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Chen A, Li J, Shen N, Huang H, Hang Q. Vitamin K: New insights related to senescence and cancer metastasis. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189057. [PMID: 38158025 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.189057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Several clinical trials and experimental studies have recently shown that vitamin K (VK) supplementation benefits the human body. Specifically, VK participates in coagulation and is associated with cellular senescence and cancer. VK has a potential anticancer effect in various cancers, such as pancreatic and prostate cancers. Through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, VK can prevent senescence and inhibit cancer metastasis. Therefore, cancer prognosis can be improved by preventing cellular senescence. In addition, VK can inhibit the proliferation, growth, and differentiation of cancer cells through various mechanisms, including induction of c-myc and c-fos genes, regulation of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and p21 genes, and angiogenesis inhibition. This review aims to discuss the relationship among VK, cellular senescence, and cancer metastasis and thus may improve comprehension of the specific functions of VK in human health. The potential application of VK as an adjuvant therapy for cancer (or in combination with traditional chemotherapy drugs or other vitamins) has also been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Chen
- Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Jialu Li
- Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Nianxuan Shen
- Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Haifeng Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng 224006, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yancheng First Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Yancheng 224006, China.
| | - Qinglei Hang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou 225001, China.
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2
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Xie Y, Li S, Wu D, Wang Y, Chen J, Duan L, Li S, Li Y. Vitamin K: Infection, Inflammation, and Auto-Immunity. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:1147-1160. [PMID: 38406326 PMCID: PMC10893789 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s445806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K (VK) comprises a group of substances with chlorophyll quinone bioactivity and exists in nature in the form of VK1 and VK2. As its initial recognition originated from the ability to promote blood coagulation, it is known as the coagulation vitamin. However, based on extensive research, VK has shown potential for the prevention and treatment of various diseases. Studies demonstrating the beneficial effects of VK on immunity, antioxidant capacity, intestinal microbiota regulation, epithelial development, and bone protection have drawn growing interest in recent years. This review article focuses on the mechanism of action of VK and its potential preventive and therapeutic effects on infections (eg, asthma, COVID-19), inflammation (eg, in type 2 diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cancer, aging, atherosclerosis) and autoimmune disorders (eg, inflammatory bowel disease, type 1 diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis). In addition, VK-dependent proteins (VKDPs) are another crucial mechanism by which VK exerts anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. This review explores the potential role of VK in preventing aging, combating neurological abnormalities, and treating diseases such as cancer and diabetes. Although current research appoints VK as a therapeutic tool for practical clinical applications in infections, inflammation, and autoimmune diseases, future research is necessary to elucidate the mechanism of action in more detail and overcome current limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Xie
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shifang Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dinan Wu
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yining Wang
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiepeng Chen
- Sungen Bioscience Co., Ltd, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lili Duan
- Sungen Bioscience Co., Ltd, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuzhuang Li
- College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuyuan Li
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People’s Republic of China
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3
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Li P, Ma Y, Wang X, Li X, Wang X, Yang J, Liu G. The protective effect of PL 1-3 on D-galactose-induced aging mice. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1304801. [PMID: 38235117 PMCID: PMC10791853 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1304801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The aging population has become an issue that cannot be ignored, and research on aging is receiving increasing attention. PL 1-3 possesses diverse pharmacological properties including anti-oxidative stress, inhibits inflammatory responses and anti-apoptosis. This study showed that PL 1-3 could protect mice, especially the brain, against the aging caused by D-galactose (D-gal). D-gal could cause oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and tissue pathological injury and so on in aging mice. The treatment of PL 1-3 could increase the anti-oxidative stress ability in the serum, liver, kidney and brain of aging mice, via increasing the total antioxidant capacity and the levels of anti-oxidative defense enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase), and reducing the end product of lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde). In the brain, in addition to the enhanced anti-oxidative stress via upregulating the level of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and heme oxygenase 1, PL 1-3 could improve the dysfunction of the cholinergic system via reducing the active of acetylcholinesterase so as to increase the level of acetylcholine, increase the anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis activities via downregulating the expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α) and pro-apoptosis proteins (Bcl-2 associated X protein and Caspase-3) in the D-gal-induced aging mice, to enhance the anti-aging ability via upregulating the expression of sirtuin 1 and downregulating the expressions of p53, p21, and p16. Besides, PL 1-3 could reverse the liver, kidney and spleen damages induced by D-gal in aging mice. These results suggested that PL 1-3 may be developed as an anti-aging drug for the prevention and intervention of age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengxiao Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
| | - Yazhong Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaotong Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
| | - Xuekun Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
| | - Jie Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
- Liaocheng Key Laboratory of Quality Control and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Ganoderma Lucidum, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
| | - Guoyun Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
- Liaocheng Key Laboratory of Quality Control and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Ganoderma Lucidum, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
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Zeng W, Yang J, He Y, Zhu Z. Bioactive compounds in cruciferous sprouts and microgreens and the effects of sulfur nutrition. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:7323-7332. [PMID: 37254614 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cruciferous sprouts and microgreens are a good source of bioactive compounds for human health as they are rich in glucosinolates, polyphenols, carotenoids, and vitamins. Glucosinolates - sulfur-containing bioactive phytochemicals - have anti-cancer effects. They mainly exist in cruciferous vegetables. Sulfur is one of the essential elements for plants and is an indispensable component of glucosinolates. This paper summarizes the nutritional value of cruciferous spouts and microgreens, along with the effects of sulfur nutrition on bioactive phytochemical compounds of cruciferous sprouts and microgreens, especially glucosinolates, with the aim of providing information about the dietary effects of cruciferous sprouts and microgreens. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Zeng
- College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Yang
- College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong He
- College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhujun Zhu
- College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
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Olszewska-Czyz I, Firkova E. A Case Control Study Evaluating the Relationship between Vitamin K2 Serum Level and Periodontitis. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2937. [PMID: 37998429 PMCID: PMC10670967 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11222937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Vitamin K2 (VK2) is an essential co-factor for bone metabolism. There is still very little data regarding possible VK2 relation to periodontitis. This study aimed to investigate any potential link between VK2 serum level and the severity of periodontitis in comparison to a control group of healthy individuals. The trial was performed on 100 patients among whom 50 were diagnosed with periodontitis. The patients underwent full clinical periodontal and radiological examination. The VK2 serum level was assessed using the ELISA kit (Gla-type osteocalcin EIA Kit, Takara, Kusatsu). Patients with periodontitis had mean serum levels of VK2 significantly lower (0.27 ± 0.06 nmol/L; p < 0.001) than the control group (0.43 ± 0.09 nmol/L; p < 0.001) regardless of the patient's age or sex. The VK2 serum level decreased with the severity of periodontitis with the lowest level in stage IV of the disease (0.19 ± 0.01 nmol/L; p < 0.001). Also, a significant drop was noticed between the grades of periodontitis. Individuals with localized forms of the disease had significantly lower VK2 levels (0.26 ± 0.006 nmol/L; p < 0.001) in comparison to subjects with generalized periodontitis (0.30 ± 0.01 nmol/L; p < 0.001). The VK2 serum levels were also associated with most of the clinical parameters such as bleeding on probing (-0.805, 95% CI: -0.894 to -0.654, p < 0.001), attachment loss (-0.752, 95% CI: -0.862 to -0.574, p < 0.001), and bone loss (-0.656, 95% CI: -0.801 to -0.439, p < 0.001). In the present study, the VK2 serum level was correlated to periodontitis, and its severity, complexity, extension, and grade. The range of VK2 was decreasing together with the worsening of all clinical parameters of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Olszewska-Czyz
- Department of Periodontology, Prophylaxis and Oral Pathology, Medical Faculty, Jagiellonian University, 31155 Krakow, Poland
| | - Elena Firkova
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Diseases, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria;
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Kakavandi S, Zare I, VaezJalali M, Dadashi M, Azarian M, Akbari A, Ramezani Farani M, Zalpoor H, Hajikhani B. Structural and non-structural proteins in SARS-CoV-2: potential aspects to COVID-19 treatment or prevention of progression of related diseases. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:110. [PMID: 37189112 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01104-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by a new member of the Coronaviridae family known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). There are structural and non-structural proteins (NSPs) in the genome of this virus. S, M, H, and E proteins are structural proteins, and NSPs include accessory and replicase proteins. The structural and NSP components of SARS-CoV-2 play an important role in its infectivity, and some of them may be important in the pathogenesis of chronic diseases, including cancer, coagulation disorders, neurodegenerative disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. The SARS-CoV-2 proteins interact with targets such as angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 can stimulate pathological intracellular signaling pathways by triggering transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), neuropilin-1 (NRP-1), CD147, and Eph receptors, which play important roles in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, and multiple sclerosis, and multiple cancers such as glioblastoma, lung malignancies, and leukemias. Several compounds such as polyphenols, doxazosin, baricitinib, and ruxolitinib could inhibit these interactions. It has been demonstrated that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein has a stronger affinity for human ACE2 than the spike protein of SARS-CoV, leading the current study to hypothesize that the newly produced variant Omicron receptor-binding domain (RBD) binds to human ACE2 more strongly than the primary strain. SARS and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) viruses against structural and NSPs have become resistant to previous vaccines. Therefore, the review of recent studies and the performance of current vaccines and their effects on COVID-19 and related diseases has become a vital need to deal with the current conditions. This review examines the potential role of these SARS-CoV-2 proteins in the initiation of chronic diseases, and it is anticipated that these proteins could serve as components of an effective vaccine or treatment for COVID-19 and related diseases. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sareh Kakavandi
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Iman Zare
- Research and Development Department, Sina Medical Biochemistry Technologies Co. Ltd., Shiraz, 7178795844, Iran
| | - Maryam VaezJalali
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Dadashi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Maryam Azarian
- Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Abdullatif Akbari
- Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Ramezani Farani
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Nano Bio High-Tech Materials Research Center, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Hamidreza Zalpoor
- Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Bahareh Hajikhani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Mong MA. Vitamin K and the Visual System-A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15081948. [PMID: 37111170 PMCID: PMC10143727 DOI: 10.3390/nu15081948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K occupies a unique and often obscured place among its fellow fat-soluble vitamins. Evidence is mounting, however, that vitamin K (VK) may play an important role in the visual system apart from the hepatic carboxylation of hemostatic-related proteins. However, to our knowledge, no review covering the topic has appeared in the medical literature. Recent studies have confirmed that matrix Gla protein (MGP), a vitamin K-dependent protein (VKDP), is essential for the regulation of intraocular pressure in mice. The PREDIMED (Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea) study, a randomized trial involving 5860 adults at risk for cardiovascular disease, demonstrated a 29% reduction in the risk of cataract surgery in participants with the highest tertile of dietary vitamin K1 (PK) intake compared with those with the lowest tertile. However, the specific requirements of the eye and visual system (EVS) for VK, and what might constitute an optimized VK status, is currently unknown and largely unexplored. It is, therefore, the intention of this narrative review to provide an introduction concerning VK and the visual system, review ocular VK biology, and provide some historical context for recent discoveries. Potential opportunities and gaps in current research efforts will be touched upon in the hope of raising awareness and encouraging continued VK-related investigations in this important and highly specialized sensory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Mong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Veteran Affairs North Texas Health Care Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75216, USA
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The Pleiotropic Role of Vitamin K in Multimorbidity of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12041261. [PMID: 36835797 PMCID: PMC9964521 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12041261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Although defined by the presence of airflow obstruction and respiratory symptoms, patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are characterized by multimorbidity. Numerous co-occurring conditions and systemic manifestations contribute to the clinical presentation and progression of COPD; however, underlying mechanisms for multimorbidity are currently not fully elucidated. Vitamin A and vitamin D have been related to COPD pathogenesis. Another fat-soluble vitamin, vitamin K, has been put forward to exert protective roles in COPD. Vitamin K is an unequivocal cofactor for the carboxylation of coagulation factors, but also for extra-hepatic proteins including the soft tissue calcification inhibitor matrix Gla-protein and the bone protein osteocalcin. Additionally, vitamin K has been shown to have anti-oxidant and anti-ferroptosis properties. In this review, we discuss the potential role of vitamin K in the systemic manifestations of COPD. We will elaborate on the effect of vitamin K on prevalent co-occurring chronic conditions in COPD including cardiovascular disorders, chronic kidney disease, osteoporosis, and sarcopenia. Finally, we link these conditions to COPD with vitamin K as a connecting factor and provide recommendations for future clinical studies.
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9
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Park SH, Lee J, Hwang JT, Chung MY. Physiologic and epigenetic effects of nutrients on disease pathways. Nutr Res Pract 2023; 17:13-31. [PMID: 36777807 PMCID: PMC9884588 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2023.17.1.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Epigenetic regulation by nutrients can influence the development of specific diseases. This study sought to examine the effect of individual nutrients and nutrient families in the context of preventing chronic metabolic diseases via epigenetic regulation. The inhibition of lipid accumulation and inflammation by nutrients including proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals were observed, and histone acetylation by histone acetyltransferase (HAT) was measured. Correlative analyses were also performed. MATERIALS/METHODS Nutrients were selected according to information from the Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. Selected nutrient functionalities, including the attenuation of fatty acid-induced lipid accumulation and lipopolysaccharide-mediated acute inflammation were evaluated in mouse macrophage Raw264.7 and mouse hepatocyte AML-12 cells. Effects of the selected nutrients on in vitro HAT inhibition were also evaluated. RESULTS Nitric oxide (NO) production correlated with HAT activity, which was regulated by the amino acids group, suggesting that amino acids potentially contribute to the attenuation of NO production via the inhibition of HAT activity. Unsaturated fatty acids tended to attenuate inflammation by inhibiting NO production, which may be attributable to the inhibition of in vitro HAT activity. In contrast to water-soluble vitamins, the lipid-soluble vitamins significantly decreased NO production. Water- and lipid-soluble vitamins both exhibited significant inhibitory activities against HAT. In addition, calcium and manganese significantly inhibited lipid accumulation, NO production, and HAT activity. CONCLUSIONS Several candidate nutrients and their family members may have roles in the prevention of diseases, including hepatic steatosis and inflammation-related diseases (i.e., nonalcoholic steatohepatitis) via epigenetic regulation. Further studies are warranted to determine which specific amino acids, unsaturated fatty acids and lipid-soluble vitamins or specific minerals influence the development of steatosis and inflammatory-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Hyun Park
- Food Functionality Research Division, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Jaein Lee
- Food Functionality Research Division, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Jin-Taek Hwang
- Food Functionality Research Division, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea.,Department of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Min-Yu Chung
- Food Functionality Research Division, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea
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Alonso N, Meinitzer A, Fritz-Petrin E, Enko D, Herrmann M. Role of Vitamin K in Bone and Muscle Metabolism. Calcif Tissue Int 2023; 112:178-196. [PMID: 35150288 PMCID: PMC9859868 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-022-00955-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin K, a cofactor for the γ-glutamyl carboxylase enzyme, is required for the post-translational activation of osteocalcin and matrix Gla protein, which play a key role in bone and muscle homeostasis. In vivo and in vitro models for osteoporosis and sarcopenia suggest the vitamin K could exert a positive effect in both conditions. In bone, it increases osteoblastogenesis, whilst decreases osteoclast formation and function. In muscle, it is associated with increased satellite cell proliferation and migration and might play a role in energy metabolism. Observational trials suggest that high levels of vitamin K are associated with increased bone mineral density and reduced fracture risk. However, interventional studies for vitamin K supplementation yielded conflicting results. Clinical trials in sarcopenia suggest that vitamin K supplementation could improve muscle mass and function. One of the main limitations on the vitamin K studies are the technical challenges to measure its levels in serum. Thus, they are obtained from indirect sources like food questionnaires, or levels of undercarboxylated proteins, which can be affected by other environmental or biological processes. Although current research appoints to a beneficial effect of vitamin K in bone and muscle, further studies overcoming the current limitations are required in order to incorporate this supplementation in the clinical management of patients with osteosarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Alonso
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - A Meinitzer
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - E Fritz-Petrin
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - D Enko
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - M Herrmann
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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Lithgow H, Johnston L, Ho FK, Celis-Morales C, Cobley J, Raastad T, Hunter AM, Lees JS, Mark PB, Quinn TJ, Gray SR. Protocol for a randomised controlled trial to investigate the effects of vitamin K2 on recovery from muscle-damaging resistance exercise in young and older adults-the TAKEOVER study. Trials 2022; 23:1026. [PMID: 36539791 PMCID: PMC9764575 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-022-06937-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regular participation in resistance exercise is known to have broad-ranging health benefits and for this reason is prominent in the current physical activity guidelines. Recovery after such exercise is important for several populations across the age range and nutritional strategies to enhance recovery and modulate post-exercise physiological processes are widely studied, yet effective strategies remain elusive. Vitamin K2 supplementation has emerged as a potential candidate, and the aim of the current study, therefore, is to test the hypothesis that vitamin K2 supplementation can accelerate recovery, via modulation of the underlying physiological processes, following a bout of resistance exercise in young and older adults. METHODS The current study is a two-arm randomised controlled trial which will be conducted in 80 (40 young (≤40 years) and 40 older (≥65 years)) adults to compare post-exercise recovery in those supplemented with vitamin K2 or placebo for a 12-week period. The primary outcome is muscle strength with secondary outcomes including pain-free range of motion, functional abilities, surface electromyography (sEMG) and markers of inflammation and oxidative stress. DISCUSSION Ethical approval has been granted by the College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences Ethical Committee at the University of Glasgow (Project No 200190189) and recruitment is ongoing. Study findings will be disseminated through a presentation at scientific conferences and in scientific journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicialTrials.gov NCT04676958. Prospectively registered on 21 December 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Lithgow
- grid.8756.c0000 0001 2193 314XSchool of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA UK
| | - Lynsey Johnston
- grid.8756.c0000 0001 2193 314XSchool of Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Frederick K. Ho
- grid.8756.c0000 0001 2193 314XSchool of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Carlos Celis-Morales
- grid.8756.c0000 0001 2193 314XSchool of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA UK
| | - James Cobley
- grid.23378.3d0000 0001 2189 1357Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of Highlands and Islands, Inverness, UK
| | - Truls Raastad
- grid.412285.80000 0000 8567 2092Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sports Science, Oslo, Norway
| | - Angus M. Hunter
- grid.12361.370000 0001 0727 0669Department of Sprots Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jennifer S. Lees
- grid.8756.c0000 0001 2193 314XSchool of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA UK
| | - Patrick B. Mark
- grid.8756.c0000 0001 2193 314XSchool of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA UK
| | - Terry J. Quinn
- grid.8756.c0000 0001 2193 314XSchool of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA UK
| | - Stuart R. Gray
- grid.8756.c0000 0001 2193 314XSchool of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA UK ,grid.419313.d0000 0000 9487 602XDepartment of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Protic O, Di Pillo R, Montesanto A, Galeazzi R, Matacchione G, Giuliani A, Sabbatinelli J, Gurău F, Silvestrini A, Olivieri F, Antonicelli R, Bonfigli AR. Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Test the Effects of a Nutraceutical Combination Monacolin K-Free on the Lipid and Inflammatory Profile of Subjects with Hypercholesterolemia. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14142812. [PMID: 35889769 PMCID: PMC9324786 DOI: 10.3390/nu14142812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutraceutical combinations (NCs) against hypercholesterolemia are increasing in the marketplace. However, the availability of NCs without monacolin K is scarce even though the statin-intolerant population needs it. METHODS This study is a parallel-group, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. We evaluated the effects of the NC containing phytosterols, bergamot, olive fruits, and vitamin K2 on lipid profile and inflammatory biomarkers in 118 subjects (mean age ± SD, 57.9 ± 8.8 years; 49 men and 69 women) with hypercholesterolemia (mean total cholesterol ± SD, 227.4 ± 20.8 mg/dL) without clinical history of cardiovascular diseases. At baseline and 6 and 12 weeks of treatment, we evaluated lipid profile (total, LDL and HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides), safety (liver, kidney, and muscle parameters), and inflammatory biomarkers such as hs-CRP, leukocytes, interleukin-32, and interleukin-38 and inflammatory-microRNAs (miRs) miR-21, miR-126, and miR-146a. RESULTS Compared to the placebo, at 6 and 12 weeks, NC did not significantly reduce total cholesterol (p = 0.083), LDL cholesterol (p = 0.150), and triglycerides (p = 0.822). No changes were found in hs-CRP (p = 0.179), interleukin-32 (p = 0.587), interleukin-38 (p = 0.930), miR-21 (p = 0.275), miR-126 (p = 0.718), miR-146a (p = 0.206), myoglobin (p = 0.164), and creatine kinase (p = 0.376). Among the two reported, only one adverse event was probably related to the nutraceutical treatment. CONCLUSIONS The evaluated nutraceutical combination did not change serum lipid profile and inflammatory parameters, at least not with the daily dose applied in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Protic
- Cardiology Unit, Italian National Research Center on Aging, IRCCS INRCA, 60127 Ancona, Italy; (O.P.); (R.D.P.); (R.A.)
| | - Raffaele Di Pillo
- Cardiology Unit, Italian National Research Center on Aging, IRCCS INRCA, 60127 Ancona, Italy; (O.P.); (R.D.P.); (R.A.)
| | - Alberto Montesanto
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy;
| | - Roberta Galeazzi
- Clinical Laboratory and Molecular Diagnostic, Italian National Research Center on Aging, IRCCS INRCA, 60127 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Giulia Matacchione
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, DISCLIMO, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (G.M.); (A.G.); (J.S.); (F.G.); (A.S.); (F.O.)
| | - Angelica Giuliani
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, DISCLIMO, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (G.M.); (A.G.); (J.S.); (F.G.); (A.S.); (F.O.)
| | - Jacopo Sabbatinelli
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, DISCLIMO, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (G.M.); (A.G.); (J.S.); (F.G.); (A.S.); (F.O.)
| | - Felicia Gurău
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, DISCLIMO, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (G.M.); (A.G.); (J.S.); (F.G.); (A.S.); (F.O.)
| | - Andrea Silvestrini
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, DISCLIMO, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (G.M.); (A.G.); (J.S.); (F.G.); (A.S.); (F.O.)
| | - Fabiola Olivieri
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, DISCLIMO, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (G.M.); (A.G.); (J.S.); (F.G.); (A.S.); (F.O.)
- Center of Clinical Pathology and Innovative Therapy, Italian National Research Center on Aging, IRCCS INRCA, 60127 Ancona, Italy
| | - Roberto Antonicelli
- Cardiology Unit, Italian National Research Center on Aging, IRCCS INRCA, 60127 Ancona, Italy; (O.P.); (R.D.P.); (R.A.)
| | - Anna Rita Bonfigli
- Scientific Direction, Italian National Research Center on Aging, IRCCS INRCA, 60127 Ancona, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Liao Z, Chang J, Zhu Z, Han W, Meng T, Zheng S, Tu L, Antony B, Winzenberg T, Wluka AE, Cicuttini F, Ding C. Associations Between Dietary Intake of Vitamin K and Changes in Symptomatic and Structural Changes in Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2022. [PMID: 35671321 DOI: 10.1002/acr.24964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate associations of dietary vitamin K intake with changes in knee symptoms and structures in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS Participants with symptomatic knee OA were enrolled (n = 259) and followed up for 2 years (n = 212). Baseline dietary vitamin K intake was calculated from a validated food frequency questionnaire. Knee symptoms were assessed by using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) scores. Knee cartilage defects, bone marrow lesions, and effusion-synovitis volume were measured from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Univariable and multivariable linear regressions were used for analyses. RESULTS A higher vitamin K intake quartile was significantly associated with a greater decrease in the total WOMAC score and dysfunction score over 24 months. The subgroup analyses showed in patients with severe baseline visual analog scale (VAS) pain that a higher vitamin K intake quartile was associated with more improvement in all WOMAC scores. There were no overall significant associations between vitamin K intake and changes in MRI features. In subgroup analysis, vitamin K intake was negatively associated with changes in tibiofemoral, patellar, and total cartilage defects in participants with a severe baseline radiographic grade and was negatively associated with change in total and patellar cartilage defects in participants with severe baseline VAS pain and in female patients. CONCLUSION The association of higher vitamin K intake with decreased knee symptoms over 24 months in patients with knee OA suggests that clinical trials examining the effect of vitamin K supplementation for knee OA symptoms are warranted. Whether there is an effect on knee structure is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zetao Liao
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Chang
- Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhaohua Zhu
- Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiyu Han
- Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Meng
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Shuang Zheng
- First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Liudan Tu
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Benny Antony
- University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Changhai Ding
- Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, and Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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14
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Role of Vitamin K in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Focus on Bone and Cardiovascular Health. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095282. [PMID: 35563672 PMCID: PMC9099759 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is commonly associated with vitamin K deficiency. Some of the serious complications of CKD are represented by cardiovascular disease (CVD) and skeletal fragility with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. A complex pathogenetic link between hormonal and ionic disturbances, bone tissue and metabolism alterations, and vascular calcification (VC) exists and has been defined as chronic kidney disease–mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD). Poor vitamin K status seems to have a key role in the progression of CKD, but also in the onset and advance of both bone and cardiovascular complications. Three forms of vitamin K are currently known: vitamin K1 (phylloquinone), vitamin K2 (menaquinone), and vitamin K3 (menadione). Vitamin K plays different roles, including in activating vitamin K-dependent proteins (VKDPs) and in modulating bone metabolism and contributing to the inhibition of VC. This review focuses on the biochemical and functional characteristics of vitamin K vitamers, suggesting this nutrient as a possible marker of kidney, CV, and bone damage in the CKD population and exploring its potential use for promoting health in this clinical setting. Treatment strategies for CKD-associated osteoporosis and CV disease should include vitamin K supplementation. However, further randomized clinical studies are needed to assess the safety and the adequate dosage to prevent these CKD complications.
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15
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Kharnaior P, Tamang JP. Metagenomic-Metabolomic Mining of Kinema, a Naturally Fermented Soybean Food of the Eastern Himalayas. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:868383. [PMID: 35572705 PMCID: PMC9106393 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.868383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinema is a popular sticky fermented soybean food of the Eastern Himalayan regions of North East India, east Nepal, and south Bhutan. We hypothesized that some dominant bacteria in kinema may contribute to the formation of targeted and non-targeted metabolites for health benefits; hence, we studied the microbiome-metabolite mining of kinema. A total of 1,394,094,912 bp with an average of 464,698,304 ± 120,720,392 bp was generated from kinema metagenome, which resulted in the identification of 47 phyla, 331 families, 709 genera, and 1,560 species. Bacteria (97.78%) were the most abundant domain with the remaining domains of viruses, eukaryote, and archaea. Firmicutes (93.36%) was the most abundant phylum with 280 species of Bacillus, among which Bacillus subtilis was the most dominant species in kinema followed by B. glycinifermentans, B. cereus, B. licheniformis, B. thermoamylovorans, B. coagulans, B. circulans, B. paralicheniformis, and Brevibacillus borstelensis. Predictive metabolic pathways revealed the abundance of genes associated with metabolism (60.66%), resulting in 216 sub-pathways. A total of 361 metabolites were identified by metabolomic analysis (liquid chromatography-mass spectrophotometry, LC-MS). The presence of metabolites, such as chrysin, swainsonine, and 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine (anticancer activity) and benzimidazole (antimicrobial, anticancer, and anti-HIV activities), and compounds with immunomodulatory effects in kinema supports its therapeutic potential. The correlation between the abundant species of Bacillus and primary and secondary metabolites was constructed with a bivariate result. This study proves that Bacillus spp. contribute to the formation of many targeted and untargeted metabolites in kinema for health-promoting benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jyoti Prakash Tamang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Sikkim University, Gangtok, India
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16
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Qu Z, Zhang L, Huang W, Zheng S. Vitamin K2 Enhances Fat Degradation to Improve the Survival of C. elegans. Front Nutr 2022; 9:858481. [PMID: 35495953 PMCID: PMC9051363 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.858481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The beneficial effects of vitamin K (VK) on various chronic age-related syndromes have generally been considered dependent on its antioxidant effects. However, due to the distinct bioavailability and biological activities of VKs, exactly which of these activities and by what mechanisms they might act still need to be elucidated. In this study, we found that VK2 can extend the lifespan of C. elegans and improve the resistance to pathogen infection, heat stress and H2O2-induced inner oxidative stress. Importantly, the roles of VK2 on aging and stress resistance were shown to be dependent on enhanced fat metabolism and not due to its antioxidant effects. Moreover, the genes related to fat metabolism that were up-regulated following VK2 treatment play key roles in improving survival. Obesity is a leading risk factor for developing T2DM, and taking VKs has been previously considered to improve the insulin sensitivity associated with obesity and T2DM risk. However, our results showed that VK2 can significantly influence the expression of genes related to fat metabolism, including those that regulate fatty acid elongation, desaturation, and synthesis of fatty acid-CoA. VK2 enhanced the fatty acid β-oxidation activity in peroxisome to degrade and digest fatty acid-CoA. Our study implies that VK2 can enhance fat degradation and digestion to improve survival, supporting the effectiveness of VK2-based medical treatments. VK2 is mainly produced by gut bacteria, suggesting that VK2 might facilitate communication between the gut microbiota and the host intestinal cells to influence fat metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Qu
- Medical School, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- School of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Medical School, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Medical School, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Shanqing Zheng
- Medical School, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, Henan Provincial Engineering Centre for Tumor Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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Janus SE, Durieux JC, Hajjari J, Carneiro H, McComsey GA. Inflammation-mediated vitamin K and vitamin D effects on vascular calcifications in people with HIV on active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2022; 36:647-655. [PMID: 34907958 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with HIV (PWH) experience increased systemic inflammation and monocyte activation, leading to increased risk of cardiovascular events (death, stroke, and myocardial infarction) and higher coronary artery calcium scores (CACs). Vitamins D and K2 have significant anti-inflammatory effects; in addition, vitamin K2 is involved in preventing vascular calcifications in the general population. The roles of vitamins D and K in increased coronary calcifications in successfully treated PWH is less understood. METHODS We prospectively recruited 237 PWH on antiretroviral treatment (ART) and 67 healthy controls. CACs were derived from noncontrast chest computed tomography (CT) and levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (vitamin D) and inactive vitamin K-dependent dephosphorylated-uncarboxylated matrix Gla protein (dp-uc MGP, marker of vitamin K deficiency) were measured in plasma during a fasting state. The relationship between inflammation markers, dp-uc MGP, and vitamin D on CACs were estimated using zero-inflated negative binomial regression. Adjusted models included 25(OH)D, MGP, sex, race, age, and markers of inflammation or monocyte activation. RESULTS Overall, controls had lower median age (45.8 vs. 48.8; P = 0.03), a larger proportion of female individuals (55.2 vs. 23.6%; P < 0.0001), and nonwhite (33.8 vs. 70%; P < 0.0001). Among PWH, less than 1% had detectable viral load and the median CD4+ cell count was 682 (IQR: 473.00-899.00). 62.17% of the participants had zero CACs and 51.32% were vitamin D-deficient (<20 ng/ml). There was no difference in detectable CACs (P = 0.19) or dp-uc MGP (P = 0.42) between PWH and controls. In adjusted models, PWH with nonzero CACs have three times greater expected CAC burden compared with controls. Every 1% increase in MGP (worse K status) decreases the probability of having CACs equal to zero by 21.33% (P = 0.01). Evidence suggests that the effects of 25(OH)D and MGP are inflammation-mediated, specifically through sVCAM, TNF-αRI, and TNF-αRII. CONCLUSION Vitamin K deficiency is a modifiable preventive factor against coronary calcification in PWH. Further research should determine whether vitamin K supplementation would reduce systemic inflammation, vascular calcification, and risk of cardiovascular events in PWH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Grace A McComsey
- Clinical Research Center
- Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, University Hospital Cleveland Medical Center
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Naphthoquinone derivatives as P-glycoprotein inducers in inflammatory bowel disease: 2D monolayers, 3D spheroids, and in vivo models. Pharmacol Res 2022; 179:106233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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19
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Fusaro M, Tondolo F, Gasperoni L, Tripepi G, Plebani M, Zaninotto M, Nickolas TL, Ketteler M, Aghi A, Politi C, La Manna G, Brandi ML, Ferrari S, Gallieni M, Mereu MC, Cianciolo G. The Role of Vitamin K in CKD-MBD. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2022; 20:65-77. [PMID: 35132525 PMCID: PMC8821802 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-022-00716-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We describe the mechanism of action of vitamin K, and its implication in cardiovascular disease, bone fractures, and inflammation to underline its protective role, especially in chronic kidney disease (CKD). RECENT FINDINGS Vitamin K acts as a coenzyme of y-glutamyl carboxylase, transforming undercarboxylated in carboxylated vitamin K-dependent proteins. Furthermore, through the binding of the nuclear steroid and xenobiotic receptor, it activates the expression of genes that encode proteins involved in the maintenance of bone quality and bone remodeling. There are three main types of K vitamers: phylloquinone, menaquinones, and menadione. CKD patients, for several conditions typical of the disease, are characterized by lower levels of vitamin K than the general populations, with a resulting higher prevalence of bone fractures, vascular calcifications, and mortality. Therefore, the definition of vitamin K dosage is an important issue, potentially leading to reduced bone fractures and improved vascular calcifications in the general population and CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fusaro
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC), Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padova, Italy.
| | - Francesco Tondolo
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, IRCCS - Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Gasperoni
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, IRCCS - Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tripepi
- CNR-IFC, Clinical Epidemiology of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Ospedali Riuniti, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Mario Plebani
- Laboratory Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Martina Zaninotto
- Laboratory Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Thomas L Nickolas
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Markus Ketteler
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Nephrology, Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andrea Aghi
- Department of Medicine, Clinica Medica 1, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Cristina Politi
- CNR-IFC, Clinical Epidemiology of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Ospedali Riuniti, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Gaetano La Manna
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, IRCCS - Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Brandi
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Serge Ferrari
- Service des Maladies Osseuses, Département de Médecine, HUG, Genève, Switzerland
| | - Maurizio Gallieni
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences 'Luigi Sacco', Università di Milano, 20157, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Cianciolo
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, IRCCS - Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Collins AE, Saleh TM, Kalisch BE. Naturally Occurring Antioxidant Therapy in Alzheimer's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:213. [PMID: 35204096 PMCID: PMC8868221 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is estimated that the prevalence rate of Alzheimer's disease (AD) will double by the year 2040. Although currently available treatments help with symptom management, they do not prevent, delay the progression of, or cure the disease. Interestingly, a shared characteristic of AD and other neurodegenerative diseases and disorders is oxidative stress. Despite profound evidence supporting the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis and progression of AD, none of the currently available treatment options address oxidative stress. Recently, attention has been placed on the use of antioxidants to mitigate the effects of oxidative stress in the central nervous system. In preclinical studies utilizing cellular and animal models, natural antioxidants showed therapeutic promise when administered alone or in combination with other compounds. More recently, the concept of combination antioxidant therapy has been explored as a novel approach to preventing and treating neurodegenerative conditions that present with oxidative stress as a contributing factor. In this review, the relationship between oxidative stress and AD pathology and the neuroprotective role of natural antioxidants from natural sources are discussed. Additionally, the therapeutic potential of natural antioxidants as preventatives and/or treatment for AD is examined, with special attention paid to natural antioxidant combinations and conjugates that are currently being investigated in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bettina E. Kalisch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Collaborative Specialization in Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (A.E.C.); (T.M.S.)
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Synthetic vitamin K analogs inhibit inflammation by targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:2422-2430. [PMID: 32917982 PMCID: PMC8484578 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00545-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K refers to a group of structurally similar vitamins that are essential for proper blood coagulation, as well as bone and cardiovascular health. Previous studies have indicated that vitamin K may also have anti-inflammatory properties, although the underlying mechanisms of its anti-inflammatory effects remain unclear. The NLRP3 inflammasome is a multiprotein complex, and its activation leads to IL-1β and IL-18 secretion and contributes to the pathogenesis of various human inflammatory diseases. Here, we show that synthetic vitamins K3 and K4 are selective, potent inhibitors of the NLRP3 inflammasome and specifically block the interaction between NLRP3 and ASC, thereby inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome assembly. Moreover, we show that treatment with vitamin K3 or K4 attenuates the severity of inflammation in a mouse model of peritonitis. Our results demonstrate that vitamins K3 and K4 exert their anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation and indicate that vitamin K supplementation may be a treatment option for NLRP3-associated inflammatory diseases.
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22
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Horace RW, Roberts M, Lu B, Driban JB, McAlindon T, Eaton CB. The association between vitamin K and medial tibial-femoral knee osteoarthritis progression: Data from the osteoarthritis initiative. OSTEOARTHRITIS AND CARTILAGE OPEN 2021; 3:100172. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ocarto.2021.100172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Vitamin K-Dependent Proteins in Skeletal Development and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179328. [PMID: 34502245 PMCID: PMC8430550 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K and Vitamin K-dependent proteins (VKDPs) are best known for their pivotal role in blood coagulation. Of the 14 VKPDs identified in humans to date, 6 play also important roles in skeletal biology and disease. Thus, osteocalcin, also termed bone Gla-protein, is the most abundant non-collagenous protein in bone. Matrix Gla protein and Ucma/GRP on the other hand are highly abundant in cartilage. Furthermore, periostin, protein S, and growth arrest specific 6 protein (GAS 6) are expressed in skeletal tissues. The roles for these VKDPs are diverse but include the control of calcification and turnover of bone and cartilage. Vitamin K plays an important role in osteoporosis and serum osteocalcin levels are recognized as a promising marker for osteoporosis. On the other hand, matrix Gla protein and Ucma/GRP are associated with osteoarthritis. This review focuses on the roles of these three VKDPs, osteocalcin, matrix Gla protein and Ucma/GRP, in skeletal development and disease but will also summarize the roles the other skeletal VKDPs (periostin, protein S and GAS6) in skeletal biology.
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Ballal P, Peloquin C, Boer CG, Neogi T. Warfarin use and risk of knee and hip replacements. Ann Rheum Dis 2021; 80:605-609. [PMID: 34380108 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-219646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of modifiable risk factors and treatments for osteoarthritis (OA) are needed. Warfarin, a vitamin K antagonist, causes fetal and animal model skeletal abnormalities. Vitamin K insufficiency has been associated with OA, but whether warfarin is also detrimental to OA is not known. METHODS We conducted a nested case-control study using a UK general practitioner electronic medical records database. We identified cases of knee or hip replacement (KR or HR) from among adults with atrial fibrillation newly prescribed either warfarin or direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs). Cases were matched with four controls by age and sex. We assessed the relation of warfarin compared with DOAC use to risk of joint replacement using conditional logistic regression. We also evaluated different durations of warfarin use. RESULTS We identified 857 subjects with KR or HR (cases), of whom 64.6% were warfarin users, and 3428 matched controls, of whom 56.1% were warfarin users (mean age 75, 47% female). Warfarin users had a 1.59 times higher risk of joint replacement than DOAC users (adjusted OR 1.59, 95% CI 1.31 to 1.92). Longer duration of warfarin use was associated with higher risk of joint replacement in comparison with <1 year of warfarin use. CONCLUSION Warfarin, a vitamin K antagonist, was associated with greater risk of KR and HR (an indicator for end-stage knee OA) than DOAC use, supporting the importance of adequate vitamin K functioning in limiting OA progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Ballal
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christine Peloquin
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cindy Germaine Boer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Genetic Laboratories, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tuhina Neogi
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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The Role of Vitamin K in Humans: Implication in Aging and Age-Associated Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10040566. [PMID: 33917442 PMCID: PMC8067486 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10040566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As human life expectancy is rising, the incidence of age-associated diseases will also increase. Scientific evidence has revealed that healthy diets, including good fats, vitamins, minerals, or polyphenolics, could have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, with antiaging effects. Recent studies demonstrated that vitamin K is a vital cofactor in activating several proteins, which act against age-related syndromes. Thus, vitamin K can carboxylate osteocalcin (a protein capable of transporting and fixing calcium in bone), activate matrix Gla protein (an inhibitor of vascular calcification and cardiovascular events) and carboxylate Gas6 protein (involved in brain physiology and a cognitive decline and neurodegenerative disease inhibitor). By improving insulin sensitivity, vitamin K lowers diabetes risk. It also exerts antiproliferative, proapoptotic, autophagic effects and has been associated with a reduced risk of cancer. Recent research shows that protein S, another vitamin K-dependent protein, can prevent the cytokine storm observed in COVID-19 cases. The reduced activation of protein S due to the pneumonia-induced vitamin K depletion was correlated with higher thrombogenicity and possibly fatal outcomes in COVID-19 patients. Our review aimed to present the latest scientific evidence about vitamin K and its role in preventing age-associated diseases and/or improving the effectiveness of medical treatments in mature adults ˃50 years old.
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Diabetes, inflammation, and the adiponectin paradox: Therapeutic targets in SARS-CoV-2. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:2036-2044. [PMID: 33775925 PMCID: PMC7997138 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aging and pre-existing conditions in older patients increase severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) severity and its complications, although the causes remain unclear. Apart from acute pulmonary syndrome, Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) can increasingly induce chronic conditions. Importantly, SARS-CoV-2 triggers de novo type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) linked to age-associated cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancers, and neurodegeneration. Mechanistically, SARS-CoV-2 induces inflammation, possibly through damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) signaling and ‘cytokine storm,’ causing insulin resistance and the adiponectin (APN) paradox, a phenomenon linking metabolic dysfunction to chronic disease. Accordingly, preventing the APN paradox by suppressing APN-related inflammatory signaling might prove beneficial. A better understanding could uncover novel therapies for SARS-CoV-2 and its chronic disorders.
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Holcomb D, Alexaki A, Hernandez N, Hunt R, Laurie K, Kames J, Hamasaki-Katagiri N, Komar AA, DiCuccio M, Kimchi-Sarfaty C. Gene variants of coagulation related proteins that interact with SARS-CoV-2. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1008805. [PMID: 33730015 PMCID: PMC8007013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombosis is a recognized complication of Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) and is often associated with poor prognosis. There is a well-recognized link between coagulation and inflammation, however, the extent of thrombotic events associated with COVID-19 warrants further investigation. Poly(A) Binding Protein Cytoplasmic 4 (PABPC4), Serine/Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitor Clade G Member 1 (SERPING1) and Vitamin K epOxide Reductase Complex subunit 1 (VKORC1), which are all proteins linked to coagulation, have been shown to interact with SARS proteins. We computationally examined the interaction of these with SARS-CoV-2 proteins and, in the case of VKORC1, we describe its binding to ORF7a in detail. We examined the occurrence of variants of each of these proteins across populations and interrogated their potential contribution to COVID-19 severity. Potential mechanisms, by which some of these variants may contribute to disease, are proposed. Some of these variants are prevalent in minority groups that are disproportionally affected by severe COVID-19. Therefore, we are proposing that further investigation around these variants may lead to better understanding of disease pathogenesis in minority groups and more informed therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Holcomb
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Division of Plasma Protein Therapeutics, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Aikaterini Alexaki
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Division of Plasma Protein Therapeutics, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nancy Hernandez
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Division of Plasma Protein Therapeutics, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ryan Hunt
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Division of Plasma Protein Therapeutics, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kyle Laurie
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Division of Plasma Protein Therapeutics, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jacob Kames
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Division of Plasma Protein Therapeutics, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nobuko Hamasaki-Katagiri
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Division of Plasma Protein Therapeutics, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anton A. Komar
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Michael DiCuccio
- National Center of Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chava Kimchi-Sarfaty
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Division of Plasma Protein Therapeutics, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
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Walther B, Guggisberg D, Schmidt RS, Portmann R, Risse MC, Badertscher R, Chollet M. Quantitative analysis of menaquinones (vitamin K2) in various types of cheese from Switzerland. Int Dairy J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2020.104853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Combinatorial engineering for improved menaquinone-4 biosynthesis in Bacillus subtilis. Enzyme Microb Technol 2020; 141:109652. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2020.109652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Holcomb D, Alexaki A, Hernandez N, Laurie K, Kames J, Hamasaki-Katagiri N, Komar AA, DiCuccio M, Kimchi-Sarfaty C. Potential impact on coagulopathy of gene variants of coagulation related proteins that interact with SARS-CoV-2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 32935103 DOI: 10.1101/2020.09.08.272328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Thrombosis has been one of the complications of the Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19), often associated with poor prognosis. There is a well-recognized link between coagulation and inflammation, however, the extent of thrombotic events associated with COVID-19 warrants further investigation. Poly(A) Binding Protein Cytoplasmic 4 (PABPC4), Serine/Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitor Clade G Member 1 (SERPING1) and Vitamin K epOxide Reductase Complex subunit 1 (VKORC1), which are all proteins linked to coagulation, have been shown to interact with SARS proteins. We computationally examined the interaction of these with SARS-CoV-2 proteins and, in the case of VKORC1, we describe its binding to ORF7a in detail. We examined the occurrence of variants of each of these proteins across populations and interrogated their potential contribution to COVID-19 severity. Potential mechanisms by which some of these variants may contribute to disease are proposed. Some of these variants are prevalent in minority groups that are disproportionally affected by severe COVID-19. Therefore, we are proposing that further investigation around these variants may lead to better understanding of disease pathogenesis in minority groups and more informed therapeutic approaches. Author summary Increased blood clotting, especially in the lungs, is a common complication of COVID-19. Infectious diseases cause inflammation which in turn can contribute to increased blood clotting. However, the extent of clot formation that is seen in the lungs of COVID-19 patients suggests that there may be a more direct link. We identified three human proteins that are involved indirectly in the blood clotting cascade and have been shown to interact with proteins of SARS virus, which is closely related to the novel coronavirus. We examined computationally the interaction of these human proteins with the viral proteins. We looked for genetic variants of these proteins and examined how these variants are distributed across populations. We investigated whether variants of these genes could impact severity of COVID-19. Further investigation around these variants may provide clues for the pathogenesis of COVID-19 particularly in minority groups.
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Beato S, Toledo-Solís FJ, Fernández I. Vitamin K in Vertebrates' Reproduction: Further Puzzling Pieces of Evidence from Teleost Fish Species. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1303. [PMID: 32917043 PMCID: PMC7564532 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K (VK) is a fat-soluble vitamin that vertebrates have to acquire from the diet, since they are not able to de novo synthesize it. VK has been historically known to be required for the control of blood coagulation, and more recently, bone development and homeostasis. Our understanding of the VK metabolism and the VK-related molecular pathways has been also increased, and the two main VK-related pathways-the pregnane X receptor (PXR) transactivation and the co-factor role on the γ-glutamyl carboxylation of the VK dependent proteins-have been thoroughly investigated during the last decades. Although several studies evidenced how VK may have a broader VK biological function than previously thought, including the reproduction, little is known about the specific molecular pathways. In vertebrates, sex differentiation and gametogenesis are tightly regulated processes through a highly complex molecular, cellular and tissue crosstalk. Here, VK metabolism and related pathways, as well as how gametogenesis might be impacted by VK nutritional status, will be reviewed. Critical knowledge gaps and future perspectives on how the different VK-related pathways come into play on vertebrate's reproduction will be identified and proposed. The present review will pave the research progress to warrant a successful reproductive status through VK nutritional interventions as well as towards the establishment of reliable biomarkers for determining proper nutritional VK status in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Beato
- Campus de Vegazana, s/n, Universidad de León (ULE), 24071 León, Spain;
| | - Francisco Javier Toledo-Solís
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT, México), Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, Col. Crédito Constructor, Alcaldía Benito Juárez, C.P. 03940 Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico;
- Department of Biology and Geology, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Ignacio Fernández
- Center for Aquaculture Research, Agrarian Technological Institute of Castile and Leon, Ctra. Arévalo, s/n, 40196 Zamarramala, Segovia, Spain
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Ho HJ, Komai M, Shirakawa H. Beneficial Effects of Vitamin K Status on Glycemic Regulation and Diabetes Mellitus: A Mini-Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082485. [PMID: 32824773 PMCID: PMC7469006 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that is characterized by hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and dysfunctional insulin secretion. Glycemic control remains a crucial contributor to the progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus as well as the prevention or delay in the onset of diabetes-related complications. Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin that plays an important role in the regulation of the glycemic status. Supplementation of vitamin K may reduce the risk of diabetes mellitus and improve insulin sensitivity. This mini-review summarizes the recent insights into the beneficial effects of vitamin K and its possible mechanism of action on insulin sensitivity and glycemic status, thereby suppressing the progression of diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Jung Ho
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan; (M.K.); (H.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-11-706-3395
| | - Michio Komai
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan; (M.K.); (H.S.)
| | - Hitoshi Shirakawa
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan; (M.K.); (H.S.)
- International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
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Ciebiera M, Ali M, Zgliczyńska M, Skrzypczak M, Al-Hendy A. Vitamins and Uterine Fibroids: Current Data on Pathophysiology and Possible Clinical Relevance. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155528. [PMID: 32752274 PMCID: PMC7432695 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Uterine fibroid (UF) is the most common benign tumor pathology of the female reproductive organs. UFs constitute the main reason for a hysterectomy and hospitalization due to gynecological conditions. UFs consist of uterine smooth muscle immersed in a large amount of extracellular matrix (ECM). Genetic studies have demonstrated that UFs are monoclonal tumors originating from the myometrial stem cells that have underwent specific molecular changes to tumor initiating stem cells which proliferate and differentiate later under the influence of steroid hormones. There is growing interest in the role of micronutrients, for example, vitamins, in UFs. This article is a comprehensive review of publications regarding the available data concerning the role of vitamins in the biology and management of UFs. In summary, the results showed that some vitamins are important in the biology and pathophysiology of UFs. For example, vitamins A and D deserve particular attention following studies of their influence on the treatment of UF tumors. Vitamins B3, C, and E have not been as widely studied as the abovementioned vitamins. However, more research could reveal their potential role in UF biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Ciebiera
- Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Center of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-809 Warsaw, Poland;
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (A.A.-H.); Tel.: +48-225690274 (M.C.); +1-312-996-7006 (A.A.-H.)
| | - Mohamed Ali
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, 11566 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Magdalena Zgliczyńska
- Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Center of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-809 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Maciej Skrzypczak
- Second Department of Gynecology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Ayman Al-Hendy
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (A.A.-H.); Tel.: +48-225690274 (M.C.); +1-312-996-7006 (A.A.-H.)
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A randomised controlled crossover trial investigating the short-term effects of different types of vegetables on vascular and metabolic function in middle-aged and older adults with mildly elevated blood pressure: the VEgetableS for vaScular hEaLth (VESSEL) study protocol. Nutr J 2020; 19:41. [PMID: 32398091 PMCID: PMC7218618 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-020-00559-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A diet rich in fruits and vegetables is recommended for cardiovascular health. However, the majority of Australians do not consume the recommended number of vegetable servings each day. Furthermore, intakes of vegetables considered to have the greatest cardiovascular benefit are often very low. Results from prospective observational studies indicate that a higher consumption of cruciferous vegetables (e.g. broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower) is associated with lower cardiovascular disease risk. This may be due to the presence of specific nutrients and bioactive compounds found almost exclusively, or at relatively high levels, in cruciferous vegetables. Therefore, the aim of this randomised controlled crossover trial is to determine whether regular consumption of cruciferous vegetables results in short-term improvement in measures related to cardiovascular disease risk, including ambulatory blood pressure, arterial stiffness, glycaemic control, and circulating biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation. Methods Twenty-five participants (50–75 years) with mildly elevated blood pressure (systolic blood pressure 120–160 mmHg) will complete two 2-week intervention periods in random order, separated by a 2-week washout period. During the intervention period, participants will consume 4 servings (~ 300 g) of cruciferous vegetables per day as a soup (~ 500–600 mL/day). The ‘control’ soup will consist of other commonly consumed vegetables (potato, sweet potato, carrot, pumpkin). Both soups will be approximately matched for energy, protein, fat, and carbohydrate content. All measurements will be performed at the beginning and end of each intervention period. Discussion The findings of this study will provide evidence regarding the potential cardiometabolic health benefits of cruciferous vegetables, which may contribute to the revision of dietary and clinical guidelines. Trial registration The trial was registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry on 19th September 2019 (ACTRN12619001294145).
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Shea MK, Kritchevsky SB, Loeser RF, Booth SL. Vitamin K Status and Mobility Limitation and Disability in Older Adults: The Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2020; 75:792-797. [PMID: 31056634 PMCID: PMC7328196 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glz108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin K has been implicated in chronic diseases associated with increased risk for mobility disability, such as osteoarthritis and cardiovascular disease. However, the association between vitamin K status and mobility disability is unknown. Therefore, we examined the association between vitamin K status and incident mobility disability in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study. METHODS Plasma phylloquinone (vitamin K1) was categorized as <0.5, 0.5-<1.0 and ≥1.0 nmol/L (n = 1,323, 48% male). Plasma ucMGP, which increases when vitamin K status is low, was measured in 716 participants and categorized into tertiles. Mobility limitation and disability, defined as two consecutive semiannual reports of having any or a lot of difficulty walking a one-fourth mile or climbing 10 steps without resting, were assessed over a median 6-10 years of follow-up. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard models were used to evaluate the association between vitamin K status and incident mobility limitation and disability. RESULTS Participants with plasma phylloquinone less than 0.5 nmol/L were more likely to develop mobility limitation and disability compared to those with at least 1.0 nmol/L (adjusted HR (95% CI) mobility limitation: 1.27 (1.05-1.53); disability: 1.34 (1.01-1.76)). After further adjustment for knee pain, the associations were partially attenuated (HR (95% CI) mobility limitation: 1.20 (0.99-1.45); disability: 1.26 (0.96-1.67)). Plasma ucMGP was not associated with incident mobility limitation, but was nonlinearly associated with incident mobility disability (HR (95% CI), compared to tertile 1: tertile 2 = 1.64 (1.19-2.27), tertile 3 = 1.17 (0.83-1.66), fully adjusted). CONCLUSION Our results suggest vitamin K may be involved in the disablement process in older age. Future studies are needed to confirm our findings and clarify the underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kyla Shea
- USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen B Kritchevsky
- Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer’s Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Richard F Loeser
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Sarah L Booth
- USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
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Westerman K, Kelly JM, Ordovás JM, Booth SL, DeMeo DL. Epigenome-wide association study reveals a molecular signature of response to phylloquinone (vitamin K1) supplementation. Epigenetics 2020; 15:859-870. [PMID: 32090699 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2020.1734714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests there are roles for vitamin K in various chronic disease outcomes, but population-level diet and supplement recommendations are difficult to determine due to high levels of variability in measures of status and response to intake compared to other nutrients. In this preliminary investigation, a blood-based epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) comparing responders and non-responders to phylloquinone (vitamin K1) supplementation (NCT00183001) was undertaken in order to better understand the molecular underpinnings of this observed variability. Responders (n = 24) and non-responders (n = 24) were identified in a prior 3-year phylloquinone supplementation trial based on their changes in plasma phylloquinone concentrations. Differential DNA methylation was identified in multiple regions with previously unknown relationships to phylloquinone absorption and metabolism, such as at the TMEM263 locus. A hypothesis-driven analysis of lipid-related genes highlighted a site in the NPC1L1 gene, supplementing existing evidence for its role in phylloquinone absorption. Furthermore, an EWAS for baseline plasma phylloquinone concentrations revealed a strong correlation between the epigenomic signatures of phylloquinone baseline status and response to supplementation. This work can guide future epigenomic research on vitamin K and contributes to the development of more personalized dietary recommendations for vitamin K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Westerman
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University , Boston, MA, USA.,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, MA
| | - Jennifer M Kelly
- Vitamin K Laboratory, JM-USDAHuman Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University , Boston, MA, USA
| | - José M Ordovás
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University , Boston, MA, USA.,IMDEA Alimentación, CEI, UAM , Madrid, Spain.,Department of Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Population Genetics, Centro Nacional De Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC) , Madrid, Spain
| | - Sarah L Booth
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University , Boston, MA, USA.,Vitamin K Laboratory, JM-USDAHuman Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dawn L DeMeo
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston, MA, USA
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Shioi A, Morioka T, Shoji T, Emoto M. The Inhibitory Roles of Vitamin K in Progression of Vascular Calcification. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020583. [PMID: 32102248 PMCID: PMC7071387 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin that is indispensable for the activation of vitamin K-dependent proteins (VKDPs) and may be implicated in cardiovascular disease (CVD). Vascular calcification is intimately associated with CV events and mortality and is a chronic inflammatory process in which activated macrophages promote osteoblastic differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) through the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and oncostatin M (OSM) in both intimal and medial layers of arterial walls. This process may be mainly mediated through NF-κB signaling pathway. Vitamin K has been demonstrated to exert anti-inflammatory effects through antagonizing NF-κB signaling in both in vitro and in vivo studies, suggesting that vitamin K may prevent vascular calcification via anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Matrix Gla protein (MGP) is a major inhibitor of soft tissue calcification and contributes to preventing both intimal and medial vascular calcification. Vitamin K may also inhibit progression of vascular calcification by enhancing the activity of MGP through facilitating its γ-carboxylation. In support of this hypothesis, the procalcific effects of warfarin, an antagonist of vitamin K, on arterial calcification have been demonstrated in several clinical studies. Among the inactive MGP forms, dephospho-uncarboxylated MGP (dp-ucMGP) may be regarded as the most useful biomarker of not only vitamin K deficiency, but also vascular calcification and CVD. There have been several studies showing the association of circulating levels of dp-ucMGP with vitamin K intake, vascular calcification, mortality, and CVD. However, additional larger prospective studies including randomized controlled trials are necessary to confirm the beneficial effects of vitamin K supplementation on CV health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Shioi
- Department of Vascular Medicine and Vascular Science Center for Translational Research, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81666453931
| | - Tomoaki Morioka
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-85858, Japan; (T.M.); (M.E.)
| | - Tetsuo Shoji
- Department of Vascular Medicine and Vascular Science Center for Translational Research, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan;
| | - Masanori Emoto
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-85858, Japan; (T.M.); (M.E.)
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Li Y, Lu X, Yang B, Mao J, Jiang S, Yu D, Pan J, Cai T, Yasui T, Gao B. Vitamin K1 Inhibition of Renal Crystal Formation through Matrix Gla Protein in the Kidney. Kidney Blood Press Res 2019; 44:1392-1403. [PMID: 31639794 DOI: 10.1159/000503300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Vitamin K (VK) plays a major role in modifying the binding of calcium in bones and blood vessels. Understanding the effect of VK on crystal formation in the kidney would contribute to advancing the treatment and prevention of kidney stones. METHODS Rats were treated with vitamin K1 (VK1) for 8 weeks. VK1 levels were detected and crystal formation were observed. HK2 cells were exposed to calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals. Apoptosis and cell viability were detected. Crystal deposition was analyzed using atomic absorption assay. The adenovirus vectors expressing matrix Gla protein (MGP) and siMGP were constructed to elucidate the effect and mechanism of VK1 on crystal formation. MGP expression in vivo and in vitro was analyzed by Western blot. The mRNA levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and collagen I was measured by semiquantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS The concentrations of VK1 in whole blood and kidney tissues rose under treatment with VK1. Crystal formation was inhibited from the second to the 6th week, the frequency and quality of crystal formation decreased significantly, and the location of crystal formation was limited to a greater extent in the rats treated by VK1 compared to the control group. Warfarin treatment in the crystals-exposed HK2 cells significantly increased the number of crystals adhering to cells and the number of apoptotic cells and reduced cell viability. VK1 treatment reversed warfarin's above influence. VK1 inhibited the upregulations of MCP-1 and collagen I in kidney tissues under crystal load. VK1 treatment increased MGP expression in vivo and in vitro, and MGP is necessary for VK1 to play a role in crystal deposition in cells. CONCLUSIONS VK1 treatment can inhibit the formation of renal crystals in vivo. VK1 increases MGP expression and functions through MGP to reduce crystal deposition in cells and provide cell protection. Our findings suggest that VK1 treatment could be a potential strategy for the treatment and prevention of nephrolithiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
- China-Japan Kidney Stone Research Center, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Renal Calcification Disease Prevention and Treatment, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiuli Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Baoyu Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Mao
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Daojun Yu
- China-Japan Kidney Stone Research Center, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Renal Calcification Disease Prevention and Treatment, Shenyang, China
| | - Jichuan Pan
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
- China-Japan Kidney Stone Research Center, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Renal Calcification Disease Prevention and Treatment, Shenyang, China
| | - Tiange Cai
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Takahiro Yasui
- Department of Nephro-Urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
- China-Japan Kidney Stone Research Center, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Bing Gao
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China,
- China-Japan Kidney Stone Research Center, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China,
- Key Laboratory of Renal Calcification Disease Prevention and Treatment, Shenyang, China,
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Vitamin K as a Powerful Micronutrient in Aging and Age-Related Diseases: Pros and Cons from Clinical Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174150. [PMID: 31450694 PMCID: PMC6747195 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K is a multifunctional micronutrient implicated in age-related diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, osteoarthritis and osteoporosis. Although vitamin K-dependent proteins (VKDPs) are described to have a crucial role in the pathogenesis of these diseases, novel roles have emerged for vitamin K, independently of its role in VKDPs carboxylation. Vitamin K has been shown to act as an anti-inflammatory by suppressing nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signal transduction and to exert a protective effect against oxidative stress by blocking the generation of reactive oxygen species. Available clinical evidences indicate that a high vitamin K status can exert a protective role in the inflammatory and mineralization processes associated with the onset and progression of age-related diseases. Also, vitamin K involvement as a protective super-micronutrient in aging and ‘inflammaging’ is arising, highlighting its future use in clinical practice. In this review we summarize current knowledge regarding clinical data on vitamin K in skeletal and cardiovascular health, and discuss the potential of vitamin K supplementation as a health benefit. We describe the clinical evidence and explore molecular aspects of vitamin K protective role in aging and age-related diseases, and its involvement as a modulator in the interplay between pathological calcification and inflammation processes.
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Ma Y, McClure DD, Somerville MV, Proschogo NW, Dehghani F, Kavanagh JM, Coleman NV. Metabolic Engineering of the MEP Pathway in Bacillus subtilis for Increased Biosynthesis of Menaquinone-7. ACS Synth Biol 2019; 8:1620-1630. [PMID: 31250633 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.9b00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin K is essential for blood coagulation and plays important roles in bone and cardiovascular health. Menaquinone-7 (MK-7) is one form of vitamin K that is especially useful due to its long half-life in the circulation. MK-7 is difficult to make via organic synthesis, and is thus commonly produced by fermentation. This study aimed to genetically modify Bacillus subtilis cultures to increase their MK-7 yield and reduce production costs. We constructed 12 different strains of B. subtilis 168 by overexpressing different combinations of the rate-limiting enzymes Dxs, Dxr, Idi, and MenA. We observed an 11-fold enhancement of production in the best-performing strain, resulting in 50 mg/L MK-7. Metabolite analysis revealed new bottlenecks in the pathway at IspG and IspH, which suggest avenues for further optimization. This work highlights the usefulness of Bacillus subtilis for industrial production of high value compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Ma
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Dale D. McClure
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Mark V. Somerville
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | - Fariba Dehghani
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - John M. Kavanagh
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Nicholas V. Coleman
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Hatziparasides G, Loukou I, Moustaki M, Douros K. Vitamin K and cystic fibrosis: A gordian knot that deserves our attention. Respir Med 2019; 155:36-42. [PMID: 31295676 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited genetic disorder with multiorgan involvement. Gastrointestinal tract dysfunction leads to fat and fat-soluble vitamins (A,D,E,K) malabsorption and deficiency of these vitamins. Subclinical vitamin K (VK) deficiency seems to be a common problem in CF patients. However, despite the rest of fat-soluble vitamins being routinely supplemented, this is not a universal clinical practice for VK. Inefficient levels of VK may have significant effects on blood coagulation and bone formation. There are also some data indicating that VK may play a key role on regulation of inflammation. Supplementing CF patients with VK seems rational, but the appropriate dosing regimens are still a matter of debate. This review will try to delineate the problem and communicate the latest opinions on this controversial issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregorios Hatziparasides
- Pediatric Allergy and Respiratory Unit, 3rd Department of Pediatrics, University General Hospital "Attikon", School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Loukou
- Cystic Fibrosis Dept, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Moustaki
- Cystic Fibrosis Dept, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Douros
- Pediatric Allergy and Respiratory Unit, 3rd Department of Pediatrics, University General Hospital "Attikon", School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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Viegas C, Araújo N, Marreiros C, Simes D. The interplay between mineral metabolism, vascular calcification and inflammation in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): challenging old concepts with new facts. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:4274-4299. [PMID: 31241466 PMCID: PMC6628989 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the most powerful predictors of premature cardiovascular disease (CVD), with heightened susceptibility to vascular intimal and medial calcification associated with a high cardiovascular mortality. Abnormal mineral metabolism of calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) and underlying (dys)regulated hormonal control in CKD-mineral and bone disorder (MBD) is often accompanied by bone loss and increased vascular calcification (VC). While VC is known to be a multifactorial process and a major risk factor for CVD, the view of primary triggers and molecular mechanisms complexity has been shifting with novel scientific knowledge over the last years. In this review we highlight the importance of calcium-phosphate (CaP) mineral crystals in VC with an integrated view over the complexity of CKD, while discuss past and recent literature aiming to highlight novel horizons on this major health burden. Exacerbated VC in CKD patients might result from several interconnected mechanisms involving abnormal mineral metabolism, dysregulation of endogenous calcification inhibitors and inflammatory pathways, which function in a feedback loop driving disease progression and cardiovascular outcomes. We propose that novel approaches targeting simultaneously VC and inflammation might represent valuable new prognostic tools and targets for therapeutics and management of cardiovascular risk in the CKD population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Viegas
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal
- GenoGla Diagnostics, Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal
| | - Nuna Araújo
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal
| | - Catarina Marreiros
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal
| | - Dina Simes
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal
- GenoGla Diagnostics, Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal
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Witham MD, Price RJG, Band MM, Hannah MS, Fulton RL, Clarke CL, Donnan PT, McNamee P, Cvoro V, Soiza RL. Effect of Vitamin K2 on Postural Sway in Older People Who Fall: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 2019; 67:2102-2107. [PMID: 31211416 PMCID: PMC6851824 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.16024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Vitamin K is thought to be involved in both bone health and maintenance of neuromuscular function. We tested the effect of vitamin K2 supplementation on postural sway, falls, healthcare costs, and indices of physical function in older people at risk of falls. DESIGN Parallel‐group double‐blind randomized placebo‐controlled trial. SETTING Fourteen primary care practices in Scotland, UK. PARTICIPANTS A total of 95 community‐dwelling participants aged 65 and older with at least two falls, or one injurious fall, in the previous year. INTERVENTION Once/day placebo, 200 μg or 400 μg of oral vitamin K2 for 1 year. MEASUREMENTS The primary outcome was anteroposterior sway measured using sway plates at 12 months, adjusted for baseline. Secondary outcomes included the Short Physical Performance Battery, Berg Balance Scale, Timed Up & Go Test, quality of life, health and social care costs, falls, and adverse events. RESULTS Mean participant age was 75 (standard deviation [SD] = 7) years. Overall, 58 of 95 (61%) were female; 77 of 95 (81%) attended the 12‐month visit. No significant effect of either vitamin K2 dose was seen on the primary outcome of anteroposterior sway (200 μg vs placebo: −.19 cm [95% confidence interval [CI] −.68 to .30; P = .44]; 400 μg vs placebo: .17 cm [95% CI −.33 to .66; P = .50]; or 400 μg vs 200 μg: .36 cm [95% CI −.11 to .83; P = .14]). Adjusted falls rates were similar in each group. No significant treatment effects were seen for other measures of sway or secondary outcomes. Costs were higher in both vitamin K2 arms than in the placebo arm. CONCLUSION Oral vitamin K2 supplementation did not improve postural sway or physical function in older people at risk of falls. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:2102–2107, 2019
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles D Witham
- AGE Research Group, NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle University and Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Rosemary J G Price
- Tayside Clinical Trials Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret M Band
- Tayside Clinical Trials Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Michael S Hannah
- Tayside Clinical Trials Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | | | - Clare L Clarke
- Tayside Clinical Trials Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Peter T Donnan
- Tayside Clinical Trials Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Paul McNamee
- Health Economics Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Vera Cvoro
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK and NHS Fife, Kirkcaldy, United Kingdom
| | - Roy L Soiza
- Ageing Clinical and Experimental Research, School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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Chen HG, Sheng LT, Zhang YB, Cao AL, Lai YW, Kunutsor SK, Jiang L, Pan A. Association of vitamin K with cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Nutr 2019; 58:2191-2205. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-019-01998-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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45
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Saputra WD, Aoyama N, Komai M, Shirakawa H. Menaquinone-4 Suppresses Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in MG6 Mouse Microglia-Derived Cells by Inhibiting the NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2317. [PMID: 31083359 PMCID: PMC6540242 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The overactivation of microglia is known to trigger inflammatory reactions in the central nervous system, which ultimately induce neuroinflammatory disorders including Alzheimer's disease. However, increasing evidence has shown that menaquinone-4 (MK-4), a subtype of vitamin K2, can attenuate inflammation in the peripheral system. Whereas it was also observed at high levels within the brain, its function in this organ has not been well characterized. Therefore, we investigated the effect of MK-4 on microglial activation and clarified the underlying mechanism. Mouse microglia-derived MG6 cells were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) either with or without MK-4 pretreatment. Cell responses with respect to inflammatory cytokines (Il-1β, Tnf-α, and Il-6) were measured by qRT-PCR. We further analyzed the phosphorylation of TAK1, IKKα/β, and p65 of the NF-κB subunit by Western blotting. We observed that in LPS-induced MG6 cells, MK-4 dose-dependently suppressed the upregulation of inflammatory cytokines at the mRNA level. It also significantly decreased the phosphorylation of p65, but did not affect that TAK1 and IKKα/β. Furthermore, the nuclear translocation of NF-κB in LPS-induced MG6 cells was inhibited by MK-4. These results indicate that MK-4 attenuates microglial inflammation by inhibiting NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wahyu Dwi Saputra
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8572, Japan.
| | - Nao Aoyama
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8572, Japan.
| | - Michio Komai
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8572, Japan.
| | - Hitoshi Shirakawa
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8572, Japan.
- International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8572, Japan.
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46
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Ruiz-León AM, Lapuente M, Estruch R, Casas R. Clinical Advances in Immunonutrition and Atherosclerosis: A Review. Front Immunol 2019; 10:837. [PMID: 31068933 PMCID: PMC6491827 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic low-grade inflammatory disease that affects large and medium-sized arteries and is considered to be a major underlying cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The high risk of mortality by atherosclerosis has led to the development of new strategies for disease prevention and management, including immunonutrition. Plant-based dietary patterns, functional foods, dietary supplements, and bioactive compounds such as the Mediterranean Diet, berries, polyunsaturated fatty acids, ω-3 and ω-6, vitamins E, A, C, and D, coenzyme Q10, as well as phytochemicals including isoflavones, stilbenes, and sterols have been associated with improvement in atheroma plaque at an inflammatory level. However, many of these correlations have been obtained in vitro and in experimental animals' models. On one hand, the present review focuses on the evidence obtained from epidemiological, dietary intervention and supplementation studies in humans supporting the role of immunonutrient supplementation and its effect on anti-inflammatory response in atherosclerotic disease. On the other hand, this review also analyzes the possible molecular mechanisms underlying the protective action of these supplements, which may lead a novel therapeutic approach to prevent or attenuate diet-related disease, such as atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana María Ruiz-León
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Mediterranean Diet Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Lapuente
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Estruch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER 06/03: Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Casas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER 06/03: Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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47
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Tarvainen M, Fabritius M, Yang B. Determination of vitamin K composition of fermented food. Food Chem 2019; 275:515-522. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.09.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Castillo-Rodriguez E, Fernandez-Prado R, Esteras R, Perez-Gomez MV, Gracia-Iguacel C, Fernandez-Fernandez B, Kanbay M, Tejedor A, Lazaro A, Ruiz-Ortega M, Gonzalez-Parra E, Sanz AB, Ortiz A, Sanchez-Niño MD. Impact of Altered Intestinal Microbiota on Chronic Kidney Disease Progression. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10070300. [PMID: 30029499 PMCID: PMC6070989 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10070300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In chronic kidney disease (CKD), accumulation of uremic toxins is associated with an increased risk of CKD progression. Some uremic toxins result from nutrient processing by gut microbiota, yielding precursors of uremic toxins or uremic toxins themselves, such as trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO), p-cresyl sulphate, indoxyl sulphate and indole-3 acetic acid. Increased intake of some nutrients may modify the gut microbiota, increasing the number of bacteria that process them to yield uremic toxins. Circulating levels of nutrient-derived uremic toxins are associated to increased risk of CKD progression. This offers the opportunity for therapeutic intervention by either modifying the diet, modifying the microbiota, decreasing uremic toxin production by microbiota, increasing toxin excretion or targeting specific uremic toxins. We now review the link between nutrients, microbiota and uremic toxin with CKD progression. Specific focus will be placed on the generation specific uremic toxins with nephrotoxic potential, the decreased availability of bacteria-derived metabolites with nephroprotective potential, such as vitamin K and butyrate and the cellular and molecular mechanisms linking these toxins and protective factors to kidney diseases. This information provides a conceptual framework that allows the development of novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raul Fernandez-Prado
- Nephrology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Raquel Esteras
- Nephrology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Maria Vanessa Perez-Gomez
- Nephrology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carolina Gracia-Iguacel
- Nephrology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Mehmet Kanbay
- Department of Internal Medicine, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul 34450, Turkey.
| | - Alberto Tejedor
- Nefrología, IIS-Gregorio Marañón, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28007 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alberto Lazaro
- Nefrología, IIS-Gregorio Marañón, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28007 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marta Ruiz-Ortega
- Nephrology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Emilio Gonzalez-Parra
- Nephrology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana B Sanz
- Nephrology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Nephrology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Tarento TDC, McClure DD, Talbot AM, Regtop HL, Biffin JR, Valtchev P, Dehghani F, Kavanagh JM. A potential biotechnological process for the sustainable production of vitamin K 1. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2018; 39:1-19. [PMID: 29793354 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2018.1474168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The primary objective of this review is to propose an approach for the biosynthesis of phylloquinone (vitamin K1) based upon its known sources, its role in photosynthesis and its biosynthetic pathway. The chemistry, health benefits, market, and industrial production of vitamin K are also summarized. Vitamin K compounds (K vitamers) are required for the normal function of at least 15 proteins involved in diverse physiological processes such as coagulation, tissue mineralization, inflammation, and neuroprotection. Vitamin K is essential for the prevention of Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding (VKDB), especially in neonates. Increased vitamin K intake may also reduce the severity and/or risk of bone fracture, arterial calcification, inflammatory diseases, and cognitive decline. Consumers are increasingly favoring natural food and therapeutic products. However, the bulk of vitamin K products employed for both human and animal use are chemically synthesized. Biosynthesis of the menaquinones (vitamin K2) has been extensively researched. However, published research on the biotechnological production of phylloquinone is restricted to a handful of available articles and patents. We have found that microalgae are more suitable than plant cell cultures for the biosynthesis of phylloquinone. Many algae are richer in vitamin K1 than terrestrial plants, and algal cells are easier to manipulate. Vitamin K1 can be efficiently recovered from the biomass using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D C Tarento
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Dale D McClure
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrea M Talbot
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Agricure Scientific Organics Pty. Ltd., Braemar, NSW, Australia
| | - Hubert L Regtop
- Agricure Scientific Organics Pty. Ltd., Braemar, NSW, Australia
| | - John R Biffin
- Agricure Scientific Organics Pty. Ltd., Braemar, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Valtchev
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Fariba Dehghani
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John M Kavanagh
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Lordan R, Tsoupras A, Mitra B, Zabetakis I. Dairy Fats and Cardiovascular Disease: Do We Really Need to be Concerned? Foods 2018; 7:E29. [PMID: 29494487 PMCID: PMC5867544 DOI: 10.3390/foods7030029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain a major cause of death and morbidity globally and diet plays a crucial role in the disease prevention and pathology. The negative perception of dairy fats stems from the effort to reduce dietary saturated fatty acid (SFA) intake due to their association with increased cholesterol levels upon consumption and the increased risk of CVD development. Institutions that set dietary guidelines have approached dairy products with negative bias and used poor scientific data in the past. As a result, the consumption of dairy products was considered detrimental to our cardiovascular health. In western societies, dietary trends indicate that generally there is a reduction of full-fat dairy product consumption and increased low-fat dairy consumption. However, recent research and meta-analyses have demonstrated the benefits of full-fat dairy consumption, based on higher bioavailability of high-value nutrients and anti-inflammatory properties. In this review, the relationship between dairy consumption, cardiometabolic risk factors and the incidence of cardiovascular diseases are discussed. Functional dairy foods and the health implications of dairy alternatives are also considered. In general, evidence suggests that milk has a neutral effect on cardiovascular outcomes but fermented dairy products, such as yoghurt, kefir and cheese may have a positive or neutral effect. Particular focus is placed on the effects of the lipid content on cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Lordan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland.
| | - Alexandros Tsoupras
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland.
| | | | - Ioannis Zabetakis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland.
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