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Brink KJ, McKenzie KL, Straight CR, O'Fallon KS, Kim SK, Likens AD. Altered movement dynamics in soldiers undergoing multiple bouts of load carriage. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2024; 119:104315. [PMID: 38754256 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2024.104315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Kolby J Brink
- Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - Kari L McKenzie
- US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Chad R Straight
- US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Kevin S O'Fallon
- US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Seung Kyeom Kim
- Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Aaron D Likens
- Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
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Stern BD, Deyle ER, Hegedus EJ, Munch SB, Saberski E. Stress Drives Soccer Athletes' Wellness and Movement: Using Convergent Cross-Mapping to Identify Causal Relationships in a Dynamic Environment. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024:1-11. [PMID: 39117318 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2024-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prediction of athlete wellness is difficult-or, many sports-medicine practitioners and scientists would argue, impossible. Instead, one settles for correlational relationships of variables gathered at fixed moments in time. The issue may be an inherent mismatch between usual methods of data collection and analysis and the complex nature of the variables governing athlete wellness. Variables such as external load, stress, muscle soreness, and sleep quality may affect each other and wellness in a dynamic, nonlinear, way over time. In such an environment, traditional data-collection methods and statistics will fail to capture causal effects. If we are to move this area of sport science forward, a different approach is required. METHODS We analyzed data from 2 different soccer teams that showed no significance between player load and wellness or among individual measures of wellness. Our analysis used methods of attractor reconstruction to examine possible causal relationships between GPS/accelerometer-measured external training load and wellness variables. RESULTS Our analysis showed that player self-rated stress, a component of wellness, seems a fundamental driving variable. The influence of stress is so great that stress can predict other components of athlete wellness, and, in turn, self-rated stress can be predicted by observing a player's load data. CONCLUSION We demonstrate the ability of nonlinear methods to identify interactions between and among variables to predict future athlete stress. These relationships are indicative of the causal relationships playing out in athlete wellness over the course of a soccer season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Stern
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
- HonorHealth, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
- Doctor of Physical Therapy Program, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Ethan R Deyle
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric J Hegedus
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephan B Munch
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Erik Saberski
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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Lever JR, Duffield R, Murray A, Bartlett JD, Fullagar HHK. Longitudinal Internal Training Load and Exposure in a High-Performance Basketball Academy. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:1464-1471. [PMID: 38662929 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Lever, JR, Duffield, R, Murray, A, Bartlett, JD, and Fullagar, HHK. Longitudinal internal training load and exposure in a high-performance basketball academy. J Strength Cond Res 38(8): 1464-1471, 2024-This study describes the longitudinal training exposure (session counts) and internal training load (Rating of Perceived Exertion [RPE] and Session Rating of Perceived Exertion [sRPE]) of youth basketball players at a high-performance academy, based on the training year, training term, and playing position. Historical internal training load and training exposure data were collated from 45 male high-performance youth basketball athletes between 2015 and 2019. Data included session duration, RPE, sRPE, training type, and date. Linear mixed models and pairwise comparisons were performed on the weekly means and categorized by training year (year 1, year 2, year 3), term (term 1, term 2, term 3, term 4), and playing position (Backcourt, Frontcourt). Linear mixed models indicate that the individual athlete had the greatest influence on variance in training load and exposure. Significant differences were observed for increased session count, duration, and sRPE ( p < 0.001) in year 2 compared with year 1. These measures also increased within each year whereby term 3 and term 4 ( p < 0.001) were significantly greater than term 1 and term 2. No significant differences were observed between playing position ( p > 0.05). Training exposure and internal training load increase in year 2 from year 1 for high-performance youth basketball academy athletes. Differences between training load and exposure for terms (i.e., training blocks) suggest the phase of season influences training prescription, while playing position has limited effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon R Lever
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
- National Basketball Association, New York, New York
- University of Notre Dame, Sports Performance, Notre Dame, Indiana; and
| | - Rob Duffield
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | - Hugh H K Fullagar
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
- Physical Activity, Physical Education, Sport and Health (PAPESH) Research Center, Department of Sports Science, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
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Marciniak RA, Wahl CA, Ebersole KT. Differences in Workloads of Maximal Tasks in Active-Duty Firefighters. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:1495. [PMID: 39120198 PMCID: PMC11312066 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12151495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the workload of a maximal treadmill test (TREAD) and a fire suppression task (BURN) in firefighters and to examine their relationships to fitness as measured by body mass index (BMI), percent body fat (BF%), and peak aerobic capacity (VO2PEAK). The amount of time spent in the heart rate (HR) intensity ranges of 50-59% HRMAX (ZONE1), 60-69% HRMAX (ZONE2), 70-79% HRMAX (ZONE3), 80-89% HRMAX (ZONE4), and ≥90% HRMAX (ZONE5) quantified the workload as the Edward's Training Impulse for TREAD (ETRIMPTREAD) and BURN (ETRIMPBURN). The ETRIMPTREAD was significantly less than ETRIMPBURN. For TREAD, ZONE5 > ZONE2 and ZONE3. For BURN, ZONE4 > ZONE1, ZONE2, and ZONE5 > ZONE1, ZONE2, and ZONE3. A lower BF% and greater VO2PEAK were related to a greater ETRIMPTREAD and unrelated to ETRIMPBURN. For BURN only, a lower BF% and greater VO2PEAK were related to less time in ZONE5. BMI was unrelated to all workload measures. Laboratory-based maximal exercise testing does not adequately reflect the workload of simulated fire suppression and therefore may not be indicative of firefighter readiness to meet job demands. Less-fit firefighters rely on higher cardiovascular intensities to complete the same workload, and practitioners should consider this when selecting strategies to reduce job-associated cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carly A. Wahl
- Department of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, IL 61920, USA;
| | - Kyle T. Ebersole
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences & Technology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA;
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Wang C, Kaufman JS, Steele RJ, Shrier I. Target trial framework for determining the effect of changes in training load on injury risk using observational data: a methodological commentary. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2024; 10:e002037. [PMID: 38975026 PMCID: PMC11227826 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2024-002037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, a large focus has been placed on managing training load for injury prevention. To minimise injuries, training recommendations should be based on research that examines causal relationships between load and injury risk. While observational studies can be used to estimate causal effects, conventional methods to study the relationship between load and injury are prone to bias. The target trial framework is a valuable tool that requires researchers to emulate a hypothetical randomised trial using observational data. This framework helps to explicitly define research questions and design studies in a way that estimates causal effects. This article provides an overview of the components of the target trial framework as applied to studies on load and injury and describes various considerations that should be made in study design and analyses to minimise bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinchin Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jay S Kaufman
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Russell J Steele
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ian Shrier
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montreal, Canada
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Skare K, Viberg B, Hölmich P, Kerr S, Kaldau NC. Cross-sectional study assessing sleep behavior and musculoskeletal symptoms in elite junior badminton athletes. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e38698. [PMID: 38968530 PMCID: PMC11224883 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000038698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Sleep inadequacy has previously been associated with increased risk of injury and reduced performance. It is unclear if sleep disorders are associated with musculoskeletal symptoms, which may be a predictor of serious injury and affect performance. The aim was therefore to assess sleep behavior in elite junior badminton players and its association to musculoskeletal symptoms. In 2018, players at the World Junior Badminton Championship completed the Athlete Sleep Behavior Questionnaire and a modified version of the World Olympic Association Musculoskeletal Health Questionnaire. Participants were categorized with poor or moderate/good sleep behavior as the independent variable. Musculoskeletal symptoms were the primary outcome and was categorized using yes/no questions. Relevant musculoskeletal symptoms were defined as pain higher than 30 mm Numeric Rating Scale pain score or more than 30 minutes of joint stiffness a day. Group comparison was performed using chi-square analysis and logistic regression for primary outcome adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, previous injury, training load, and resting days. Of the 153 participants, 28% reported poor sleep scores. There was no difference between poor and moderate/good sleep score concerning demographic variables such as sex, age, ethnicity, previous injury, training load, and resting days. There were 27% with current musculoskeletal symptoms but with no difference in groups between poor and moderate/good sleep score (P = .376). This yielded an adjusted odds ratio of 1.23 (95% confidence intervals 0.52; 2.90). Twenty-eight percent of the participants reported poor sleep behavior. Twenty-seven percent experienced current musculoskeletal symptoms. We found no statistical differences in reported musculoskeletal symptoms when comparing athletes with poor sleep behavior to athletes with moderate/good sleep behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Skare
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sports Orthopedic Research Center – Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager & Hvidovre Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bjarke Viberg
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Per Hölmich
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sports Orthopedic Research Center – Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager & Hvidovre Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stewart Kerr
- Life Fit Wellness, Healthcare & Exercise Centre, Falkirk, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Niels Christian Kaldau
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sports Orthopedic Research Center – Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager & Hvidovre Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Piqueras-Sanchiz F, Martin-Rodriguez S, Cornejo-Daza PJ, Sánchez-Valdepeñas J, Serrano-Gómez V, Pareja-Blanco F, García-García Ó. Identification of Peripheral Fatigue through Exercise-Induced Changes in Muscle Contractility. J Hum Kinet 2024; 93:145-154. [PMID: 39132424 PMCID: PMC11307187 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/185297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess whether tensiomyography is a tool sensitive enough to detect peripheral fatigue. Twenty-six strength-trained men were split into two groups: 1) a fatigued group (FG), who performed a full-squat (SQ) standardized warm-up plus 3 x 8 SQs with 75% 1RM with a 5-min rest interval, and 2) a non-fatigued group (NFG), who only did the SQ standardized warm-up. The countermovement jump (CMJ), maximal isometric force (MIF) in the SQ at 90º knee flexion, and TMG in vastus medialis (VM) and vastus lateralis (VL) muscles were assessed pre- and post-protocols. Data were analyzed through mixed ANOVA, logistic regression analysis, and receiver-operating curves. There were significant group x time interactions (p < 0.01) for CMJ height, MIF, maximal radial displacement (Dm), and radial displacement velocity (Vrd90) since the FG acutely decreased in these variables, while no significant changes were observed for the NFG. The logistic regression showed a significant model for detecting fatigue, whether it used the CMJ or MIF, with only the relative change in VL-Vrd90 as a fatigue predictor. The determination of the area under the curve showed that Dm and Vrd90 had good to excellent discriminative ability. Dm and Vrd90 are sensitive to detect fatigue in VL and VM muscles in resistance training contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Piqueras-Sanchiz
- Department of Sports and Computers Sciences, Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Saul Martin-Rodriguez
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Pedro J. Cornejo-Daza
- Department of Sports and Computers Sciences, Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan Sánchez-Valdepeñas
- Department of Sports and Computers Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Virginia Serrano-Gómez
- Sport Performance, Physical Condition and Wellness Lab. Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, Universidad de Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Fernando Pareja-Blanco
- Department of Sports and Computers Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Óscar García-García
- Sport Performance, Physical Condition and Wellness Lab. Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, Universidad de Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
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Yildiz M, Akyildiz Z, Gunay M, Clemente FM. Relationship Between Training Load, Neuromuscular Fatigue, and Daily Well-Being in Elite Young Wrestlers. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2024; 95:303-312. [PMID: 37369136 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2023.2198575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: This study investigated acute workload (wAW), chronic workload (wCW), acute: chronic workload ratio (wACWR), training monotony (wTM), perceived load training strain indicators (wTS), and countermove- ment jump (CMJ) as indicators of wellness in one season and defined weekly variations. In addition, we analyzed the relationships between training load measurements and weekly reports. Methods: 16 elite young wrestlers were monitored daily with individual observations for 46 consecutive weeks throughout the season. Training load was obtained using the session rating of perceived effort. wSleep, wStress, wFatigue & wMuscle Soreness well-being were monitored daily using the Hooper index. Results: As a result of the analysis, it was found that there is a moderate relationship (r = 0.51, p = .003) between ACWR and w mean load (A.U.) and a high relationship (r = 0.81, p < .001) between monotony and strain. Conclusion: All variables other than ACWR, w mean load, strain, and monotony presented small and statistically insignificant relationships. These results provide coaches and practitioners with new insights into perceived loads and health changes during a season at the elite youth level.
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Yang S, Yin Y, Qiu Z, Meng Q. Research application of session-RPE in monitoring the training load of elite endurance athletes. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1341972. [PMID: 38846717 PMCID: PMC11155691 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1341972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose TRIMP and sRPE are both representative indicators of training load(TL), and the correlation between two has been widely demonstrated across various sports. The aim of this study was to investigate the reliability of sRPE-TRIMP correlation across different intensities/duration of training in cross-country skiing, and whether sRPE can serve as an validity supplement to TRIMP data in cases of lost heart rate data. Method 10 athletes were used as the experimental objects. The intensity, duration and RPE of 273 different types of training sessions were collected, and statistical methods were used for data analysis. Results 1. There was a significant correlation between sRPE and TRIMP (r = 0.68, p < 0.05), but the correlation differs among the LIT, MIT and HIT groups (r = 0.70, 0.46, r = 0.31, p < 0.05) 2. sRPE-TRIMP correlation among three different time duration in the LIT group (0-60 min, 60-120 min and 120-180 min), are all highly significant (r = 0.70, 0.67, 0.69, p < 0.05) and the LRsRPE-TRIMP of 3 duration have no significant differences (chow test, p > 0.05). 3. The difference in actual training duration between samples was the main reason for the difference in the application effect of sRPE, because the actual training duration ratio of LIT was 89.7 ± 16.4%; MIT, 98.5 ± 6.2%; and HIT, 94.4 ± 13.5%. Conclusion 1. The linear relationship between sRPE and TRIMP (LRsRPE-TRIMP) is more significant in LIT compared to that in MIT and HIT. 2. Variations in the duration of LIT sessions do not affect the consistency of the relationship between sRPE and TRIMP. 3. Discrepancies between actual and planned training durations directly impact the significance of the LRsRPE-TRIMP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yiquan Yin
- Department of China Skiing and Ice Sport College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
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Philipp NM, Nijem RM, Cabarkapa D, Hollwedel CM, Fry AC. Investigating the stretch-shortening cycle fatigue response to a high-intensity stressful phase of training in collegiate men's basketball. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1377528. [PMID: 38711571 PMCID: PMC11073450 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1377528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction While using force-plate derived measures of vertical jump performance, reflective of stretch-shortening-cycle (SSC) efficiency is common practice in sport science, there is limited evidence as to which tests and measures may be most sensitive toward neuromuscular fatigue. The aim of this study was to explore the SSC fatigue response to a one-week high-intensity fatiguing phase of training in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division-I basketball players. Methods The study timeline consisted of three weeks of baseline measures, one week of high-intensity training, and two weeks of follow-up testing. Countermovement jumps (CMJ) and 10-5 hop tests were performed at baseline, as well as at two time-points during, and three time-points following the fatiguing training period, allowing for performance-comparisons with baseline. Results Compared to the weekly training sum at baseline, during the high intensity training phase, athletes were exposed to very large increases in selected external load metrics (ES = 1.44-3.16), suggesting that athletes experienced fatigue acutely, as well as potential longer lasting reductions in performance. Vertical jump data suggested that in the CMJ, traditional metrics such as jump height, as well as metrics reflecting kinetic outputs and movement strategies, were sensitive to the stark increase in high-intensity training exposure. The 10-5 hop test suggested a fatigue-induced loss of tolerance to ground impact reflected by performance reductions in metrics related to jump height and reactive strength qualities. Discussion These findings emphasize that when monitoring neuromuscular fatigue, variables and assessments may not be looked at individually, but rather as part of a more global monitoring approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas M. Philipp
- Jayhawk Athletic Performance Laboratory – Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
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Keogh JAJ, Ruder MC, White K, Gavrilov MG, Phillips SM, Heisz JJ, Jordan MJ, Kobsar D. Longitudinal Monitoring of Biomechanical and Psychological State in Collegiate Female Basketball Athletes Using Principal Component Analysis. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2024; 2024:7858835. [PMID: 38654723 PMCID: PMC11023736 DOI: 10.1155/2024/7858835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Background The growth in participation in collegiate athletics has been accompanied by increased sport-related injuries. The complex and multifactorial nature of sports injuries highlights the importance of monitoring athletes prospectively using a novel and integrated biopsychosocial approach, as opposed to contemporary practices that silo these facets of health. Methods Data collected over two competitive basketball seasons were used in a principal component analysis (PCA) model with the following objectives: (i) investigate whether biomechanical PCs (i.e., on-court and countermovement jump (CMJ) metrics) were correlated with psychological state across a season and (ii) explore whether subject-specific significant fluctuations could be detected using minimum detectable change statistics. Weekly CMJ (force plates) and on-court data (inertial measurement units), as well as psychological state (questionnaire) data, were collected on the female collegiate basketball team for two seasons. Results While some relationships (n = 2) were identified between biomechanical PCs and psychological state metrics, the magnitude of these associations was weak (r = |0.18-0.19|, p < 0.05), and no other overarching associations were identified at the group level. However, post-hoc case study analysis showed subject-specific relationships that highlight the potential utility of red-flagging meaningful fluctuations from normative biomechanical and psychological patterns. Conclusion Overall, this work demonstrates the potential of advanced analytical modeling to characterize components of and detect statistically and clinically relevant fluctuations in student-athlete performance, health, and well-being and the need for more tailored and athlete-centered monitoring practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A. J. Keogh
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Matthew C. Ruder
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Kaylee White
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Momchil G. Gavrilov
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Stuart M. Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Jennifer J. Heisz
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Matthew J. Jordan
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport Medicine Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Dylan Kobsar
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
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Grainger A, Comfort P, Twist C, Heffernan SM, Tarantino G. Real-World Fatigue Testing in Professional Rugby Union: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2024; 54:855-874. [PMID: 38114782 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01973-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Professional rugby union is a high-intensity contact sport with position-specific high training and match volumes across a season that may lead to periods of fatigue if above a typically experienced threshold. This study assesses the influence of match play and/or training on fatigue levels in rugby union players. OBJECTIVE We aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of measures used to assess fatigue status in male professional rugby union players. METHODS Using electronic databases (PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and MEDLINE), a systematic review of fatigue testing in rugby union was conducted on (1) neuromuscular, (2) subjective self-report, (3) biochemical, and (4) heart rate-derived measures. RESULTS Thirty-seven articles were included in this systematic review, of which 14 were further included in a meta-analysis. The results of the meta-analysis revealed small, yet not significant, decreases in countermovement jump height immediately after (effect size [ES] = - 0.29; 95% confidence interval [CI] - 0.64 to 0.06), 24 h (ES = - 0.43; 95% CI - 3.99 to 3.21), and 48 h (ES = - 0.22; 95% CI - 0.47 to 0.02) after exposure to rugby union match play or training. Reported wellness (ES = - 0.33; 95% CI - 1.70 to 1.04) and tiredness (ES = - 0.14; 95% CI - 1.30 to 1.03) declined over a period of a few weeks (however, the results were not-statistically significant), meanwhile muscle soreness increased (ES = 0.91; 95% CI 0.06 to 1.75) within the 96 h after the exposure to rugby union match play or training. Finally, while cortisol levels (ES = 1.87; 95% CI - 1.54 to 5.29) increased, testosterone declined (ES = - 1.54; 95% CI - 7.16 to 4.08) within the 24 h after the exposure. However, these results were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Subjective measures of muscle soreness can be used to assess fatigue after match play and training in rugby union players. Within-study and between-study variability for countermovement jump height, biochemical markers, and heart rate-derived measures means the utility (practical application) of these measures to assess fatigue in professional rugby union players after matches and training is unclear. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO ID: CRD42020216706.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Grainger
- Kitman Labs, Dublin, Ireland.
- Institute of Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Paul Comfort
- University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK
- Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Craig Twist
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Marques C, Rebelo M, Crisóstomo R, Honório S, Duarte-Mendes P, Petrica J, Serrano J. Descriptive analysis of injury types and incidence during futsal preseason across different competitive levels. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1363006. [PMID: 38516534 PMCID: PMC10954807 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1363006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study aimed to verify the typology and incidence of injury by comparing the different competitive levels of futsal during the preseason. Methods The sample consisted of 68 senior male futsal players (24.26 ± 4.63 years). Data were collected using an injury recording grid that examined the affected body part, anatomical region, type of injury, mechanism, and severity. Results It was found that the elite group has the lowest incidence rate of injury (4.8 injuries per 1,000 h of exposure) compared to the sub-elite (11.8 injuries per 1,000 h of exposure) and amateur groups (13.9 injuries per 1,000 h of exposure). However, at this level, there is the highest percentage of injury occurrence (38.5%), the lower limb was the most affected part of the body (30.8%), and ligament (23.1%) and muscle (15.4%) injuries are the most prevalent. The most frequent mechanism of injury was non-traumatic (30.8%), and the majority were moderate injuries in the elite (23.1%) and sub-elite (17.9%) groups and severe injuries in the amateur group (12.5%). Discussion The amateur futsal players had the highest incidence of injury during the preseason period compared to the other competitive levels. Still, it was at the elite level where the highest percentage of injuries occurred, most of them non-traumatic and of ligament origin, primarily affecting the ankle region. The results highlight the importance of adopting specific injury prevention programs for ligament and muscle injuries during the preseason phase, regardless of the competitive level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Marques
- Department of Sportsand Well-Being, Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - Miguel Rebelo
- Department of Sportsand Well-Being, Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, Castelo Branco, Portugal
- Sport, Health & Exercise Research Unit (SHERU), Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, Castelo Branco, Portugal
- Sport Physical activity and health Research & INovation cenTer (SPRINT), Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - Rute Crisóstomo
- AGE.COMM- Interdisciplinary Research Unit, Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - Samuel Honório
- Department of Sportsand Well-Being, Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, Castelo Branco, Portugal
- Sport, Health & Exercise Research Unit (SHERU), Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, Castelo Branco, Portugal
- Sport Physical activity and health Research & INovation cenTer (SPRINT), Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - Pedro Duarte-Mendes
- Department of Sportsand Well-Being, Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, Castelo Branco, Portugal
- Sport, Health & Exercise Research Unit (SHERU), Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, Castelo Branco, Portugal
- Sport Physical activity and health Research & INovation cenTer (SPRINT), Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - João Petrica
- Department of Sportsand Well-Being, Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, Castelo Branco, Portugal
- Sport, Health & Exercise Research Unit (SHERU), Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, Castelo Branco, Portugal
- Sport Physical activity and health Research & INovation cenTer (SPRINT), Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - João Serrano
- Department of Sportsand Well-Being, Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, Castelo Branco, Portugal
- Sport, Health & Exercise Research Unit (SHERU), Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, Castelo Branco, Portugal
- Sport Physical activity and health Research & INovation cenTer (SPRINT), Castelo Branco, Portugal
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Turner A, McKean M, Doyle D, Burkett B. The reliability of a linear position transducer for measuring countermovement jump performance in national-level road cyclists. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298291. [PMID: 38319955 PMCID: PMC10846725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Jump tests have applications in fatigue monitoring, training intervention evaluations, and talent identification in cycling populations. Due to competitive cycling's inherent travel demands, linear position transducers (LPTs) are suitable for assessing jump performance in this population as they are a mobile and validated technology. Understanding the reliability and sensitivity of LPTs in assessing jump performance in cycling populations is required to support the development of sports science protocols. Using an LPT, this study aimed to determine the reliability and sensitivity of countermovement jump (CMJ) variables in road cyclists. METHODS Ten national-level male road cyclists performed three maximal CMJ trials twice per week for two weeks, with an LPT measuring force, power, velocity, repetition rate, vertical distance, and concentric time from each trial. Using the mean and best CMJ results from three trials per testing session, the upper limit 90% confidence interval for the coefficient of variation (CV) and smallest worthwhile change (SWC) determined inter-day and -week reliability (CV ≤ 10%) and sensitivity (acceptable sensitivity = CV ≤ SWC) for CMJ variables. RESULTS Mean power and force, velocity (mean and peak), vertical distance (VD), and concentric time had acceptable inter-day and -week reliability when using either the mean or best CMJ results (CV upper limit 90% confidence interval range = 3.54-10.13%). Moreover, the CV and SWC were typically lower when based on the mean rather than the best of three CMJ trials. Lastly, poor sensitivity (CV > SWC) was evident for all CMJ variables. CONCLUSIONS CMJ-derived mean power and force, velocity (peak and mean), VD, and concentric time have acceptable inter-day and -week reliability when assessed via an LPT in national-level road cyclists. When using an LPT, sports scientists should consider that, while they typically have poor sensitivity, the reliability of CMJ-derived variables improves when expressed as the mean of three trials in national-level road cyclists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Turner
- High-Performance Sport, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark McKean
- High-Performance Sport, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Danielle Doyle
- Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brendan Burkett
- High-Performance Sport, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
- Swimming Australia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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15
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Sayyadi P, Minoonejad H, Seidi F, Shikhhoseini R, Arghadeh R. The effectiveness of fatigue on repositioning sense of lower extremities: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:35. [PMID: 38311746 PMCID: PMC10840207 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-024-00820-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION An injury can significantly harm both individual and team performance. One of the most important risk factors for sports-related injuries, especially non-collision injuries, is fatigue. It seems that poor proprioception may play an essential role to impose athletes to further injuries. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to examine the effectiveness of fatigue on the repositioning sense of the lower extremity joints. METHOD The electronic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar were systematically searched from inception to 11January 2024. The obtained records were exported to the EndNote Software version 8. Then, two investigators examined the records independently to find eligible studies based on the inclusion/exclusion criteria. In the case of disagreements, a consequence method was utilized. The quality of the eligible studies was evaluated using the Downs and Black checklist. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) software ver. 3 software was used for statistical analysis. Q-test and I2 were employed to examine the data homogeneity. In addition, considering the risk of bias, the Funnel Plot and trim-and-fill method were used. RESULTS After reviewing the titles and abstracts of 3883 studies found in the selected databases, 43 articles were found to be eligible to include in meta-analyses. The results showed that fatigue led to a significant increase in the active absolute error of the knee (SDM = 0.524, 95% CI = 0.406-0.841), ankle in the horizontal plane (SDM = 0.541, 95% CI = 0.367-0.715), ankle in the sagittal plane (SDM = 0.443, 95% CI = 0.088-0.798), and hip (SDM = 0.988, 95% CI = 0.135-1.841). However, fatigue had no significant effects on the passive absolute error of the knee and ankle in horizontal plane and relative angular error of the knee. CONCLUSION Fatigue can diminish the active joint position sense of the lower extremities and thus may increase the risk of injury by reducing proprioception. Therefore, future research could be conducted to investigate the potential impact of integrated fatigue-mitigating exercises into athletes' training programs, with the aim of reducing the incidence of sports-related injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Sayyadi
- Department of Sports injury and biomechanics, Faculty of Sport Sciences and health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hooman Minoonejad
- Department of Sports injury and biomechanics, Faculty of Sport Sciences and health, University of Tehran, Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Foad Seidi
- Department of Sports injury and biomechanics, Faculty of Sport Sciences and health, University of Tehran, Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rahman Shikhhoseini
- Department of Corrective Exercise and Sports Injury, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Arghadeh
- Department of Sports injury and biomechanics, Faculty of Sport Sciences and health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Riansoi Y, Tongnillpant N, Thammawong S, Ribeiro J, Zacca R, Chainok P. Follow-Up Weekly Training Distribution and Accumulated Internal Load Effects on Young Football Players' Well-Being, Physical Fitness, and Technical Performance. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:23. [PMID: 38251297 PMCID: PMC10818362 DOI: 10.3390/sports12010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to quantify the relationships among internal training load, wellness, physiological, isokinetic profile, and technical performance and assessed changes before and after a six-week pre-season structured combining physical fitness, small-sided-game and skill-based training program in young soccer players. Forty-five national-level young male soccer players (16.8 ± 0.9 years) were evaluated. There were no significant correlations between the wellness index and the physiological, isokinetic, or specific soccer skill parameters. Moderate correlations were observed between fatigue and stress (r = 0.47, moderate, p < 0.01), fatigue and average muscle soreness (r = 0.38, moderate, p = 0.01), and a large correlation between average stress and muscle soreness (r = 0.53, large, p < 0.01) were presented. All physiological, isokinetic, and technical parameters improved after a six-week pre-season training program (0.1 to -61.0%). Significant alterations in the physiological domain were observed after a six-week period, particularly in the fatigue index of the Bangsbo sprint test, YO-YO IR1 performance, and YO-YO peak La- (p < 0.01; -61.0%, 25.3%, and -19.8%, respectively). As such, the implementation of structured training and the monitoring of stress responses can lead to appropriate adaptation and balancing in the psychological and physical well-being of young national-level soccer players, particularly in the pre-season period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutthana Riansoi
- Faculty of Science, Chandrakasem Rajabhat University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | | | - Sakdarin Thammawong
- Faculty of Sport Science and Health, Thailand National Sports University, Udonthani Campus, Udonthani 12110, Thailand;
| | - João Ribeiro
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sports (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Rodrigo Zacca
- Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto (FADEUP), 4099-002 Porto, Portugal;
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
| | - Phornpot Chainok
- Faculty of Sports Science, Burapha University, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
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Romero-Morales C, López-López D, Almazán-Polo J, Mogedano-Cruz S, Sosa-Reina MD, García-Pérez-de-Sevilla G, Martín-Pérez S, González-de-la-Flor Á. Prevalence, diagnosis and management of musculoskeletal disorders in elite athletes: A mini-review. Dis Mon 2024; 70:101629. [PMID: 37716840 DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2023.101629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Musculoskeletal injuries in elite sports are ones of the most impact issue because their remarkable impact on performance caused by drastic absence of training and competition and a progressive deterioration in physical health, emotional and social athletes' dimensions. Also, the prevalence of epidemiologic research found an incidence of musculoskeletal disorders vary within sports and in elite athletes which is even higher as a consequence of higher demand physical performance. This way, the loss of physical performance due to an sport injury impacts not only the individual economic sphere of the professional but also that ofsports entities, reaching, according to some studies, a loss estimated in the range of 74.7 million pounds. Thus, the purpose of this article is to review and to provide an overview of the most common musculoskeletal injuries in elite sports precipitating factors, clinical presentation, evidence-based diagnostic evaluation, and treatment recommendations with a view to preventing medical conditions or musculoskeletal injuries that may alter performance and general health in the elite athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Romero-Morales
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel López-López
- Research, Health and Podiatry Group, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Nursing and Podiatry, Industrial Campus of Ferrol , Universidade da Coruña, 15403 Ferrol, Spain.
| | - Jaime Almazán-Polo
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Mogedano-Cruz
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Dolores Sosa-Reina
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Sebastián Martín-Pérez
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Canarias, La Orotava, Santa Cruz de Tenerife 38300, Spain
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Muñoz-Castellanos B, Martínez-López P, Bailón-Moreno R, Esquius L. Effect of Ginseng Intake on Muscle Damage Induced by Exercise in Healthy Adults. Nutrients 2023; 16:90. [PMID: 38201920 PMCID: PMC10780807 DOI: 10.3390/nu16010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the most popular herbal supplements in the world is ginseng. Several studies have evaluated the capacity of ginseng as a protective element in the physiological response to exercise. The result produced by the exercise causes an increase in cellular biomarkers of damage in the skeletal muscle, mainly in the pro-inflammatory types. The different types of ginseng are composed of ginsenosides, which are active ingredients that act on the central nervous system and have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as effects on cortisol modulation. The use of ginseng as a nutritional supplement can help muscle regeneration and renewal. The objective of this review is to enrich the knowledge regarding the consumption of ginseng for a specific situation, such as exercise, which would cause an improvement in the tolerance to chronic load stimuli in sport, thus helping the subjects to recover between training sessions. Due to these benefits, it could also be an ideal food supplement for regenerative processes in muscle injuries in which inflammatory markers increase significantly. This review aims to summarise that biological factors can be attenuated after exercise due to the consumption of ginseng in healthy subjects, accelerating and improving muscle regeneration and, therefore, improving the ability to adapt to the stimuli generated by said exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Muñoz-Castellanos
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, 08018 Barcelona, Spain; (B.M.-C.); (L.E.)
| | - Patricia Martínez-López
- “Techné” Knowledge and Product Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Science, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
| | - Rafael Bailón-Moreno
- “Techné” Knowledge and Product Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Science, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
| | - Laura Esquius
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, 08018 Barcelona, Spain; (B.M.-C.); (L.E.)
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19
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Rebelo A, Martinho DV, Valente-Dos-Santos J, Coelho-E-Silva MJ, Teixeira DS. From data to action: a scoping review of wearable technologies and biomechanical assessments informing injury prevention strategies in sport. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:169. [PMID: 38098071 PMCID: PMC10722675 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00783-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this scoping review was to evaluate the current use of technologies in sports settings for training adaptation and injury prevention. The review aimed to map the existing literature, identify key concepts and themes, and highlight gaps in research, thus offering guidance for future studies. METHODS This study followed the guidelines of the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews and a search in four major databases was conducted. RESULTS A total of 21 studies were included. The findings highlighted the widespread use of various technologies, including wearable devices and force plates, to monitor athletes' performance and inform evidence-based decision-making in training and injury prevention. Variables such as Player Load, changes of direction, and acute chronic workload ratio were identified as key metrics in injury prediction. CONCLUSIONS This review uncovers a dynamic field of research in athlete injury prevention, emphasizing the extensive use of varied technologies. A key finding is the pivotal role of Player Load data, which offers nuanced insights for customizing training loads according to sport-specific demands, player positions, and the physical requirements of various activities. Additionally, the review sheds light on the utility of tools like force plates in assessing fatigue, aiding recovery, and steering injury rehabilitation, particularly in sports prone to knee and ankle injuries. These insights not only enhance our understanding of injury prevention but also provide a strategic direction for future research, aiming to boost athlete safety, performance, and career longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Rebelo
- CIDEFES, Centro de Investigação em Desporto, Educação Física e Exercício e Saúde, Universidade Lusófona, 1749-024, Lisboa, Portugal.
- COD, Center of Sports Optimization, Sporting Clube de Portugal, 1600-464, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Diogo V Martinho
- Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory of Robotics and Engineering Systems (LARSYS), Interactive Technologies Institute (ITI), Funchal, Portugal
| | - João Valente-Dos-Santos
- CIDEFES, Centro de Investigação em Desporto, Educação Física e Exercício e Saúde, Universidade Lusófona, 1749-024, Lisboa, Portugal
- COD, Center of Sports Optimization, Sporting Clube de Portugal, 1600-464, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Manuel J Coelho-E-Silva
- Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Diogo S Teixeira
- CIDEFES, Centro de Investigação em Desporto, Educação Física e Exercício e Saúde, Universidade Lusófona, 1749-024, Lisboa, Portugal
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20
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Becker S, Simon S, Dindorf C, Dully J, Bartaguiz E, Schmitz L, Kothe N, Fröhlich M, Ludwig O. Fatigue as a key factor for testing knee stability with single leg drop landing for injury prevention and return to play tests. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1243732. [PMID: 38022784 PMCID: PMC10657893 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1243732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Fatigue can decrease knee stability and increase the injury risk. However, fatigue is rarely being applied throughout movement analysis. The aim of this study was to investigate if the knee stability throughout SLDLs differ between cyclic and acyclic sports, before and after fatigue in general, and between the dominant and non-dominant leg of soccer players. Methods A total of 43 active male (n = 34) and female (n = 9) athletes (age: 26.5 ± 7.2) participated in this study with a pre-post-design. Subjects performed a single leg drop landing (SLDL) from a plyobox. For each leg, the two-dimensional frontal plane projection angle (FPPA) was analyzed. After pretesting the shuttle run test was performed until exhaustion, before repeating the measurements. Results ANOVA with repeated measures was applied and identified no significance difference for the FPPA between cyclic and acyclic sports (F = 0.98, p = 0.33), a significant difference before and after fatigue (F = 12.49, p = 0.002) and no significant difference between the dominant and non dominant leg of soccer players (F = 4.35, p = 0.26). Discussion Fatigue seems to be able to have a significant influence on knee stability in the frontal axis. Therefore, fatigue should be included in motion analysis for injury prevention and return to play tests because during this physical state most injuries happen.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Becker
- Department of Sport Science, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Kaiserslautern, Germany
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21
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Askow AT, Jennings W, Jagim AR, Fields JB, Beaudoin RG, Sanchez GM, Weeks JE, Oliver JM, Jones MT. Athlete External Load Measures Across a Competitive Season in High School Basketball. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:2206-2212. [PMID: 37639668 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Askow, AT, Jennings, W, Jagim, AR, Fields, JB, Beaudoin, RG, Sanchez, GM, Weeks, JE, Oliver, JM, and Jones, MT. Athlete external load measures across a competitive season in high school basketball. J Strength Cond Res 37(11): 2206-2212, 2023-The purpose of this retrospective analysis was to quantify in-season external load and to determine if relationships existed between load metrics and basketball performance. Eleven male high school varsity basketball athletes (n = 11; mass 80.5 ± 9.6 kg, height 190.2 ± 9.4 cm, age 17.6 ± 0.7 years) were monitored across a season. PlayerLoad (PL), PL per minute (PL·min -1 ), total jumps, and explosive movements (EMs) were quantified using a commercially available local positioning unit. Basketball-specific performance metrics, including points scored, points allowed, point differentials, and shooting percentages for each quarter and game, were compiled. Data were analyzed using repeated-measure analysis of variance to evaluate differences in load by starting status, session type, game outcome, and game type. Pearson's correlation coefficients were used to assess relationships between load metrics and basketball performance. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. The mean values across 23 games for PL, PL·min -1 , total jumps, and EMs were 457 ± 104 AU, 10.9 ± 1.6 AU, 42.6 ± 9.6, and 46.7 ± 7.2, respectively. Relationships were observed ( p < 0.05) between PL and points scored ( r = 0.38) and free throw percentage ( r = 0.21). Further relationships were observed between PL·min -1 and free throw shooting percentage ( r = -0.27), and between points scored and total jumps ( r = 0.28), and EMs ( r = 0.26). Notable differences in game demands were observed for playing status. Meaningful differences in measures of external load were observed between each quarter of play, with the highest measures evident in quarters 1 and 3. Guards and forwards experienced minimal differences in external load during gameplay, and game outcome did not result in differences. Higher point totals corresponded with higher PL, total jumps, and EM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Askow
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Will Jennings
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Andrew R Jagim
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, La Crosse, Wisconsin
- Patriot Performance Laboratory, Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Jennifer B Fields
- Patriot Performance Laboratory, Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
- Exercise Science and Athletic Training, Springfield College, Springfield, Massachusetts; and
| | | | | | | | - Jonathan M Oliver
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas
- Patriot Performance Laboratory, Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Margaret T Jones
- Patriot Performance Laboratory, Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
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22
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Keogh JAJ, Waddington EE, Masood Z, Mahmood S, Palanisamy AC, Ruder MC, Karsan S, Bishop C, Jordan MJ, Heisz JJ, Kobsar D. Monitoring lower limb biomechanical asymmetry and psychological measures in athletic populations-A scoping review. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:2125-2148. [PMID: 37551046 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lower limb biomechanics, including asymmetry, are frequently monitored to determine sport performance level and injury risk. However, contributing factors extend beyond biomechanical and asymmetry measures to include psychological, sociological, and environmental factors. Unfortunately, inadequate research has been conducted using holistic biopsychosocial models to characterize sport performance and injury risk. Therefore, this scoping review summarized the research landscape of studies concurrently assessing measures of lower limb biomechanics, asymmetry, and introspective psychological state (e.g., pain, fatigue, perceived exertion, stress, etc.) in healthy, competitive athletes. METHODS A systematic search of MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science Core Collections was designed and conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Fifty-one articles were included in this review. RESULTS Significant relationships between biomechanics (k = 22 studies) or asymmetry (k = 20 studies) and introspective state were found. Increased self-reported pain was associated with decreased range of motion, strength, and increased lower limb asymmetry. Higher ratings of perceived exertion were related to increased lower limb asymmetry, self-reported muscle soreness, and worse jump performance. Few studies (k = 4) monitored athletes longitudinally throughout one or more competitive season(s). CONCLUSION This review highlights the need for concurrent analysis of introspective, psychological state, and biomechanical asymmetry measures along with longitudinal research to understand the contributing factors to sport performance and injury risk from biopsychosocial modeling. In doing so, this framework of biopsychosocial preventive and prognostic patient-centered practices may provide an actionable means of optimizing health, well-being, and sport performance in competitive athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A J Keogh
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emma E Waddington
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zaryan Masood
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sobia Mahmood
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anil C Palanisamy
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew C Ruder
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sameena Karsan
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chris Bishop
- London Sports Institute, Middlesex University, London, UK
| | - Matthew J Jordan
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport Medicine Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jennifer J Heisz
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dylan Kobsar
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Cardoso LS, Paulo LR, Aquino CF, Mariano IGA, Souza GC, Oliveira GMD, Taiar R. Acute effects of foam rolling on ankle dorsiflexion and squat exercise patterns in extreme conditioning program practitioners: A randomized clinical trial. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2023; 20:18761-18773. [PMID: 38052577 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2023831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Joint and muscle overloads commonly occur in extreme conditioning programs (ECP), which require great physical fitness for their practice. For its execution, good functional performance, mobility and adequate movement patterns are required. The fascial system plays a fundamental role in performance in ECP and one of the techniques used to improve joint mobility and movement pattern is the self-myofascial release using a foam roller (FR). Our objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of FR in ankle dorsiflexion (DF) range of motion (ROM), assessed with the Lunge Test, and also in the squat movement pattern, assessed using the Technique smartphone application, in ECP practitioners. METHODS The study was carried out with 18 ECP practitioners who practiced for over four months and had a mean age of 30.94 years. The participants were randomized and allocated into two groups: control and intervention. The FR was self-applied bilaterally in the sural triceps region for 90 seconds. Tests to assess DF ROM and squat movement pattern were applied before and immediately after using FR (intervention group) or after three-minute rest (control group). RESULTS The use of the FR promoted an immediate increase in ankle DF ROM during the Lunge Test and during the squat and a decrease in dynamic knee valgus during the squat. CONCLUSION The FR can be used as a tool for an acute increase in DF ROM and a decrease in dynamic knee valgus, having a positive impact in improving movement patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Santos Cardoso
- Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais - UEMG, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Sports Center, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luana Rocha Paulo
- Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais - UEMG, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri - UFVJM, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cecília Ferreira Aquino
- Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais - UEMG, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Sports Center, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Isadora Gomes Alves Mariano
- Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais - UEMG, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Campos Souza
- Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais - UEMG, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Redha Taiar
- MATériaux et Ingénierie Mécanique - MATIM, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
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Stojanović E, Terrence Scanlan A, Radovanović D, Jakovljević V, Faude O. A multicomponent neuromuscular warm-up program reduces lower-extremity injuries in trained basketball players: a cluster randomized controlled trial. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2023; 51:463-471. [PMID: 36208619 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2022.2133978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of a novel multicomponent neuromuscular warm-up program on lower-extremity injury incidence in basketball players competing at the regional level. METHODS A cluster randomized controlled experimental design was adopted to compare injury incidence between players exposed to the injury prevention warm-up program and those exposed to a typical warm-up program across an entire basketball season. Four teams consisting of 57 players (male: n = 42; female: n = 15) were allocated to the intervention group (age: 21.6 ± 2.5 years; height: 186.2 ± 8.8 cm; body mass: 80.0 ± 10.4 kg) and four teams consisting of 55 players (male: n = 43; female: n = 12) were allocated to the control group (age: 21.6 ± 2.6 years; height: 186.9 ± 9.1 cm; body mass: 81.5 ± 10.9 kg). The novel warm-up combined running exercises with active stretching, plyometrics, balance, strength, and agility drills. Coaching and medical staff provided details on injury incidence each week. Data analyses included the use of poisson regression analyses and the incidence rate ratio (IRR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS The intervention group experienced a significantly lower ankle sprain incidence rate (IRR = 0.26, 95% CI = 0.05, 0.98, p = 0.02) and a tendency toward a lower knee injury incidence rate (IRR = 0.32, 95% CI = 0.03, 1.78, p = 0.07) compared to the control group. Considering only non-contact lower-extremity injuries of any type, the intervention group experienced a significantly lower incidence rate compared to the control group (IRR = 0.26, 95% CI = 0.05, 0.98, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION This multi-team study demonstrated a novel multicomponent warm-up program resulted in less lower-extremity injuries, particularly ankle sprains and knee injuries, compared to a typical warm-up program in regional-level male and female basketball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilija Stojanović
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Aaron Terrence Scanlan
- Human Exercise and Training Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Australia
| | | | - Vladimir Jakovljević
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
- Department of Human Pathology, Moscow State Medical University IM Sechenov, Moscow, Russia
| | - Oliver Faude
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Kuhlman NM, Jones MT, Jagim AR, Feit MK, Aziz R, Crabill T, Fields JB. Relationships between external loads, sRPE-load, and self-reported soreness across a men's collegiate soccer season. Biol Sport 2023; 40:1141-1150. [PMID: 37867741 PMCID: PMC10588591 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2023.125587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose was to examine relationships between external loads (ELs), perceived exertion, and soreness. Collegiate men soccer players (n = 19) were monitored for 72 sessions (training: n = 53; matches: n = 19). Likert scale assessments (0-6) of lower body soreness were collected prior to each session, and ELs were collected using positional monitoring technology. Session rate of perceived exertion (sRPE-load) was calculated by multiplying perceived exertion values (Borg CR-10 Scale) by respective session duration to determine internal load. Multiple analyses of variance were used to determine differences in ELs across seasons (pre-season, in-season, post-season) and sessions (training, match). Bivariate Pearson correlation coefficients and linear regression analyses were used to evaluate relationships among soreness, ELs, and sRPE-load. Greatest ELs were observed during pre-season and post-season phases (p < 0.001). Sessions with high perceived exertion and low soreness were associated with higher ELs (p < 0.05). Duration (t = 16.13), total distance (t = 9.17), sprint distance (t = 7.54), player load (t = 4.22), top speed (t = 4.69), and acceleration (t = 2.02) positively predicted sRPE-load (F = 412.9, p < 0.001, R2 = 0.75). Soreness was weakly and trivially correlated with ELs (p < 0.05). The very strong relationship between ELs and sRPE-load highlights the utility of sRPE-load as a practical means to estimate workload; however, more research into the relationship between soreness and workload is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M. Kuhlman
- Exercise Science and Athletic Training, Springfield College, Springfield, MA
| | - Margaret T. Jones
- Patriot Performance Laboratory, Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA
- Sport, Recreation, and Tourism Management, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA
| | - Andrew R. Jagim
- Patriot Performance Laboratory, Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA
- Sports Medicine Department, Mayo Clinic Health System, La Crosse, WI
| | - Mary Kate Feit
- Exercise Science and Athletic Training, Springfield College, Springfield, MA
| | - Richard Aziz
- Exercise Science and Athletic Training, Springfield College, Springfield, MA
| | - Thomas Crabill
- Physical Education and Health Education, Springfield College, Springfield, MA
| | - Jennifer B. Fields
- Exercise Science and Athletic Training, Springfield College, Springfield, MA
- Patriot Performance Laboratory, Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA
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Lopes M, Martins F, Brito J, Figueiredo P, Tomás R, Ribeiro F, Travassos B. Epidemiology of Injuries in Elite Male Futsal Players. Clin J Sport Med 2023; 33:527-532. [PMID: 37185914 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000001142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to describe and characterize injuries sustained by elite male futsal players in Portugal. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Top-tier Portuguese league in the 2019 to 2020 season. PARTICIPANTS One hundred sixty-seven players from 9 elite/international-level (tier 4) futsal teams. INDEPENDENT VARIABLES The location, type, body side, body part, mechanism of injury, severity, occurrence, days lost, training, and match exposure were collected. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Injury incidence, prevalence, and burden. RESULTS The study was conducted during an 8-month season. A total of 133 injuries were recorded, and 92 (67.6%) players sustained injuries. The overall time-loss injury incidence was 4.5 injuries per 1000 hours of exposure. Injury incidence during matches was higher than during training sessions (25.9 vs 3.0 per 1000 hours of exposure, respectively). Average time loss was 9 days, and moderate injuries were the most frequent (44%), followed by mild injuries (24%). Injury burden was 73.8 days lost per 1000 hours of total player exposure. Sprains/ligament (29%) and muscle rupture/tear/strains (32%) were the most common injuries. The groin (19%), thigh (17%), knee (19%), and ankle (15%) were the most affected body areas. Noncontact injuries were the most reported mechanism (65%), and 24% were overuse injuries. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that elite/international-level (tier 4) male futsal players are more prone to noncontact injuries, primarily affecting the lower limbs. The incidence during match play increased by 9-fold compared with training sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário Lopes
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Pedro Figueiredo
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
- Physical Education Department, College of Education, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development, CIDESD, Vila Real, Portugal; and
| | - Rita Tomás
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Fernando Ribeiro
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bruno Travassos
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development, CIDESD, Vila Real, Portugal; and
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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Dudley C, Johnston R, Jones B, Till K, Westbrook H, Weakley J. Methods of Monitoring Internal and External Loads and Their Relationships with Physical Qualities, Injury, or Illness in Adolescent Athletes: A Systematic Review and Best-Evidence Synthesis. Sports Med 2023; 53:1559-1593. [PMID: 37071283 PMCID: PMC10356657 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01844-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the increasing professionalisation of youth sports, training load monitoring is increasingly common in adolescent athletes. However, the research examining the relationship between training load and changes in physical qualities, injury, or illness in adolescent athletes is yet to be synthesised in a systematic review. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review was to systematically examine the research assessing internal and external methods of monitoring training load and physical qualities, injury, or illness in adolescent athletes. METHODS Systematic searches of SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, CINAHL and SCOPUS were undertaken from the earliest possible records to March 2022. Search terms included synonyms relevant to adolescents, athletes, physical qualities, injury, or illness. To be eligible for inclusion, articles were required to (1) be original research articles; (2) be published in a peer-reviewed journal; (3) include participants aged between 10 and 19 years and participating in competitive sport; (4) report a statistical relationship between a measure of internal and/or external load and physical qualities, injury or illness. Articles were screened and assessed for methodological quality. A best-evidence synthesis was conducted to identify trends in the relationships reported. RESULTS The electronic search yielded 4125 articles. Following screening and a review of references, 59 articles were included. The most commonly reported load monitoring tools were session ratings of perceived exertion (n = 29) and training duration (n = 22). Results of the best-evidence synthesis identified moderate evidence of positive relationships between resistance training volume load and improvement in strength, and between throw count and injury. However, evidence for other relationships between training load and change in physical qualities, injury, or illness were limited or inconsistent. CONCLUSIONS Practitioners should consider monitoring resistance training volume load for strength training. Additionally, where appropriate, monitoring throw counts may be useful in identifying injury risk. However, given the lack of clear relationships between singular measures of training load with physical qualities, injury, or illness, researchers should consider multivariate methods of analysing training load, as well as factors that may mediate the load-response relationship, such as maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Dudley
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Banyo Campus, Brisbane, Australia.
- St Joseph's Nudgee College, Boondall, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Rich Johnston
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Banyo Campus, Brisbane, Australia
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Ben Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre (HPALS), Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Premiership Rugby, London, UK
- Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, UK
- England Performance Unit, The Rugby Football League, Leeds, UK
| | - Kevin Till
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Jonathon Weakley
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Banyo Campus, Brisbane, Australia
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
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28
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Woo CC. Recreational windsurfing-related acute injuries: a narrative review. Part 2: injury prevention and a proposal for a set of potential prevention strategies with a holistic approach. THE JOURNAL OF THE CANADIAN CHIROPRACTIC ASSOCIATION 2023; 67:159-174. [PMID: 37840584 PMCID: PMC10575326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Objective The purpose of this review was to identify existing prevention strategies for recreational windsurfing-related acute injuries and provide clinicians with a practical overview of current evidence supporting proposed potential prevention strategies. Methods A literature search was conducted through March 8, 2023, using relevant keywords with Boolean operators, such as "windsurfing" AND "injury prevention" and "windsurfing" AND "exercise interventions," from the PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Only peer-reviewed English-articles were included. Results Existing prevention strategies, right-of-way rules, a new proposed set of eight potential primary to tertiary prevention strategies for windsurfing-related acute injuries, and proposed definitions of injury prevention levels equivalent to Haddon's matrix were identified and tabled. Conclusions The proposed potential prevention strategies may facilitate clinicians in preventing recreational windsurfing-related acute injuries. Injury prevention for recreational windsurfing is under-researched. Future studies should focus on large prospective clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of prevention strategies for recreational windsurfing-related injuries.
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29
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Evans SL, Whittaker G, Elphinstone Davis O, Jones ES, Hardy J, Owen JA. Noncontact Injury Distribution and Relationship With Preseason Training Load and Nonmodifiable Risk Factors in Rugby Union Players Across Multiple Seasons. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1456-1462. [PMID: 36445853 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Evans, SL, Whittaker, G, Elphinstone Davis, E, Jones, ES, Hardy, J, and Owen, JA. Noncontact injury distribution and relationship with preseason training load and non-modifiable risk factors in Rugby Union players across multiple seasons. J Strength Cond Res 37(7): 1456-1462, 2023-This study examined the distribution of noncontact injury during phases of the competitive season and the association between preseason training load (TL) and nonmodifiable risk factors on injury risk during these phases. Injury data were recorded from 1 senior academy team over 3 seasons (2017-2020) and analyzed across early-season, midseason, and late-season phases. A generalized estimating equation was used to model risk factors with noncontact injury for selected phases. The highest noncontact injury incidence occurred in the late-season phase (22.2 per 1,000 hours) compared with early (13.7 per 1,000 hours, p < 0.001) and midseason phases (15.5 per 1,000 hours, p = 0.001). Low preseason TL (8,949-12,589 arbitrary units; odds ratio [OR], 95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.7, 1.0-21.6; p = 0.04) and low preseason TL combined with high early-season TL and injury in the early-season phase (OR, 95% CI = 6.5, 1.1-35.5; p = 0.03) were associated with greater midseason noncontact injury risk. In addition, low preseason TL combined with previous injury was associated with increased risk of noncontact injury risk in the late season (OR, 95% CI = 12.2, 0.9-15.6, p = 0.05). Our results suggest players are at a greater injury risk during the late-season phase, with low preseason cumulative loads combined with a history of previous injury associated with increased in-season injury risk. Strength and conditioning coaches should therefore monitor cumulative preseason TL alongside screening for previous injury history to identify athletes at greater risk of noncontact injury risk during the competitive season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seren L Evans
- School of Human and Behavioural Sciences, Institute for Applied Human Physiology, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Eleri S Jones
- School of Human and Behavioural Sciences, Institute for Psychology of Elite Performance, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - James Hardy
- School of Human and Behavioural Sciences, Institute for Psychology of Elite Performance, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - Julian A Owen
- School of Human and Behavioural Sciences, Institute for Applied Human Physiology, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
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30
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Mohr PA, Matias TS, de Lucas RD. Association between internal training load and muscle injuries in Brazilian professional soccer players. Biol Sport 2023; 40:675-679. [PMID: 37398960 PMCID: PMC10286624 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2023.119285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The training load is associated with injury risk in a variety of sports. This study aimed to evaluate the association between the internal training load and injury risk in Brazilian professional soccer players. The data were collected from 32 soccer players across two full seasons (2017 and 2018). The rating of perceived exertion (RPE) for every training/match session was used as an internal load variable. The cumulative training load from 3 and 4 weeks (C3 and C4) and the acute:chronic workload ratio (ACWR) were calculated. A generalized estimating equation analysis was applied to examine associations of non-contact muscle injuries with C3, C4 and ACWR. A total of 33 injuries were recorded across the two full seasons. A significant association was found between cumulative training load for three (C3, p = 0.003) and four weeks (C4, p = 0.023) and the occurrence of injuries. Players in the "high load" group presented greater injury risk in relation to the "moderate load" group (C4: OR = 4.5; IC 95% 1.5-13.3; C3: OR = 3.7; IC 95% 1.7-8.1). There was no association between ACWR and injury occurrence. The athletes exposed to a high cumulative load in a period of 3 to 4 weeks presented higher injury risk in comparison to those who had moderate cumulative training loads. Besides that, there was no association between ACWR and injury occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro A Mohr
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Sports Center, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Avaí Futebol Clube, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Thiago S Matias
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Sports Center, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Ricardo D de Lucas
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Sports Center, Florianópolis, Brazil
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31
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Ekizos A, Santuz A. "Biofeedback-based return to sport": individualization through objective assessments. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1185556. [PMID: 37378078 PMCID: PMC10291093 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1185556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Elite athletes are regularly exposed to high and repetitive mechanical stresses and impacts, resulting in high injury rates. The consequences of injury can range from time lost from training and competition to chronic physical and psychological burden, with no guarantee that the athlete will return to preinjury levels of sport activity and performance. Prominent predictors include load management and previous injury, highlighting the importance of the postinjury period for effective return to sport (RTS). Currently, there is conflicting information on how to choose and assess the best reentry strategy. Treating RTS as a continuum, with controlled progression of training load and complexity, seems to provide benefits in this process. Furthermore, objectivity has been identified as a critical factor in improving the effectiveness of RTS. We propose that assessments derived from biomechanical measurements in functional settings can provide the objectivity needed for regular biofeedback cycles. These cycles should aim to identify weaknesses, customize the load, and inform on the status of RTS progress. This approach emphasizes individualization as the primary determinant of RTS and provides a solid foundation for achieving it.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandro Santuz
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
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Meinke A, Spörri J, Brogli L, Schwab P, Karlen W. Addressing the unresolved challenge of quantifying skiing exposure-A proof of concept using smartphone sensors. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1157987. [PMID: 37229363 PMCID: PMC10203200 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1157987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In epidemiological studies related to winter sports, especially alpine skiing, an unresolved methodological challenge is the quantification of actual on-snow activity exposure. Such information would be relevant for reporting meaningful measures of injury incidence, which refers to the number of new injuries that occur in a given population and time period. Accordingly, accurate determination of the denominator, i.e., actual "activity exposure time", is critical for injury surveillance and reporting. In this perspective article, we explore the question of whether wearable sensors in combination with mHealth applications are suitable tools to accurately quantify the periods in a ski day when the skier is physically skiing and not resting or using a mechanical means of transport. As a first proof of concept, we present exemplary data from a youth competitive alpine skier who wore his smartphone with embedded sensors on his body on several ski days during one winter season. We compared these data to self-reported estimates of ski exposure, as used in athletes' training diaries. In summary, quantifying on-snow activity exposure in alpine skiing using sensor data from smartphones is technically feasible. For example, the sensors could be used to track ski training sessions, estimate the actual time spent skiing, and even quantify the number of runs and turns made as long as the smartphone is worn. Such data could be very useful in determining actual exposure time in the context of injury surveillance and could prove valuable for effective stress management and injury prevention in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Meinke
- Mobile Health Systems Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Spörri
- Sports Medical Research Group, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luzius Brogli
- Mobile Health Systems Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Schwab
- Mobile Health Systems Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Walter Karlen
- Mobile Health Systems Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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Kholkine L, Latré S, Verdonck T, de Leeuw AW. Age of peak performance in professional road cycling. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:298-306. [PMID: 37139786 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2208998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the relationship between age and performance in professional road cycling. We considered 1864 male riders present in the yearly top 500 ranking of ProCyclingStats (PCS) since 1993 until 2021 with more than 700 PCS Points. We applied a data-driven approach for finding natural clusters of the rider's speciality (General Classification, One Day, Sprinter or All-Rounder). For each cluster, we divided the riders into the top 50% and bottom 50% based on their total number of PCS points. The athlete's yearly performance was defined as the average number of points collected per race. Age-performance models were constructed using polynomial regression and we obtained that the top 50% of the riders in each cluster have a statistically significant (p < 0.05) higher peak performance age. Considering the best 50% of the riders, general classification riders peak at an older age than the other rider types (p < 0.05). For those top riders, we found ages of peak performance of 26.3, 26.5, 26.2 and 27.5 years for sprinters, all-rounders, one day specialists and general classification riders, respectively. Our findings can be used for scouting purposes, assisting coaches in designing long-term training programmes and benchmarking the athletes' performance development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid Kholkine
- Department of Computer Science, University of Antwerp - imec, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Steven Latré
- Department of Computer Science, University of Antwerp - imec, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tim Verdonck
- Department of Mathematics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Martin-Garetxana I, Ciaurri J, Gil SM, Monasterio X, Ugarte A, Lekue JA, Larruskain J. What Are the Load and Wellness of Young Second-Team Football Players When Transitioning to the First Team? A Comparison of 2 Consecutive Preseasons. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023:1-8. [PMID: 37105543 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the load and wellness of second-team academy football players during a first-team preseason with those of first-team players and those of their previous second-team preseason. METHODS Athletic Club's first- (n = 10) and second-team (n = 9) players were prospectively followed during the 2019-20 first- and second-team and 2020-21 first-team preseasons. Weekly external and internal loads and average wellness z-scores (fatigue, sleep quality, muscle soreness, stress, and mood) were compared between preseasons and teams. RESULTS While training together during the 2020-21 preseason, second-team players performed more decelerations <-3 m/s2 per week than first-team players (moderate effect size). For first-team players, there were only small differences between preseasons in external load, but session rating of perceived exertion was higher (moderate) and stress (moderate) and mood (large) z-scores were worse in 2020-21. For second-team players, more total distance (large), accelerations >3 m/s2 (large), and decelerations <-3 m/s2 (very large) were performed; total loading (moderate) and session rating of perceived exertion (moderate) were higher; and fatigue (very large) and stress (moderate) z-scores were worse during the 2020-21 first-team preseason compared to their previous second-team preseason. CONCLUSIONS Players transitioning from the second team faced higher external and internal loads, fatigue, and stress during the first-team preseason compared to the previous second-team preseason. Player development and monitoring plans appear necessary to manage the transition from the academy to the first team.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imanol Martin-Garetxana
- Medical Services, Athletic Club, Lezama,Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa,Spain
| | - Jon Ciaurri
- Medical Services, Athletic Club, Lezama,Spain
| | - Susana M Gil
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa,Spain
| | - Xabier Monasterio
- Medical Services, Athletic Club, Lezama,Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa,Spain
| | | | - Jose A Lekue
- Medical Services, Athletic Club, Lezama,Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa,Spain
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van der Zwaard S, Otter RTA, Kempe M, Knobbe A, Stoter IK. Capturing the Complex Relationship Between Internal and External Training Load: A Data-Driven Approach. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:634-642. [PMID: 37080541 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Training load is typically described in terms of internal and external load. Investigating the coupling of internal and external training load is relevant to many sports. Here, continuous kernel-density estimation (KDE) may be a valuable tool to capture and visualize this coupling. AIM Using training load data in speed skating, we evaluated how well bivariate KDE plots describe the coupling of internal and external load and differentiate between specific training sessions, compared to training impulse scores or intensity distribution into training zones. METHODS On-ice training sessions of 18 young (sub)elite speed skaters were monitored for velocity and heart rate during 2 consecutive seasons. Training session types were obtained from the coach's training scheme, including endurance, interval, tempo, and sprint sessions. Differences in training load between session types were assessed using Kruskal-Wallis or Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests for training impulse and KDE scores, respectively. RESULTS Training impulse scores were not different between training session types, except for extensive endurance sessions. However, all training session types differed when comparing KDEs for heart rate and velocity (both P < .001). In addition, 2D KDE plots of heart rate and velocity provide detailed insights into the (subtle differences in) coupling of internal and external training load that could not be obtained by 2D plots using training zones. CONCLUSION 2D KDE plots provide a valuable tool to visualize and inform coaches on the (subtle differences in) coupling of internal and external training load for training sessions. This will help coaches design better training schemes aiming at desired training adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan van der Zwaard
- Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Leiden University, Amsterdam,the Netherlands
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam,the Netherlands
| | - Ruby T A Otter
- School of Sports Studies, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Groningen,the Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section of Anatomy & Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen,the Netherlands
| | - Matthias Kempe
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen,the Netherlands
| | - Arno Knobbe
- Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Leiden University, Amsterdam,the Netherlands
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Brito J, Mendes R, Figueiredo P, Marques JP, Beckert P, Verhagen E. Is it Time to Consider Quaternary Injury Prevention in Sports? Sports Med 2023; 53:769-774. [PMID: 36178596 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01765-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Prevention has traditionally been categorized into three main areas: primary, secondary, and tertiary. In this Current Opinion, we present and discuss the concept of quaternary prevention in sports. Quaternary prevention aims to protect individuals from interventions that likely cause more harm than good, such as overdiagnosis, overtreatment, and overmedication. It includes preventing all types of harm associated with training and clinical interventions. Therefore, any sports injury prevention model or strategy should acknowledge the risks associated with training-related (i.e., overreaching and overuse) and clinical-related (i.e., overdiagnosis, over medicalization, and overtreatment) features. We propose a conceptual framework that integrates quaternary prevention into the contemporary injury prevention models in sports, taking into account that injury prevention is just one branch of the managerial, decision-making, and active hazard control process of risk management that athletes, coaches, and health and performance staff need to deal with. Therefore, we argue that integrating the concept of quaternary prevention into any form of prevention will significantly protect athletes from excessive, inappropriate, and ethically questionable interventions that may likely cause more harm than good.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Federação Portuguesa de Futebol, Avenida das Seleções, 1495-433 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Romeu Mendes
- Portugal Football School, Federação Portuguesa de Futebol, Avenida das Seleções, 1495-433 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Portuguese Northern Region Health Administration, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Figueiredo
- Portugal Football School, Federação Portuguesa de Futebol, Avenida das Seleções, 1495-433 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Oeiras, Portugal
- Physical Education Department, College of Education, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - José Pedro Marques
- Portugal Football School, Federação Portuguesa de Futebol, Avenida das Seleções, 1495-433 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Oeiras, Portugal
- Hospital da Luz, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paulo Beckert
- Portugal Football School, Federação Portuguesa de Futebol, Avenida das Seleções, 1495-433 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Oeiras, Portugal
- Unidade Medicina Desportiva e Performance, Unidade de Medicina Fisica e Reabilitaçao, Hospital CUF Tejo, Clínica CUF Alvalade, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Evert Verhagen
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University Medical Centers-Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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van der Zwaard S, Hooft Graafland F, van Middelkoop C, Lintmeijer LL. Validity and Reliability of Facial Rating of Perceived Exertion Scales for Training Load Monitoring. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:e317-e324. [PMID: 36227235 PMCID: PMC10125113 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT van der Zwaard, S, Hooft Graafland, F, van Middelkoop, C, and Lintmeijer, LL. Validity and reliability of facial rating of perceived exertion scales for training load monitoring. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2022-Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) is often used by coaches and athletes to indicate exercise intensity, which facilitates training load monitoring and prescription. Although RPE is typically measured using the Borg's category-ratio 10-point scale (CR10), digital sports platforms have recently started to incorporate facial RPE scales, which potentially have a better user experience. The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of a 5-point facial RPE scale (FCR5) and a 10-point facial RPE scale (FCR10), using the CR10 as a golden standard and to assess their use for training load monitoring. Forty-nine subjects were grouped into 17 untrained (UT), 19 recreationally trained (RT), and 13 trained (T) individuals Subjects completed 9 randomly ordered home-based workout sessions (3 intensities × 3 RPE scales) on the Fitchannel.com platform. Heart rate was monitored throughout the workouts. Subjects performed 3 additional workouts to assess reliability. Validity and reliability of both facial RPE scales were low in UT subjects (intraclass correlation [ICC] ≤ 0.44, p ≤ 0.06 and ICC ≤ 0.43, p ≥ 0.09). In RT and T subjects, validity was moderate for FCR5 (ICC ≥ 0.72, p < 0.001) and good for FCR10 (ICC ≥ 0.80, p < 0.001). Reliability for these groups was rather poor for FCR5 (ICC = 0.51, p = 0.006) and moderate for FCR10 (ICC = 0.74, p < 0.001), but it was excellent for CR10 (ICC = 0.92, p < 0.001). In RT and T subjects, session RPE scores were also strongly related to Edward's training impulse scores ( r ≥ 0.70, p < 0.001). User experience was best supported by the FCR10 scale. In conclusion, researchers, coaches, strength and conditioning professionals, and digital sports platforms are encouraged to incorporate the valid and reliable FCR10 and not FCR5 to assess perceived exertion and internal training load of recreationally trained and trained individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan van der Zwaard
- Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Lotte L Lintmeijer
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Technical University Delft, Delft, The Netherlands
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Vignaud E, Menu P, Daley P, Grondin J, Dauty M, Fouasson-Chailloux A. Artistic Swimming Injuries in Young Elite Athletes: An 11-year Follow-Up. Clin J Sport Med 2023; 33:00042752-990000000-00105. [PMID: 36877656 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000001139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Artistic swimming is a highly challenging discipline, requiring physical skills and creativity. There are almost no published data on trauma. We aimed to assess the incidence and the nature of injuries in artistic swimmers. DESIGN An 11-year retrospective single-center cohort study. SETTING Department of Sport Medicine of a University Hospital. PATIENTS One hundred and twenty-four elite female artistic swimmers aged 12.9 ± 1.6 years. INTERVENTIONS The cohort was divided into 3 groups according to the competition categories (from 9 to 12 years old called "future", 12-15 years old called "youth", 15-19 years old called "junior"). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Injury rate per season and per athlete was assessed. RESULTS The injury rate was 0.95 injuries/season/athlete and 1.05 injuries/1000 hours of practice. The most frequent injuries were rotator cuff tendinopathy (13.6%), acute low back pain (13.6%), and patellofemoral syndrome (11.9%). Swimmers in the youth and junior categories had significantly more injuries than those in the future category (P = 0.009), possibly because of more training hours (P < 0.001). Twelve major injuries occurred, all in the same group of youth swimmers. CONCLUSION This is the first study investigating trauma during artistic swimming practice. A better knowledge of the main injuries is necessary for the physician to provide optimal care for athletes and to develop prevention. Attention should be particularly paid to the swimmers' shoulders and knees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Vignaud
- Service de Médecine Physique et Réadaption Locomotrice, CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, France
- Service de Rhumatologie, CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, France
| | - Pierre Menu
- Service de Médecine Physique et Réadaption Locomotrice, CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, France
- Service de Médecine du Sport, CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, France
- INSERM UMR U1229/RMeS, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton-Nantes Université, France; and
- Institut Régional de Médecine du Sport, Nantes, France
| | - Pauline Daley
- Service de Médecine Physique et Réadaption Locomotrice, CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, France
- Service de Médecine du Sport, CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, France
| | - Jérôme Grondin
- Service de Médecine Physique et Réadaption Locomotrice, CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, France
- Service de Médecine du Sport, CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, France
| | - Marc Dauty
- Service de Médecine Physique et Réadaption Locomotrice, CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, France
- Service de Médecine du Sport, CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, France
- INSERM UMR U1229/RMeS, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton-Nantes Université, France; and
- Institut Régional de Médecine du Sport, Nantes, France
| | - Alban Fouasson-Chailloux
- Service de Médecine Physique et Réadaption Locomotrice, CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, France
- Service de Médecine du Sport, CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, France
- INSERM UMR U1229/RMeS, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton-Nantes Université, France; and
- Institut Régional de Médecine du Sport, Nantes, France
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Martínez-Serrano A, Freitas TT, Franquesa X, Enrich E, Mallol M, Alcaraz PE. Does External Load Reflect Acute Neuromuscular Fatigue and Rating of Perceived Exertion in Elite Young Soccer Players? J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:e1-e7. [PMID: 35836311 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Martínez-Serrano, A, Freitas, TT, Franquesa, X, Enrich, E, Mallol, M, and Alcaraz, PE. Does external load reflect acute neuromuscular fatigue and rating of perceived exertion in elite young soccer players? J Strength Cond Res 37(3): e1-e7, 2023-This study aimed to analyze the acute and residual effects of increased high-speed running (HSR) demands during an in-season training microcycle in young elite soccer players on localized neuromuscular fatigue (NMF) of the knee extensors (KE), posterior chain muscles, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Thirty-four elite young soccer players (age = 17.1 ± 0.8 years) were assessed in 2 consecutive days at different time points (baseline, POST-activation gym-based session, POST-small-sided game [SSG], POST-training 1 [TR1], POST-6H, POST-24H, POST-preventive gym-based session, and POST-training 2 [TR2]). Neuromuscular fatigue of the KE and posterior chain muscles was measured with a maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). External (total distance, number of accelerations or decelerations, and HSR distance) and internal (RPE) load was assessed during the SSG, TR1, and TR2 sessions. Players were divided through a median split, into "HIGH" or "LOW" group according to the training demands. The alpha level was set at p ≤ 0.05. A 2-way mixed effects model ANOVA showed a significant decreased in 90:20 MVIC after TR1 in the "HIGH" HSR group ( p = 0.037; effect size [ES] = 0.45). No significant differences in RPE were found after TR1 ( p = 0.637; ES = 0.58) and TR2 ( p = 0.109; ES = 0.62) when comparing the "HIGH" HSR group with the "LOW" HSR group. Assessing player's force production capabilities can be an effective strategy to detect NMF when HSR demands are acutely increased. Special caution should be taken when prescribing the training load of the training session based solely on RPE, as NMF might be present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Martínez-Serrano
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Strength and Conditioning Society, Rome, Italy
| | - Tomás T Freitas
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Strength and Conditioning Society, Rome, Italy
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Xavi Franquesa
- Strength and Conditioning Department, Futbol Club Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and
- Barça Innovation Hub, Futbol Club Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Edgar Enrich
- Strength and Conditioning Department, Futbol Club Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and
- Barça Innovation Hub, Futbol Club Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Milos Mallol
- Strength and Conditioning Department, Futbol Club Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and
- Barça Innovation Hub, Futbol Club Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro E Alcaraz
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Strength and Conditioning Society, Rome, Italy
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Training Load and Acute Performance Decrements Following Different Training Sessions. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:284-292. [PMID: 36716743 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the differences in training load (TL) metrics when quantifying training sessions differing in intensity and duration. The relationship between the TL metrics and the acute performance decrement measured immediately after the sessions was also assessed. METHODS Eleven male recreational cyclists performed 4 training sessions in a random order, immediately followed by a 3-km time trial (TT). Before this period, participants performed the time TT in order to obtain a baseline performance. The difference in the average power output for the TTs following the training sessions was then expressed relative to the best baseline performance. The training sessions were quantified using 7 different TL metrics, 4 using heart rate as input, 2 using power output, and 1 using the rating of perceived exertion. RESULTS The load of the sessions was estimated differently depending on the TL metrics used. Also, within the metrics using the same input (heart rate and power), differences were found. TL using the rating of perceived exertion was the only metric showing a response that was consistent with the acute performance decrements found for the different training sessions. The Training Stress Score and the individualized training impulse demonstrated similar patterns but overexpressed the intensity of the training sessions. The total work done resulted in an overrepresentation of the duration of training. CONCLUSION TL metrics provide dissimilar results as to which training sessions have higher loads. The load based on TL using the rating of perceived exertion was the only one in line with the acute performance decrements found in this study.
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Young JL, Sell TC, Boeth R, Foster K, Greenlee TA, Rhon DI. What is the Incidence of Subsequent Adjacent Joint Injury After Patellofemoral Pain? Clin Rehabil 2023:2692155231157177. [PMID: 36793225 DOI: 10.1177/02692155231157177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the incidence of subsequent lumbar spine, hip, and ankle-foot injuries after a diagnosis of patellofemoral pain. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING Military Health System. PARTICIPANTS Individuals (n = 92,319) ages 17-60 diagnosed with patellofemoral pain between 2010-2011. INTERVENTIONS Therapeutic exercise. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Frequency of adjacent joint injuries in the 2-year period after initial patellofemoral pain injury, and hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) and Kaplan-Meier survival curves for risk of adjacent joint injury based on receiving therapeutic exercise for the initial injury. RESULTS After initial patellofemoral pain diagnosis, 42,983 (46.6%) individuals sought care for an adjacent joint injury. Of these, 19,587 (21.2%) were subsequently diagnosed with a lumbar injury, 2837 (3.1%) a hip injury, and 10,166 (11.0%) an ankle-foot injury. One in five (19.5%; n = 17,966) received therapeutic exercise which reduced the risk of having a subsequent lumbar (HR = 0.78, 95% CI 0.76-0.81), hip (HR = 0.93, 95% CI 0.87-0.98) or ankle-foot (HR = 0.86, 95% CI 0.83-0.90) injury. CONCLUSION The results suggest that a high number of individuals with patellofemoral pain will sustain an adjacent joint injury within 2 years although causal relationships cannot be determined. Receiving therapeutic exercise for the initial knee injury reduced the risk of sustaining an adjacent joint injury. This study helps provide normative data for subsequent injury rates in this population and guide development of future studies designed to understand causal factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi L Young
- 15638Physical Therapy Department, Bellin College, Green Bay, WI, USA.,104849The Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | - Timothy C Sell
- 2351Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Atrium Health Musculoskeletal Institute, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Riley Boeth
- 104849The Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Foster
- 104849The Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, WA, USA.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, 3998Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Tina A Greenlee
- 104849The Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, WA, USA.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, 3998Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Daniel I Rhon
- 104849The Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, WA, USA.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, 3998Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Nobari H, Eken Ö, Kamiş O, Oliveira R, González PP, Aquino R. Relationships between training load, peak height velocity, muscle soreness and fatigue status in elite-level young soccer players: a competition season study. BMC Pediatr 2023; 23:55. [PMID: 36732715 PMCID: PMC9896692 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-03869-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to compare training load parameters, delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), and fatigue status between season periods (1st and 2nd halves) in U14 soccer players and to analyze the relationships between training load parameters based on season periods (1st and 2nd halves) with peak height velocity (PHV), DOMS, and fatigue status in under-14 (U14) young elite soccer players. Additionally, it was intended to analyze if fatigue, DOMS and PHV could explain training load parameters across the season. METHODS Twenty U14 players that competed in the national league participated in this study. The players were monitored during the whole season (26 weeks), and evaluations were carried out at the end of the in-season. Anthropometric and body composition parameters and the maturity offset of each player were utilized to compute each player's age at PHV. Players reported their levels of DOMS and fatigue status using Hooper index questionnaires. The internal load was monitored using the rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Acute weekly internal load (AW), chronic weekly internal load (CW), acute: chronic workload ratio (ACWR), training monotony (TM), and training strain (TS) were also obtained. RESULTS The main results showed that TM was higher in the 2nd half, while CW, AW and DOMS were higher in the 1st half of the season. Moreover, the main correlations showed a positive correlation between PHV and TS (2nd half of the season) and between fatigue and TM (1st half of the season). CONCLUSION In conclusion, variations in well-being status and PHV cannot explain the variations in internal training loads in elite U14 soccer players. In addition, internal training load indices during the first half of the competitive season can promote a fundamental base for progression loads during the second period of the competitive season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Nobari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, 56199-11367, Iran. .,Department of Motor Performance, Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University of Braşov, 500068, Braşov, Romania. .,Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Özgür Eken
- grid.411650.70000 0001 0024 1937Department of Physical Education and Sport Teaching, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Okan Kamiş
- grid.411297.80000 0004 0384 345XFaculty of Sports Sciences, Aksaray University, 68100 Aksaray, Türkiye
| | - Rafael Oliveira
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior—Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal ,Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal ,grid.512803.dLife Quality Research Centre, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Pablo Prieto González
- grid.443351.40000 0004 0367 6372Health and Physical Education Department, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, 11586 Saudi Arabia
| | - Rodrigo Aquino
- grid.412371.20000 0001 2167 4168Lab Sport, Department of Sports, Centre of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, 29075810 Brazil
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Toresdahl BG, Metzl JD, Kinderknecht J, McElheny K, de Mille P, Quijano B, Fontana MA. Training patterns associated with injury in New York City Marathon runners. Br J Sports Med 2023; 57:146-152. [PMID: 36113976 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2022-105670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Training patterns are commonly implicated in running injuries. The purpose of this study was to measure the incidence of injury and illness among marathon runners and the association of injuries with training patterns and workload. METHODS Runners registered for the New York City Marathon were eligible to enrol and prospectively monitored during the 16 weeks before the marathon, divided into 4-week 'training quarters' (TQ) numbered TQ1-TQ4. Training runs were tracked using Strava, a web and mobile platform for tracking exercise. Runners were surveyed at the end of each TQ on injury and illness, and to verify all training runs were recorded. Acute:chronic workload ratio (ACWR) was calculated by dividing the running distance in the past 7 days by the running distance in the past 28 days and analysed using ratio thresholds of 1.3 and 1.5. RESULTS A total of 735 runners participated, mean age 41.0 (SD 10.7) and 46.0% female. Runners tracked 49 195 training runs. The incidence of injury during training was 40.0% (294/735), and the incidence of injury during or immediately after the marathon was 16.0% (112/699). The incidence of illness during training was 27.2% (200/735). Those reporting an initial injury during TQ3 averaged less distance/week during TQ2 compared with uninjured runners, 27.7 vs 31.9 miles/week (p=0.018). Runners reporting an initial injury during TQ1 had more days when the ACWR during TQ1 was ≥1.5 compared with uninjured runners (injured IQR (0-3) days vs uninjured (0-1) days, p=0.009). Multivariable logistic regression for training injuries found an association with the number of days when the ACWR was ≥1.5 (OR 1.06, 95% CI (1.02 to 1.10), p=0.002). CONCLUSION Increases in training volume ≥1.5 ACWR were associated with more injuries among runners training for a marathon. These findings can inform training recommendations and injury prevention programmes for distance runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett G Toresdahl
- Primary Sports Medicine Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Jordan D Metzl
- Primary Sports Medicine Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York City, New York, USA
| | - James Kinderknecht
- Primary Sports Medicine Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Kathryn McElheny
- Primary Sports Medicine Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Polly de Mille
- Sports Rehabilitation and Performance Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Brianna Quijano
- Primary Sports Medicine Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Mark A Fontana
- Center for Analytics, Modeling, and Performance, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
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Fabrin SCV, Palinkas M, Fioco EM, Gomes GGC, Regueiro EMG, da Silva GP, Siéssere S, Verri ED, Regalo SCH. Functional assessment of respiratory muscles and lung capacity of CrossFit athletes. J Exerc Rehabil 2023; 19:67-74. [PMID: 36910685 PMCID: PMC9993009 DOI: 10.12965/jer.2244594.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
CrossFit is a high-intensity training related to physical fitness and respiratory capacity that can promote changes in lung function. This cross-sectional study was aimed at evaluating respiratory muscle strength, electromyographic (EMG) activity, and lung capacity in CrossFit athletes. Thirty subjects aged between 25 and 35 years were divided into groups: CrossFit athletes (n=15) and sedentary individuals without comorbidities (n=15). Respiratory muscle strength was evaluated using maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures, lung capacity, and EMG of the sternocleidomastoid, serratus anterior, external intercostal, and diaphragm muscles at respiratory rest, maximal inspiration and expiration, and respiratory cycle. Data were tabulated and subjected to statistical analyses (t-test and Spearman test, P<0.05). Respiratory muscle strength on EMG of the sternocleidomastoid, serratus, external intercostal, and diaphragm muscles at the respiratory cycle and maximal forced inspiration and expiration were higher in the CrossFit athletes group than in the sedentary group without comorbidities. CrossFit athlete group showed significantly strong positive correlation between maximal inspiratory and expiratory muscle strengths (Spearman rho= 0.903, P=0.000), with increasing muscle strength during inspiration favoring an increase in strength during expiration. The forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1) also showed a significantly high positive correlation (Spearman rho=0.912, P=0.000) in the CrossFit athletes group, showing that higher FVC favors higher FEV1. The results of this study suggest that improved fitness is based on increased respiratory muscle strength on EMG in CrossFit athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saulo Cesar Vallin Fabrin
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Claretiano Center University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Palinkas
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Translational Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Guilherme Gallo Costa Gomes
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriel Pádua da Silva
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Selma Siéssere
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Translational Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edson Donizetti Verri
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Simone Cecilio Hallak Regalo
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Translational Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
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45
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Sonesson S, Dahlström Ö, Panagodage Perera NK, Hägglund M. Risk factors for injury and illness in youth floorball players - A prospective cohort study. Phys Ther Sport 2023; 59:92-102. [PMID: 36528005 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2022.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate risk factors for injury and illness in female and male youth floorball players (12-17 years) during a 26-week floorball season. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Recreational youth sport. PARTICIPANTS 471 players (142 females) 12-17 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Weekly survey including questions about stress, sleep quality, well-being, sport exposure and average weekly rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Acute:chronic workload ratio (ACWR) was calculated. The Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center questionnaire on health problems was used. Predictors of new injury and illness were examined using multi-level logistic regression models with weekly measures nested within individuals. RESULTS Higher stress, poorer sleep quality and well-being increased the odds of a new injury in the subsequent week by 8% (2.0-13.5%), 10% (4.2-15.9%) and 8% (2.4-13.5%) per 1 unit increase. Higher stress, and poorer well-being increased the odds of illness by 8% (2.6-12.6%), and 12% (7.2-16.6%). ACWR below 0.8 or above 1.3 increased the odds of illness by 34% (4.9-70.8%). CONCLUSIONS Perceived stress, well-being, and sleep quality were associated with injury and illness occurrence in the subsequent week. ACWR outside the range 0.8-1.3 was associated with illness the subsequent week. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical Trials registration NCT03309904.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sonesson
- Unit of Physiotherapy, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Sport Without Injury ProgrammE (SWIPE), Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Ö Dahlström
- Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - N K Panagodage Perera
- Unit of Physiotherapy, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Sport Without Injury ProgrammE (SWIPE), Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Sport Medicine, The Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, ACT, Australia.
| | - M Hägglund
- Unit of Physiotherapy, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Sport Without Injury ProgrammE (SWIPE), Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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Effect of Intensified Training Camp on Psychometric Status, Mood State, and Hematological Markers in Youth Soccer Players. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9121996. [PMID: 36553439 PMCID: PMC9776830 DOI: 10.3390/children9121996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
During training camps, training load is purposefully intensified. Intensified training loads (TL) are associated with psychological variations, increased fatigue, insufficient recovery, decreased muscular performance, and biological changes in adult athletes, but whether these changes occur during training camps in youth athletes has not been established. The aim of this study was to assess changes in psychometric status, vertical jump performance (i.e., height), and hematological markers before and after an intensive training camp in youth soccer players. In this case, 15male youth soccer players (mean ± SD: age: 14.8 ± 0.4 years; height: 172.0 ± 6.9 cm, body mass: 60.8 ± 7.9 kg; training experience: 5.2 ± 0.7 years) completed a 2-week training program consisting of 1 week of moderate TL (MT) and 1 week of intensive training camp (TC). Rate of perceived exertion (RPE), TL, monotony, strain, and psychometric status (total quality of recovery (TQR) and well-being indices (sleep, stress, fatigue, and muscle soreness) were monitored before each first daily training session across two weeks. The profile of mood states (POMS), countermovement jump (CMJ) height, and blood markers (complete blood count, urea, and creatinine) were assessed before and after TC. TL (d = 5.39, large), monotony (d = 3.03, large), strain (d = 4.38, large), and well-being index (d = 7.5, large) scores increased and TQR (d = 4.6, large) decreased during TC. The TC increased tension, fatigue, and total mood disturbance and decreased vigor (all p <0.01). CMJ performance p < 0.01, d = 0.52, moderate), creatinine (p < 0.01, d = 1.29, large), and leukocyte concentration (p < 0.01, d = 1.4, large) and granulocyte concentration (p < 0.01, d = 1.93, large) increased after TC. Percentage of lymphocytes (p < 0.05, d = 1.17, large) and monocytes (p < 0.01, d = 1.05, large) decreased while the percentage of granulocytes (p < 0.05, d = 0.86, large) increased significantly. Well-being, quality of recovery, mood, granulocyte concentration, and creatinine were all altered during the week-long intensified training camp. These results may provide coaches with valuable information about psychometric status and physiological fatigue and recovery of youth soccer players to better prescribe and adjust training loads during intensive training periods.
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Ginseng Pectin WGPA Alleviates Exercise-Induced Fatigue by Enhancing Gluconeogenesis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:7973380. [PMID: 36569345 PMCID: PMC9788872 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7973380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
With the development of medicine and sport science, growing attention has been paid to the recovery of exercise-induced fatigue. Ginseng pectin has been shown to be important for a variety of biological functions. Although many studies suggest that ginseng pectin plays an important role in the alleviation of exercise-induced fatigue, the underlying mechanism still remains unclear. In this study, C57BL/6J mice were subjected to a wheel apparatus for exhaustive exercise and fed with ginseng pectin WGPA (acidic fraction of water-soluble ginseng polysaccharides) afterwards. Subsequently, a series of physiological and biochemical indexes, such as blood lactic acid, blood glucose, muscle glycogen, insulin, and glucagon, is evaluated. Meanwhile, enzymatic activity and mRNA level of key enzymes involved in hepatic gluconeogenesis are analyzed. Our results demonstrate that the treatment of ginseng pectin WGPA can result in enhanced gluconeogenesis and decreased insulin and in turn facilitate the recovery of exercise-induced fatigue. In response to WGPA treatment, both phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose 6 phosphatase (G6Pase) activity were upregulated, indicating that these two enzymes play a critical role in WGPA-induced upregulation in gluconeogenesis. Moreover, mRNA level of G6Pase, but not PEPCK, was increased upon WGPA treatment, suggesting that G6Pase expression is regulated by WGPA. Importantly, the presence of WGPA downregulated insulin both in vivo and in vitro, suggesting the upregulation in gluconeogenesis may be due to alterations in insulin. Together, we provide evidence that ginseng pectin WGPA is able to alleviate exercise-induced fatigue by reducing insulin and enhancing gluconeogenesis.
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Hou X, Liu C. Rope Jumping Strength Monitoring on Smart Devices via Passive Acoustic Sensing. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:9739. [PMID: 36560109 PMCID: PMC9783232 DOI: 10.3390/s22249739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Rope jumping, as a fitness exercise recommended by many sports medicine practitioners, can improve cardiorespiratory capacity and physical coordination. Existing rope jump monitoring systems have limitations in terms of convenience, comfort, and exercise intensity evaluation. This paper presents a rope jump monitoring system using passive acoustic sensing. Our system exploits the off-the-shelf smartphone and headphones to capture the user's rope-jumping sound and breathing sound after exercise. Given the captured acoustic data, the system uses a short-time energy-based approach and the high correlation between rope jumping cycles to detect the rope-jumping sound frames, then applies a dual-threshold endpoint detection algorithm to calculate the number of rope jumps. Finally, our system performs regression predictions of exercise intensity based on features extracted from the jumping speed and the mel spectrograms of the user's breathing sound. The significant advantage of the system lies in the solution of the problem of poorly characterized mel spectrograms. We employ an attentive mechanism-based GAN to generate optimized breathing sound mel spectrograms and apply domain adversarial adaptive in the network to improve the migration capability of the system. Through extensive experiments, our system achieves (on average) 0.32 and 2.3% error rates for the rope jumping count and exercise intensity evaluation, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chao Liu
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-18660226768
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Which of the Physiological vs. Critical Speed Is a Determinant of Modern Pentathlon 200 m Front Crawl Swimming Performance: The Influence of Protocol and Ergometer vs. Swimming Pool Conditions. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10120201. [PMID: 36548498 PMCID: PMC9787823 DOI: 10.3390/sports10120201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modern pentathlon includes horse riding, fencing, swimming, shooting and cross-country running. Events can last many hours during which the athletes face almost maximal energy and physiological demands, and fatigue. Early recognition and prevention of injuries and overuse syndromes can be achieved by refining the individual training loads. The purpose of the study was to determine which parameter could be the most accurate predictor of swimming working capacity determinants in pentathletes. METHODS Fourteen male pentathletes performed a continuous maximal incremental test in the swimming flume ergometer to measure peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), and five swimming tests in a 50 m swimming pool to detect critical velocity (CV); velocity at 2 and 4 mM·L-1 of blood lactate (v2, v4) and energy cost (EC). RESULTS The 200 m swimming time was 2:18-2:32 m:s (340 FINA points). CV was 1.21 ± 0.04 m·s-1, v2 was 1.14 ± 0.09 and v4 1.23 ± 0.08 m·s-1. VO2peak was 3540.1 ± 306.2 mL·min-1 or 48.8 ± 4.6 mL·kg-1·min-1. EC at 1.24 m·s-1 was 45.7 ± 2.4 mL·kg-1·min-1. Our main finding was the large correlation of CV with 200 m swimming performance; Conclusions: Among all the protocols analysed, CV is the most predictive and discriminative of individual swimming performance in this group of pentathletes. It appears as the most suitable test to constantly refine their swimming training loads for both performance enhancement and health promotion.
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50
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Bestwick-Stevenson T, Toone R, Neupert E, Edwards K, Kluzek S. Assessment of Fatigue and Recovery in Sport: Narrative Review. Int J Sports Med 2022; 43:1151-1162. [PMID: 35468639 DOI: 10.1055/a-1834-7177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Fatigue is a phenomenon associated with decreases in both physical and cognitive performances and increases in injury occurrence. Competitive athletes are required to complete demanding training programs with high workloads to elicit the physiological and musculoskeletal adaptations plus skill acquisition necessary for performance. High workloads, especially sudden rapid increases in training loads, are associated with the occurrence of fatigue. At present, there is limited evidence elucidating the underlying mechanisms associating the fatigue generated by higher workloads and with an increase in injury risk. The multidimensional nature and manifestation of fatigue have led to differing definitions and dichotomies of the term. Consequently, a plethora of physiological, biochemical, psychological and performance markers have been proposed to measure fatigue and recovery. Those include self-reported scales, countermovement jump performance, heart rate variability, and saliva and serum biomarker analyses. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of fatigue and recovery plus methods of assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bestwick-Stevenson
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Rebecca Toone
- Mountain Biking, English Institute of Sport, Manchester, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Emma Neupert
- School of Sport Health and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Kimberley Edwards
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Stefan Kluzek
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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