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Long JW, Brown D, Farrell J, Gonzalez M, Cheever K. Relationship between Workload, Psychological State and Recovery in Female Soccer Athletes. Int J Sports Med 2024. [PMID: 38599613 DOI: 10.1055/a-2304-3694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
This study assessed the multifaceted relations between measures of workload, psychological state, and recovery throughout an entire soccer season in female collegiate soccer athletes (19.8±1.2 yrs, 132±12.3 lbs, 63±3.2 in). A prospective longitudinal study was utilized to measure workload (GPS training load, Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE), psychological state (mental stress, mental fatigue, and mood), and recovery (sleep duration, sleep quality, and soreness), during 90 observations (59 training sessions and 21 games). Separate linear-mixed effect models were used to assess outcomes of RPE, soreness, and sleep duration. A linear mixed-effects model explained 59% of the variance in RPE following each session. Specifically, each standard deviation increase in GPS load and mental stress in the morning prior to training increased RPE by 1.46 (SE=0.08) and 0.29 (SE=0.07), respectively, following that day's training. Furthermore, a significant interaction was found between several predictor variables and chronological day in the season while predicting RPE. Specifically, for each standard deviation increase in GPS load, RPE went up by 0.0055 per day during the season suggesting that load had a higher impact on RPE as the season progressed. In contrast, the interaction of day by mental stress, sleep duration, and soreness continued to be stronger as the season progressed. Each linear mixed-effect model predicted a larger amount of variance when accounting for individual variations in the random effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- John William Long
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States
| | - Denver Brown
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, College for Health, Community, and Policy, San Antonio, United States
| | - John Farrell
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Texas State University San Marcos, San Marcos, United States
| | - Matthew Gonzalez
- Translational Science, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, United States
- Kinesiology Department, The University of Texas at San Antonio, College for Health, Community and Policy, San Antonio, United States
| | - Kelly Cheever
- Kinesiology Department, The University of Texas at San Antonio, College for Health, Community and Policy, San Antonio, United States
- Human Performance Research Interest Group, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, United States
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Marciniak RA, Wahl CA, Ebersole KT. Differences in Workloads of Maximal Tasks in Active-Duty Firefighters. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:1495. [PMID: 39120198 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12151495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the workload of a maximal treadmill test (TREAD) and a fire suppression task (BURN) in firefighters and to examine their relationships to fitness as measured by body mass index (BMI), percent body fat (BF%), and peak aerobic capacity (VO2PEAK). The amount of time spent in the heart rate (HR) intensity ranges of 50-59% HRMAX (ZONE1), 60-69% HRMAX (ZONE2), 70-79% HRMAX (ZONE3), 80-89% HRMAX (ZONE4), and ≥90% HRMAX (ZONE5) quantified the workload as the Edward's Training Impulse for TREAD (ETRIMPTREAD) and BURN (ETRIMPBURN). The ETRIMPTREAD was significantly less than ETRIMPBURN. For TREAD, ZONE5 > ZONE2 and ZONE3. For BURN, ZONE4 > ZONE1, ZONE2, and ZONE5 > ZONE1, ZONE2, and ZONE3. A lower BF% and greater VO2PEAK were related to a greater ETRIMPTREAD and unrelated to ETRIMPBURN. For BURN only, a lower BF% and greater VO2PEAK were related to less time in ZONE5. BMI was unrelated to all workload measures. Laboratory-based maximal exercise testing does not adequately reflect the workload of simulated fire suppression and therefore may not be indicative of firefighter readiness to meet job demands. Less-fit firefighters rely on higher cardiovascular intensities to complete the same workload, and practitioners should consider this when selecting strategies to reduce job-associated cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudi A Marciniak
- School of Kinesiology, Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306, USA
| | - Carly A Wahl
- Department of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, IL 61920, USA
| | - Kyle T Ebersole
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences & Technology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
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Sutton PJ, Mumford PW, Sunderland KL. Workloads in Collegiate Women's Lacrosse Athletes During a Division II National Championship Season. J Strength Cond Res 2024:00124278-990000000-00482. [PMID: 39074193 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Sutton, PJ, Mumford, PW, and Sunderland, KL. Workloads in collegiate women's lacrosse athletes during a Division II national championship season. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2024-A comprehensive examination of the external and internal workloads in collegiate women's lacrosse athletes has yet to be reported. Thus, the primary purpose of this study was to determine the absolute and relative external and internal training and game workloads of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division II women's lacrosse athletes throughout an entire season. Data from 19 Division II women's lacrosse athletes were analyzed, encompassing each training session and game across an entire competitive season (February-May). External workloads were assessed using a wearable global positioning system, whereas internal workloads were determined through heart rate (HR) variables and session rating of perceived exertion. Game days were associated with significantly (p < 0.05) greater absolute external and internal workloads. However, when comparing workloads relative to session duration, relative workloads between training and games were no longer significant (p > 0.05) for total distance, high-speed running (≥15 km·h-1), HR-derived training impulse, or caloric expenditure. Nonetheless, relative sprint distance (>19 km·h-1) was significantly lower during games, whereas high-intensity accelerations (>2 m·s-2) and decelerations (<-2 m·s-2) were significantly greater during training compared with games (p < 0.05). Practical applications of these findings suggest that coaches can better prepare athletes for game day conditions by adjusting training plans to replicate the duration and intensity of games. Overall, this comprehensive examination of internal and external workloads provides valuable data for coaches and practitioners to support performance comparisons, rehabilitation protocols, and workload analyses in collegiate women's lacrosse athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige J Sutton
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, College of Science, Technology, and Health, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, Missouri
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González JR, Cáceres A, Ferrer E, Balagué-Dobón L, Escribà-Montagut X, Sarrat-González D, Quintás G, Rodas G. Predicting Injuries in Elite Female Football Players With Global-Positioning-System and Multiomics Data. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:661-669. [PMID: 38753297 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Injury prevention is a crucial aspect of sports, particularly in high-performance settings such as elite female football. This study aimed to develop an injury prediction model that incorporates clinical, Global-Positioning-System (GPS), and multiomics (genomics and metabolomics) data to better understand the factors associated with injury in elite female football players. METHODS We designed a prospective cohort study over 2 seasons (2019-20 and 2021-22) of noncontact injuries in 24 elite female players in the Spanish Premiership competition. We used GPS data to determine external workload, genomic data to capture genetic susceptibility, and metabolomic data to measure internal workload. RESULTS Forty noncontact injuries were recorded, the most frequent of which were muscle (63%) and ligament (20%) injuries. The baseline risk model included fat mass and the random effect of the player. Six genetic polymorphisms located at the DCN, ADAMTS5, ESRRB, VEGFA, and MMP1 genes were associated with injuries after adjusting for player load (P < .05). The genetic score created with these 6 variants determined groups of players with different profile risks (P = 3.1 × 10-4). Three metabolites (alanine, serotonin, and 5-hydroxy-tryptophan) correlated with injuries. The model comprising baseline variables, genetic score, and player load showed the best prediction capacity (C-index: .74). CONCLUSIONS Our model could allow efficient, personalized interventions based on an athlete's vulnerability. However, we emphasize the necessity for further research in female athletes with an emphasis on validation studies involving other teams and individuals. By expanding the scope of our research and incorporating diverse populations, we can bolster the generalizability and robustness of our proposed model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan R González
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Mathematics, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Cáceres
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Ferrer
- Medical Department of Football Club Barcelona (FIFA Medical Center of Excellence)andBarça Innovation Hub of Football Club Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Sports and Exercise Medicine Unit, Hospital Clinic and Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Gil Rodas
- Medical Department of Football Club Barcelona (FIFA Medical Center of Excellence)andBarça Innovation Hub of Football Club Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Sports and Exercise Medicine Unit, Hospital Clinic and Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Leitat Technological Center, Terrassa, Spain
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Luijten SC, te Loo LM, Nauta J, Janssen TW, Holla JF, Otten RH, Vriend I, Verhagen E. Sports-Related Health Problems in Para-Sports: A Systematic Review With Quality Assessment. Sports Health 2024; 16:551-564. [PMID: 37337621 PMCID: PMC11195855 DOI: 10.1177/19417381231178534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Participation in sports is associated with a risk of sports-related health problems. For athletes with an impairment, sports-related health problems further burden an already restricted lifestyle, underlining the importance of prevention strategies in para-sports. OBJECTIVE To provide a comprehensive overview with quality assessment of the literature on sports-related health problems, their etiology, and available preventive measures in para-sports following the steps of the Sequence of Prevention. DATA SOURCES A literature search (in PubMed, Embase, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL and the Cochrane Library) was performed up to December 8, 2021, in collaboration with a medical information specialist. STUDY SELECTION The search yielded 3006 articles, of which 64 met all inclusion criteria. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review with quality assessment. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3. DATA EXTRACTION Two independent researchers carried out the screening process and quality assessment. One researcher extracted data, and the Sequence of Prevention categorized evidence. RESULTS A total of 64 studies were included, of which 61 reported on the magnitude and risk factors of sports-related health problems, while only 3 reported on the effectiveness of preventive measures. Of these, 30 studies were of high quality. Most studies (84%) included elite-level athletes. The reported injury incidence varied widely between sports (0-91 per 1000 athlete days) and impairment categories (1-50 per 1000 athlete days). The same applies to illness incidence with regard to different sports (3-49 per 1000 athlete days) and impairment categories (6-14 per 1000 athlete days). CONCLUSION This review shows the current vast range of reported sport-related health problems in para-sports. There is limited evidence concerning the severity of these sports-related health problems and inconclusive evidence on the risk factors. Lastly, the evidence regarding the development and effectiveness of preventive measures for para-athletes is sparse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sietske C.M. Luijten
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports, Amsterdam, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Leonie M. te Loo
- Faculty of Health, Sports and Social Work, Inholland University of Applied Sciences, Haarlem, The Netherlands
| | - Joske Nauta
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports, Amsterdam, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas W.J. Janssen
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, and Amsterdam Rehabilitation Research Centre, Reade, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Center for Adapted Sports Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute of Sport Science, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jasmijn F.M. Holla
- Faculty of Health, Sports and Social Work, Inholland University of Applied Sciences, Haarlem, The Netherlands, Amsterdam Rehabilitation Research Centre, Reade, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Center for Adapted Sports Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute of Sport Science, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - René H.J. Otten
- Medical Information Specialist, Medical Library, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands)
| | - Ingrid Vriend
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports, Amsterdam, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Evert Verhagen
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports, Amsterdam, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Teixeira JE, Encarnação S, Branquinho L, Morgans R, Afonso P, Rocha J, Graça F, Barbosa TM, Monteiro AM, Ferraz R, Forte P. Data Mining Paths for Standard Weekly Training Load in Sub-Elite Young Football Players: A Machine Learning Approach. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2024; 9:114. [PMID: 39051275 PMCID: PMC11270353 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk9030114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to test a machine learning (ML) model to predict high-intensity actions and body impacts during youth football training. Sixty under-15, -17, and -19 sub-elite Portuguese football players were monitored over a 6-week period. External training load data were collected from the target variables of accelerations (ACCs), decelerations (DECs), and dynamic stress load (DSL) using an 18 Hz global positioning system (GPS). Additionally, we monitored the perceived exertion and biological characteristics using total quality recovery (TQR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), session RPE (sRPE), chronological age, maturation offset (MO), and age at peak height velocity (APHV). The ML model was computed by a feature selection process with a linear regression forecast and bootstrap method. The predictive analysis revealed that the players' MO demonstrated varying degrees of effectiveness in predicting their DEC and ACC across different ranges of IQR. After predictive analysis, the following performance values were observed: DEC (x¯predicted = 41, β = 3.24, intercept = 37.0), lower IQR (IQRpredicted = 36.6, β = 3.24, intercept = 37.0), and upper IQR (IQRpredicted = 46 decelerations, β = 3.24, intercept = 37.0). The player's MO also demonstrated the ability to predict their upper IQR (IQRpredicted = 51, β = 3.8, intercept = 40.62), lower IQR (IQRpredicted = 40, β = 3.8, intercept = 40.62), and ACC (x¯predicted = 46 accelerations, β = 3.8, intercept = 40.62). The ML model showed poor performance in predicting the players' ACC and DEC using MO (MSE = 2.47-4.76; RMSE = 1.57-2.18: R2 = -0.78-0.02). Maturational concerns are prevalent in football performance and should be regularly checked, as the current ML model treated MO as the sole variable for ACC, DEC, and DSL. Applying ML models to assess automated tracking data can be an effective strategy, particularly in the context of forecasting peak ACC, DEC, and bodily effects in sub-elite youth football training.
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Affiliation(s)
- José E. Teixeira
- Department of Sport Sciences, Polytechnic of Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (S.E.); (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.)
- SPRINT—Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Inovation Center, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal; (J.R.); (F.G.)
- Research Center in Sports, Health and Human Development, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; (L.B.); (R.F.)
- LiveWell—Research Centre for Active Living and Wellbeing, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- CI-ISCE, ISCE Douro, 4560-547 Penafiel, Portugal
| | - Samuel Encarnação
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (S.E.); (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.)
- LiveWell—Research Centre for Active Living and Wellbeing, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- CI-ISCE, ISCE Douro, 4560-547 Penafiel, Portugal
- Department of Pysical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luís Branquinho
- Research Center in Sports, Health and Human Development, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; (L.B.); (R.F.)
- Biosciences Higher School of Elvas, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, 7300-110 Portalegre, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Center (CIEQV), 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal
| | - Ryland Morgans
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK
| | - Pedro Afonso
- Department of Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - João Rocha
- SPRINT—Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Inovation Center, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal; (J.R.); (F.G.)
| | - Francisco Graça
- SPRINT—Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Inovation Center, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal; (J.R.); (F.G.)
| | - Tiago M. Barbosa
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (S.E.); (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.)
- LiveWell—Research Centre for Active Living and Wellbeing, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - António M. Monteiro
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (S.E.); (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.)
- LiveWell—Research Centre for Active Living and Wellbeing, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Ferraz
- Research Center in Sports, Health and Human Development, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; (L.B.); (R.F.)
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beria Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Pedro Forte
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (S.E.); (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.)
- LiveWell—Research Centre for Active Living and Wellbeing, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- CI-ISCE, ISCE Douro, 4560-547 Penafiel, Portugal
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Wang C, Stovitz SD, Kaufman JS, Steele RJ, Shrier I. Principles of musculoskeletal sport injuries for epidemiologists: a review. Inj Epidemiol 2024; 11:21. [PMID: 38802864 PMCID: PMC11131288 DOI: 10.1186/s40621-024-00507-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Musculoskeletal injuries are a common occurrence in sport. The goal of sport injury epidemiology is to study these injuries at a population level to inform their prevention and treatment. MAIN BODY This review provides an overview of musculoskeletal sport injuries and the musculoskeletal system from a biological and epidemiologic perspective, including injury mechanism, categorizations and types of sport injuries, healing, and subsequent injuries. It is meant to provide a concise introductory substantive background of musculoskeletal sport injuries for epidemiologists who may not have formal training in the underlying anatomy and pathophysiology. CONCLUSION An understanding of sport injuries is important for researchers in sport injury epidemiology when determining how to best define and assess their research questions and measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinchin Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Côte Ste-Catherine Road, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Steven D Stovitz
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Jay S Kaufman
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Russell J Steele
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ian Shrier
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Côte Ste-Catherine Road, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada.
- Department of Family Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
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Gómez-Piqueras P, Alcaraz PE. If You Want to Prevent Hamstring Injuries in Soccer, Run Fast: A Narrative Review about Practical Considerations of Sprint Training. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:134. [PMID: 38787003 PMCID: PMC11126098 DOI: 10.3390/sports12050134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Hamstring strain injuries (HSIs) are one of the most common injuries in sprint-based sports. In soccer, the ability to sprint is key, not only because of its relation to performance but also due to its possible protective effect against HSIs. Although many authors have focused on the "how", "when", and "what" training load should be implemented, there is a lack of practical proposals for sprint training in a high-level professional environment. The objective of this narrative review is, after a deep review of the scientific literature, to present a practical approach for sprint training, trying to answer some of the questions that most strength and conditioning coaches ask themselves when including it in soccer. Once the literature published on this topic was reviewed and combined with the practical experience of the authors, it was concluded that sprint training in soccer, although it presents an obvious need, is not something about which there is methodological unanimity. However, following the practical recommendations from this narrative review, strength and conditioning coaches can have a reference model that serves as a starting point for optimal management of the internal and external training load when they wish to introduce sprint training in the competitive microcycle in professional soccer players, with the aim of reducing HSIs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pedro E. Alcaraz
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Campus de los Jerónimos 135, 30107 Murcia, Spain;
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King MH, Lewis A, Watson K, Costa N, Vicenzino B. A Dual Inertial Measurement Unit System for Classifying Standard Overhead Drill Movements in Elite Women's Water Polo. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2024; 56:999-1007. [PMID: 38133665 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Water polo upper limb external load monitoring cannot be currently measured accurately because of technological and methodological challenges. This is problematic as large fluctuations in overhead movement volume and intensity may affect performance and alter injury risk. Inertial measurement units (IMU) and machine learning techniques have been shown to accurately classify overhead movements in other sports. We investigated the model accuracy and class precision, sensitivity, and specificity of IMU and machine learning techniques to classify standard overhead drill movements in elite women's water polo. METHODS Ten women's water polo players performed standard drills of swimming, blocking, low-intensity throwing and high-intensity throwing under training conditions. Athletes wore two IMU: one on the upper back and the other on the distal forearm. Each movement was videoed and coded to a standard overhead drill movement. IMU and coded video data were merged to verify the IMU-detected activity classification of each movement to that of the video. Data were partitioned into a training and a test set and used to form a decision tree algorithm. Model accuracy and class precision, sensitivity, and specificity were assessed. RESULTS IMU resultant acceleration and angular velocity values displayed drill-specific values. A total of 194 activities were identified by the model in the test set, with 8 activities being incorrectly classified. Model accuracy was 95.88%. Percentage class precision, sensitivity, and specificity were as follows: blocking (96.15, 86.21, 99.39), high-intensity throwing (100, 100, 100), low-intensity throwing (93.48, 93.48, 97.97), and swimming (94.81, 98.65, 96.67). CONCLUSIONS IMU and machine learning techniques can accurately classify standard overhead drill movements in elite women's water polo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy Lewis
- Vald Performance, New Farm, Queensland, AUSTRALIA
| | - Kate Watson
- Queensland Academy of Sport, Nathan, Queensland, AUSTRALIA
| | | | - Bill Vicenzino
- University of Queensland School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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Roubea I, Korakakis V. Rehabilitation following ulnar collateral ligament injury of the elbow in a female acrobatic athlete: A case report. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2024; 38:329-338. [PMID: 38763577 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2024.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanism of injury and the conservative rehabilitation of the ulnar collateral ligament of the elbow (UCL) are well studied and reported in overhead athletes, while research on gymnastic athletes is sparse. Evidence suggests exercise as the mainstay in UCL injury rehabilitation. With this report, we aimed to provide a complete rehabilitation protocol following a partial UCL tear of an acrobatic athlete, where exercise and adjunct treatments, such as manual therapy, were used in a progressive staged rehabilitation. CASE DESCRIPTION A 16-year-old female acrobatic athlete was diagnosed with partial tear of the anterior band of UCL. The rehabilitation included progressive exercise loading in conjunction with manual therapy for 10 sessions in 8 weeks. Pain, UCL special tests, the Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand Score Questionnaire (DASH), and the Upper Limb Functional Index (ULFI) were assessed and administered at baseline and at 3, 6, 10 weeks, and 3 months. RESULTS Improvement in all outcome measures was noted at the 3-month follow-up indicating a substantial reduction in pain and disability, and an increase in stability of the elbow joint. Return to training was achieved at 8 weeks from the initial visit, while return to sport at the pre-injury level was achieved at 3 months. CONCLUSION Progressive exercise loading along with the addition of manual therapy is an effective intervention for the rehabilitation and return to sport following a partial UCL tear. A progressive staged rehabilitation guideline for acrobatic athletes with UCL injuries has been provided to be used and guide clinical practice. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliana Roubea
- Physiotherapy Department, University of West Attica, Egaleo, Athens, Greece; Hellenic Orthopaedic Manipulative Therapy Education (HOMT Edu), Athens, Greece.
| | - Vasileios Korakakis
- Hellenic Orthopaedic Manipulative Therapy Education (HOMT Edu), Athens, Greece; Department of Health Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Health Sciences, PhD in Physiotherapy Program, University of Nicosia, Cyprus
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Chiu YW, Silva RM, Ceylan HI, Clemente FM, González-Fernández FT, Chen YS. Relationships among Physical Fitness, External Loads, and Heart Rate Recovery: A Study on Futsal Players during an Overseas Congested-Weeks Training Camp. J Hum Kinet 2024; 92:73-85. [PMID: 38736601 PMCID: PMC11079921 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/176299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This study examined relationships among players' physical characteristics, match external loads, and heart rate recovery (HRR) during match substitutions in a congested fixture of an overseas futsal training camp. Eleven under-20 national futsal players' anthropometric characteristics (age, body height, body mass, % fat, and % muscle) and physical fitness [HRmax, VO2max, maximal aerobic speed (MAS) during the 30-15 intermittent fitness test (IFT)] were determined. Additionally, locomotion profiles during field play and HRR sitting on the bench were recorded during five matches. A repeated-measures analysis of variance and Pearson's correlation coefficient were used for statistical analysis. The results revealed that the overall observed correlations among anthropometry, body composition, physical fitness, and HRR were inconsistent across all the matches and substitutions. However, the numbers of moderate (1.00-1.99 m/s2), moderate-to-high (2.00-2.99 m/s2), and high (3.00-50.00 m/s2) intensities of acceleration presented negative correlations in the last match (r < -0.76; p < 0.05). HRR during match substitutions may have been influenced by uncontrolled factors across all the match play and recovery. HRR measures may be affected mainly by fatigue caused by the accumulation of accelerations throughout a congested fixture during a congested-schedule of a futsal training camp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wen Chiu
- Department of Physical Education, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Rui Miguel Silva
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer (School of Sport and Leisure), Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo (Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo), Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center (SPRINT), Viana do Castelo, Portugal
| | - Halil Ibrahim Ceylan
- Physical Education and Sports Teaching Department, Kazim Karabekir Faculty of Education, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer (School of Sport and Leisure), Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo (Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo), Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center (SPRINT), Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Department of Biomechanics and Sport Engineering, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Yung-Sheng Chen
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
- Exercise and Health Promotion Association, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Tanyu Research Laboratory, Taipei, Taiwan
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12
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Costello JP, Wagner JD, Dahl VA, Cohen JL, Reuter AM, Kaplan LD. Effects of COVID-19 on Rate of Injury and Position-Specific Injury During the 2020 National Football League Season. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:97-104. [PMID: 37844189 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Costello II, JP, Wagner, JD, Dahl, VA, Cohen, JL, Reuter, AM, and Kaplan, LD. Effects of COVID-19 on rate of injury and position-specific injury during the 2020 National Football League season. J Strength Cond Res 38(1): 97-104, 2024-Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, the National Football League (NFL) made changes to its operations for the 2020 season. We hypothesize an increase in the rate of injuries during the 2020 season. Publicly available data were reviewed to identify NFL injuries from the 2015-2020 seasons. Player position, description of injury, date of injury, and injury setting were recorded. p ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. For the 2020 season, compared with the 2015-2019 seasons, there was an increased risk of injury during the regular season overall relative risk (RR) = 1.308 ( p < 0.05), week (W)1 RR = 7.33 ( p < 0.05), W1-6 RR = 1.964 ( p < 0.05), W7-12 RR = 1.8909 ( p < 0.05), and during the postseason overall RR = 1.1444 ( p < 0.05), calculated using analysis of variance. There was an overall increased risk of abdominal or core injuries RR = 1.248 ( p < 0.05), groin or hip injuries RR = 2.534 ( p < 0.05), and hamstring injuries RR = 3.644 ( p < 0.05). There was an increased risk of hamstring injuries in cornerbacks RR = 3.219 ( p < 0.05) and running backs RR = 1.1394 ( p < 0.05), hip or groin injuries in guards RR = 1.105 ( p < 0.05), Achilles tendon injuries in safeties RR = 1.6976 ( p < 0.05), quadriceps injuries in running backs RR = 1.6191 ( p < 0.05), and arm injuries in defensive tackles RR = 1.221 ( p < 0.05). There was an increase in the overall rate of injuries in the 2020 NFL season, both in the regular season and postseason, compared with the 2015-2019 seasons. The overall rate of abdominal or core, groin or hip, and hamstring injuries increased. Specific player positions saw unique increases in rates of injuries. These findings may be due to numerous operational changes implemented, such as reduced in-person training and the elimination of the preseason, leading to suboptimal, sports-specific conditioning and increased risk of musculoskeletal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaxon D Wagner
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Victoria A Dahl
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Jacob L Cohen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Miami Hospital, Miami, Florida
| | - Andrew M Reuter
- University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion, South Dakota; and
| | - Lee D Kaplan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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13
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Mason L, Connolly J, Devenney LE, Lacey K, O’Donovan J, Doherty R. Sleep, Nutrition, and Injury Risk in Adolescent Athletes: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:5101. [PMID: 38140360 PMCID: PMC10745648 DOI: 10.3390/nu15245101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This narrative review explores the impact of sleep and nutrition on injury risk in adolescent athletes. Sleep is viewed as essential to the recuperation process and is distinguished as an active participant in recovery through its involvement in growth, repair, regeneration, and immunity. Furthermore, the literature has shown that the sleep of athletes impacts elements of athletic performance including both physical and cognitive performance, recovery, injury risk, and mental well-being. For sleep to have a restorative effect on the body, it must meet an individual's sleep needs whilst also lasting for an adequate duration and being of adequate quality, which is age-dependent. The literature has suggested that athletes have increased sleep needs compared to those of the general population and thus the standard recommendations may not be sufficient for athletic populations. Therefore, a more individualised approach accounting for overall sleep health may be more appropriate for addressing sleep needs in individuals including athletes. The literature has demonstrated that adolescent athletes achieve, on average, ~6.3 h of sleep, demonstrating a discrepancy between sleep recommendations (8-10 h) and actual sleep achieved. Sleep-wake cycles undergo development during adolescence whereby adaptation occurs in sleep regulation during this phase. These adaptations increase sleep pressure tolerance and are driven by the maturation of physiological, psychological, and cognitive functioning along with delays in circadian rhythmicity, thus creating an environment for inadequate sleep during adolescence. As such, the adolescent period is a phase of rapid growth and maturation that presents multiple challenges to both sleep and nutrition; consequently, this places a significant burden on an adolescent athletes' ability to recover, thus increasing the likelihood of injury. Therefore, this article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the available literature on the importance of sleep and nutrition interactions in injury risk in adolescent athletes. Furthermore, it provides foundations for informing further investigations exploring the relation of sleep and nutrition interactions to recovery during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorcán Mason
- Sports Lab North West, Atlantic Technological University Donegal, Port Road, F92 FC93 Letterkenny, Ireland (R.D.)
| | - James Connolly
- Department of Computing, Atlantic Technological University Donegal, Port Road, F92 FC93 Letterkenny, Ireland
| | - Lydia E. Devenney
- Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Karl Lacey
- Sports Lab North West, Atlantic Technological University Donegal, Port Road, F92 FC93 Letterkenny, Ireland (R.D.)
| | - Jim O’Donovan
- DCU Glasnevin Campus, Dublin City University, Collins Avenue Extension, Dublin 9, D09 Y8VX Dublin, Ireland
- Sport Ireland Institute, National Sport Campus, Abbotstown, Dublin 15, D15 Y52H Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rónán Doherty
- Sports Lab North West, Atlantic Technological University Donegal, Port Road, F92 FC93 Letterkenny, Ireland (R.D.)
- Sport Ireland Institute, National Sport Campus, Abbotstown, Dublin 15, D15 Y52H Dublin, Ireland
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14
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Pexa BS, Johnston CJ, Taylor JB, Ford KR. Training Load and Current Soreness Predict Future Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness in Collegiate Female Soccer Athletes. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2023; 18:1271-1282. [PMID: 38050552 PMCID: PMC10693489 DOI: 10.26603/001c.89890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Delayed onset muscles soreness (DOMS) is an indication of muscle stress and trauma that develops from excessive musculoskeletal loads. Musculoskeletal loads can be measured with wearable devices, but there is limited research on specific training load metrics that most correlate with DOMS after activity. Purpose To determine the predictive capabilities of training load variables on the development of lower extremity DOMS in female collegiate soccer athletes throughout an entire season. Study Design Prospective Cohort. Methods Twenty-seven collegiate female soccer athletes reported their lower extremity DOMS each day prior to all soccer activity. Participants wore Polar heart rate and global positioning monitors to capture training load measures. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to assess the relationships between the training load variables and change in DOMS when collapsed across dates. Separate linear mixed models were performed with the following day's DOMS as the outcome variable, training load and the current day's DOMS as predictor variables, and participants serving as random intercepts. Results All training load variables significantly predicted change in DOMS, with number of decelerations (ρ=0.72, p <0.001), minutes spent at greater than 80% of maximum heart rate (HRmax) (ρ=0.71 , p <0.001), and distance (ρ=0.70 , p <0.001) best correlating with change in DOMS. Linear mixed models revealed a significant interaction of all training load and current day's DOMS on the following day's DOMS (p<0.001), but number of decelerations, HRmax, and total number of accelerations demonstrated the highest coefficient of determination (R2 marginal=33.2% - 29.2% , R2 conditional= 46.9% - 44.8%). Conclusions Training load variables paired with the current day's DOMS significantly predict lower extremity DOMS in the future, with number of decelerations, accelerations, and HRmax best predicting future DOMS. Although this demonstrates that training load variables predict lower extremity DOMS, future research should incorporate objective measures of strength or jump kinetics to identify if similar relationships exist. Level of Evidence Level 3.
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Davids CJ, Roberts LA, Bjørnsen T, Peake JM, Coombes JS, Raastad T. Where Does Blood Flow Restriction Fit in the Toolbox of Athletic Development? A Narrative Review of the Proposed Mechanisms and Potential Applications. Sports Med 2023; 53:2077-2093. [PMID: 37578669 PMCID: PMC10587223 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01900-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Blood flow-restricted exercise is currently used as a low-intensity time-efficient approach to reap many of the benefits of typical high-intensity training. Evidence continues to lend support to the notion that even highly trained individuals, such as athletes, still benefit from this mode of training. Both resistance and endurance exercise may be combined with blood flow restriction to provide a spectrum of adaptations in skeletal muscle, spanning from myofibrillar to mitochondrial adjustments. Such diverse adaptations would benefit both muscular strength and endurance qualities concurrently, which are demanded in athletic performance, most notably in team sports. Moreover, recent work indicates that when traditional high-load resistance training is supplemented with low-load, blood flow-restricted exercise, either in the same session or as a separate training block in a periodised programme, a synergistic and complementary effect on training adaptations may occur. Transient reductions in mechanical loading of tissues afforded by low-load, blood flow-restricted exercise may also serve a purpose during de-loading, tapering or rehabilitation of musculoskeletal injury. This narrative review aims to expand on the current scientific and practical understanding of how blood flow restriction methods may be applied by coaches and practitioners to enhance current athletic development models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie J Davids
- Sport, Performance, and Nutrition Research Group, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- Sport Performance Innovation and Knowledge Excellence (SPIKE), Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Llion A Roberts
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Sport Performance Innovation and Knowledge Excellence (SPIKE), Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Thomas Bjørnsen
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
- Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jonathan M Peake
- Sport Performance Innovation and Knowledge Excellence (SPIKE), Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jeff S Coombes
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Truls Raastad
- Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Science, Oslo, Norway
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Gamonales JM, Hernández-Beltrán V, Escudero-Tena A, Ibáñez SJ. Analysis of the External and Internal Load in Professional Basketball Players. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:195. [PMID: 37888522 PMCID: PMC10610899 DOI: 10.3390/sports11100195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The quantification of the external load and internal load of professional players is of vital importance since it provides a great deal of information on the state of the physical condition of athletes during competition and training. The aim of the present study was to quantify the external load and internal load of the players of a first level team of the Spanish basketball league for two weeks corresponding to the pre-season 2022/2023. Seventeen load variables were analyzed and organized into kinematics external load, neuromuscular external load, and internal load. All variables were normalized to the same time unit (minute). For this purpose, all training sessions were monitored using inertial devices. The results show significant differences in the external load and internal load variables depending on the task performed and the specific position. Each type of task provokes different responses in the players, with Full Game situations producing the highest values in the kinematic external load variables (p < 0.05). The selection of each type of task must be adjusted to the physical and technical-tactical objective to be developed. Despite the general work carried out in the pre-season, the centers are the players who bear the greatest internal load in this period. For this reason, it is necessary to individualize the training processes from the pre-season.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M. Gamonales
- Training Optimization and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, 10005 Cáceres, Spain; (V.H.-B.); (A.E.-T.); (S.J.I.)
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Madrid, Spain
- Programa de Doctorado en Educación y Tecnología, Universidad a Distancia de Madrid, 28400 Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Hernández-Beltrán
- Training Optimization and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, 10005 Cáceres, Spain; (V.H.-B.); (A.E.-T.); (S.J.I.)
| | - Adrián Escudero-Tena
- Training Optimization and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, 10005 Cáceres, Spain; (V.H.-B.); (A.E.-T.); (S.J.I.)
| | - Sergio J. Ibáñez
- Training Optimization and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, 10005 Cáceres, Spain; (V.H.-B.); (A.E.-T.); (S.J.I.)
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17
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Sergent A, Shaw T, Richardson M. Conservative management of a suspected triangular fibrocartilage complex injury utilizing strength training exercises: A case report. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2023; 36:210-212. [PMID: 37949562 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this case report is to describe the conservative chiropractic management of a patient with a suspected triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) injury. CLINICAL PRESENTATION A 36-year-old Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu black belt athlete sought care for left-sided diffuse ulnar pain (numeric pain scale 5/10) with a notable bump over the ulna and weakness when grappling. A working diagnosis of suspected TFCC injury was made. INTERVENTION AND OUTCOME The patient was treated with forearm and grip strength exercises to rehabilitate the pain and strength loss. Following 6 visits and a home exercise program for 8 weeks, his numeric pain scale decreased to 0/10. CONCLUSION In this case, it is evident that Triangular fibrocartilage complex injury was successfully treated conservatively without the need for surgical intervention or passive care modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Sergent
- 4705 S Clyde Morris Blvd, Port Orange, FL, 32129, USA.
| | - Trevor Shaw
- 4705 S Clyde Morris Blvd, Port Orange, FL, 32129, USA.
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18
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Sansone P, Conte D, Li F, Tessitore A. Investigating the effects of athlete-reported pre-training well-being and recovery on subsequent training loads in basketball players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2023; 63:957-963. [PMID: 37259497 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.23.14954-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Basketball players' external and internal training loads have been extensively monitored. However, no study has evaluated if pre-training athlete-reported conditions influence them. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of athlete-reported pre-training well-being and recovery on subsequent external load intensity, perceived exertion scores and their ratio (efficiency index) in youth basketball training. METHODS The external load (EL) intensity (EL∙min-1), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and efficiency index (EL∙min-1:RPE) of 15 youth basketball players (age: 15.2±0.3 years) were monitored during team-based training sessions. Before each session, players reported their levels of perceived recovery (using a modified 10-point Total Quality Recovery, TQR, scale), fatigue, sleep quality, muscle soreness, mood, and stress. Statistical analyses were performed via linear mixed models. RESULTS EL∙min-1 was higher when player reported better pre-training recovery (P= 0.001). Higher RPE scores and lower efficiency indexes were registered in players reporting better pre-training conditions, respectively. Specifically, RPE scores were higher when players reported better TQR, fatigue, muscle soreness and stress scores (all P<0.05), while training efficiency was, conversely, lower in correspondence of better TQR and sleep (all P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study identified influences of athlete-reported pre-training well-being and recovery on subsequent external intensity, RPE and efficiency index in youth basketball players. Recovery and well-being indicators could be monitored seen their influence on subsequent training loads. Current findings can be considered by basketball sport scientist when selecting athlete monitoring questionnaires and when interpreting training load outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierpaolo Sansone
- Facultad de Deporte, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain -
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain -
| | - Daniele Conte
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Foro Italico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Feng Li
- China Basketball College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Antonio Tessitore
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Foro Italico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Ashcroft K, Robinson T, Condell J, Penpraze V, White A, Bird SP. An Investigation of Surface EMG Shorts-Derived Training Load during Treadmill Running. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:6998. [PMID: 37571780 PMCID: PMC10422274 DOI: 10.3390/s23156998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was two-fold: (1) to determine the sensitivity of the sEMG shorts-derived training load (sEMG-TL) during different running speeds; and (2) to investigate the relationship between the oxygen consumption, heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), accelerometry-based PlayerLoadTM (PL), and sEMG-TL during a running maximum oxygen uptake (V˙O2max) test. The study investigated ten healthy participants. On day one, participants performed a three-speed treadmill test at 8, 10, and 12 km·h-1 for 2 min at each speed. On day two, participants performed a V˙O2max test. Analysis of variance found significant differences in sEMG-TL at all three speeds (p < 0.05). A significantly weak positive relationship between sEMG-TL and %V˙O2max (r = 0.31, p < 0.05) was established, while significantly strong relationships for 8 out of 10 participants at the individual level (r = 0.72-0.97, p < 0.05) were found. Meanwhile, the accelerometry PL was not significantly related to %V˙O2max (p > 0.05) and only demonstrated significant correlations in 3 out of 10 participants at the individual level. Therefore, the sEMG shorts-derived training load was sensitive in detecting a work rate difference of at least 2 km·h-1. sEMG-TL may be an acceptable metric for the measurement of internal loads and could potentially be used as a surrogate for oxygen consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurtis Ashcroft
- Faculty of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Ulster University, Derry BT48 7JL, UK; (T.R.); (J.C.)
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; (V.P.); (A.W.)
| | - Tony Robinson
- Faculty of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Ulster University, Derry BT48 7JL, UK; (T.R.); (J.C.)
| | - Joan Condell
- Faculty of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Ulster University, Derry BT48 7JL, UK; (T.R.); (J.C.)
| | - Victoria Penpraze
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; (V.P.); (A.W.)
| | - Andrew White
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; (V.P.); (A.W.)
| | - Stephen P. Bird
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, QLD 4305, Australia;
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20
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Horan D, Kelly S, Hägglund M, Blake C, Roe M, Delahunt E. Players', Head Coaches', And Medical Personnels' Knowledge, Understandings and Perceptions of Injuries and Injury Prevention in Elite-Level Women's Football in Ireland. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2023; 9:64. [PMID: 37515647 PMCID: PMC10387024 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00603-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To manage injuries effectively, players, head coaches, and medical personnel need to have excellent knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours in relation to the identification of risk factors for injuries, the implementation of injury prevention initiatives, as well as the implementation of effective injury management strategies. Understanding the injury context, whereby specific personal, environmental, and societal factors can influence the implementation of injury prevention initiatives and injury management strategies is critical to player welfare. To date, no qualitative research investigating the context of injuries, has been undertaken in elite-level women's football. The aim of our study was to explore the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours of players, head coaches, and medical personnel in the Irish Women's National League (WNL) to injury prevention and injury management. METHODS We used qualitative research methods to explore the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours of players, head coaches, and medical personnel in the Irish WNL to injury prevention and injury management. Semi-structured interviews were undertaken with 17 players, 8 medical personnel, and 7 head coaches in the Irish WNL. The data were analysed using thematic analysis. Our study is located within an interpretivist, constructivist research paradigm. RESULTS The participants had incomplete knowledge of common injuries in elite-level football, and many held beliefs about risk factors for injuries, such as menstrual cycle stage, which lacked evidence to support them. Jumping and landing exercises were commonly used to reduce the risk of injuries but evidence-based injury prevention exercises and programmes such as the Nordic hamstring curl, Copenhagen adduction exercise, and the FIFA 11+ were rarely mentioned. Overall, there was dissatisfaction amongst players with their medical care and strength and conditioning (S & C) support, with resultant inadequate communication between players, head coaches, and medical personnel. CONCLUSION Poor quality and availability of medical care and S & C support were considered to be a major obstacle in the effective implementation of injury risk reduction strategies and successful return-to-sport practices. More original research is required in elite-level women's football to explore injury risk factors, injury prevention initiatives, and contextual return-to-sport strategies, so that players, head coaches, and medical personnel can use evidence that is both up-to-date and specific to their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Horan
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
- Department of Sport, Leisure & Childhood Studies, Munster Technological University, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Seamus Kelly
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Martin Hägglund
- Football Research Group, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Catherine Blake
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark Roe
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eamonn Delahunt
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Institute for Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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21
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Weith M, Junge A, Rolvien T, Kluge S, Hollander K. Epidemiology of injuries and illnesses in elite wheelchair basketball players over a whole season - a prospective cohort study. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:84. [PMID: 37452362 PMCID: PMC10347731 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00692-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wheelchair basketball is an adaptation of pedestrian basketball and one of the most popular Paralympic sports worldwide. The epidemiology of health problems in wheelchair basketball has been prospectively studied only during the Paralympic Games, the 2018 World Championships, the 2021 South America Wheelchair Basketball Championship, and one season of two American intercollegiate wheelchair basketball teams. The objective of the study was to prospectively monitor and analyze the prevalence, incidence, burden, and characteristics of injuries and illnesses in a wheelchair basketball league during an entire season for the first time. METHODS All players of the highest German wheelchair basketball league (Bundesliga) were invited to participate in the study. Included players completed the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Questionnaire once a week during the entire season 2020/21 to report health problems. Exposure was captured by self-reported training time and officially-recorded competition time. RESULTS Sixty of 117 players (51%, 47 male, 13 female) of the national league participated with an average response of 93%. Seventy health problems (5.5/1000 exposure hours [95% CI: 4.9-6.1]) were reported, including 54 injuries and 16 illnesses. Prevalence of health problems was 60% (95% CI: 48-72). Most injuries affected the shoulder (32% of all injuries), cervical spine/neck (17%), and hand (13%). More overuse injuries (2.9/1000 exposure hours [95% CI: 2.5-3.3]) than acute injuries (1.3/1000 exposure hours [95% CI: 1.0-1.6]) occurred. Of all health problems, 53% were associated with time-loss. The incidences of all health problems, illnesses, injuries, and overuse injuries were higher in women than in men. CONCLUSIONS Characteristics and frequency of injuries and illnesses during wheelchair basketball season differed from those during major wheelchair basketball tournaments. The high proportion of overuse injuries and the higher injury rates in women should be regarded in the development of individualized prevention measures. Since results from previous studies during major tournaments are only partially comparable to wheelchair basketball league play, further studies should follow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Weith
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, Division of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, Hamburg, 20246 Germany
- University of Bonn Medical Center, Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn, 53127 Germany
| | - Astrid Junge
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Am Kaiserkai 1, Hamburg, 20457 Germany
- Center for Health in Performing Arts, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Am Kaiserkai 1, Hamburg, 20457 Germany
| | - Tim Rolvien
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, Division of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, Hamburg, 20246 Germany
| | - Sascha Kluge
- Zentrum für Rehabilitationsmedizin, BG Klinikum Hamburg, Bergedorfer Straße 10, Hamburg, 21033 Germany
| | - Karsten Hollander
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Am Kaiserkai 1, Hamburg, 20457 Germany
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22
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Haller N, Behringer M, Reichel T, Wahl P, Simon P, Krüger K, Zimmer P, Stöggl T. Blood-Based Biomarkers for Managing Workload in Athletes: Considerations and Recommendations for Evidence-Based Use of Established Biomarkers. Sports Med 2023; 53:1315-1333. [PMID: 37204619 PMCID: PMC10197055 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01836-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Blood-based biomarkers can provide an objective individualized measure of training load, recovery, and health status in order to reduce injury risk and maximize performance. Despite enormous potentials, especially owing to currently evolving technology, such as point-of-care testing, and advantages, in terms of objectivity and non-interference with the training process, there are several pitfalls in the use and interpretation of biomarkers. Confounding variables such as preanalytical conditions, inter-individual differences, or an individual chronic workload can lead to variance in resting levels. In addition, statistical considerations such as the detection of meaningful minimal changes are often neglected. The lack of generally applicable and individual reference levels further complicates the interpretation of level changes and thus load management via biomarkers. Here, the potentials and pitfalls of blood-based biomarkers are described, followed by an overview of established biomarkers currently used to support workload management. Creatine kinase is discussed in terms of its evidence for workload management to illustrate the limited applicability of established markers for workload management to date. We conclude with recommendations for best practices in the use and interpretation of biomarkers in a sport-specific context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Haller
- Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Disease Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Schlossallee 49, Salzburg, 5400 Hallein-Rif, Austria
| | - Michael Behringer
- Department of Sports Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thomas Reichel
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sports Science, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Patrick Wahl
- Department of Exercise Physiology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Perikles Simon
- Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Disease Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Karsten Krüger
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sports Science, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Philipp Zimmer
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), Institute for Sport and Sport Science, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Thomas Stöggl
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Schlossallee 49, Salzburg, 5400 Hallein-Rif, Austria.
- Red Bull Athlete Performance Center, Salzburg, Austria.
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23
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Evans SL, Whittaker G, Elphinstone Davis O, Jones ES, Hardy J, Owen JA. Noncontact Injury Distribution and Relationship With Preseason Training Load and Nonmodifiable Risk Factors in Rugby Union Players Across Multiple Seasons. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1456-1462. [PMID: 36445853 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Evans, SL, Whittaker, G, Elphinstone Davis, E, Jones, ES, Hardy, J, and Owen, JA. Noncontact injury distribution and relationship with preseason training load and non-modifiable risk factors in Rugby Union players across multiple seasons. J Strength Cond Res 37(7): 1456-1462, 2023-This study examined the distribution of noncontact injury during phases of the competitive season and the association between preseason training load (TL) and nonmodifiable risk factors on injury risk during these phases. Injury data were recorded from 1 senior academy team over 3 seasons (2017-2020) and analyzed across early-season, midseason, and late-season phases. A generalized estimating equation was used to model risk factors with noncontact injury for selected phases. The highest noncontact injury incidence occurred in the late-season phase (22.2 per 1,000 hours) compared with early (13.7 per 1,000 hours, p < 0.001) and midseason phases (15.5 per 1,000 hours, p = 0.001). Low preseason TL (8,949-12,589 arbitrary units; odds ratio [OR], 95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.7, 1.0-21.6; p = 0.04) and low preseason TL combined with high early-season TL and injury in the early-season phase (OR, 95% CI = 6.5, 1.1-35.5; p = 0.03) were associated with greater midseason noncontact injury risk. In addition, low preseason TL combined with previous injury was associated with increased risk of noncontact injury risk in the late season (OR, 95% CI = 12.2, 0.9-15.6, p = 0.05). Our results suggest players are at a greater injury risk during the late-season phase, with low preseason cumulative loads combined with a history of previous injury associated with increased in-season injury risk. Strength and conditioning coaches should therefore monitor cumulative preseason TL alongside screening for previous injury history to identify athletes at greater risk of noncontact injury risk during the competitive season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seren L Evans
- School of Human and Behavioural Sciences, Institute for Applied Human Physiology, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Eleri S Jones
- School of Human and Behavioural Sciences, Institute for Psychology of Elite Performance, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - James Hardy
- School of Human and Behavioural Sciences, Institute for Psychology of Elite Performance, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - Julian A Owen
- School of Human and Behavioural Sciences, Institute for Applied Human Physiology, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
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24
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Shaw A, Newman P, Witchalls J, Hedger T. Externally validated machine learning algorithm accurately predicts medial tibial stress syndrome in military trainees: a multicohort study. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2023; 9:e001566. [PMID: 37497020 PMCID: PMC10367080 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2023-001566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS) is a common musculoskeletal injury in both sporting and military settings. No reliable treatments exist, and reoccurrence rates are high. Prevention of MTSS is critical to reducing operational burden. Therefore, this study aimed to build a decision-making model to predict the individual risk of MTSS within officer cadets and test the external validity of the model on a separate military population. Design Prospective cohort study. Methods This study collected a suite of key variables previously established for predicting MTSS. Data were obtained from 107 cadets (34 women and 73 men). A follow-up survey was conducted at 3 months to determine MTSS diagnoses. Six ensemble learning algorithms were deployed and trained five times on random stratified samples of 75% of the dataset. The resultant algorithms were tested on the remaining 25% of the dataset, with models then compared for accuracy. The most accurate new algorithm was tested on an unrelated data sample of 123 Australian Navy recruits to establish external validity of the model. Results Calibrated random forest modelling was the most accurate in identifying a diagnosis of MTSS; (area under curve (AUC)=98%, classification accuracy (CA)=96%). External validation on a sample of Navy recruits resulted in comparable accuracy; (AUC=95%, CA=94%). When the model was tested on the combined datasets, similar accuracy was achieved; (AUC=92%, CA=91%). Conclusion This model is highly accurate in predicting those who will develop MTSS. The model provides important preventive capacity which should be trialled as a risk management intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus Shaw
- Faculty of Health (Physiotherapy), University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Physiotherapy, Matrix Physiotherapy & Sports Clinic, Queanbeyan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Phil Newman
- Faculty of Health (Physiotherapy), Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Jeremy Witchalls
- Faculty of Health (Physiotherapy), Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Tristan Hedger
- Physiotherapy, Australian Defence Force Academy, Campbell, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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25
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Ekizos A, Santuz A. "Biofeedback-based return to sport": individualization through objective assessments. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1185556. [PMID: 37378078 PMCID: PMC10291093 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1185556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Elite athletes are regularly exposed to high and repetitive mechanical stresses and impacts, resulting in high injury rates. The consequences of injury can range from time lost from training and competition to chronic physical and psychological burden, with no guarantee that the athlete will return to preinjury levels of sport activity and performance. Prominent predictors include load management and previous injury, highlighting the importance of the postinjury period for effective return to sport (RTS). Currently, there is conflicting information on how to choose and assess the best reentry strategy. Treating RTS as a continuum, with controlled progression of training load and complexity, seems to provide benefits in this process. Furthermore, objectivity has been identified as a critical factor in improving the effectiveness of RTS. We propose that assessments derived from biomechanical measurements in functional settings can provide the objectivity needed for regular biofeedback cycles. These cycles should aim to identify weaknesses, customize the load, and inform on the status of RTS progress. This approach emphasizes individualization as the primary determinant of RTS and provides a solid foundation for achieving it.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandro Santuz
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
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26
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McDonald-Wedding L, Goodwin L, Preston A, McKay G, Williams C. Calisthenics: Epidemiology of Injury Patterns and Their Risk Factors. Open Access J Sports Med 2023; 14:47-57. [PMID: 37252647 PMCID: PMC10225133 DOI: 10.2147/oajsm.s394044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To quantify the prevalence and nature of injuries and their risk factors in calisthenics to, therefore, inform the practitioner what to expect from these athletes. Methods This study was an online cross-sectional survey of calisthenics athletes. Data were collected online and the survey was distributed via social media over six months in 2020. The purpose-built survey consisted of demographic, training and loading questions. Participants were provided with an injury definition and reported their total number of injuries sustained during calisthenics including detailed information on three most significant injuries, along with mechanism of injury and risk factors. Multivariate regression analyses were used to determine objective factors associated with the number of injuries. Results There were 543 participants describing 1104 injuries. Mean (standard deviation (SD)) injury prevalence was 4.5 (3.3) per person. Of these injuries, 820 (74.3%) required training modification or treatment. Participants missed a mean (SD) 3.4 (5.1) weeks of training and engaged in a mean (SD) 10.9 (9.1) health professional consultations. The most common injuries were upper leg (24.5%), ankle/foot (22.8%) and lumbar spine (19.3%), with the majority being sprains/strains in nature (56.3%). Mechanism of injury included elevated work (27.6%), overuse (38.0%) and specific calisthenics skills (38.9%) - such as lumbar (40.6%) and lower limb (40.3%) extension-based movements. Subjective risk factors included load (66.8%), preparation (55.9%) and environmental factors (21.0%). Objective risk factors associated with higher numbers of injuries included increased years of participation, left leg dominance, increased training hours (regardless of training type) and state team participation (p<0.05). Conclusion Practitioners need to be aware that calisthenics athletes demonstrate a high proportion of strain/sprain injuries involving the lower limb and lumbar spine with causative movements being extension-based. Addressing risk factors such as loading, preparation, asymmetry, and the environment related to these movements are important for the treating practitioner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauren Goodwin
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct (AMREP), Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Annabel Preston
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Frankston, VIC, 3199, Australia
| | - Gaylene McKay
- Alphington Sports Medicine Exercise and Rehabilitation, Alphington, VIC, 3078, Australia
| | - Cylie Williams
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Frankston, VIC, 3199, Australia
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27
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Li X, Feng R, Luo S, Li C, Gómez-Ruano MA. The associations of early specialization, sports volume, and maturity status with musculoskeletal injury in elite youth football players. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1183204. [PMID: 37250118 PMCID: PMC10213919 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1183204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Youth football in schools has experienced rapid growth in China. Despite the increase of players engaging in more frequent, intensive, and organized sports training at their early ages, the controversy over early specialization (ES) still exists. This study aims to: a) investigate the training situation of players in the Chinese School Football Programme and b) examine the associations of early specialization, sports volume, and maturity status with musculoskeletal injury. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was used. Players who participated in the National School Football Winter Camp were invited to fill out a questionnaire that included the data of maturity, ES, sports volume, and injury history (n = 88 boys and n = 90 girls). Results: The results have shown that 80.3% of the athletes were classified as ES, while 19.7% of them were classified as non-ES. Almost all athletes (96%) participated in a sport for more than 8 months in a year. Most athletes (75.8%) spent more than twice of the time on organized sports than leisure activities. 30.3% of the athletes trained on average more hours per week than the number of their ages. Binomial logistic regression models reflected the significant differences in the odds ratios (OR) of reporting a history of injury among athletes with different levels of specialization (p = 0.024) and the OR of reporting a history of leg injury among players with different weekly sports volumes (p = 0.038). Significant differences were also shown in the OR of players reporting foot injuries between players with different maturity states (p = 0.046), and the Chi-squared test showed significant differences in the OR of reporting acute injuries between players with different levels of specialization (p = 0.048) and weekly activity (p = 0.022). No significant differences were found between the remaining variables. Conclusion: Most school football elite players follow the ES pathway even though ES increases the risk of injury, especially acute injury. Pre-pubertal and early pubertal players have a higher incidence of foot injuries. Players who train more hours per week than their ages have more leg injuries and acute injuries. Therefore, priority protection and intervention should be carried out for populations with a high risk of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- China Football College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Runze Feng
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Shiyi Luo
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Chunman Li
- China Football College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Miguel A. Gómez-Ruano
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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28
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Stieler E, de Mello MT, Lôbo ILB, Gonçalves DA, Resende R, Andrade AG, Lourenço TF, Silva AAC, Andrade HA, Guerreiro R, Silva A. Current Technologies and Practices to Assess External Training Load in Paralympic Sport: A Systematic Review. J Sport Rehabil 2023:1-10. [PMID: 37156538 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2022-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Knowing the methods to assess the external load in Paralympic sports can help multidisciplinary teams rely on scientific evidence to better prescribe and monitor the athlete's development, improving sports performance and reducing the risk of injury/illness of Paralympic athletes. OBJECTIVES This review aimed to systematically explore the current practices of quantifying the external load in Paralympic sports and provide an overview of the methods and techniques used. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A search in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and EBSCO was carried out until November 2022. The measures of interest were objective methods for quantifying the external load of training or competition. The inclusion criteria for the studies were as follows: (1) peer-reviewed article; (2) the population were Paralympic athletes; (3) evaluated during training or competition; (4) reported at least one external load measure; and (5) published in English, Portuguese, or Spanish. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Of the 1961 articles found, 22 were included because they met the criteria, and 8 methods were identified to quantify the external load in training or competition in 8 Paralympic sports. The methods varied according to the characteristics of the Paralympic sports. To date, the devices used included an internal radiofrequency-based tracking system (wheelchair rugby) a miniaturized data logger (wheelchair tennis, basketball, and rugby); a linear position transducer (powerlifting and wheelchair basketball); a camera (swimming, goalball, and wheelchair rugby); a global positioning system (wheelchair tennis); heart rate monitors that assess external load variables in set (paracycling and swimming) and an electronic timer (swimming). CONCLUSIONS Different objective methods were identified to assess the external load in Paralympic sports. However, few studies showed the validity and reliability of these methods. Further studies are needed to compare different methods of external load quantification in other Paralympic sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Stieler
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG,Brazil
- Academia Paralímpica Brasileira, Comitê Paralímpico Brasileiro, São Paulo, SP,Brazil
- Centro de Treinamento Esportivo da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG,Brazil
| | - Marco T de Mello
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG,Brazil
- Academia Paralímpica Brasileira, Comitê Paralímpico Brasileiro, São Paulo, SP,Brazil
- Centro de Treinamento Esportivo da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG,Brazil
| | - Ingrid L B Lôbo
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG,Brazil
- Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais, Ibirité, MG,Brazil
| | - Dawit A Gonçalves
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG,Brazil
- Centro de Treinamento Esportivo da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG,Brazil
| | - Renan Resende
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG,Brazil
- Centro de Treinamento Esportivo da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG,Brazil
| | - André G Andrade
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG,Brazil
- Centro de Treinamento Esportivo da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG,Brazil
| | - Thiago F Lourenço
- Academia Paralímpica Brasileira, Comitê Paralímpico Brasileiro, São Paulo, SP,Brazil
- Comitê Paralímpico Brasileiro, São Paulo, SP,Brazil
| | - Anselmo A C Silva
- Academia Paralímpica Brasileira, Comitê Paralímpico Brasileiro, São Paulo, SP,Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA,Brazil
| | | | - Renato Guerreiro
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG,Brazil
- Centro de Treinamento Esportivo da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG,Brazil
| | - Andressa Silva
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG,Brazil
- Academia Paralímpica Brasileira, Comitê Paralímpico Brasileiro, São Paulo, SP,Brazil
- Centro de Treinamento Esportivo da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG,Brazil
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29
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Dello Iacono A, Beato M, Unnithan VB, Shushan T. Programming High-Speed and Sprint Running Exposure in Football: Beliefs and Practices of More Than 100 Practitioners Worldwide. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023:1-16. [PMID: 37116894 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To gain knowledge on the beliefs and practices of football practitioners applying high-speed and sprint running exposure programming strategies. METHODS One hundred two football practitioners from 22 different countries participated in a study consisting of a survey including 5 domains: demographic and professional characteristics (Who); importance of high-speed and sprint running exposure for physical-capability development, preparation for competition, and injury-prevention strategies (Why); exposure timing (When); methodological procedures for exposure monitoring and training scheduling (What); and effectiveness of common training practices (How). Data were analyzed using a combination of descriptive statistics, generalized mixed effects, and multinomial logistic regression models. RESULTS Data revealed 5 main findings: (1) overall agreement on the importance of exposure for physical-capability development, preparation for competition, and injury-prevention strategies; (2) different exposure timing and selective training scheduling for starting and nonstarting players across typical and congested weeks; (3) lack of consensus on the conceptual constructs defining high-speed and sprint running metrics and the methodological procedures used for monitoring; (4) a probable association between match-related outcomes and exposure strategies used in training; and (5) a broad range of training methods considered effective to elicit exposure. CONCLUSIONS This study provides actionable insights into the planning, implementing, and monitoring strategies for high-speed and sprint running exposure in football. While some conform with the evidence on high-speed and sprint running training in football, further research and professional debate are warranted to develop empirical knowledge and provide pragmatic recommendations to help practitioners in adopting evidence-informed decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Dello Iacono
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton,United Kingdom
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich,United Kingdom
| | - Viswanath B Unnithan
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton,United Kingdom
| | - Tzlil Shushan
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW,Australia
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30
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Burghardt WP, Pfeiffer KA, Kuenze C. Assessing the Relationship Between External Workloads and Noncontact Injuries During Summer Conditioning and Preseason Practice in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division 1 Football Players. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:816-822. [PMID: 35876439 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Burghardt, WP, Pfeiffer, KA, and Kuenze, C. Assessing the relationship between external workloads and noncontact injuries during summer conditioning and preseason practice in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division 1 football players. J Strength Cond Res 37(4): 816-822, 2023-The purpose of this study was to prospectively investigate the relationship between noncontact injuries and workload in collegiate football during summer conditioning and preseason training. Workload and noncontact injury data were collected over the summer conditioning and preseason practice periods for a Division 1 National Collegiate Athletic Association football team ( n = 34). Seven- and 21-day exponentially weighted moving averages (EWMA) were calculated daily for each athlete. The acute:chronic ratio (A:C ratio) of these 2 measures was also calculated daily. Injury rates for noncontact injuries were calculated for both periods. Continuous variable modeling (panel logistic regression and restricted cubic spline) was used to assess the relationship of EWMA A:C ratio and noncontact injury using a 3-day lag period. Athletic exposures (AEs) were defined as individual sport training, practice, or competition sessions. Nine injuries were observed (6.97/1,000 AEs), with 4 injuries resulting in lost time (3.09/1,000 AEs). The mean EWMA A:C ratio was 0.92 ± 0.41 (95% confidence interval: 0.03-2.09). Both the panel logistic regression and the restricted cubic spline models showed a significant relationship between EWMA A:C ratio and noncontact injuries. However, the odds ratio (14.16) in the logistic regression had a very large standard error (14.51) and a wide 95% confidence interval (1.90-105.49). The restricted cubic spline model had a pseudo R2 of 0.136. Injury occurrence at given EWMA ratio values was lower than reported in previous research. Although both continuous models demonstrated a significant relationship between the EWMA A:C ratio and subsequent noncontact injuries over the next 3 days, neither model had sufficient goodness of fit to warrant adoption at this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Burghardt
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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31
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Injury Surveillance and Training Load Methods Used by Health Professionals in Tennis: An Online Multinational Survey. J Sport Rehabil 2023; 32:235-241. [PMID: 36191905 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2022-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Injury surveillance and training load monitoring are both essential for the development of preventative strategies for gradual-onset musculoskeletal injuries in elite sport. Our aim was to survey health professionals working with elite tennis players on whether and how they monitor injuries and training load. DESIGN A cross-sectional multinational online open-survey. METHODS The survey was developed and advertised in English, Spanish, and Portuguese languages on social media channels, a tennis academic journal, professional tennis associations, and clinical networks of the research team, from December 2020 to April 2021. RESULTS 72 health professionals from 27 different countries working with elite tennis players responded to the survey. Injury surveillance is performed by 94% (68/72) of the survey respondents, with only 10% (7/68) using the consensus-recommended Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center questionnaire. Most common barriers identified by health professionals to injury surveillance are time constraints (66%), lack of knowledge (43%), and technology (31%). Training load monitoring is performed by 50% (36/72) of the health professionals working with elite tennis players. Main metrics monitored are weekly differences in training load (72%) and acute:chronic workload ratio (58%). Most common reasons for training load monitoring are injury prevention (94%), training planning (81%), and player feedback (53%). CONCLUSIONS Despite a high percentage of health professionals implementing injury surveillance metrics, most of them do not use any validated method. Only half of health professionals working with elite tennis players monitor training load. Lack of knowledge and technology were the main barriers reported for adequately monitoring injuries.
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Barry L, Lyons M, McCreesh K, Powell C, Comyns T. The design and evaluation of an integrated training load and injury/illness surveillance system in competitive swimming. Phys Ther Sport 2023; 60:54-62. [PMID: 36652873 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2023.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To design and evaluate an integrated training load monitoring and injury/illness surveillance system in a competitive swimming environment. DESIGN Descriptive/mixed methods. SETTING Swim Ireland National Training Centres. PARTICIPANTS Fourteen competitive athletes and seven coaches/medical data collectors participated in the evaluation process. OUTCOME MEASURES System satisfaction, usefulness and burden were evaluated. Barriers to the implementation and effectiveness of the system were explored. RESULTS Most athletes were 'extremely' or 'very' satisfied with the overall data collection process and also found it to be 'extremely' or 'very' useful in the training centre environment. All practitioners were 'extremely satisfied with the system and found it to be either 'extremely' or 'very' useful in their role. Process constraints and data access and control were significant themes related to the athletes, while practitioners highlighted communication and cooperation amongst stakeholders, layering context to the data, maintaining data integrity and the coach's influence in the monitoring process as being important to the monitoring/surveillance process. CONCLUSIONS Training load monitoring and injury/illness surveillance are necessary to elevate the standard of prospective injury/illness prevention research. Integrated systems should be designed in line with key consensus statements, while also being implemented in a way that counteracts the challenges within the real-world training environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna Barry
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Performance Department, Swim Ireland, Irish Sport HQ, Dublin, Ireland; Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Mark Lyons
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Sport and Human Performance Research Centre, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Karen McCreesh
- School of Allied Health, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Cormac Powell
- High Performance Unit, Sport Ireland, Sport Ireland Campus, Dublin, Ireland; Physical Activity for Health Cluster, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Sport and Human Performance Research Centre, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Tom Comyns
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Sport and Human Performance Research Centre, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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Hostrup M, Bangsbo J. Performance Adaptations to Intensified Training in Top-Level Football. Sports Med 2023; 53:577-594. [PMID: 36380164 PMCID: PMC9667002 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01791-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Because physical demands are surging in football (soccer, USA), clubs are more and more seeking players who have a high capacity to perform repeated intense exercise. High-intensity interval training (HIIT), comprising exercise performed at intensities near or exceeding the capacity of aerobic energy systems, effectively enhances the physical conditioning of players. But given that HIIT imposes high loads, it increases the risk of overload-associated match performance decline and injury. This makes some coaches inclined to conduct HIIT in the weeks leading up to the season and during the season. Therefore, the challenge is how to optimize and dose HIIT during these phases, as they can be decisive. Studies have highlighted the utility of conducting periods of intensified training to overcome the risk of overload while at the same time enhancing performance. During intensified training periods of typically a few weeks, intensity is increased by enlarging the amount of HIIT, for example, aerobic high-intensity training or speed endurance training, while volume at low-to-moderate intensity is significantly reduced. The outcome depends on training composition and prescription-most notably, intensity and duration of bouts and recovery. When work intervals are prescribed for a few minutes at intensities > 90% heart rate max (i.e., aerobic high-intensity training), then beneficial adaptations pertaining to aerobic power and capacity are apparent. But when work intervals are conducted at much higher intensities, as all-out efforts or sprinting of typically 10- to 40-s duration with longer recovery periods (i.e., speed endurance training), beneficial adaptations pertaining to anaerobic energy systems, ion handling, and fatigue resilience are commonly observed. In this review, we discuss the utility of conducting intensified training periods to enhance performance in elite football players during the late preparation phase and competitive season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Hostrup
- The August Krogh Section for Human Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Building 2nd Floor, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jens Bangsbo
- The August Krogh Section for Human Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Building 2nd Floor, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Trikha R, Greig DE, Shi BY, Schroeder GG, Chernoff DJ, Jones KJ, Kremen TJ. Multicenter Analysis of the Epidemiology of Injury Patterns and Return to Sport in Collegiate Gymnasts. Orthop J Sports Med 2023; 11:23259671231154618. [PMID: 36860774 PMCID: PMC9969444 DOI: 10.1177/23259671231154618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gymnastics requires intense year-round upper and lower extremity strength training typically starting from an early age. As such, the injury patterns observed in these athletes may be unique. Purpose To characterize the types of injuries and provide return-to-sport data in male and female collegiate gymnasts. Study Design Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods A conference-specific injury database was utilized to perform a retrospective review of injuries for male and female National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I gymnasts within the Pacific Coast Conference between 2017 and 2020 (N = 673 gymnasts). Injuries were stratified by anatomic location, sex, time missed, and injury diagnoses. Relative risk (RR) was used to compare results between sexes. Results Of the 673 gymnasts, 183 (27.2%) experienced 1093 injuries during the study period. Injuries were sustained in 35 of 145 male athletes (24.1%) as compared with 148 of 528 female athletes (28.0%; RR, 0.86 [95% CI, 0.63-1.19]; P = .390). Approximately 66.1% (723/1093) of injuries occurred in a practice setting, compared with 84 of 1093 injuries (7.7%) occurring during competition. Overall, 417 of 1093 injuries (38.2%) resulted in no missed time. Shoulder injuries and elbow/arm injuries were significantly more common in male versus female athletes (RR, 1.99 [95% CI, 1.32-3.01], P = .001; and RR, 2.08 [95% CI, 1.05-4.13], P = .036, respectively). In total, 23 concussions affected 21 of 673 athletes (3.1%); 6 concussions (26.1%) resulted in the inability to return to sport during the same season. Conclusion For the majority of musculoskeletal injuries, the gymnasts were able to return to sport during the same season. Male athletes were more likely to experience shoulder and elbow/arm injuries, likely because of sex-specific events. Concussions occurred in 3.1% of the gymnasts, highlighting the need for vigilant monitoring. This analysis of the incidence and outcomes of injuries observed in NCAA Division I gymnasts may guide injury prevention protocols as well as provide important prognostic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Trikha
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine
at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Rishi Trikha, MD, UCLA Orthopaedic Surgery, 1225 15th Street,
Suite 2100, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA (
)
| | - Danielle E. Greig
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine
at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Brendan Y. Shi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine
at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Grant G. Schroeder
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine
at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Daniel J. Chernoff
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine
at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kristofer J. Jones
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine
at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Thomas J. Kremen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine
at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Nobari H, Eken Ö, Kamiş O, Oliveira R, González PP, Aquino R. Relationships between training load, peak height velocity, muscle soreness and fatigue status in elite-level young soccer players: a competition season study. BMC Pediatr 2023; 23:55. [PMID: 36732715 PMCID: PMC9896692 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-03869-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to compare training load parameters, delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), and fatigue status between season periods (1st and 2nd halves) in U14 soccer players and to analyze the relationships between training load parameters based on season periods (1st and 2nd halves) with peak height velocity (PHV), DOMS, and fatigue status in under-14 (U14) young elite soccer players. Additionally, it was intended to analyze if fatigue, DOMS and PHV could explain training load parameters across the season. METHODS Twenty U14 players that competed in the national league participated in this study. The players were monitored during the whole season (26 weeks), and evaluations were carried out at the end of the in-season. Anthropometric and body composition parameters and the maturity offset of each player were utilized to compute each player's age at PHV. Players reported their levels of DOMS and fatigue status using Hooper index questionnaires. The internal load was monitored using the rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Acute weekly internal load (AW), chronic weekly internal load (CW), acute: chronic workload ratio (ACWR), training monotony (TM), and training strain (TS) were also obtained. RESULTS The main results showed that TM was higher in the 2nd half, while CW, AW and DOMS were higher in the 1st half of the season. Moreover, the main correlations showed a positive correlation between PHV and TS (2nd half of the season) and between fatigue and TM (1st half of the season). CONCLUSION In conclusion, variations in well-being status and PHV cannot explain the variations in internal training loads in elite U14 soccer players. In addition, internal training load indices during the first half of the competitive season can promote a fundamental base for progression loads during the second period of the competitive season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Nobari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, 56199-11367, Iran. .,Department of Motor Performance, Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University of Braşov, 500068, Braşov, Romania. .,Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Özgür Eken
- grid.411650.70000 0001 0024 1937Department of Physical Education and Sport Teaching, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Okan Kamiş
- grid.411297.80000 0004 0384 345XFaculty of Sports Sciences, Aksaray University, 68100 Aksaray, Türkiye
| | - Rafael Oliveira
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior—Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal ,Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal ,grid.512803.dLife Quality Research Centre, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Pablo Prieto González
- grid.443351.40000 0004 0367 6372Health and Physical Education Department, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, 11586 Saudi Arabia
| | - Rodrigo Aquino
- grid.412371.20000 0001 2167 4168Lab Sport, Department of Sports, Centre of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, 29075810 Brazil
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Toresdahl BG, Metzl JD, Kinderknecht J, McElheny K, de Mille P, Quijano B, Fontana MA. Training patterns associated with injury in New York City Marathon runners. Br J Sports Med 2023; 57:146-152. [PMID: 36113976 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2022-105670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Training patterns are commonly implicated in running injuries. The purpose of this study was to measure the incidence of injury and illness among marathon runners and the association of injuries with training patterns and workload. METHODS Runners registered for the New York City Marathon were eligible to enrol and prospectively monitored during the 16 weeks before the marathon, divided into 4-week 'training quarters' (TQ) numbered TQ1-TQ4. Training runs were tracked using Strava, a web and mobile platform for tracking exercise. Runners were surveyed at the end of each TQ on injury and illness, and to verify all training runs were recorded. Acute:chronic workload ratio (ACWR) was calculated by dividing the running distance in the past 7 days by the running distance in the past 28 days and analysed using ratio thresholds of 1.3 and 1.5. RESULTS A total of 735 runners participated, mean age 41.0 (SD 10.7) and 46.0% female. Runners tracked 49 195 training runs. The incidence of injury during training was 40.0% (294/735), and the incidence of injury during or immediately after the marathon was 16.0% (112/699). The incidence of illness during training was 27.2% (200/735). Those reporting an initial injury during TQ3 averaged less distance/week during TQ2 compared with uninjured runners, 27.7 vs 31.9 miles/week (p=0.018). Runners reporting an initial injury during TQ1 had more days when the ACWR during TQ1 was ≥1.5 compared with uninjured runners (injured IQR (0-3) days vs uninjured (0-1) days, p=0.009). Multivariable logistic regression for training injuries found an association with the number of days when the ACWR was ≥1.5 (OR 1.06, 95% CI (1.02 to 1.10), p=0.002). CONCLUSION Increases in training volume ≥1.5 ACWR were associated with more injuries among runners training for a marathon. These findings can inform training recommendations and injury prevention programmes for distance runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett G Toresdahl
- Primary Sports Medicine Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Jordan D Metzl
- Primary Sports Medicine Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York City, New York, USA
| | - James Kinderknecht
- Primary Sports Medicine Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Kathryn McElheny
- Primary Sports Medicine Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Polly de Mille
- Sports Rehabilitation and Performance Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Brianna Quijano
- Primary Sports Medicine Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Mark A Fontana
- Center for Analytics, Modeling, and Performance, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
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Silva H, Nakamura FY, Castellano J, Marcelino R. Training Load Within a Soccer Microcycle Week—A Systematic Review. Strength Cond J 2023. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Sonesson S, Dahlström Ö, Panagodage Perera NK, Hägglund M. Risk factors for injury and illness in youth floorball players - A prospective cohort study. Phys Ther Sport 2023; 59:92-102. [PMID: 36528005 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2022.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate risk factors for injury and illness in female and male youth floorball players (12-17 years) during a 26-week floorball season. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Recreational youth sport. PARTICIPANTS 471 players (142 females) 12-17 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Weekly survey including questions about stress, sleep quality, well-being, sport exposure and average weekly rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Acute:chronic workload ratio (ACWR) was calculated. The Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center questionnaire on health problems was used. Predictors of new injury and illness were examined using multi-level logistic regression models with weekly measures nested within individuals. RESULTS Higher stress, poorer sleep quality and well-being increased the odds of a new injury in the subsequent week by 8% (2.0-13.5%), 10% (4.2-15.9%) and 8% (2.4-13.5%) per 1 unit increase. Higher stress, and poorer well-being increased the odds of illness by 8% (2.6-12.6%), and 12% (7.2-16.6%). ACWR below 0.8 or above 1.3 increased the odds of illness by 34% (4.9-70.8%). CONCLUSIONS Perceived stress, well-being, and sleep quality were associated with injury and illness occurrence in the subsequent week. ACWR outside the range 0.8-1.3 was associated with illness the subsequent week. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical Trials registration NCT03309904.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sonesson
- Unit of Physiotherapy, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Sport Without Injury ProgrammE (SWIPE), Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Ö Dahlström
- Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - N K Panagodage Perera
- Unit of Physiotherapy, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Sport Without Injury ProgrammE (SWIPE), Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Sport Medicine, The Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, ACT, Australia.
| | - M Hägglund
- Unit of Physiotherapy, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Sport Without Injury ProgrammE (SWIPE), Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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Armitage M, McErlain-Naylor SA, Devereux G, Beato M, Buckthorpe M. On-field rehabilitation in football: Current knowledge, applications and future directions. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:970152. [PMID: 36544545 PMCID: PMC9760760 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.970152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Armitage
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom,Performance Services Department, Norwich City Football Club, Norwich, United Kingdom,Faculty of Sport, Allied Health and Performance Science, St Mary's University Twickenham, London, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Mark Armitage
| | - Stuart A. McErlain-Naylor
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom,School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Devereux
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Buckthorpe
- Faculty of Sport, Allied Health and Performance Science, St Mary's University Twickenham, London, United Kingdom
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Hadjisavvas S, Efstathiou MA, Malliou V, Giannaki CD, Stefanakis M. Risk factors for shoulder injuries in handball: systematic review. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:204. [PMID: 36461053 PMCID: PMC9717475 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00588-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Handball is a sport with a high number of severe injuries. The shoulder is one of the most commonly injured joints, with an average prevalence of 17-41%. OBJECTIVE The primary aim is to identify the most significant risk factors related to shoulder injuries in handball. The secondary aim is to propose recommendations based on the available evidence concerning potential injury prevention strategies. METHODS Systematic searches of PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Proquest, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Scopus were undertaken for peer reviewed articles published between 15 July 1995 and 15 July 2019. The same search strategy was repeated on 24 April 2022. Prospective cohort studies, written in English and published in a journal with a peer-review process aiming to investigate at least one modifiable or/and a non-modifiable potential risk factor for shoulder injuries, specifically in handball players, were included. Only papers published after 1995 were included. The methodological quality of the eligible studies was assessed using the modified version of the Downs and Black Checklist. The Best Evidence Synthesis (BES) approach was used for synthesizing and reporting the results. RESULTS 1849 studies were identified, of which 8 were included. A total of 2536 (males = 1354, females = 1182) participants of which 2522 were handball athletes, were included. Four of the eight studies were rated as high methodological quality studies (> 85%) while the rest were rated as medium (50-85%). The risk factors for shoulder injuries in handball identified in the studies were strength imbalances (n = 6), glenohumeral range of motion (ROM) imbalances (n = 5), scapular dyskinesis (n = 5), incorrect dosage of training load (n = 2), previous injury (n = 1), sex (n = 2), player's position, school grade, playing level (n = 1), altered shoulder joint position sense (n = 1). CONCLUSION Overall, from all the risk factors evaluated, there was strong evidence that the weakness of the shoulder external rotator muscles and the female sex increase the probability of shoulder injury in handball athletes. Nevertheless, the evidence for the other risk factors was moderate due to the methodological quality and the limited number of studies. PROTOCOL REGISTRATION PROSPERO ID: CRD42020138233.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stelios Hadjisavvas
- grid.413056.50000 0004 0383 4764Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Michalis A. Efstathiou
- grid.413056.50000 0004 0383 4764Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Vivian Malliou
- grid.12284.3d0000 0001 2170 8022Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Christoforos D. Giannaki
- grid.413056.50000 0004 0383 4764Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Manos Stefanakis
- grid.413056.50000 0004 0383 4764Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Sniffen K, Noel-London K, Schaeffer M, Owoeye O. Is Cumulative Load Associated with Injuries in Youth Team Sport? A Systematic Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:117. [PMID: 36114374 PMCID: PMC9481825 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00516-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
High cumulative external and internal load may predispose athletes to increased risk for injury across a variety of sports, competition levels, and age groups. However, evidence of an association between cumulative load and injury in youth sport remains inconclusive. The objective of this study was to determine the current evidence for cumulative load and injury risk relationships in youth team sport through a systematic review of the existing literature.
Methods
A systematic review of the literature was performed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Literature searches were conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, SCOPUS, and CINAHL for relevant articles published between January 2010 and April 2021. The authors conducted independent review and quality assessment of the eligible studies. Eleven articles evaluating youth (less than 18 years old) team sport were included for qualitative synthesis.
Results
Fifty-nine percent (n = 39/66) of the relationships assessed revealed an association between cumulative load and injury across the team sports studied, including the presence of load–injury associations in 84% (n = 16/19) of assessments in youth soccer. Of those relationships where an association was present, 79% (n = 31/39) were positive associations between cumulative load and injury. Risk of bias assessment scores ranged from three to six out of seven possible (median = 5) for cohort studies and from four to seven out of 10 possible (median = 5.5) for cross-sectional studies.
Conclusions
There is some evidence for a positive association between load and injury in youth team sport. Youth soccer was the most studied team sport, and a substantial number of positive load–injury associations were reported. Current evidence lacks consistency in the measures and metrics used in defining load–injury relationships.
Trial Registration PRISMA ID - CRD42020203622.
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Inoue A, dos Santos Bunn P, do Carmo EC, Lattari E, da Silva EB. Internal Training Load Perceived by Athletes and Planned by Coaches: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:35. [PMID: 35244801 PMCID: PMC8897524 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00420-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Background Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and session RPE (sRPE) has been widely used to verify the internal load in athletes. Understanding the agreement between the training load prescribed by coaches and that perceived by athletes is a topic of great interest in sport science. Objective This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate differences between the training/competition load perceived by athletes and prescribed/intended/observed by coaches. Methods A literature search (September 2020 and updated in November 2021) was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and SPORTDiscus databases. The protocol was registered in the Open Science Framework (osf.io/wna4x). Studies should include athletes and coaches of any sex, age, or level of experience. The studies should present outcomes related to the RPE or sRPE for any scale considering overall training/competition sessions (physical, strength, tactical, technical, games) and/or classified into three effort categories: easy, moderate, and hard. Results Twenty-seven studies were included in the meta-analysis. No difference was found between coaches and athletes for overall RPE (SMD = 0.19, P = 0.10) and overall sRPE (SMD = 0.05, P = 0.75). There was a difference for easy RPE (SMD = − 0.44, small effect size, P = 0.04) and easy sRPE (SMD = − 0.54, moderate effect size, P = 0.04). No differences were found for moderate RPE (SMD = 0.05, P = 0.74) and hard RPE (SMD = 0.41, P = 0.18). No difference was found for moderate (SMD = -0.15, P = 0.56) and hard (SMD = 0.20, P = 0.43) sRPE. Conclusion There is an agreement between coaches and athletes about overall RPE and sRPE, and RPE and sRPE into two effort categories (moderate and hard). However, there were disagreements in RPE and sRPE for easy effort category. Thus, despite a small disagreement, the use of these tools seems to be adequate for training monitoring. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40798-022-00420-3.
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Ide BN, Silvatti AP, Marocolo M, Oranchuk DJ, Mota GR. The Misuse of “Workload” in Sports Science and Possible Solutions. Strength Cond J 2022. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Nordstrøm A, Bahr R, Bache-Mathiesen LK, Clarsen B, Talsnes O. Association of Training and Game Loads to Injury Risk in Junior Male Elite Ice Hockey Players: A Prospective Cohort Study. Orthop J Sports Med 2022; 10:23259671221129646. [PMID: 36338353 PMCID: PMC9629576 DOI: 10.1177/23259671221129646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Training and game loads are potential risk factors of injury in junior elite ice hockey, but the association of training and game loads to injuries is unknown. PURPOSE To investigate the association of chronic training and game loads to injury risk in junior male elite ice hockey players. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. METHODS In this prospective cohort study, we monitored all health problems among 159 male junior ice hockey players (mean age, 16 years; range, 15-19 years) at sports-specific high schools during the 2018-2019 school year. Players reported their health problems every week using the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Overuse Questionnaire on Health Problems (OSTRC-H2). The number of training sessions and games was reported for 33 weeks. We calculated the previous 2-week difference in training/game loads as well as the cumulative training/game loads of the previous 2, 3, 4, and 6 weeks and explored potential associations between training/game loads and injury risk using mixed-effects logistic regression. RESULTS The players reported 133 acute injuries, 75 overuse injuries, and 162 illnesses in total, and an average of 8.8 (SD ±3.9) training sessions and 0.9 (SD ± 1.1) games per week. We found no association between the difference of the two previous weeks or the previous 2- 3- and 4-week cumulative, training or game load and acute injuries, nor the difference of the two previous weeks, or the previous 4- and 6-week cumulative, training or game load and overuse injuries (OR, ∼1.0; P > .05 in all models). CONCLUSION In the current study of junior elite ice hockey players, there was no evidence of an association between cumulative exposure to training/game loads and injury risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anine Nordstrøm
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway.,Sykehuset Innlandet HF, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Elverum, Norway.,Anine Nordstrøm, MD, Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, PB 4014 Ullevål Stadion 0806 Oslo, Norway ()
| | - Roald Bahr
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lena K. Bache-Mathiesen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ben Clarsen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway.,Center for Disease Burden Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ove Talsnes
- Sykehuset Innlandet HF, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Elverum, Norway.,Investigation performed at Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Li Z, Weng X. Platelet-rich plasma use in meniscus repair treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical studies. J Orthop Surg Res 2022; 17:446. [PMID: 36209223 PMCID: PMC9548158 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-022-03293-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is conflicting clinical evidence whether platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapies could translate to an increased meniscus healing rate and improved functional outcomes. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to compare the failure rate and patient-reported functional outcomes in meniscus repair augmented with and without PRP. Methods We comprehensively searched the PubMed, Web of Science, Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases to identify studies that compared the clinical efficacy of meniscus repair performed with PRP versus without PRP. The primary outcome was the meniscus repair failure rate, while the secondary outcomes were knee-specific patient-reported outcomes, including the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score, Lysholm knee scale, visual analog scale, Tegner activity level score, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index score, Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation score, and Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score. Furthermore, subgroup analyses were performed by stratifying the studies according to the PRP preparation technique to investigate the potential sources of heterogeneity among studies. Results Our meta-analysis included nine studies (two RCTs and seven non-RCTs) with 1164 participants. The failure rate in the PRP group was significantly lower than that in the non-PRP group [odds ratio: 0.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.42, 0.96), P = 0.03]. Furthermore, the PRP group was associated with a statistically significant improvement in the visual analog scale for pain [Mean difference (MD): − 0.76, 95% CI (− 1.32, − 0.21), P = 0.007] and Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score-symptom [MD: 8.02, 95% CI (2.99, 13.05), P = 0.002] compared with the non-PRP group. However, neither the IKDC score nor the Lysholm knee scale showed any differences between the two groups. In addition, the results of subgroup analyses favored PRP over platelet-rich fibrin matrix (PRFM) regarding the IKDC score. Conclusions Although meniscus repairs augmented with PRP led to significantly lower failure rates and better postoperative pain control compared with those of the non-PRP group, there is insufficient RCT evidence to support PRP augmentation of meniscus repair improving functional outcomes. Moreover, PRP could be recommended in meniscus repair augmentation compared with PRFM. PRFM was shown to have no benefit in improving functional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziquan Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Beijing, 100730, China.,State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xisheng Weng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Beijing, 100730, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, 100730, China.
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Examining the Usability of Workload Monitoring in Firefighter Recruits. J Occup Environ Med 2022; 64:865-868. [DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000002592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kobal R, Aquino R, Carvalho L, Serra A, Sander R, Gomes N, Concon V, Ramos GP, Barroso R. Does the Number of Substitutions Used during the Matches Affect the Recovery Status and the Physical and Technical Performance of Elite Women's Soccer? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11541. [PMID: 36141814 PMCID: PMC9517676 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the effect of a new rule for substitutions (four and five) with the rule before the COVID-19 pandemic (up to three) on recovery status, physical and technical performance, internal workload, and recovery process in elite women soccer players. Thirty-eight matches from 2019 to 2020 from the Brazilian Championships were analyzed. All data for the two conditions (≤3 and 4-5 substitutions) were compared using an independent t-test. The physical demands measured by a global positioning system (GPS) and the technical (obtained from Instat) and internal workload (rating of perceived exertion [RPE]) were assessed. The recovery process was measured by the total quality recovery (TQR) 24 h after each match. No differences were observed in any physical and technical parameters between 4-5 and ≤3 substitutions (p > 0.05). Moreover, 4-5 substitutions demonstrated lower RPE (p < 0.001) and workload-RPE (p < 0.001), higher TQR (p = 0.008), and lower time played by the player (p < 0.001), compared to ≤3. Thus, the new provisory rule for substitutions improved the balance between stress and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronaldo Kobal
- School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-851, Brazil
- Sport Club Corinthians Paulista, São Paulo 03087-000, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Aquino
- LabSport, Department of Sports, Centre of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075-910, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Carvalho
- School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-851, Brazil
| | - Adriano Serra
- School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-851, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Sander
- School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-851, Brazil
| | - Natan Gomes
- School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-851, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Concon
- School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-851, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Passos Ramos
- Brazilian Football Confederation, Rio de Janeiro 22775-055, Brazil
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Renato Barroso
- School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-851, Brazil
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Otter RTA, Bakker AC, van der Zwaard S, Toering T, Goudsmit JFA, Stoter IK, de Jong J. Perceived Training of Junior Speed Skaters versus the Coach's Intention: Does a Mismatch Relate to Perceived Stress and Recovery? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191811221. [PMID: 36141493 PMCID: PMC9517184 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this observational study was to examine the differences between training variables as intended by coaches and perceived by junior speed skaters and to explore how these relate to changes in stress and recovery. During a 4-week preparatory period, intended and perceived training intensity (RPE) and duration (min) were monitored for 2 coaches and their 23 speed skaters, respectively. The training load was calculated by multiplying RPE by duration. Changes in perceived stress and recovery were measured using RESTQ-sport questionnaires before and after 4 weeks. Results included 438 intended training sessions and 378 executed sessions of 14 speed skaters. A moderately higher intended (52:37 h) versus perceived duration (45:16 h) was found, as skaters performed fewer training sessions than anticipated (four sessions). Perceived training load was lower than intended for speed skating sessions (-532 ± 545 AU) and strength sessions (-1276 ± 530 AU) due to lower RPE scores for skating (-0.6 ± 0.7) or shorter and fewer training sessions for strength (-04:13 ± 02:06 hh:mm). All training and RESTQ-sport parameters showed large inter-individual variations. Differences between intended-perceived training variables showed large positive correlations with changes in RESTQ-sport, i.e., for the subscale's success (r = 0.568), physical recovery (r = 0.575), self-regulation (r = 0.598), and personal accomplishment (r = 0.589). To conclude, speed skaters that approach or exceed the coach's intended training variables demonstrated an increased perception of success, physical recovery, self-regulation, and personal accomplishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby T. A. Otter
- School of Sports Studies, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, 9747 AS Groningen, The Netherlands
- Section Anatomie & Medical Physiology, Department Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna C. Bakker
- Department Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan van der Zwaard
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Universiteit Leiden, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tynke Toering
- School of Sports Studies, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, 9747 AS Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos F. A. Goudsmit
- School of Sport Studies, Fontys University of Applied Science, 5612 MA Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Industrial Design, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Inge K. Stoter
- Innovatielab Thialf, 8443 DA Heerenveen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan de Jong
- School of Sports Studies, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, 9747 AS Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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Morikawa LH, Tummala SV, Brinkman JC, Buckner Petty SA, Chhabra A. Effect of a Condensed NBA Season on Injury Risk: An Analysis of the 2020 Season and Player Safety. Orthop J Sports Med 2022; 10:23259671221121116. [PMID: 36081413 PMCID: PMC9445480 DOI: 10.1177/23259671221121116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Health and safety concerns surrounding the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic led the National Basketball Association (NBA) to condense and accelerate the 2020 season. Although prior literature has suggested that inadequate rest may lead to an increased injury risk, the unique circumstances surrounding this season offer a unique opportunity to evaluate player safety in the setting of reduced interval rest. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that the condensed 2020 NBA season resulted in an increased overall injury risk as compared with the 2015 to 2018 seasons. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: A publicly available database, Pro Sports Transactions, was queried for injuries that forced players to miss ≥1 game between the 2015 and 2020 seasons. Data from the 2019 season were omitted given the abrupt suspension of the league year. All injury incidences were calculated per 1000 game-exposures (GEs). The primary outcome was the overall injury proportion ratio (IPR) between the 2020 season and previous seasons. Secondary measures included injury incidences stratified by type, severity, age, position, and minutes per game. Results: A total of 4346 injuries occurred over a 5-season span among 2572 unique player-seasons. The overall incidence of injury during the 2020 season was 48.20 per 1000 GEs but decreased to 39.97 per 1000 GEs when excluding COVID-19. Despite this exclusion, the overall injury rate in 2020 remained significantly greater (IPR, 1.42 [95% CI, 1.32-1.52]) than that of the 2015 to 2018 seasons (28.20 per 1000 GEs). On closer evaluation, the most notable increases seen in the 2020 season occurred within minor injuries requiring only a 1-game absence (IPR, 1.53 [95% CI, 1.37-1.70]) and in players who were aged 25 to 29 years (IPR, 1.57 [95% CI, 1.40-2.63]), averaging ≥30.0 minutes per game (IPR, 1.67 [95% CI, 1.47-1.90]), and playing the point guard position (IPR, 1.67 [95% 1.44-1.95]). Conclusion: Players in the condensed 2020 NBA season had a significantly higher incidence of injuries when compared with the prior 4 seasons, even when excluding COVID-19–related absences. This rise is consistent with the other congested NBA seasons of 1998 and 2011. These findings suggest that condensing the NBA schedule is associated with an increased risk to player health and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Landon H. Morikawa
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
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Fisher P, Faulkner M, McCann M, Doherty R. The Association between Pre-season Running Loads and Injury during the Subsequent Season in Elite Gaelic Football. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10080117. [PMID: 36006082 PMCID: PMC9414496 DOI: 10.3390/sports10080117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine if the quantity of running load performed in pre-season affects the incidence of injury in elite Gaelic footballers. It was hypothesized that a greater quantity of running loads completed will reduce the incidence rate of injury. A cohort of elite male Gaelic football players (n = 25) was prospectively monitored throughout one full season. This longitudinal study involved the collection of GPS data and injury data. Participants were retrospectively divided into two groups and assigned to a high (HTL, completed >50% of pre-season sessions, n = 13) or low (LTL, completed <50% of pre-season sessions, n = 12) training load group based on the percentage of pre-season sessions completed. Data for total distance, PlayerLoad™, meters covered at running speeds (4.0−4.84 m/s), meters covered at high running speeds (4.85−6.39 m/s), meters covered at sprint speeds (>6.4 m/s) and high-intensity running meters (high-speed running meters and sprint meters combined) were collected during all sessions. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was completed to understand the variation of external training load data across the different phases of the season. A series of repeated measures of ANOVA were subsequently completed to understand the variation of external training load data across seasonal phases within the training groups. Although the LTL group had a higher incidence rate of non-contact injuries (large effect size) per 1000 h of exposure in each phase of the season, statistical analysis revealed that there was no significant difference (F = 4.32, p = 0.173, partial η2 = 0.684, large) between the HTL (14.9 ± 4.17/1000 h) and the LTL (24.5 ± 7.36/1000 h) groups. Additionally, the HTL group was able to sustain greater running loads in the competitive phases of the season compared to the LTL group, total distance (F = 8.10, p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.299, large), high-speed running distance (F = 8.74, p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.304, large) and high-intensity running distance (F = 7.63, p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.276, large). Furthermore, players who complete a greater proportion of running loads in pre-season may alter their body composition levels to more optimal levels, which in turn may reduce the risk of injury while also helping increase or maintain performance-related fitness markers such as aerobic fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Fisher
- Sports Lab North West, Atlantic Technological University Donegal, Letterkenny Campus, Port Road, F92 FC93 Letterkenny, Ireland; (P.F.); (M.F.)
| | - Maria Faulkner
- Sports Lab North West, Atlantic Technological University Donegal, Letterkenny Campus, Port Road, F92 FC93 Letterkenny, Ireland; (P.F.); (M.F.)
| | - Michael McCann
- Department of Computing, Atlantic Technological University Donegal, Letterkenny Campus, Port Road, F92 FC93 Letterkenny, Ireland;
| | - Rónán Doherty
- Sports Lab North West, Atlantic Technological University Donegal, Letterkenny Campus, Port Road, F92 FC93 Letterkenny, Ireland; (P.F.); (M.F.)
- Correspondence:
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