of POCD, we recommend considering these factors to select appropriate anesthetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxue Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Yiqing Yin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
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4
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Cui Y, Zhang NN, Wang D, Meng WH, Chen HS. Modified Citrus Pectin Alleviates Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Inhibiting NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation via TLR4/NF-ĸB Signaling Pathway in Microglia. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:3369-3385. [PMID: 35706530 PMCID: PMC9191615 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s366927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Galectin-3 acts as a mediator of microglial inflammatory response following stroke injury. However, it remains unclear whether inhibiting galectin-3 protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. We aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of modified citrus pectin (MCP, a galectin-3 blocker) in ischemic stroke and underlying mechanisms. Methods The middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) model in C57BL/6J mice and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (ODG/R) model in neuronal (HT-22) and microglial (BV-2) cells were utilized in the following experiments: 1) the neuroprotective effects of MCP with different concentrations were evaluated in vivo and in vitro through measuring neurological deficit scores, brain water content, infarction volume, cell viability, and cell apoptosis; 2) the mechanisms of its neuroprotection were explored in mice and microglial cells through detecting the expression of NLRP3 (NOD-like receptor 3) inflammasome-related proteins by immunofluorescence staining and Western blotting analyses. Results Among the tested concentrations, 800 mg/kg/d MCP in mice and 4 g/L MCP in cells, respectively, showed in vivo and in vitro neuroprotective effects on all the tests, compared with vehicle group. First, MCP significantly reduced neurological deficit scores, brain water content and infarction volume, and alleviated cell injury in the cerebral cortex of MCAO/R model. Second, MCP increased cell viability and reduced cell apoptosis in the neuronal OGD/R model. Third, MCP blocked galectin-3 and decreased the expression of TLR4 (Toll-like receptor 4)/NF-κBp65 (nuclear factor kappa-B)/NLRP3/cleaved-caspase-1/IL-1β (interleukin-1β) in microglial cells. Conclusion This is the first report that MCP exerts neuroprotective effects in ischemic stroke through blocking galectin-3, which may be mediated by inhibiting the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome via TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cui
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan-Nan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Hong Meng
- Department of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Sheng Chen
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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Mitsui K, Kotoda M, Hishiyama S, Takamino A, Morikawa S, Ishiyama T, Matsukawa T. Propofol ameliorates ischemic brain injury by blocking TLR4 pathway in mice. Transl Neurosci 2022; 13:246-254. [PMID: 36117859 PMCID: PMC9438965 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2022-0238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic brain injury is one of the most serious perioperative complications. However, effective preventative methods have not yet been established. This study aimed to investigate whether propofol has neuroprotective effects against ischemic brain injury, with a specific focus on Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Focal brain ischemia was induced via a combination of left common carotid artery occlusion and distal left middle cerebral artery coagulation in mice. Either propofol (10 mg/kg) or vehicle was intravenously injected 10 min prior to the induction of brain ischemia in wild-type and TLR4 knockout mice. Infarct volume, pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, inflammatory cell infiltration, and neurobehavioral function were assessed. Propofol administration significantly reduced infarct volume in wild-type mice (26.9 ± 2.7 vs 15.7 ± 2.0 mm3 at day 7), but not in TLR4 knockout mice. Compared with the control mice, the propofol-treated wild-type mice exhibited lower levels of IL-6 (0.57 ± 0.23 vs 1.00 ± 0.39 at 24 h), and smaller numbers of TLR4-expressing microglia in the penumbra (11.7 ± 3.1 vs 25.1 ± 4.7 cells/0.1 mm2). In conclusion, propofol administration prior to ischemic brain insult attenuated brain injury by blocking the TLR4-dependent pathway and suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuha Mitsui
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Masakazu Kotoda
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Sohei Hishiyama
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Ayasa Takamino
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Sho Morikawa
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Tadahiko Ishiyama
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsukawa
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
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Propofol Suppresses Microglia Inflammation by Targeting TGM2/NF- κB Signaling. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:4754454. [PMID: 34485533 PMCID: PMC8410446 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4754454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Propofol is a known intravenous hypnotic drug used for induction and maintenance of sedation and general anesthesia. Emerging studies also reveal a neuroprotective effect of propofol in diverse diseases of neuronal injuries via modulating microglia activation. In this study, we aimed to uncover the downstream targets of propofol in this process. Methods RNA sequencing analysis to identify genes implicated in the propofol-mediated neuroprotective effect. Quantitative real-time PCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and Western blotting analysis were performed to analyze inflammatory gene expression, cytokine levels, and TGM2. BV2 cells and primary microglia were used for functional verification and mechanism studies. Results The multifunctional enzyme transglutaminase 2 (TGM2) was identified as a putative functional mediator of propofol. TGM2 was significantly upregulated in lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) primed BV2 cells. Genetic silencing of TGM2 abolished LPS-induced microglial activation. Notably, gain-of-function experiments showed that the proinflammatory effects of TGM2 were dependent on its GTP binding activity instead of transamidase activity. Then, TGM2 was revealed to activate the NF-κB signaling pathway to facilitate microglial activation. Propofol can inhibit TGM2 expression and NF-κB signaling in BV2 cells and primary microglia. Ectopic expression of TGM2 or constitutively active IKKβ (CA-IKKβ) can compromise propofol-induced anti-inflammatory effects. Conclusions Our findings suggest that TGM2-mediated activation of NF-κB signaling is an important mechanism in the propofol-induced neuroprotective effect that prevents microglial activation.
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Dominguini D, Steckert AV, Michels M, Spies MB, Ritter C, Barichello T, Thompson J, Dal-Pizzol F. The effects of anaesthetics and sedatives on brain inflammation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 127:504-513. [PMID: 33992694 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are involved in many dynamic processes in the central nervous system (CNS) including the development of inflammatory processes and neuromodulation. Several sedative, analgesic or anaesthetic drugs, such as opioids, ∝2-adrenergic agonists, ketamine, benzodiazepines and propofol can cause both neuroprotective and harmful effects on the brain. The purpose of this review is to present the main findings on the use of these drugs and the mechanisms involved in microglial activation. Alpha 2-adrenergic agonists, propofol and benzodiazepines have several pro- or anti-inflammatory effects on microglia. Long-term use of benzodiazepines and propofol causes neuroapoptotic effects and α2-adrenergic agonists may attenuate these effects. Conversely, morphine and fentanyl may have proinflammatory effects, causing behavioural changes in patients and changes in cell viability in vitro. Conversely, chronic administration of morphine induces CCL5 chemokine expression in microglial cells that promotes their survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Dominguini
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Amanda V Steckert
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Monique Michels
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Mariana B Spies
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Ritter
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Barichello
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA; Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan Thompson
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Anaesthesia Critical Care and Pain Management Group, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Felipe Dal-Pizzol
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
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Hu F, Jiang J, Yu G, Zang H, Sun H. Propofol Pretreatment Prevents Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation/Reoxygenation (OGD/R)-induced Inflammation Through Nuclear Transcription Factor κB (NF-κB) Pathway in Neuroblastoma Cells. Curr Neurovasc Res 2021; 17:27-34. [PMID: 31880261 DOI: 10.2174/1567202617666191227110158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation is one of the causes of neuroblastoma progression. Propofol attenuates inflammation by repressing nuclear transcription factor κB (NF-κB) in different diseases. But its effect on oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R)-induced inflammation is not known. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the role and mechanism of action of propofol on OGD/Rinduced inflammation in mouse N2A neuroblastoma cells. METHODS MTT was performed on mouse neuroblastoma cells N2A to assess and select the maximum safe dose of propofol. Next, N2A cells were pretreated with propofol and then, exposed to the OGD condition for 3 h and reoxygenated for 6 h. The content of the inflammatory factors, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), in the medium was measured by ELISA, while their protein expression was detected by western blot and immunofluorescence. The protein expression of P65, p-P65, IKBα and p-IKBα belonging to the NF-κB pathway was also determined by western blot in N2A cells. To further confirm the mechanism of propofol on OGD/R-induced inflammation in mouse N2A cells, P65 was over-expressed and the above experiments were repeated. RESULTS Propofol did not affect cell viability of N2A cells even at the maximum concentration used (30 µM), thus, 30 µM of propofol was selected to perform our experiments. Besides, OGD/R induced inflammation and activation of NF-κB pathway with increased p-P65 and p-IKBα expression, and propofol pretreatment inhibited OGD/R induced inflammation and activation of NF-κB pathway in N2A cells. Over-expression of P56 abolished the effects of propofol on OGD/Rinduced inflammation and activation of NF-κB pathway in N2A cells. CONCLUSION Our work demonstrated for the first time that propofol pretreatment ameliorated OGD/R induced inflammation via NF-κB pathway modulation in mouse neuroblastoma N2A cells, indicating that propofol might be considered as a potential therapeutic approach to reduce inflammation in neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Fuyang Hangzhou, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Jianhua Jiang
- Endoscopy Center, The First People's Hospital of Fuyang Hangzhou, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Guocan Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Fuyang Hangzhou, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Hongcheng Zang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Fuyang Hangzhou, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Haoliang Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Fuyang Hangzhou, Hangzhou 311400, China
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Hu Y, Sun X, Wang S, Zhou C, Lin L, Ding X, Han J, Zhou Y, Jin G, Wang Y, Zhang W, Shi H, Zhang Z, Yang X, Hua F. Toll-like receptor-2 gene knockout results in neurobehavioral dysfunctions and multiple brain structural and functional abnormalities in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 91:257-266. [PMID: 33069798 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2), a member of TLR family, plays an important role in the induction and regulation of immune/inflammation. TLR2 gene knockout (TLR2KO) mice have been widely used for animal models of neurological diseases. Since there is close relationship between immune system and neurobehavioral functions, it is important to clarify the exact role of TLR2 defect itself in neurobehavioral functions. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of TLR2KO on neurobehavioral functions in mice and the mechanisms underlying the observed changes. METHODS Male TLR2KO and wild type (WT) mice aged 3, 7, and 12 months were used for neurobehavioral testing and detection of protein expression by Western blot. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), electrophysiological recording, and Evans blue (EB) assay were applied to evaluate regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), synaptic function, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity in 12-month-old TLR2KO and age-matched WT mice. RESULTS Compared to WT mice, TLR2KO mice showed decreased cognitive function and locomotor activity, as well as increased anxiety, which developed from middle age (before 7-month-old) to old age. In addition, significantly reduced regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), inhibited long-term potentiation (LTP), and increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability were observed in 12-month-old TLR2KO mice. Furthermore, compared with age-matched WT mice, significant reduction in protein levels of tight junction proteins (ZO-1, Occludin, and Claudin-5) and increased neurofilament protein (SMI32) were observed in 7 and 12-month-old TLR2KO mice, and that myelin basic protein (MBP) decreased in 12-month-old TLR2KO mice. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrated that TLR2 defect resulted in significantly observable neurobehavioral dysfunctions in mice starting from middle age, as well as multiple abnormalities in brain structure, function, and molecular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Hu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, China; Institute of Neurological Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Xiaoyu Sun
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, China; Institute of Neurological Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Shang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, China; Institute of Neurological Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Chao Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, China; Institute of Neurological Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, China; Institute of Neurological Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Xiaohui Ding
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shenyang Medical College, China
| | - Jingjing Han
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, China; Institute of Neurological Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, China; Institute of Neurological Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Guoliang Jin
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, China; Institute of Neurological Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Yuqiao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, China; Institute of Neurological Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, China; Institute of Neurological Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Hongjuan Shi
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, China; Institute of Neurological Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Zuohui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, China; Institute of Neurological Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Xinxin Yang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, China; Institute of Neurological Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Fang Hua
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, China; Institute of Neurological Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, China.
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10
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Qi A, Cao Y, Wang A. Ketamine and Propofol Protect Neuron Cells from Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation-Induced Injury through SAPK/JNK Signalling Pathway. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:8868839. [PMID: 33381594 PMCID: PMC7758132 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8868839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ketamine and propofol are commonly used anaesthetic reagents. Recent research revealed that ketamine and propofol have an important role in cell survival. However, it remains unknown whether they affect the outcome of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. To address this issue, we in this study investigated the effects of ketamine and propofol on the survival and proliferation of neuronal PC12 cells after exposure to oxygen-glucose deprivation- (OGD-) induced injury. PC12 cells were maintained under a 3-dimensional (3D) culture system to mimic a real physiological microenvironment. The cell injury was induced by 5% CO2 and 95% N2 for a different time point. MTT assay was used for the cell proliferation assay. The cell apoptosis was evaluated by annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) labeling, immunofluorescence staining, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), flow cytometry, and Western blot, respectively. Our results showed that PC12 cell apoptosis was significantly increased for up to 70% after the cells were treated with OGD for 24 hours and reduced to baseline at the 72-hour time point. However, pretreatment with ketamine and propofol significantly protected the cells from OGD-induced cell apoptosis, as evidenced by more expression of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 and lower expression of proapoptotic cleaved caspase-3, phosphor-SAPK/JNK, and phosphor-c-Jun than those of untreated control cells. Thus, we conclude that ketamine and propofol protected PC12 cells from OGD-induced cell apoptosis, at least partially through the SAPK/JNK signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihua Qi
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yiyun Cao
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Aizhong Wang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
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Park HJ, Piao L, Seo EH, Lee SH, Kim SH. The effect of repetitive exposure to intravenous anesthetic agents on the immunity in mice. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:428-436. [PMID: 32174773 PMCID: PMC7053311 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.41899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: This study was designed to assess the effect of repetitive exposure to intravenous anesthetic agents on the immunity in mice. Materials and Methods: The mice were divided into six groups: three intravenous anesthetic agents groups (dexmedetomidine, midazolam and propofol groups), and three corresponding control groups (CD, CM, and CP groups). The intravenous injections were administered once per day for 5 days. The immunity of mice was checked after the last intravenous injection. Histopathology and immunochemistry of liver and kidneys were evaluated. Cytokine levels in the blood was also checked. vs. evaluated with cytokine levels in the blood. Results: Cluster of differentiation (CD)4+ T cells were significantly less expressed in dexmedetomidine and propofol groups, compared with the corresponding control groups [34.08 ± 5.63% in the dexmedetomidine group vs. 59.74 ± 8.64% in the CD group, p < 0.05; 25.28 ± 7.28% in the propofol group vs. 61.12 ± 2.70% in the Cp group, p < 0.05]. Apoptosis of CD4+ T cells was increased significantly in dexmedetomidine and propofol groups, compared with the corresponding control groups. Histopathological findings of liver and kidneys did not show any specific differences of any of three intravenous anesthetic agents groups with their corresponding control groups, although immunohistochemical examination indicated significantly lower expression of Toll-like receptor-4 from liver and kidneys in dexmedetomidine and propofol groups. The cytokine levels were not different between the groups. Conclusion: Repetitive exposure to dexmedetomidine and propofol reduced the expression of CD4+ T cells but did not induce any significant liver or kidney injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jun Park
- Department of Infection and Immunology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Liyun Piao
- Department of Infection and Immunology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Seo
- BK21 plus, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong-Hyop Kim
- Department of Infection and Immunology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain medicine, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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12
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Feng J, Chen X, Lu S, Li W, Yang D, Su W, Wang X, Shen J. Naringin Attenuates Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Through Inhibiting Peroxynitrite-Mediated Mitophagy Activation. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:9029-9042. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1027-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Propofol, but not ketamine or midazolam, exerts neuroprotection after ischaemic injury by inhibition of Toll-like receptor 4 and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B-cell signalling: A combined in vitro and animal study. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2018; 33:670-80. [PMID: 26981881 DOI: 10.1097/eja.0000000000000449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Propofol, midazolam and ketamine are widely used in today's anaesthesia practice. Both neuroprotective and neurotoxic effects have been attributed to all three agents. OBJECTIVE To establish whether propofol, midazolam and ketamine in the same neuronal injury model exert neuroprotective effects on injured neurones in vitro and in vivo by modulation of the Toll-like receptor 4-nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (TLR-4-NF-κB) pathway. DESIGN AND SETTING Cell-based laboratory (n = 6 repetitions per experiment) and animal (n = 6 per group) studies using a neuronal cell line (SH-SY5Y cells) and adult Sprague-Dawley rats. INTERVENTIONS Cells were exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation before or after treatment using escalating, clinically relevant doses of propofol, midazolam and ketamine. In animals, retinal ischaemia (60 min) was induced followed by reperfusion and randomised treatment with saline or propofol. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Neuronal cell death was determined using flow-cytometry (mitochondrial membrane potential) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. Nuclear factor NF-κB and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 α-activity were analysed by DNA-binding ELISA, expression of NF-κB-dependent genes and TLR-4 by luciferase-assay and flow-cytometry, respectively. In animals, retinal ganglion cell density, caspase-3 activation and gene expression (TLR-4, NF-κB) were used to determine in vivo effects of propofol. Results were compared using ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) and t test. A P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Post-treatment with clinically relevant concentrations of propofol (1 to 10 μg ml) preserved the mitochondrial membrane potential in oxygen-glucose deprivation-injured cells by 54% and reduced LDH release by 21%. Propofol diminished TLR-4 surface expression and preserved the DNA-binding activity of the protective hypoxia-inducible factor 1 α transcription factor. DNA-binding and transcriptional NF-κB-activity were inhibited by propofol. Neuronal protection and inhibition of TLR-4-NF-κB signalling were not consistently seen with midazolam or ketamine. In vivo, propofol treatment preserved rat retinal ganglion cell densities (cells mm, saline 1504 ± 251 vs propofol 2088 ± 144, P = 0.0001), which was accompanied by reduced neuronal caspase-3, TLR-4 and NF-κB expression. CONCLUSION Propofol, but neither midazolam nor ketamine, provides neuroprotection to injured neuronal cells via inhibition of TLR-4-NF-κB-dependent signalling.
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Wu LR, Liu L, Xiong XY, Zhang Q, Wang FX, Gong CX, Zhong Q, Yang YR, Meng ZY, Yang QW. Vinpocetine alleviate cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by down-regulating TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling. Oncotarget 2017; 8:80315-80324. [PMID: 29113305 PMCID: PMC5655200 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory responses play crucial roles in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is an important mediator of the neuroinflammatory response to cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Vinpocetine is a derivative of the alkaloid vincamine and exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting NF-κB activation. However, the effects of vinpocetine on pathways upstream of NF-κB signaling, such as TLR4, have not been fully elucidated. Here, we used mouse middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and cell-based oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) models to evaluate the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of vinpocetine treatment. The vinpocetine treatment significantly reduced mice cerebral infarct volumes and neurological scores. Moreover, the numbers of TUNEL+ and Fluoro-Jade B+ cells were significantly decreased in the ischemic brain tissues after vinpocetine treatment. In the OGD model, the vinpocetine treatment also increased the viability of cultured cortical neurons. Interestingly, vinpocetine exerted a neuroprotective effect on the mouse MCAO model and cell-based OGD model by inhibiting TLR4-mediated inflammatory responses and decreasing proinflammatory cytokine release through the MyD88-dependent signaling pathway, independent of TRIF signaling pathway. In conclusion, vinpocetine exerts anti-inflammatory effects to ameliorate cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in vitro and in vivo. Vinpocetine may inhibit inflammatory responses through the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway, independent of TRIF-mediated inflammatory responses. Thus, vinpocetine may be an attractive therapeutic candidate for the treatment of ischemic cerebral injury or other inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Rong Wu
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Shapingba, Chongqing, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Shapingba, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao-Yi Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Shapingba, Chongqing, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Shapingba, Chongqing, China
| | - Fa-Xiang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Shapingba, Chongqing, China
| | - Chang-Xiong Gong
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Shapingba, Chongqing, China
| | - Qi Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Shapingba, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan-Rui Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Shapingba, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhao-You Meng
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Shapingba, Chongqing, China
| | - Qing-Wu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Shapingba, Chongqing, China
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15
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Yang H, Cheng X, Yang YL, Wang YH, Du GH. Ramulus Cinnamomi extract attenuates neuroinflammatory responses via downregulating TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway in BV2 cells. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:1860-1864. [PMID: 29239332 PMCID: PMC5745840 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.219048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ramulus Cinnamomi (RC), a traditional Chinese herb, has been used to attenuate inflammatory responses. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of RC extract on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation in BV2 microglial cells and the underlying mechanisms involved. BV2 cells were incubated with normal medium (control group), LPS, LPS plus 30 μg/mL RC extract, or LPS plus 100 μg/mL RC extract. The BV2 cell morphology was observed under an optical microscope and cell viability was detected by MTT assay. Nitric oxide level in BV2 cells was detected using Griess regents, and the levels of interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor α in BV2 cells were determined by ELISA. The expression levels of cyclooxygenase-2, Toll-like receptor 4 and myeloid differentiation factor 88 proteins were detected by western blot assay. Compared with the LPS group, both 30 and 100 μg/mL RC extract had no significant effect on the viability of BV2 cells. The levels of nitric oxide, interleukin-6, interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor α in BV2 cells were all significantly increased after LPS induction, and the levels were significantly reversed after treatment with 30 and 100 μg/mL RC extract. Furthermore, RC extract significantly inhibited the protein expression levels of cyclooxygenase-2, Toll-like receptor 4 and myeloid differentiation factor 88 in LPS-induced BV2 cells. Our findings suggest that RC extract alleviates neuroinflammation by downregulating the TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Cheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Lin Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yue-Hua Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Guan-Hua Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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16
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Zhou JM, Gu SS, Mei WH, Zhou J, Wang ZZ, Xiao W. Ginkgolides and bilobalide protect BV2 microglia cells against OGD/reoxygenation injury by inhibiting TLR2/4 signaling pathways. Cell Stress Chaperones 2016; 21:1037-1053. [PMID: 27562518 PMCID: PMC5083673 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-016-0728-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginkgolide and bilobalide are major trilactone constituent of Ginkgo biloba leaves and have been shown to exert powerful neuroprotective properties. The aims of this study were to observe the inhibitory effects of ginkgolide and bilobalide on the activation of microglial cells induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R) and the specific mechanisms by which these effects are mediated. For detecting whether ginkgolide and bilobalide increased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner, BV2 cells were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation for 4 h followed by 3 h reoxygenation with various concentrations of drugs (6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 μg/ml). The extent of apoptosis effect of OGD/R with or without ginkgolide and bilobalide treatment were also measured by Annexin V-FITC/PI staining. Similarly, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 were detected using a specific Bio-Plex Pro™ Reagent Kit. The effects of ginkgolide and bilobalide on protein levels of TLR2/4, MyD88, p-TAK1, p-IKKβ, p-IkBα, NF-κB p65, Bcl-2, Bax, Bak, RIP3, cleaved-Caspase-3, cleaved PARP-1 and cellular localization of NF-κB p65 were evaluated by Western blot and double-labeled immunofluorescence staining, respectively. OGD/R significantly decreased the cell viability and increased the release of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α in BV2 microglia cells; these effects were suppressed by ginkgolide and bilobalide. Meanwhile, ginkgolide and bilobalide also attenuated the OGD/R-induced increases in TLR2, TLR4, MyD88, Bak, RIP3 levels and reversed cleaved caspase-3/caspase-3, Bax/Bcl-2 and cleaved PARP-1/PARP-1 ratio. Furthermore, ginkgolide and bilobalide also downregulated p-TAK1, p-IkBα, and p-IKKβ and inhibited the OGD/R-induced transfer of NF-κB p65 from cytoplasm to nucleus in BV2 microglia cells. The results showed that ginkgolide and bilobalide can inhibit OGD/R-induced production of inflammatory factors in BV2 microglia cells by regulating the TLRs/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathways and attenuating inflammatory response. The possible mechanism of anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of ginkgolides results from the synergistic reaction among each monomer constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of New-tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process, Jiangsu Kanion Modern TCM Research Institute, Lianyungang, 222001, China.
| | - Sha-Sha Gu
- State Key Laboratory of New-tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process, Jiangsu Kanion Modern TCM Research Institute, Lianyungang, 222001, China
| | - Wang Hong Mei
- State Key Laboratory of New-tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process, Jiangsu Kanion Modern TCM Research Institute, Lianyungang, 222001, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of New-tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process, Jiangsu Kanion Modern TCM Research Institute, Lianyungang, 222001, China
| | - Zhen Zhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of New-tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process, Jiangsu Kanion Modern TCM Research Institute, Lianyungang, 222001, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of New-tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process, Jiangsu Kanion Modern TCM Research Institute, Lianyungang, 222001, China
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17
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Activation of corticotropin-releasing factor neurons and microglia in paraventricular nucleus precipitates visceral hypersensitivity induced by colorectal distension in rats. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 55:93-104. [PMID: 26743854 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral hypersensitivity is a major contributor to irritable bowel syndrome and other disorders with visceral pain. Substantial evidence has established that glial activation and neuro-glial interaction play a key role in the establishment and maintenance of visceral hypersensitivity. We recently demonstrated that activation of spinal microglial toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)/nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling facilitated the development of visceral hypersensitivity in a rat model developed by neonatal and adult colorectal distensions (CRDs). Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of chronic pain. In this study, we examined the mechanism by which microglia and neurons in PVN establish and maintain visceral hypersensitivity and the involvement of TLR4 signaling. Visceral hypersensitivity was precipitated by adult colorectal distension (CRD) only in rats that experienced neonatal CRDs. Visceral hypersensitivity was associated with an increase in the expression of c-fos, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) protein and mRNA in PVN, which could be prevented by intra-PVN infusion of lidocaine or small interfering RNA targeting the CRF gene. These results suggest PVN CRF neurons modulate visceral hypersensitivity. Adult CRD induced an increase in the expression of Iba-1 (a microglial marker), TLR4 protein, and its downstream effectors MyD88, NF-κB, as well as proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) only in rats that experienced neonatal CRDs. Intra-PVN infusion of minocycline, a nonselective microglial inhibitor, attenuated the hyperactivity of TLR4 signaling cascade, microglial activation, and visceral hypersensitivity. Taken together, these data suggest that neonatal CRDs induce a glial activation in PVN. Adult CRD potentiates the glial and CRF neuronal activity, and precipitates visceral hypersensitivity and pain. TLR4 signaling and proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β may participate in neuro-glial interaction during the pathogenesis of visceral hypersensitivity.
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18
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García Bueno B, Caso JR, Madrigal JLM, Leza JC. Innate immune receptor Toll-like receptor 4 signalling in neuropsychiatric diseases. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 64:134-47. [PMID: 26905767 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The innate immunity is a stereotyped first line of defense against pathogens and unspecified damage signals. One of main actors of innate immunity are the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and one of the better characterized members of this family is TLR-4, that it is mainly activated by Gram-negative bacteria lipopolysaccharide. In brain, TLR-4 organizes innate immune responses against infections or cellular damage, but also possesses other physiological functions. In the last years, some evidences suggest a role of TLR-4 in stress and stress-related neuropsychiatric diseases. Peripheral and brain TLR-4 activation triggers sickness behavior, and its expression is a risk factor of depression. Some elements of the TLR-4 signaling pathway are up-regulated in peripheral samples and brain post-mortem tissue from depressed and suicidal patients. The "leaky gut" hypothesis of neuropsychiatric diseases is based on the existence of an increase of the intestinal permeability which results in bacterial translocation able to activate TLR-4. Enhanced peripheral TLR-4 expression/activity has been described in subjects diagnosed with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and in autistic children. A role for TLR-4 in drugs abuse has been also proposed. The therapeutic potential of pharmacological/genetic modulation of TLRs signaling pathways in neuropsychiatry is promising, but a great preclinical/clinical scientific effort is still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B García Bueno
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Complutense University, CIBERSAM, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - J R Caso
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Complutense University, CIBERSAM, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - J L M Madrigal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Complutense University, CIBERSAM, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - J C Leza
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Complutense University, CIBERSAM, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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19
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Dai XJ, Li N, Yu L, Chen ZY, Hua R, Qin X, Zhang YM. Activation of BV2 microglia by lipopolysaccharide triggers an inflammatory reaction in PC12 cell apoptosis through a toll-like receptor 4-dependent pathway. Cell Stress Chaperones 2015; 20:321-31. [PMID: 25387796 PMCID: PMC4326377 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-014-0552-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia play an important role in neuronal protection and damage. However, the molecular and cellular relationship between microglia and neurons is unclear. We carried out a prospective study to detect that activation of BV2 microglia induced PC12 cell apoptosis in vitro through the TLR4/adapter protein myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway. BV2 microglia were treated with different concentrations of LPS for 24 h. Western blot was utilized to detect the expression of TLR4 and the downstream signaling pathway. The level of inflammatory mediator was quantified using a specific ELISA kit. The supernatant of 10 μg/ml LPS-treated BV2 cells was used as conditioned medium (CM). PC12 cells were co-culture with CM for 24 h. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay and cell apoptosis was tested by flow cytometry. BV2 microglia were treated with 10, 20, or 30 μg/ml LPS for 24 h. The expression of TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB significantly increased. When PC12 cells were co-cultured with CM for 24 h, cell viability decreased. CM up-regulated the Bax level and down-regulated the Bcl-2 protein level in PC12 cells. PC12 cells pretreated with interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) for 30 min, significantly alleviated CM-induced PC12 cell apoptosis. These results suggest that BV2 microglia activated by LPS triggered TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway that induced the release of IL-1β and could participate in the PC12 cells injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-jing Dai
- />Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical College, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002 China
| | - Na Li
- />Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical College, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002 China
| | - Le Yu
- />Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical College, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002 China
| | - Zi-yang Chen
- />Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical College, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002 China
| | - Rong Hua
- />Department of Emergency Medicine, the 97th Hospital of PLA, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002 China
| | - Xia Qin
- />Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical College, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002 China
| | - Yong-Mei Zhang
- />Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical College, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002 China
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20
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Wang CP, Zhang LZ, Li GC, Shi YW, Li JL, Zhang XC, Wang ZW, Ding F, Liang XM. Mulberroside a protects against ischemic impairment in primary culture of rat cortical neurons after oxygen-glucose deprivation followed by reperfusion. J Neurosci Res 2014; 92:944-54. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Ping Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration; Nantong University; Nantong China
| | - Lu-Zhong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration; Nantong University; Nantong China
| | - Gui-Cai Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration; Nantong University; Nantong China
| | - Yun-wei Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration; Nantong University; Nantong China
| | - Jian-Long Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration; Nantong University; Nantong China
| | - Xiao-Chuan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration; Nantong University; Nantong China
| | - Zhi-Wei Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration; Nantong University; Nantong China
- Department of Pharmacology; University of California; Irvine California
| | - Fei Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration; Nantong University; Nantong China
| | - Xin-Miao Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration; Nantong University; Nantong China
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian China
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Peng M, Ye JS, Wang YL, Chen C, Wang CY. Posttreatment with propofol attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced up-regulation of inflammatory molecules in primary microglia. Inflamm Res 2014; 63:411-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-014-0713-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Revised: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Adaramoye OA, Akinwonmi O, Akanni O. Effects of propofol, a sedative-hypnotic drug, on the lipid profile, antioxidant indices, and cardiovascular marker enzymes in wistar rats. ISRN PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 2013:230261. [PMID: 23840962 PMCID: PMC3690634 DOI: 10.1155/2013/230261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the activity of anaesthetic propofol on biological processes has been attracting attention. The effect of propofol on biochemical indices in animals is unknown. In this study, we examined the effects of propofol on lipid profile, antioxidant indices, and cardiovascular marker (CVM) enzymes in rats. The study consists of three groups of seven rats each. Group one received corn oil (Control) while groups two and three received propofol (doses of 2 and 4 mg/kg body weight, resp.). Results showed that administration of propofol caused a significant (P < 0.05) and dose-dependent increase in the levels of total bilirubin. Propofol at 2 and 4 mg/kg increased the levels of serum total cholesterol by 74% and 55%, triglycerides by 97% and 115%, and LDL-C (low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol) by 45% and 73%, respectively, while HDL-C (high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol) decreased by 41% and 54%, respectively. Propofol significantly (P < 0.05) increased the levels of the hepatic reduced glutathione (GSH) and activities of GSH-dependent enzymes. Propofol at 2 and 4 mg/kg increased the activities of CVM enzymes: lactate dehydrogenase by 1.7 and 1.8 folds and creatinine phosphokinase by 2.0 and 2.1 folds, respectively. Taken together, propofol increased the levels of GSH and GSH-dependent enzymes but adversely affected the lipid profile of the rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwatosin A. Adaramoye
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Ibadan, 1 University Road, Oyo-Ojoo Way, Ibadan 20005, Nigeria
| | | | - Olubukola Akanni
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Ibadan, 1 University Road, Oyo-Ojoo Way, Ibadan 20005, Nigeria
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